The U.S. Geological Survey, at the request of the rational Park Service, participated in a field symposium May 22-26, 1967, at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. This symposium, held by the National Park Service, was to determine the applicability of the Wilderness Act of 1964 to underground and surface portions of the Park (W. Drew Chick, Jr., written communication, 1967). Scientific evidence bearing on the relationships between human surface activities and natural underground openings was examined and discussed at the symposium. This report discusses relations between various types of surface activities and physical damage to the cave openings and features. Additional interpretive material is taken from the literature and from limited laboratory information. Possible hydrologic and biologic effects are not considered here, but were investigated by other members of the symposium. Hydrologic effects are discussed in companion report by Robert V. Cushman of the Geological Survey.
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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db5fffc3","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Wilson, Alfonso","contributorId":83575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Alfonso","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669924,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iseri, Kathleen T.","contributorId":77910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iseri","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669925,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52588,"text":"ofr67103 - 1967 - Hydrologic interpretation of Nimbus Vidicon image, Great Salt Lake, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T17:21:50","indexId":"ofr67103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-103","title":"Hydrologic interpretation of Nimbus Vidicon image, Great Salt Lake, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha176","usgsCitation":"Hansen, A., 1967, Availability of ground water in parts of the Olmsted and Bandana quadrangles, in Jackson Purchase region, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 176, 1 Plate: 39.50 × 55.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha176.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.50 × 55.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390983,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15538.htm"},{"id":89826,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/176/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Olmsted and Bandana quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.1,37.125 ], [ -89.1,37.217 ], [ -88.875,37.217 ], [ -88.875,37.125 ], [ -89.1,37.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d8c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Arnold J.","contributorId":33316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Arnold J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68138,"text":"ha234 - 1967 - Floods in Waukegan Quadrangle, Northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:29","indexId":"ha234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"234","title":"Floods in Waukegan Quadrangle, Northeastern Illinois","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha234","usgsCitation":"Mycyk, R.T., and May, V.J., 1967, Floods in Waukegan Quadrangle, Northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 234, 1 col. map ;58 x 26 cm., on sheet 77 x 108 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha234.","productDescription":"1 col. map ;58 x 26 cm., on sheet 77 x 108 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89439,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/234/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.86749999999999,42.25 ], [ -87.86749999999999,42.3675 ], [ -87.8,42.3675 ], [ -87.8,42.25 ], [ -87.86749999999999,42.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e48c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mycyk, Roman T.","contributorId":58331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mycyk","given":"Roman","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, V. Jeff","contributorId":80358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68519,"text":"ha249 - 1967 - Ground-water favorability of the Connecticut River basin, New England states","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52449,"text":"ofr6530 - 1965 - A preliminary reconnaissance of the ground-water resources in the Connecticut River basin of New Hampshire and Vermont","indexId":"ofr6530","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"A preliminary reconnaissance of the ground-water resources in the Connecticut River basin of New Hampshire and Vermont"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68519,"text":"ha249 - 1967 - Ground-water favorability of the Connecticut River basin, New England states","indexId":"ha249","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water favorability of the Connecticut River basin, New England states"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:26","indexId":"ha249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"249","title":"Ground-water favorability of the Connecticut River basin, New England states","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha249","usgsCitation":"Cederstrom, D.J., and Hodges, A., 1967, Ground-water favorability of the Connecticut River basin, New England states: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 249, 2 col. maps ;each 135 cm. x 88 cm. in folder 30 cm. x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha249.","productDescription":"2 col. maps ;each 135 cm. x 88 cm. in folder 30 cm. x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":90115,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/249/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90116,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/249/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.25,41 ], [ -73.25,42 ], [ -71.75,42 ], [ -71.75,41 ], [ -73.25,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederstrom, Dagfin John","contributorId":90287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrom","given":"Dagfin","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodges, Arthur L.","contributorId":43357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Arthur L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1204,"text":"wsp1828 - 1967 - Geology and hydrology between Lake McMillan and Carlsbad Springs, Eddy County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp1828","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1828","title":"Geology and hydrology between Lake McMillan and Carlsbad Springs, Eddy County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The hydrology of the Pecos River valley between Lake McMillan and Carlsbad Springs, Eddy County, N. Mex., is influenced by facies changes in rocks of Permian age. Water stored for irrigation leaks from Lake McMillan into evaporite rocks, principally gypsum, of the Seven Rivers Formation and from Lake Avalon into carbonate rocks of the Tansill Formation. This leakage returns to the Pecos River at Major Johnson Springs and Carlsbad Springs. The river has perennial flow between Major Johnson Springs and Lake Avalon, but it loses water into evaporite rocks of the Yates Formation in this reach. Ground-water movement is generally toward the Pecos River in aquifers in the Pecos River valley except in the Rustler Formation east of the river where it moves southeastward toward playas east of Lake Avalon. \r\n\r\nThe chloride content of ground and surface waters indicates that surface water moves from some reaches of the Pecos River and from surface-storage reservoirs to aquifers and also indicates the degree of mixing of ground and surface waters. \r\n\r\nAbout 45,000 acre-feet of ground water is stored in highly permeable rocks in a 3-mile wide part of the Seven Rivers Formation between Lake McMillan and Major Johnson Springs. This water in storage comes from leakage from Lake McMillan and from alluvium north of the springs. The flow of Major Johnson Springs is derived from this aquifer. That part of the flow derived from the alluvium north of the springs averaged 13 cfs (cubic feet per second) from 1953 through 1959 ; about 8 cfs of this flow had not been previously measured at gaging stations on the Pecos River and its tributaries. \r\n\r\nThe most favorable plans for increasing terminal storage of the Carlsbad Irrigation District are to construct a dam at the Brantley site (at the downstream end of Major Johnson Springs), or to use underground storage in the permeable Seven Rivers Formation between Lake McMillan and Major Johnson brings in conjunction with surface storage. To avoid excessive leakage from a reservoir at the Brantley site, the dam should be downstream from all sprints in the Major Johnson Springs area but upstream from a point where the river begin losing water to the Yates Formation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1828","usgsCitation":"Cox, E.R., 1967, Geology and hydrology between Lake McMillan and Carlsbad Springs, Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1828, iv, 48 p. :illus., maps (6 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1828.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :illus., maps (6 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1828/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":246981,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1828/plate-1.pdf","size":"1092","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246982,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1828/plate-2.pdf","size":"5458","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246983,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1828/plate-3.pdf","size":"6241","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246984,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1828/plate-4.pdf","size":"1900","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246985,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1828/plate-5.pdf","size":"1891","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246986,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1828/plate-6.pdf","size":"1285","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26084,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1828/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656d40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Edward Riley","contributorId":40966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Riley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6250,"text":"pp485C - 1967 - Annual growth of suppressed chestnut oak and red maple - a basis for hydrologic inference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:01","indexId":"pp485C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"485","chapter":"C","title":"Annual growth of suppressed chestnut oak and red maple - a basis for hydrologic inference","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp485C","usgsCitation":"Phipps, R.L., 1967, Annual growth of suppressed chestnut oak and red maple - a basis for hydrologic inference: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 485, p. C1-C27, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp485C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0485c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33465,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0485c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phipps, Richard L.","contributorId":52122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phipps","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3607,"text":"cir536 - 1967 - Are we running out of water?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-27T17:54:58","indexId":"cir536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"536","title":"Are we running out of water?","docAbstract":"Water supplies are not running out, but time is getting short to stem waste of water and destructive exploitation of the environment before harm is done that may be irreparable. Most of the world's water is oceanic brine. Of the waters on the land, most is frozen in Antarctica and Greenland. Only a small part of continental water is available for use and management. The discharge of rivers to the sea is a close measure of the availability of liquid water, but ground-water reservoirs have important functions as inexpensive equalizers of water supply. Soil moisture is a major factor in the water economy, and its function usually is overlooked in assessments of water use and future water demand. Despite outcries of water shortage, the principal use of water in advanced countries is as a medium for waste disposal. In reality, despite regional maldistribution of water, United States supplies are adequate, given rational management. Also, contrary to common belief, water pollution is primarily a problem of economics, not of health. A paramount problem in most parts of the world is the shortage of water development and management facilities, not a shortage of water. The International Hydrological Decade is a program to awaken people everywhere to the crucial importance of water in man's future and to promote rational approach to water problems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir536","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1967, Are we running out of water?: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 536, 7 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir536.","productDescription":"7 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1967/0536/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30642,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1967/0536/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1715,"text":"wsp1608H - 1967 - Ground-water hydrology of the Punjab region of West Pakistan, with emphasis on problems caused by canal irrigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp1608H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"H","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the Punjab region of West Pakistan, with emphasis on problems caused by canal irrigation","docAbstract":"Rising water tables and the salinization of land as the result of canal irrigation threaten the agricultural economy of the Punjab. Since 1954 the Water and Soils Investigation Division of the West Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority has inventoried the water and soils resources of the Punjab and investigated the relations between irrigation activities, the natural hydrologic factors, and the incidence of waterlogging and subsurface-drainage problems. This report summarizes the findings of the investigation, which was carried out under a cooperative agreement between the Government of Pakistan and the U.S. Agency for International Development, and its predecessor, the U.S. International Cooperation Administration. \r\n\r\nLeakage from the canal systems, some of which have been in operation for more than 100 years, is the principal cause of rising water levels and constitutes the major component of ground-water recharge in the Punjab. Geologic studies have shown that virtually the entire Punjab is underlain to depths of 1,000 feet or more by unconsolidated alluvium, which is saturated to within a few feet of land surface. The alluvium varies in texture from medium sand to silty clay, but sandy sediments predominate. Large capacity wells, yielding 4 cfs or more, can be developed almost everywhere. Ground water occurring within a depth of 500 feet below the surface averages less than 1,000 ppm of dissolved solids throughout approximately two-thirds of the Punjab. It is estimated that the volume of usable ground water in storage in this part of the alluvial aquifer is on the order of 2 billion acre-feet. In the other one-third of the Punjab, total dissolved solids range from 1,000 to about 20,000 ppm. In about one-half of this area (one-sixth of the area of the Punjab) some ground water can be utilized by diluting with surface water from canals. \r\n\r\nThe ground-water reservoir underlying the Punjab is an unexploited resource of enormous economic value. It is recognized that the scientific management of this ground-water reservoir is the key to permanent irrigation agriculture in the Punjab. The West Pakistan Water .and Power Development Authority has prepared a long-range program for reclaiming the irrigated lands of the Punjab. The essential feature of this program is a proposed network of tubewells (drilled wells) located with an .average density of about one per square mile. Groundwater withdrawals will serve the dual purpose of helping to supply irrigation requirements and of providing subsurface drainage. Despite the feasibility and inherent advantages of tubewell reclamation methods, it is inevitable that just as the superposition of the canal system on the native environment caused undesirable side effects, large-scale ground-water withdrawals again will disturb the hydrologic regimen. The distribtution of withdrawals and maintenance of a favorable salt balance are two distinct, but related aspects of the ground-water budget that present potential hazards that must be considered in the design and management of the tubewell projects. The availability of ground water for irrigation diminishes from northeast to southwest, or downgradient along the doab (an area lying between two rivers) and is negligible in the centers of the lower parts of the doabs, where the ground water is too highly mineralized for use. Ground-water supplies must be developed in areas where they are available and it might become necessary, under a program of maximum exploitation of ground-water resources, to transfer supplies from outside sources to points of use in the lower parts of the doabs. \r\n\r\nSeveral factors inherent in the tubewell system will tend to depreciate the quality of ground water with time. Among these are the addition of salts leached from the soils, increased concentration of salts due .to repeated cycles of recirculation, and the possible lateral and upward encroachment of saline water in response to pumping. It is reasonably ce","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608H","usgsCitation":"Greenman, D., Swarzenski, W., and Bennett, G., 1967, Ground-water hydrology of the Punjab region of West Pakistan, with emphasis on problems caused by canal irrigation: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, iv, 66 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608H.","productDescription":"iv, 66 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26796,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26797,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26798,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26799,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26790,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26791,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26792,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26793,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26794,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26795,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608h/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668a83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenman, D.W.","contributorId":81072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenman","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, W.V.","contributorId":80243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, G.D.","contributorId":81073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2560,"text":"wsp1851 - 1967 - Surface-water hydrology of California coastal basins between San Francisco Bay and Eel River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp1851","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1851","title":"Surface-water hydrology of California coastal basins between San Francisco Bay and Eel River","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1851","usgsCitation":"Rantz, S., and Thompson, T.H., 1967, Surface-water hydrology of California coastal basins between San Francisco Bay and Eel River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1851, iv, 60 p. :illus., maps (1 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1851.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p. :illus., maps (1 fold. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1851/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28812,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1851/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28813,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1851/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629af3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rantz, S. E.","contributorId":34106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rantz","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, T. H.","contributorId":23927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12683,"text":"ofr6811 - 1967 - The remote measurement of Rhodamine B concentration when used as fluorescent tracer in hydrologic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T00:45:52.862664","indexId":"ofr6811","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-11","title":"The remote measurement of Rhodamine B concentration when used as fluorescent tracer in hydrologic studies","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr6811","usgsCitation":"Betz, H.T., 1967, The remote measurement of Rhodamine B concentration when used as fluorescent tracer in hydrologic studies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-11, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6811.","productDescription":"63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":384437,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0011/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640f03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Betz, Howard Theodore","contributorId":79482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betz","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"Theodore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1976,"text":"wsp1662D - 1967 - Specific yield: compilation of specific yields for various materials","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52334,"text":"ofr6359 - 1963 - Compilation of specific yield for various materials","indexId":"ofr6359","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Compilation of specific yield for various materials"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1976,"text":"wsp1662D - 1967 - Specific yield: compilation of specific yields for various materials","indexId":"wsp1662D","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Specific yield: compilation of specific yields for various materials"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-29T08:30:19","indexId":"wsp1662D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1662","chapter":"D","title":"Specific yield: compilation of specific yields for various materials","docAbstract":"Specific yield is defined as the ratio of (1) the volume of water that a saturated rock or soil will yield by gravity to (2) the total volume of the rock or soft. Specific yield is usually expressed as a percentage. The value is not definitive, because the quantity of water that will drain by gravity depends on variables such as duration of drainage, temperature, mineral composition of the water, and various physical characteristics of the rock or soil under consideration. Values of specific yields nevertheless offer a convenient means by which hydrologists can estimate the water-yielding capacities of earth materials and, as such, are very useful in hydrologic studies. \n\nThe present report consists mostly of direct or modified quotations from many selected reports that present and evaluate methods for determining specific yield, limitations of those methods, and results of the determinations made on a wide variety of rock and soil materials. Although no particular values are recommended in this report, a table summarizes values of specific yield, and their averages, determined for 10 rock textures. The following is an abstract of the table.\n\n[Table]","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1662D","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., 1967, Specific yield: compilation of specific yields for various materials: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1662, v, 74 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1662D.","productDescription":"v, 74 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27352,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1662d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1662d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc25c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2984,"text":"wsp1842 - 1967 - Water resources of the Marquette Iron Range area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T15:26:08","indexId":"wsp1842","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1842","title":"Water resources of the Marquette Iron Range area, Michigan","docAbstract":"Large quantities of water are needed in the beneficiation and pelletizing processes by which the ore mined from low-grade iron-formations is upgraded into an excellent raw material for the iron and steel industry. Extensive reserves of low-grade iron-formation available for development herald an intensification of the demands upon the area's water supplies. This study was designed to provide water facts for public and private agencies in planning orderly development and in guiding the management of the water resources to meet existing and new requirements.
Inland lakes and streams are the best potential sources of water for immediate development. The natural flow available for 90 percent of the time in the Middle and East Branches of the Escanaba River, the Carp River, and the Michigamme River is about 190 cubic feet per second. Potential storage sites are identified, and their complete development could increase the available supply from the above streams to about 450 cubic feet per second.
Outwash deposits are the best potential sources of ground water. Large supplies could be developed from extensive outwash deposits in the eastern part of the area adjacent to Goose Lake Outlet and the East Branch Escanaba River. Other areas of outwash occur in the vicinity of Humboldt, West Branch Creek, and along the stream valleys. Streamflow data were used to make rough approximations of the ground-water potential in some areas. In general, however, the available data were not sufficient to permit quantitative evaluation of the potential ground-water supplies.
Chemical quality of the surface and ground waters of the area is generally acceptable for most uses. Suspended sediment in the form of mineral tailings in effluents from ore-processing plants is a potential problem. Existing plants use settling basins to effectively remove most of the suspended material. Available records indicate that suspended-sediment concentrations and loads in the receiving waters have not been significantly increased by these operations.
Present water use is about 60 cubic feet per second in the area. Thus, available water supplies are believed to be adequate for existing and foreseeable new uses. Water management, rather than water availability, is of prime consideration in this area. Time distribution of available water supplies, distribution of water to points of use, effect of surface-water development upon ground water and vice versa, and possible conflicts with competing uses are some of the management problems that are discussed. The presence of many inland lakes, favorable storage sites on streams, and several promising acquifers provide flexibility in possible water-management operations. A discussion of the interrelationships between surface and ground water and a ground-water budget are presented to render a better understanding of the hydrologic system with which water management will be concerned.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1842","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Michigan","usgsCitation":"Wiitala, S.W., Newport, T.G., and Skinner, E.L., 1967, Water resources of the Marquette Iron Range area, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1842, Document: ix, 142 p.; 4 Plates: 30.00 x 20.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1842.","productDescription":"Document: ix, 142 p.; 4 Plates: 30.00 x 20.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1842/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29750,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1842/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29751,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1842/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29752,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1842/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29753,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1842/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29754,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1842/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Marquette Iron Range area","geographicExtents":"{ 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Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1829","title":"Swatara Creek basin of southeastern Pennsylvania: An evaluation of its hydrologic system","docAbstract":"Local concentrations of population in the Swatara Creek basin of Pennsylvania find it necessary to store, transport, and treat water because local supplies are either deficient or have been contaminated by disposal of wastes in upstream areas. Water in the basin is available for the deficient areas and for dilution of the coal-mine drainage in the northern parts and the sewage wastes in the southern parts.
\nSwatara Creek drains 576 square miles just east of Harrisburg, Pa., and is the largest tributary to the Susquehanna River from the north side below Harrisburg. It rises in the southern Pocono Mountains and flows southwestward across the Lebanon Plateau. On an average day Swatara Creek discharges more than 630 million gallons into the Susquehanna River at Middletown, Pa. In a year this amounts to about 23 inches of water over the entire basin and is the residual from an average annual precipitation of 45.5 inches. During an average year the flow in Swatara Creek from the upper third of the basin above Harper Tavern is always greater than 1,300 mgd (million gallons per day) for at least 15 days and is always greater than 25 mgd for at least 350 days. The daily streamflow from the basin averages 1.1 mgd per sq mi, but yields from different areas range from 0.97 to 1.22 mgd per sq mi. These variations are caused chiefly by differences in precipitation and land cover. The area of lowest yield is in the valleys west of Tremont, and the highest yields are in the Upper and Lower Little Swatara Creek subbasins.
\nAt high and medium stages the chemical character of the water in the streams is suitable for public and private supplies. At lower stages, defending on the areas and the amounts of contamination by coal-mine drainage and sewage pollution, the natural flow may require some treatment. At low stages the chemical characteristics of the natural flow not affected by man is almost identical with that of the ground water in the area drained by the stream. In general, the total dissolved solids range from about 25 to 400 parts per million and the hardness is as much as about 300 parts per million.
\nThe ground-water increment to the base flow of Swatara Creek averages about 240 mgd, or about 8.8 inches annually, for the basin. Generally, ground-water supplies in amounts of less than 0.5 mgd can be developed south of Blue Mountain. Supplies of several million gallons per day have been developed for industrial use from the permeable limestones in the south-central part of the basin. More intensive investigation in other parts of the basin would indicate areas where supplies of more than 0.5 mgd could be developed from properly spaced wells. The chemical character of water from wells depends largely on the host rock. In highly soluble rocks water contains large amount of dissolved solids; in more resistant rocks concentrations are lower. The chemical character of unpolluted ground water generally reflects the composition of the more readily soluble minerals in the local geologic environment. Areas contaminated by septic- tank effluent may have above normal amounts of nitrate and detergent products. Except where polluted, most ground water is suitable for public and industrial uses without extensive treatment.
\nSites for storage of surface water exist in the part of the basin lying in the valley and ridge area. As much as 30 to 40 percent of the annual flow could be impounded for release as low-flow augmentation for dilution of mine drainage and other wastes in the basin. Low sediment yields of supplying drainage areas would ensure a long life expectancy of reservoirs at these sites.
\nOverbank flooding of the main stem of the Swatara Creek and its tributaries has occurred many times in the past. However, it has not been a hazard because urban development has not encroached on the flood plain. An inundation map of the August 1933 flood provides a basis that urban planners may use to avoid future damage. As water in the Swatara Creek moves downstream to the Susquehanna River, the flow is influenced consecutively by a large annual rainfall on the northern valley and ridge area, the wastes of surface and subsurface coal-mining activities, and less annual rainfall on the part of the basin lying in the Lebanon Plateau area; the flow is supplemented and further influenced by many tributaries and by the industrial and domestic wastes that are carried by these secondary streams.
\nThe annual precipitation ranges from 52 inches at the east edge and 49 inches at the west edge of the mountainous part of the basin to about 41 inches at the southwestern part at Middletown. The rainfall generally is adequate during the growing season to mature the crops. The mean annual temperature at Lebanon is about 52°F, and the growing season is about 180 days.
\nIn this report the basin has been divided into eight hydrologic zones, leased on runoff, natural use of water, and chemical character of water. Four zones lie in the valley and ridge area, three lie in the Lebanon Plateau area, and one lies in the highland along the southeastern basin boundary. In each of the zones the hydrologic characteristics are virtually the same, but they may be completely different from those in adjacent zones. The boundaries of the zones generally coincide with boundaries between geologic formations, and the areas in each zone include rocks of similar influence on water.
\nStreams in zone 4 at the northeast edge of the plateau have the highest average surface runoff from 1.2 to 1.1 mgd per sq mi whereas those in zone 2 at the northwest edge of the valley and ridge area have the lowest, about 1.0 mgd. Streams in zone 8, along the southeast edge of the basin, have the largest sustained low-flow yield, about 0.26 to 0.19 mgd per sq mi; those in zone 5 overlying the Martinsburg Shale east of Harrisburg have the smallest sustained low-flow yields, 0.03 to 0.01 mgd. Streams in the limestone area of zone 7 have the greatest range in low-flow yields in any one zone from 0.60 to 0 mgd per sq mi. Low-flow yields in zones 1 through 4 range from 0.13 to 0.03 mgd per sq mi.
\nSurface flows from zones 1 and 2 are generally acidic and contain high concentrations of sulfate, iron, and total dissolved solids especially where contaminated with mine wastes. Surface flows from zones 3 and 4 are dilute, slightly alkaline, and suitable for public water supplies. Surface flows from zones 5, 6, and 7 are alkaline and contain moderate concentrations of dissolved solids with waters of highest hardness occurring in zone 7. Surface flows from zone 8 are dilute to moderately mineralized and are relatively high in silica concentration. Nitrate concentrations are high in surf Fee flows below sewage outfalls and in ground water contaminated by septic tank effluent and industrial wastes.
\nAverage annual sediment yields of 550 to 650 tons per square mile are characteristic of zones 1 and 2 where strip mining has destroyed the forest cover and coal culm is carried into the streams. From agricultural lands on the Martinsburg Shale in zones 5 and 6, annual sediment yields range from 300 to 350 tons per square mile; but from agricultural lands on the siliceous rocks in zone 8 and zones 3 and 4 in the valley and ridge area, the sediment yield ranges from 200 to 250 tons annually per square mile. Lowest annual sediment yields in the basin are in the forested areas of siliceous rocks in zones 2, 3, 4, and 5, and in the sinkhole topography of the limestones in zone 7 where the yield ranges from 30 to 35 tons and 50 to 60 tons per square mile, respectively.
\nThe amount of ground water that can be developed in the basin is dependent on the ability of the underlying rocks to yield water to wells. More than 300 gpm (gallons per minute) can be obtained from wells in alluvial materials in the valley bottoms and in some of the limestones where large solution channels and fractures are penetrated by the wells. From 50 to 300 gpm can be obtained from wells in loosely cemented sandstones and in fractured limestones. From 10 to 50 gpm can be developed from wells in the shales and harder sandstones. The most dense rocks will yield from 1 to 10 gpm from fractures and crevices. Most wells yield water from the upper 350 feet of the formation, for this part contains the most fractures or solution channels.
\nStudies show that the velocity at which a contaminant will move downstream in the basin is related to the discharge of the stream at the time. At a stream discharge of about 400 mgd at Pine Grove, a contaminant in Swatara Creek would require about 40 hours to move from Pine Grove to Middletown. As a result of dispersion and dilution, the maximum concentration of the contaminant at Middletown would be less than 20 percent the concentration at Pine Grove under these conditions.
\nAn evaluation of the availability of water in the basin indicates that about I,239 mgd enters as precipitation, 630 mgd leaves as streamflow, 580 mgd is evaporated and transpired, and 56 mgd is diverted for use by man. Not all the diversions for man's use are lost to the basin, as about 27 mgd is returned as sewage for reuse. About one-fourth of the waste water is returned to the ground and the remainder to stream drainageways. Of that diverted by man, 11.6 mgd is used for public supply and 44.4 mgd for industrial and private supplies. Diversions of streamflow furnish 86 percent of the public supply and 27 percent of the industrial supply, and ground-water sources yield the remainder.
\nMunicipal and private sewage treatment plants are upgrading the waste water in many places, but no provisions are being made for treatment other than natural dilution and assimilation for the 15 mgd of coal-nine drainage in the northern part of the basin. Technology for economic treatment of mine water is not available at this time, although research in this field is being done.
\nUrbanization eastward from Harrisburg and around Lebanon has increased the population density of the basin. Densities of 500 people per square mile and water use exceeding 2.0 mgd per sq mi can be expected in the future. By the year 2000 the population of the basin may increase 60 percent; and if the per capita rate of use increases 0.5 percent per year the domestic requirements for water will be about two times the present use, or 23 mgd. Similarly, if the present 1:4 ratio of domestic use to industrial use of water continues, at least 89 mgd will be needed for industry in the future. Although an increase to twice the present use of water can be foreseen, or 112 mgd, water for the dilution and assimilation of wastes from treatment systems are not included.
\nProviding water for dilution of wastes from treatment plants has not been a problem, but in the future the amounts needed for this purpose will be greater as the population increases. As water becomes more valuable, treatment of sewage wastes to reduce the biochemical-oxygen-demand load by at least 80 to 90 percent will be necessary to conserve water for more productive uses. As much as 100 mgd may be needed for waste dilution in the basin by year 2000.
\nThe present trends in suburban and light industrial development will probably persist in the basin. Problems arising through changes in economic value of water, conflicts in use, and alternatives in development are typical of those confronting the manager of a water-resource system.
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