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,{"id":70159110,"text":"tei445 - 1955 - Geology of the Red House Cliffs area, San Juan County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T09:37:35","indexId":"tei445","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"445","title":"Geology of the Red House Cliffs area, San Juan County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>The Red Cliffs area comprises 296 square miles of canyon and plateau country in southwestern San Juan County, Utah. &nbsp;The rocks that crop out in the area are mostly deposits of terrestrial environment and are of Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Quaternary ages. &nbsp;The aggregate thickness of these rock is about 3,500 feet.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological 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,{"id":51820,"text":"ofr5546 - 1955 - Engineering geology as applied to highway construction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T13:01:15","indexId":"ofr5546","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-46","title":"Engineering geology as applied to highway construction","docAbstract":"<p>A geologic study of the site for a relocated segment of State Highway 93 northwest of Denver Colo., was made by by the Engineering Geology Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey as a demonstration of the applicability of geologic mapping to problems of highway construction. The relocated segment provides access to the Rocky Flats plant of the Atomic Energy Commission. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>The geologic conditions along five miles of the relocation route were examined. &nbsp;In most places apparently well-indurated sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills sandstone and Laramie formation can be excavated without using explosives. The intersection of a six foot thick coal seam in the roadbed in one proposed cut was predicted and removal and replacement with more suitable subgrade material was recommended. &nbsp;Near Marshall the alignment crosses three northeast-trending normal faults which do not adversely affect the highway.</p>\n<p>Clay minerals with expanding properties are present in some of the claystones of the Laramie, and special measures must be taken to ensure that ground water will not seep into them and cause swelling beneath the roadbed. &nbsp;Late Tertiary or Early Quaternary gravel cap pediments along the mountain front. &nbsp;Ground water issuing from seeps and springs found at the contact between these gravels and the underlying bedrock should be intercepted and removed from beneath the roadbed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5546","usgsCitation":"Gard, L.M., 1955, Engineering geology as applied to highway construction: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-46, vi, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5546.","productDescription":"vi, 107 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5546.jpg"},{"id":310484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0046/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.29502868652344,\n              40.00605371552562\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.18035888671875,\n              39.99500778093748\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.16593933105469,\n              39.79798577319723\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.25588989257812,\n              39.7921824356723\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29983520507812,\n              40.003423893179324\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.28884887695312,\n              40.00605371552562\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.29502868652344,\n              40.00605371552562\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6027cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gard, Leonard M. Jr.","contributorId":80540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gard","given":"Leonard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70114228,"text":"tei159 - 1955 - Relationship of uranium and other trace elements to post-Cretaceous vulcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T13:44:41","indexId":"tei159","displayToPublicDate":"1958-08-17T14:20:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"159","title":"Relationship of uranium and other trace elements to post-Cretaceous vulcanism","docAbstract":"<p>A regional study of the distribution of uranium, boron, tin, beryllium, niobium, lanthanum, lead, zirconium, lithium, and fluorine in 112 samples of Cenozoic volcanic rocks of predominately rhyolitic and dacitic composition has shown that the content of uranium has a significantly high positive correlation with that of niobium, beryllium, and fluorine, a lower but still significant positive correlation with lithium and tin, a significant negative correlation with boron and lanthanum, and no significant correlation with zirconium and lead.  A study of the relation of content of the several elements to the geographic provenance shows significant variation with provenance for all these elements, except tin and lanthanum.  On the basis of these variations and on patterns of consistency, five comagmatic provinces, one of which is divided into three sub-provinces, have been delimited, in part, on a map of the western United States.  The patter of distribution of boron is significantly different from that of the other elements.  The regional difference are perhaps best explained by structural control of the effectiveness of vertical transport.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei159","usgsCitation":"Coats, R.R., 1955, Relationship of uranium and other trace elements to post-Cretaceous vulcanism: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 159, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei159.","productDescription":"66 p.","numberOfPages":"67","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289940,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0159/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,31.31 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -102.02,49.0 ], [ -102.02,31.31 ], [ -124.79,31.31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa9dfce4b065055fab167a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coats, Robert R.","contributorId":37788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coats","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206678,"text":"70206678 - 1955 - Provenience of pyroclastic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-16T17:03:41","indexId":"70206678","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-31T16:54:10","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Provenience of pyroclastic materials","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recent studies of rhyolitic and pyroclastic materials, and in particular of welded tuffs and bentonites, show that they occur over wide areas and in volumes which greatly exceed earlier evaluations. Volcanic ash and bentonite occur in the eastern United States where such materials were long unrecognized. In most of the western States, only preliminary studies have been made, but they indicate the presence of these materials in volumes measured in thousands of cubic miles. Less is known about pyroclastic materials in most other parts of the world, but local studies in New Zealand, Australia, and the Dutch East Indies show immense volumes of pyroclastic materials. © 1955, The Geological Society of America, Inc.</span></p>","language":"English ","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[427:POPM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.S., 1955, Provenience of pyroclastic materials: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 66, no. 4, p. 427-434, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[427:POPM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. 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,{"id":70207132,"text":"70207132 - 1955 -  Sub-chattanooga residuum in Tennessee and Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T07:49:04","indexId":"70207132","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-31T07:41:59","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Sub-chattanooga residuum in Tennessee and Kentucky","docAbstract":"<p><span>Between the Chattanooga shale and the underlying limestone in parts of Tennessee and Kentucky is a clayey gray to brown zone as much as several feet thick. This represents an interval of limestone that has been leached by sulfuric acid formed by oxidation of the abundant pyrite in the black shale. Alteration of the limestone decreases with distance from the base of the black shale; several stages of alteration are recognized and described. The acid also attacks the shale, as indicated by locally conspicuous efflorescences of copiapite, coquimbite, halotrichite, gypsum, and possibly other sulfates. Basaluminite, a hydrous aluminum sulfate previously reported only from England and France, was found in geodal cavities and thin seams in the residuum. The clayey zone has been previously interpreted as an ancient soil formed on the limestone surface during Devonian time. Petrography and chemical composition of the leached zone are described and illustrated by photomicrographs. The nature of the shale-limestone contact where the leached clayey zone is absent is illustrated by a diamond-drill core from Tennessee. Many fresh outcrops and several dozen cores that penetrate the contact show no clayey material at this position. The clayey zone does not represent an old soil. © 1955, The Geological Society of America, Inc.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[805:SRITAK]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Milton, C., Conant, L., and Swanson , V., 1955,  Sub-chattanooga residuum in Tennessee and Kentucky: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 66, no. 7, p. 805-810 , https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[805:SRITAK]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p. 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C.","contributorId":90381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conant","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swanson , V.E. ","contributorId":221077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swanson ","given":"V.E. ","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":15336,"text":"ofr55130 - 1955 - Diagrams for construction of Model '54 transmission and reflection fluorimeter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T12:47:24","indexId":"ofr55130","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-130","title":"Diagrams for construction of Model '54 transmission and reflection fluorimeter","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr55130","usgsCitation":"Parshall, E.E., and Rader, L.F., 1955, Diagrams for construction of Model '54 transmission and reflection fluorimeter: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-130, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55130.","productDescription":"12 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr55130.jpg"},{"id":310472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0130/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65db4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parshall, Ernest E.","contributorId":104075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parshall","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rader, Lewis F. Jr.","contributorId":67104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rader","given":"Lewis","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":37787,"text":"37787 - 1955 - List of National Wildlife Refuges, 1955","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-24T08:44:00","indexId":"37787","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-01T08:43:18","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"372","title":"List of National Wildlife Refuges, 1955","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in the Branch of Wildlife Refuges.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1955, List of National Wildlife Refuges, 1955 (Reissued and updated from Wildlife Leaflet 179 (1952).): Wildlife Leaflet 372, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","temporalStart":"1955-01-01","temporalEnd":"1955-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Reissued and updated from Wildlife Leaflet 179 (1952).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd581e4b0824b2d177674","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":529721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70160641,"text":"70160641 - 1955 - The killifish, fundulus heteroclitus, second intermediate host of the trematode, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) dimunuta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T16:31:48.5018","indexId":"70160641","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1014,"text":"Biological Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The killifish, <i>fundulus heteroclitus</i>, second intermediate host of the trematode, <i>Ascocotyle (Phagicola) dimunuta</i>","title":"The killifish, fundulus heteroclitus, second intermediate host of the trematode, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) dimunuta","docAbstract":"<p><i>Ascocotyle (Phagicola) diminuta</i> was described by Stunkard and Haviland (1924)from the intestine of wild rats collected at the Clason Point dump near New York by the City Board of Health. Feeding experiments have demonstrated that metacercariae encysted in the gills of the common killifish,<i> Fundulus hetero clitus</i>, are stages in the life-cycle of this parasite. The larvae have been found also, although rarely and in small numbers, in the gills of the striped killifish,<i> Fundulus majalis</i>. Since both species of <i>Fundulus</i> are susceptible, it appears probable that the habits of <i>F. heteroclitus</i> occasion greater exposure of this species to the cercariae. It is possible that infection of the fishes occurs during the spawning season when they are in water of low salinity. The asexual stages of these trematodes and the mollusks which harbor them are yet unknown.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Marine Biological Laboratory","doi":"10.2307/1539177","usgsCitation":"Stunkard, H.W., and Uzmann, J.R., 1955, The killifish, fundulus heteroclitus, second intermediate host of the trematode, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) dimunuta: Biological Bulletin, v. 109, no. 3, p. 475-483, https://doi.org/10.2307/1539177.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"483","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312908,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b3ae4b0a04ef4925b1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stunkard, H. W.","contributorId":150791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stunkard","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uzmann, Joseph R.","contributorId":97118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzmann","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":51857,"text":"ofr55127 - 1955 - Memorandum describing the geology and ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Simpsonville, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T13:07:01","indexId":"ofr55127","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-127","title":"Memorandum describing the geology and ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Simpsonville, Maryland","docAbstract":"<p>This memorandum summarizes briefly the result of a study of the ground-water conditions of a small area near Simpsonville, Maryland, underlain chiefly by the Guilford granite (granite-pegmatite) of early Paleozoic or late Precambrian age. The records. of 15 wells and 5 sprints are given, as are t he sample-study legs of 3 test wells drilled at the site of a planned industrial labratory. A geologic map revised some-what from a published map by Cloos and Broedel is included (fig. 1).</p>\n<p>The study of the hydrology in the vicinity of Simpsonville was undertaken as a part of the ground-water investigations in cooperation with the Maryland Department of Geology, Mines and Water Resources. It provides ground-water data in addition to those already available, as a basis for a decision by the Maryland Water Resources Commission in regard to the application of an industrial laboratory to appropriate 200,000 gallons of ground water a day at a site about half a mile northwest of Simpsonville (approximately 12 miles southwest of Baltimore). Also, it supplements existing information on the occurrence of ground water in crystalline rocks of the type underlying the site, which are widespread in the Piedmont of Maryland and other States.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr55127","usgsCitation":"Otton, E., 1955, Memorandum describing the geology and ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Simpsonville, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-127, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55127.","productDescription":"24 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr55127.jpg"},{"id":310494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0127/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Simpsonville","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.33291625976561,\n              34.75458894128617\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.25326538085938,\n              34.79068657192738\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.19490051269531,\n              34.79125047210742\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.15782165527344,\n              34.74781887783447\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.18048095703125,\n              34.6958966251432\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.25051879882812,\n              34.67105271935892\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.30270385742188,\n              34.667664336483554\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.34321594238281,\n              34.7506398050501\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.33291625976561,\n              34.75458894128617\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otton, E. G.","contributorId":22311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70216185,"text":"70216185 - 1955 - Isotopic composition and distribution of lead, uranium, and thorium in a Precambrian granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-09T19:05:23.109659","indexId":"70216185","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-09T12:40:18","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition and distribution of lead, uranium, and thorium in a Precambrian granite","docAbstract":"<p><span>The isotopic compositions and concentrations of lead and uranium have been determined in some separated minerals and the composite of a granite from Monmouth township, Haliburton County, Ontario. The chemical and mass spectrometric methods that were used are described. The age of the zircon from the granite is 1050 million years. Much of the lead, uranium, and thorium exists in chemically unstable and presumably interstitial phases of the granite. A comparison of the observed amounts of uranium, thorium, and lead in the various minerals with those amounts that should have been present, had these three elements existed within the minerals as closed systems, shows a non-balance of these elements in every case. It appears that the granite as a whole has closely approximated a closed system since it was formed with respect to uranium and its decay products, but has been an open system with respect to thorium and its decay products. Interpretations concerning the relationship of these data to lead ores are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1131:ICADOL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tilton, G., Patterson, C., Brown, H., Inghram, M., Hayden, R., Hess, D., and Larsen, E.S., 1955, Isotopic composition and distribution of lead, uranium, and thorium in a Precambrian granite: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 6, p. 1131-1148, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[1131:ICADOL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1131","endPage":"1148","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilton, G.R.","contributorId":102200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilton","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patterson, C.C.","contributorId":97242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Harrison","contributorId":244702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Harrison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Inghram, Mark","contributorId":244703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Inghram","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hayden, R.R.","contributorId":52924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayden","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hess, David","contributorId":174357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hess","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6739,"text":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":804428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Larsen, Esper S. Jr.","contributorId":39029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Esper","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70216183,"text":"70216183 - 1955 - Pleistocene geology of the southwestern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-10T12:18:16.577043","indexId":"70216183","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-09T11:56:26","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene geology of the southwestern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>Patches of Buffalo till record the earliest glaciation in the southwestern Wind River Mountains. In places, these rest in youthful valleys cut in high gravel terrace. Two other younger and lower terraces are both topographically and stratigraphically associated with Buffalo till, which may indicate that the Buffalo advance was compound. The pattern of well-preserved moraines shows that during both Bull Lake and Pine-dale time the west-central portion of the range was covered by a mountain icecap from which piedmont glaciers flowed to the floor of the Bridger Basin. In the southern part of the range the glaciers were confined to valleys. Bull Lake stage is clearly double; two large, weathered, and modified moraines are present in several valleys. Each is associated with an extensive outwash plain and valley train.</p><p>The Pinedale stage is recorded by massive, fresh, slightly modified moraines behind which are many recessional moraines. Extensive outwash aprons lead outward from the massive Pinedale moraines, and a small lower terrace can be traced through the main Pinedale moraine to the recessional loops. In several upper valleys well-formed slightly weathered small moraines of the Temple Lake stage occur within 2 miles of cirque head-walls. A terrace below the younger Pinedale outwash is correlated with the Temple Lake stage. In sheltered cirques, small very fresh moraines, probably from the Little Ice Age, occur upstream from the Temple Lake moraines and a few yards from existing small glaciers. The sequence of glacial deposits in this region is typical of many ranges in the Rocky Mountain region.</p><p>Outwash terraces of the Bull Lake, Pinedale, and Temple stages have been traced down the Big Sandy valley nearly to the Green River and down the Sweetwater valley to the North Platte. Thus the Green-Colorado and Platte-Missouri drainages are linked across the Continental Divide by means of traceable outwash deposits. Eolian action was pronounced in the Eden valley during Bull Lake, Pinedale, and post-Pinedale time, and in the East Fork valley during Pinedale time. Frost action features record two phases of intensity in areas formerly covered by Pinedale glaciers: an earlier phase synchronous with the Temple Lake advance, a later during the Little Ice Age. Pollen profiles in the Eden valley show a climatic change during post-Pinedale time, notably a grass maximum which was probably contemporaneous with the Temple Lake advance and the occupation of the Finley site by Early Man.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[629:PGOTSW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Holmes, G., and Moss, J., 1955, Pleistocene geology of the southwestern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 6, p. 629-654, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[629:PGOTSW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"629","endPage":"654","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              42.27730877423709\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.10546875,\n              42.27730877423709\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.10546875,\n              44.38669150215206\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              44.38669150215206\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.74218749999999,\n              42.27730877423709\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, G.W.","contributorId":69215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moss, J.H.","contributorId":38772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70216133,"text":"70216133 - 1955 - Age determinations on some rocks from the Boulder batholith and other batholiths of Western Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T21:10:52.688074","indexId":"70216133","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-05T15:02:05","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age determinations on some rocks from the Boulder batholith and other batholiths of Western Montana","docAbstract":"<p><span>No abstract available.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[607:ADOSRF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Chapman, R.W., Gottfried, D., and Waring, C., 1955, Age determinations on some rocks from the Boulder batholith and other batholiths of Western Montana: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 5, p. 607-609, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[607:ADOSRF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"609","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Western Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.45507812500001,\n              44.402391829093915\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.51171875,\n              44.402391829093915\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.51171875,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.45507812500001,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.45507812500001,\n              44.402391829093915\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Randolph W.","contributorId":86057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gottfried, David","contributorId":82295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waring, Claude L.","contributorId":52241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waring","given":"Claude L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70216131,"text":"70216131 - 1955 - Discussion of symposium on land erosion “Piping”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T20:42:21.134363","indexId":"70216131","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-05T14:25:59","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of symposium on land erosion “Piping”","docAbstract":"<p>The present writers are familiar only with the Picacho and San Pedro areas, among those cited by the authors, and therefore limit discussion to the occurrence of earth cracks in these areas.</p><p>The existence of piping is not questioned, and the five conditions suggested by the authors are a justified explanation in the San Pedro area, for example. It is thought, however, that some of the phenomena described as piping are earth cracks whose origins are governed by factors other than those outlined. Once formed, certain earth cracks may facilitate the development of piping by providing ready access to downward and lateral movement of water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR036i002p00342-2","usgsCitation":"Heindl, L., Feth, J.H., Fletcher, J., Harris, K., Peterson, H., and Chandler, V., 1955, Discussion of symposium on land erosion “Piping”: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 36, no. 2, p. 342-345, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR036i002p00342-2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"342","endPage":"345","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Picacho Peak","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.4511489868164,\n              32.588477769459146\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.34952545166016,\n              32.588477769459146\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.34952545166016,\n              32.67319386666782\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.4511489868164,\n              32.67319386666782\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.4511489868164,\n              32.588477769459146\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heindl, L.A.","contributorId":52150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heindl","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feth, J. H.","contributorId":50495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feth","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fletcher, J.E.","contributorId":244572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fletcher","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, Karl","contributorId":177181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harris","given":"Karl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, H.B.","contributorId":244573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"H.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chandler, V.N.","contributorId":244574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chandler","given":"V.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70216130,"text":"70216130 - 1955 - Origin of the upland silt near Fairbanks, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T20:20:59.385925","indexId":"70216130","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-05T14:06:58","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the upland silt near Fairbanks, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Silt mantles the upland slopes and ridge tops throughout the unglaciated interior of Alaska, reaching maximum thickness along the north side of the Tanana River Valley. The silt is probably loess deposited during glacial advances by south winds blowing from the glaciated Alaska Range across outwash plains in the Tanana Valley.</p><p>In the Fairbanks area, where it is best exposed, the upland silt is 1–80 feet thick on tops of low hills, 50–150 feet above the valley floor. It is 10–100 feet thick on middle slopes of higher hills and thins to a few feet on the higher slopes of ridges 800–2000 feet above the valley. Much silt has been reworked and moved by stream erosion into valley bottoms where it forms a fill 10–300 feet thick.</p><p>The upland silt is well sorted. The texture and mineral composition are uniform throughout the Yukon-Tanana upland, whether the silt overlies schist, chert, granite or basalt. The silt stands in sheer cliffs and is massive, showing little or no stratification.</p><p>During the</p><p>past 50 years, fluviatile, marine, estuarine, lacustrine, residual, and eolian hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of the upland silt. The fluviatile marine and estuarine hypotheses never had strong support, but the lacustrine concept was popular in the early part of the century.</p><p>Most of the upland silt is considered to be wind blown, derived from glacial outwash because: (1) it occurs as a surficial mantle (2) it is lithologically independent of the underlying material, (3) stratification is indistinct or absent, (4) it is associated with sand dunes and ventifacts, (5) it contains fossils of air-breathing land animals, (6) the sorting and texture are similar to upper Mississippi Valley loess and wind-blown dust, (7) the grains are angular and relatively fresh, and (8) loess is being deposited in the region today.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[699:OOTUSN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pewe, T.L., 1955, Origin of the upland silt near Fairbanks, Alaska: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 6, p. 699-724, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[699:OOTUSN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"699","endPage":"724","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Fairbanks","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.7216796875,\n              64.32087157990324\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.43701171875,\n              64.32087157990324\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.43701171875,\n              65.59480042624011\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.7216796875,\n              65.59480042624011\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.7216796875,\n              64.32087157990324\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pewe, T. L.","contributorId":35786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pewe","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70216129,"text":"70216129 - 1955 - A pumping‐test method for the determination of specific yield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T20:06:12.419793","indexId":"70216129","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-05T13:57:48","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pumping‐test method for the determination of specific yield","docAbstract":"<p><span>The specific yield of a water‐table aquifer is one measure of the amount of water within the aquifer that is available for recovery (development). It is expressed as a percentage or decimal fraction of the total volume of material of which the aquifer is composed. The specific yield may be determined during the course of an equilibrium pumping test by comparing the volume of dewatered material in the cone of depression with the total volume of discharge water. An equation is developed theoretically that expresses the volume of dewatered material in terms of test data. A related equation indicates the magnitude of losses at the pumped well. These equations were tested by applying them to test data tabulated in ground‐water literature.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR036i002p00321","usgsCitation":"Remson, I., and Lang, S., 1955, A pumping‐test method for the determination of specific yield: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 36, no. 2, p. 321-325, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR036i002p00321.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"325","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Remson, Irwin","contributorId":89115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remson","given":"Irwin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lang, S.M.","contributorId":34108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70216128,"text":"70216128 - 1955 - Catoctin formation near Luray, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T19:57:20.366467","indexId":"70216128","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-05T13:22:31","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Catoctin formation near Luray, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>In the Blue Ridge Province of northern Virginia, Maryland, and southern Pennsylvania the established lower Cambrian beds are underlain by a thick sequence of greenstone and interbedded sedimentary rocks known as the Catoctin formation. In an effort to determine the thickness of the formation, its relationship to overlying and underlying rocks, and the original nature of the lavas from which the Catoctin greenstone was derived, an area near Luray, Virginia, was studied. There the Catoctin formation lies unconformably on granitic rocks. Its basal sedimentary layer ranges from a few inches to 150 feet thick and contains pebbles of underlying plutonic rocks. The erosion surface beneath the Catoctin is irregular, and in several places hills up to 750 feet high were buried beneath the Catoctin lavas. No important time break is indicated between the deposition of the Catoctin formation and of the overlying Cambrian sediments, and the Catoctin may be early Cambrian.</p><p>Mineralogy, chemical composition, and primary structures indicate that the original Catoctin lavas were basaltic in composition and were probably normal plateau basalts. Columnar joints, amygdules, sedimentary dikes, flow breccias, low-dipping primary joints, and other primary structures are well preserved, and the flows in this area are believed to have been subaerial.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[871:CFNLV]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reed, J.C., 1955, Catoctin formation near Luray, Virginia: GSA Bulletin, v. 66, no. 7, p. 871-896, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1955)66[871:CFNLV]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"871","endPage":"896","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge Near Luray, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.53851318359375,\n              38.60506646289451\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.34899902343749,\n              38.60506646289451\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.34899902343749,\n              38.70908932739828\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.53851318359375,\n              38.70908932739828\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.53851318359375,\n              38.60506646289451\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, J. C. Jr.","contributorId":97063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70216127,"text":"70216127 - 1955 - Effect of western drought on the water resources of Safford Valley, Arizona, 1940–1952","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T18:47:47.044135","indexId":"70216127","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-05T12:43:35","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of western drought on the water resources of Safford Valley, Arizona, 1940–1952","docAbstract":"<p>Re<span>cords of precipitation, runoff in the Gila River, ground‐water withdrawals for irrigation, and changes in ground‐water level in Safford Valley, Arizona, provide a basis for noting the effect of wet and dry periods on the hydrologic cycle. An unusually wet period 1940–1941, was followed by a period of drought, l942–1952. The irrigable area is limited by natural causes, the area irrigated with surface water is effectively limited by court decree, and less than 1000 acres are irrigated exclusively from wells. Thus relatively little expansion in this irrigated area has occurred during the period concerned to obscure the climatic effects, although cultivation has been more intensive in recent years and the water demand has been correspondingly larger. The wet period of above‐normal stream flow and ground‐water levels provided a cushion that delayed and reduced the effects of the drought. As the ground‐water‐storage in the valley is relatively small, however, withdrawals of ground water as a supplemental supply for irrigation eventually lowered water levels sufficiently to reduce well yields. The concentration of dissolved mineral matter increased in the remaining ground water, making it less desirable for irrigation use than previously.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR036i001p00087","usgsCitation":"Cushman, R., and Halpenny, L.C., 1955, Effect of western drought on the water resources of Safford Valley, Arizona, 1940–1952: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 36, no. 1, p. 87-94, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR036i001p00087.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"94","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Safford Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.92370605468749,\n              32.61161640317033\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.4622802734375,\n              32.61161640317033\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.4622802734375,\n              33.04090311724091\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.92370605468749,\n              33.04090311724091\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.92370605468749,\n              32.61161640317033\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cushman, R.L.","contributorId":102859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halpenny, L. C.","contributorId":120299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halpenny","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70216118,"text":"70216118 - 1955 - Geologic thermometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T17:58:00.105813","indexId":"70216118","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-05T11:51:32","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic thermometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>The methods of measuring and estimating temperatures of geologic processes are examined critically. Data for some of the more accurate methods of wide geologic application are summarized by means of tables and graphs. Attention is called especially to two methods that have been used increasingly the last several years: (1) study of liquid inclusions and (2) determination of fractionation of stable isotopes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE62-p465","usgsCitation":"Ingerson, E., 1955, Geologic thermometry: GSA Special Papers, v. 62, p. 465-488, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE62-p465.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"488","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingerson, E.","contributorId":48305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingerson","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70216050,"text":"70216050 - 1955 - Development of the hydrosphere and atmosphere, with special reference to probable composition of the early atmosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-03T21:17:26.378599","indexId":"70216050","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-03T15:11:36","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the hydrosphere and atmosphere, with special reference to probable composition of the early atmosphere","docAbstract":"<p>A satisfactory hypothesis of the development of the hydrosphere and atmosphere depends upon evidence from many sciences and the solution of many other fundamental problems of earth history. But because it is so closely related to many other problems, any progress toward unravelling the history of the hydrosphere and atmosphere limits the range of permissible speculation about such distantly related questions as the origin of the solar system, continents, mountains, and living organisms. Several hypotheses of the source of the earth’s air and waters are examined for their consistency with established principles and observed geologic evidence, and special attention is given to the probable composition of the early atmosphere.</p><p>Hypotheses of the origin of the atmosphere and hydrosphere fall into two chief categories: (1) that all air and water of the earth are residual from a dense primitive atmosphere that once enveloped a molten globe; or (2) that they have accumulated at the earth’s surface by leakage from the interior.</p><p>The quantities of water, carbon dioxide, organic carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, etc., that have been or are now part of the earth’s atmosphere and hydrosphere may be estimated within reasonable limits of uncertainty and these “excess” volatiles afford a basis for testing chemical consequences of the alternative hypotheses. Several writers have suggested that the primitive atmosphere may have been composed largely of CH<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and NH<sub>3</sub>. However, the equilibrium constants for reactions of these and other gases, combined with the evidence of the “excess” volatiles, indicate that CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and N<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>are much more likely. The stabilities of methane and ammonia depend upon the presence of free hydrogen; and the escape rate of hydrogen from the earth is such that methane probably could have persisted in significant amounts in the early atmosphere no more than 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 10<sup>8</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>years. For all but a relatively brief period at the very beginning of earth history, the atmosphere probably contained CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and N<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>rather than CH<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and NH<sub>3</sub>.</p><p>When the consequences of a dense atmosphere of CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and N<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(but with almost no free O<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>or H<sub>2</sub>) are examined, it is found that several chemical effects (such as the quantity of rocks that would have to be weathered, of sodium dissolved in sea water, and of CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>deposited on the sea floor very early in early history) are not borne out by the observed geologic record. From this and other lines of evidence it seems extremely improbable that the present atmosphere and hydrosphere are residual from any such dense primitive atmosphere. Instead, it seems likely that the atmosphere and hydrosphere have accumulated gradually during geologic time by the escape of water vapor, CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, N<sub>2</sub>, and other volatiles from intrusive and extrusive rocks that have risen more or less continuously from the deep interior of the earth.</p><p>The amount of free oxygen in the early atmosphere is a separate problem that cannot be solved until the evidence of the earliest rocks has been appraised more fully. Current hypotheses of the origin of life appear to require a reducing atmosphere, yet it seems likely that oxygen has been accumulating from the photodissociation of water vapor ever since the earth was formed. The oxidation of ferrous iron and sulfides in the earliest sediments may have kept the oxygen content very low, and life may have begun in local reducing environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE62-p631","usgsCitation":"Rubey, W.W., 1955, Development of the hydrosphere and atmosphere, with special reference to probable composition of the early atmosphere: GSA Special Papers, v. 62, p. 631-650, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE62-p631.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"631","endPage":"650","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380095,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubey, William W.","contributorId":16899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}