The method of calculation described is useful for the types of work of which examples are given. It is also useful in making rapid comparison of the activities that might be expected from several different elements. For instance, suppose it is desired to know which of the three elements, cobalt, nickel, or vanadium is, under similar conditions, activated to the greatest extent by thermal neutrons. If reference is made to a cross-section table only, the values may be misleading unless properly interpreted by a suitable comparison of half-lives and abundances. In this table all the variables have been combined and the desired information can be obtained directly from the values ofA 3λ, the activity produced per gram per second of irradiation, under the stated conditions. Hence, it is easily seen that, under similar circumstances of irradiation, vanadium is most easily activated even though the cross section of one of the cobalt isotopes is nearly five times that of vanadium and the cross section of one of the nickel isotopes is three times that of vanadium.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02802483","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., and Champion, W., 1954, Tables for simplifying calculations of activities produced by thermal neutrons: Il Nuovo Cimento, v. 12, no. 3, p. 550-571, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02802483.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"571","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Champion, W.R.","contributorId":88856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71499,"text":"tei469 - 1954 - Preliminary report on the Rimini area, Jefferson City quadrangle, Jefferson County and Lewis and Clark County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T09:43:06","indexId":"tei469","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-10T16:03:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"469","title":"Preliminary report on the Rimini area, Jefferson City quadrangle, Jefferson County and Lewis and Clark County, Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei469","collaboration":"Performed for the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Becraft, G.E., Pinckney, D.M., and Rosenblum, S., 1954, Preliminary report on the Rimini area, Jefferson City quadrangle, Jefferson County and Lewis and Clark County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 469, Report: 34 p.; 1 Map, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei469.","productDescription":"Report: 34 p.; 1 Map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County;Lewis And Clark County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.17,45.72 ], [ -113.17,47.95 ], [ -111.5,47.95 ], [ -111.5,45.72 ], [ -113.17,45.72 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c0ecc0e4b065ccca5fe4bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becraft, George Earle","contributorId":95864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becraft","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Earle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pinckney, D. M.","contributorId":33336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinckney","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenblum, Sam","contributorId":60620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenblum","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220251,"text":"5220251 - 1954 - The use of fire in quail management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:37","indexId":"5220251","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:22","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3140,"text":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of fire in quail management","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"held New Orleans, November 1-3, 1954","usgsCitation":"Rosene, W., 1954, The use of fire in quail management: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, v. 8, p. 9-11.","productDescription":"9-11","startPage":"9","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4ebe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosene, W.","contributorId":67609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosene","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220058,"text":"5220058 - 1954 - Water chestnut menaces upper section of Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:38","indexId":"5220058","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:22","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2691,"text":"Maryland Sportsman","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water chestnut menaces upper section of Chesapeake Bay","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maryland Sportsman","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Uhler, F., 1954, Water chestnut menaces upper section of Chesapeake Bay: Maryland Sportsman, v. 12, no. 9, p. 4-5.","productDescription":"4-5","startPage":"4","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c871","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uhler, F.M.","contributorId":81965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uhler","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220795,"text":"5220795 - 1954 - Rodent repellents, preparation and properties of thiouronium compounds and cyclic imides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-03T15:45:25.887076","indexId":"5220795","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:22","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2149,"text":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rodent repellents, preparation and properties of thiouronium compounds and cyclic imides","docAbstract":"Syntheses and bioassays of cyclic imides and thiouronium compounds were carried out as part of a search for materials capable of preventing rodent damage to packaged commodities. Previous studies had shown that repellent activity was associated with functional groups containing nitrogen and sulfur, and was enhanced by the presence of ionic linkages. Twenty-seven thiouronium compounds and 40 imides, including 1 0 compounds not described previously, were prepared for these tests. Ten imides and 26 thiouronium compounds were repellent under the conditions of test. Information obtained in these studies will be utilized in the development and selection of more effective materials for prevention of rodent damage to foods and other commodities.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/jf60043a004","usgsCitation":"Bellack, E., and DeWitt, J., 1954, Rodent repellents, preparation and properties of thiouronium compounds and cyclic imides: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 2, no. 23, p. 1176-1179, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60043a004.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1176","endPage":"1179","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cca7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bellack, E.","contributorId":78831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellack","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeWitt, J.B.","contributorId":89080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220675,"text":"5220675 - 1954 - A comparative study of 28 culture media for Trichomonas gallinae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:40","indexId":"5220675","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:22","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1609,"text":"Experimental Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative study of 28 culture media for Trichomonas gallinae","docAbstract":"1. 1. A study was made of the ability of 28 different culture media to support growth of 5 strains of Trichomonas gallinae with their normally associated bacteria. A standard inoculum of 50 protozoa was used, and the cultures were incubated at 35 ?C. Based upon the number of positive cultures obtained, abundance of growth, and number of strains which grew in a given medium, the most satisfactory were Ringer-Loeffler serum, saline-Loeffler serum, and saline-serum. 2. 2. Pigeon serum used alone in a simple saline solution produced abundant growth and when added to other nutrients greatly enhanced the medium. Autoclaving of the serum appeared to have no effect on its growth promoting qualities. 3. 3. Neither egg yolk nor egg albumin alone appeared capable of supporting appreciable growth of T. gallinae. 4. 4. In general, the heavier the bacterial population supported by a medium the poorer the growth of T. gallinae. 5. 5. Strains of T. gallinae differ in their culturability. One strain grew in 82% of the media tested, another only in 43%.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Experimental Parasitology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0014-4894(54)90024-7","usgsCitation":"Diamond, L.S., 1954, A comparative study of 28 culture media for Trichomonas gallinae: Experimental Parasitology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 251-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(54)90024-7.","productDescription":"251-258","startPage":"251","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16623,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(54)90024-7","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b103b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diamond, L. S.","contributorId":49060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diamond","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048361,"text":"tei456 - 1954 - Results of core drilling for uranium-bearing lignite, Mendenhall area, Harding County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T09:22:35","indexId":"tei456","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-10T15:01:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"456","title":"Results of core drilling for uranium-bearing lignite, Mendenhall area, Harding County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Core drilling for data on uranium-bearing lignite in the Mendenhall area, Harding County, S. Dak. , was conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines during the period October 1952 to July 1953. Forty-two core holes totaling 9, 683 feet drilled in an area of about six square miles indicate a reserve of about 127/000,000 tons of lignite of which about 49,000,000 tons contain an average of 0.005 percent uranium or more. The Mendenhall area is near the center of the Slim Buttes, which are about 30 miles long from north to south. The uranium-bearing lignite averages, 5. 4 feet in thickness and occurs in the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation of Paleocene age. Fuel analyses of about 130 samples indicate that the lignite contains about 15 percent ash, 36.7 percent moisture, 24r percent fixed carbon, 23.9 percent volatile matter, and 1.5 percent sulfur and has heating values of about 5,800 btu (as received). Uranium analyses of about 700 samples of lignite core indicate that about 2, 790 tons of uranium are present in the Mendenhall area. Inferred uranium reserves of 2,335 and .1. 050 tons are indicated by grade cutoffs of 0. 005 and 0. 01 percent uranium in the lignites, and 2, 065 and l s 35Stons are indicated by grade cutoffs of 0.03 and 0.05 percent uranium in the lignite ash. The above grade cutoffs have been incorporated on maps showing areal distribution:\nand thickness of mineralized beds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei456","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Gill, J.R., 1954, Results of core drilling for uranium-bearing lignite, Mendenhall area, Harding County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 456, Report: 90 p.; Plate 3: 17.87 inches x 10.60 inches; Plate 4: 23.47 inches x 21.84 inches; Plate 5: 18.13 inches x 27.54 inches; Plate 6: 19.59 inches x 26.01 inches; Plate 7: 16.60 inches x 24.97 inches; Plate 8: 17.12 inches x 21.07 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei456.","productDescription":"Report: 90 p.; Plate 3: 17.87 inches x 10.60 inches; Plate 4: 23.47 inches x 21.84 inches; Plate 5: 18.13 inches x 27.54 inches; Plate 6: 19.59 inches x 26.01 inches; Plate 7: 16.60 inches x 24.97 inches; Plate 8: 17.12 inches x 21.07 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/456/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279527,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/456/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":279528,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/456/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":279526,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/456/report.pdf"},{"id":279529,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/456/plate-5.pdf"},{"id":279530,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/456/plate-6.pdf"},{"id":279531,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/456/plate-7.pdf"},{"id":279532,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/456/plate-8.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.238635,45.387284 ], [ -103.238635,45.47112 ], [ -103.127169,45.47112 ], [ -103.127169,45.387284 ], [ -103.238635,45.387284 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"524162e8e4b0ec672f073b03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, James R.","contributorId":44904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048092,"text":"tei290 - 1954 - Exploration for uranium deposits in the Atkinson Mesa area, Montrose County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:42:48","indexId":"tei290","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-14T09:40:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"290","title":"Exploration for uranium deposits in the Atkinson Mesa area, Montrose County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey explored the Atkinson Mesa area for uranium- and vanadium-bearing deposits from July 2, 1951, to June 18, 1953, with 397 diamond-drill holes that totaled 261,251 feet. Sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic age are exposed in the Atkinson Mesa area. They are: the Brushy Basin member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison formation, the Lower Cretaceous Burro Canyon formation, and the Upper and Lower Cretaceous Dakota sandstone. All of the large uranium-vanadium deposits discovered by Geological Survey drilling are in a series of sandstone lenses in the upper part of the Salt Wash member of the Jurassic Morrison formation. The deposits are mainly tabular and blanket-like, but some elongate pod-shaped masses, locally called \"rolls\" may be present. The mineralized material consists of sandstone impregnated with a uranium mineral which is probably coffinite, spme carnotite, and vanadium minerals, thought to be mainly corvusite and montroseite. In addition,, some mudstone and carbonaceous material is similarly impregnated. Near masses of mineralized material the sandstone is light gray or light brown, is generally over 40 feet thick, and usually contains some carbonaceous material and abundant disseminated pyrite or limonite stain. Similarly, the mudstone in contact with the ore-bearing sandstone near bodies of mineralized rock is commonly blue gray, as compared to its dominant red color away from ore deposits. Presence and degree of these features are useful guides in exploring for new deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tei290","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., 1954, Exploration for uranium deposits in the Atkinson Mesa area, Montrose County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 290, Report: 11 p.; Plate 2: 43.63 inches x 29.49 inches; Plate 3: 34.41 inches x 29.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei290.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; Plate 2: 43.63 inches x 29.49 inches; Plate 3: 34.41 inches x 29.23 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/290/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279897,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0290/figure-2.pdf"},{"id":279898,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0290/figure-3.pdf"},{"id":279896,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/290/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Montrose County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.060256,38.151752 ], [ -109.060256,38.667801 ], [ -107.498924,38.667801 ], [ -107.498924,38.151752 ], [ -109.060256,38.151752 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd58cfe4b0b290850f8529","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, Daniel Allen","contributorId":26616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048368,"text":"tei467 - 1954 - Uranium-bearing lignite and its relation to the White River and Arikaree formations in northwestern South Dakota and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-07T14:53:38","indexId":"tei467","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-13T09:13:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"467","title":"Uranium-bearing lignite and its relation to the White River and Arikaree formations in northwestern South Dakota and adjacent states","docAbstract":"In northwestern South Dakota and adjacent areas uranium-bearing lignite beds occur at many horizons in the Hell Creek formation of late Cretaceous age and the overlying Ludlow, Tongue River, and Sentinel Butte members of the Fort Union formation of Paleocene age. Uranium analyses of 275 surface and auger samples and about 1,000 core samples show that many of the lignite beds contain 0. 005 to 0. 02 percent uranium with concentrations of 0. 05 to 0.10 percent uranium in the lignite ash. Analytical data indicate that the region contains an aggregate of at least 47,500, 000 tons of lignite with an average grade of slightly more than .0. 008 percent containing 3, 900 tons of uranium. Almost a fifth of the estimated reserves are adapted to strip mining and are in beds averaging about 4 feet in thickness. Uranium concentrations of this magnitude in lignite indicate that these deposits upon the development of proper utilization techniques and processes may be an important future source of uranium. Recent discoveries of ore-grade deposits of autunite-bearing lignite and secondary uranium minerals in carbonaceous sandstone at Cave Hills and Slim Buttes indicate that northwestern South Dakota and adjacent areas may containimportant reserves of uranium-ore. The stratigraphic units containing the uraniferous lignite beds have a combined thickness of about 1, 500 feet and are unconformably overlapped by 300 feet or more of tuffaceous sandstone and bentonitic claystone of the White River and Arikaree formations of Oligocene and Miocene age. The stratigraphically highest lignite beds in the local sequence have the greatest concentration of uranium,, and the uranium content is greatest at the top of thick lignite beds, diminishing progressively downward to a vanishing point in their lower parts. Variations in permeability of the rock overlying the mineralized lignite beds seem to be reflected in the intensity of uranium mineralization. Most of the known uranium-bearing lignite deposits in the region are closely overlain by the White River and Arikaree formations. Field evidence indicates that the uranium in the lignite is independent of the age of the formation in which the lignite occurs and that the uranium has been concentrated by downward and laterally moving ground water from the overlying mildly radioactive, tuffaceous rocks. The White River and Arikaree formations have about 1.2 times more uranium than the average sedimentary rock. The uranium content of spring water from these formations is 30 times as great or greater than that of normal ground water. Field relations suggest that the uranium is of secondary origin and has been introduced subsequent to the accumulation and marked regional warping of the lignite beds and associated rocks. During the transportation of the uranium-bearing volcanic materials from their place of origin to the site of deposition in South Dakota, the uranium is believed to have been held as a finely disseminated constituent in volcanic ash. Subsequent release or displacement of the uranium is thought to have resulted from weathering and chemical breakdown, thus freeing and allowing the transportation of the uranium, probably in ionic form, to the lignite by downward and laterally moving groundwaters 0 Gar bonaceous material in the path of these uranium-bearing waters is believed to have acted as a receptor that extracted the uranium as a result of an ion exchange mechanism or by the formation of organo-metallic compounds Geologic factors that seem most significant in controlling the distribution and concentration of uranium in Dakota lignites are as follows: 1) stratlgraphic proximity of the lignite to the base of the White River formation; 2) permeability of the rocks overlying the lignites; 3) adsorptive properties and porosities of the lignitic constituents; 4) present and past position of the groundwater table; and 5) the amount of uranium in\nthe original White River and Arikaree sediments. Individual maps showing the extent, thickness, and variations in mineral content of the important deposits in the Table Mountain, Cave Hills, Slim Buttes, Lodgepole, and Medicine Pole areas are included. Conditions controlling the concentration of uranium are described and their application as guides to finding additional reserves by the presently held concepts are explained and illustrated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei467","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Denson, N., Bachman, G., and Zeller, H.D., 1954, Uranium-bearing lignite and its relation to the White River and Arikaree formations in northwestern South Dakota and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 467, Report: 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei467.","productDescription":"Report: 97 p.","numberOfPages":"100","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei467.jpg"},{"id":285870,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0467/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana;North Dakota;South Dakota;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.7324,44.0718 ], [ -105.7324,46.4227 ], [ -102.7881,46.4227 ], [ -102.7881,44.0718 ], [ -105.7324,44.0718 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5242b467e4b096ee6246420e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denson, N.M.","contributorId":79458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denson","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bachman, G.O.","contributorId":55858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"G.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zeller, H. D.","contributorId":104872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeller","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":78586,"text":"tem784 - 1954 - Reconnaissance for Uranium in the Indiana Coal Field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:00","indexId":"tem784","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"784","title":"Reconnaissance for Uranium in the Indiana Coal Field","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem784","collaboration":"Prepared jointly by the Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Snider, J.L., 1954, Reconnaissance for Uranium in the Indiana Coal Field: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 784, iv, 26 p. : ill., map ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem784.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. : ill., map ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":101672,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0784/report.pdf","size":"1438","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":193155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0784/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6440d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snider, John L.","contributorId":23236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snider","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":78620,"text":"tem709 - 1954 - Age Determinations of the San Gabriel anorthosite Massif","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:23","indexId":"tem709","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"709","title":"Age Determinations of the San Gabriel anorthosite Massif","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem709","usgsCitation":"Neuerburg, G.J., and Gottfried, D., 1954, Age Determinations of the San Gabriel anorthosite Massif: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 709, 4 p. ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem709.","productDescription":"4 p. ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":101674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0709/report.pdf","size":"369","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0709/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6897fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuerburg, George Joseph","contributorId":107702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuerburg","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gottfried, David","contributorId":82295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71347,"text":"tei297 - 1954 - Uranium deposits in Fall River County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-27T12:52:36","indexId":"tei297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"297","title":"Uranium deposits in Fall River County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"In 1951 uranium deposits contained carnotite were discovered in the southern Black Hills near Edgemont, Fall River County, S. Dak. Numerous carnotite deposits have since been found in sandstones in the Inyan Kara group of early Cretaceous age, and uranium-bearing material has been discovered in the Pennsylvania Minnelusa sandstone of Pennsylvanian age and the Deadwood formation of Cambrian age in the southern Black Hills. Ore has been produced only from the Inyan Kara group, mostly within an area of about 30 square miles along the southwest flank of the Black Hills uplift between Dewey and Hot Springs in Custer and Fall River Counties. In addition, occurrences of uranium in other parts of the Black Hills and the surrounding area are known or reported from sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrian to Tertiary age.
\nThe upper and lowermost formations of the Inyan Kara group - the Fall River and Lakota sandstones - contain the productive uranium deposits. These terrestrial formations are composed predominantly of massive sandstone lenses within units of thinly bedded sandstone and mudstone, but locally these formations contain abundant mudstone and thinly bedded sandstone. Massive sandstone lenses in the Lakota sandstone commonly overlap and truncate underlying lenses. The lenses are separated by thin units of thinly bedded sandstone and mudstone. Iron stain, carbonaceous material, thin seams of gypsum, ripple marks, concretions, and fossil roots are common in the mudstone and thinly bedded portions of these formations.
\nSome high angle normal faults of small displacement are found in the area containing the largest number of uranium occurrences in the Inyan Kara group. Although no ore deposits seen were cut by faults, high-angle fractures parallel and at right angles to the faults contain carnotite for short distances.
\nThe productive uranium deposits are most common where the Fall River and Lakota sandstones locally contain a large proportion of mudstone and thinly bedded sandstone. Other deposits are in the massive sandstone lenses of the Lakota sandstone and in the thin units between the lenses.
\nAlthough carnotite is the most conspicuous and important mineral in most deposits, corvusite is an important constituent of some deposits. Other uranium minerals in the deposits are tyuyamunite, rauvite, and autunite. Ore produced in 1952 from the Fall River and Lakota sandstones contained about 0.2 percent U3O8 and 0.6 percent V2O5. In general, deposits in the Fall River and Lakota sandstones contain about the same percentage of U3O8, but the deposits in the Fall River sandstone appear to have a higher percentage of vanadium. The grade of individual deposits, however, is highly variable. Most deposits are small, but a few have yielded as much as a thousand tons of ore.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei297","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Bell, H., and Bales, W., 1954, Uranium deposits in Fall River County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 297, Report: 47 p.; 7 Plates: 24.29 x 26.65 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei297.","productDescription":"Report: 47 p.; 7 Plates: 24.29 x 26.65 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei297.jpg"},{"id":284538,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0297/figure-04.pdf"},{"id":284539,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0297/figure-05.pdf"},{"id":284540,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0297/figure-10.pdf"},{"id":284541,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0297/figure-11.pdf"},{"id":284536,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0297/figure-02.pdf"},{"id":284537,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0297/figure-03.pdf"},{"id":284542,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0297/figure-12.pdf"},{"id":284543,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0297/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Fall River County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0,43.25 ], [ -104.0,43.5 ], [ -103.5,43.5 ], [ -103.5,43.25 ], [ -104.0,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6055f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Henry III","contributorId":37710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Henry","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bales, W.E.","contributorId":101311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":42680,"text":"ofr54126 - 1954 - Preliminary geologic reconnaissance map of a portion of the lower Kuskokwim area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T12:30:39.053764","indexId":"ofr54126","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-126","title":"Preliminary geologic reconnaissance map of a portion of the lower Kuskokwim area, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr54126","usgsCitation":"Hoare, J., and Coonrad, W.L., 1954, Preliminary geologic reconnaissance map of a portion of the lower Kuskokwim area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-126, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54126.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":111207,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10503","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6d4ae4b0b2908510511b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoare, J. M.","contributorId":52143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoare","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coonrad, W. L.","contributorId":69946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coonrad","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51790,"text":"ofr54324 - 1954 - Problems and control of leaking artesian wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:17","indexId":"ofr54324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-324","title":"Problems and control of leaking artesian wells","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr54324","usgsCitation":"Waite, H., 1954, Problems and control of leaking artesian wells: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-324, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54324.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0324/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86597,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0324/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660acd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, H.A.","contributorId":58336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51694,"text":"ofr54168 - 1954 - Progress of microfossil investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska, 1947","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr54168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-168","title":"Progress of microfossil investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska, 1947","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr54168","usgsCitation":"Loeblich, H., 1954, Progress of microfossil investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska, 1947: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-168, 9 p., 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54168.","productDescription":"9 p., 2 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loeblich, H.N.","contributorId":60310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loeblich","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51693,"text":"ofr54163 - 1954 - Discussion of the correlation of the South Barrow test wells, 1949","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr54163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-163","title":"Discussion of the correlation of the South Barrow test wells, 1949","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr54163","usgsCitation":"Lathram, E., and Keller, A., 1954, Discussion of the correlation of the South Barrow test wells, 1949: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-163, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54163.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a737","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lathram, E. H.","contributorId":8912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lathram","given":"E. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, A.S.","contributorId":52251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51799,"text":"ofr54334 - 1954 - Stratigraphy and structure of part of the Carbon Creek, and Ketik anticlines, Alaska, 1951","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:17","indexId":"ofr54334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-334","title":"Stratigraphy and structure of part of the Carbon Creek, and Ketik anticlines, Alaska, 1951","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr54334","usgsCitation":"Whittington, C.L., and Stevens, J., 1954, Stratigraphy and structure of part of the Carbon Creek, and Ketik anticlines, Alaska, 1951: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-334, 13 p., 3 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54334.","productDescription":"13 p., 3 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whittington, C. L.","contributorId":33310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whittington","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, J.M.","contributorId":49851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}