Techniques and equipment are described for feeding, in the laboratory, Cnephia invenusta (Walker), Simulium innocens Shewell, and S. rugglesi Nicholson & Mickel collected from exposed birds at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Seney, Michigan, and C. ornithophilia Davies, Peterson, & Wood, S. euryadminiculum Davies, and S. rugglesi reared from larvae at the Seney Refuge (S. rugglesi) and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland. In 4 feeding experiments with C. invenusta on Pekin ducklings, 109 fed of 194 flies exposed; in 2 experiments with S. innocens on a mallard duckling and an Emden gosling, 35 fed of 65 flies exposed; in 12 experiments with S. rugglesi on mallard ducklings and Canada goose goslings, 465 fed of 1215 flies exposed; in 40 experiments with C. ornithophilia on Khaki Campbell, mallard, and Pekin ducklings and yearling Canada and Emden goslings, 950 fed of 1713 flies exposed; and, in 2 experiments with S. euryadminiculum on Pekin ducklings, 27 fed of 46 flies exposed. Feeding time varied from 2.10 to 15 minutes. C. ornithophilia, S. innocens, and S. rugglesi fed on Khaki Campbell, mallard, and Pekin ducklings and yearling Canada geese infected with Leucocytozoon simondi Mathis & Leger were held 4-7 days after the blood meal. The flies were triturated in physiological saline and deactivated calf serum and inoculated intravenously and intraperitoneally in parasite-free Pekin, Khaki Campbell, and mallard ducklings and Canada goose goslings. Birds became infected with L. simondi 9-14 days after being inoculated with C. ornithophilia; 4-7 days after being inoculated with S. innocens; and 9 days after being inoculated with S. rugglesi. Starved, laboratory-fed C. ornithophilia fed first on L. simondiinfected Khaki Campbell and Pekin ducklings, held 4-7 days at room temperature, then fed for the 2nd time on parasite-free Pekin ducklings, transmitted the infection by their bite. The birds showed young parasites in the peripheral blood 10 and 11 days following the 2nd feeding.
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","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","doi":"10.2307/3286610","usgsCitation":"Kocan, A., and Kocan, R.M., 1972, Immature Prosthodendrium sp. in a lesser scaup (Aythya affinis): Journal of Parasitology, v. 58, no. 5, p. 1014-1015, https://doi.org/10.2307/3286610.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1014","endPage":"1015","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193803,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16163,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3286610","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"58","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c69c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocan, A.A.","contributorId":70078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kocan, R. 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","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.175.4019.328","usgsCitation":"Spann, J.W., Heath, R., Kreitzer, J., and Locke, L.N., 1972, Ethyl Mercury p-Toluene Sulfonanilide: Lethal and Reproductive Effects on Pheasants: Science, v. 175, no. 4019, p. 328-331, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.175.4019.328.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"331","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"175","issue":"4019","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spann, J. W.","contributorId":93435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heath, R.G.","contributorId":104999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kreitzer, J.F.","contributorId":57170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreitzer","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5220990,"text":"5220990 - 1972 - Winter bird survey, 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:47","indexId":"5220990","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:53","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2687,"text":"Maryland Birdlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter bird survey, 1972","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maryland Birdlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bystrak, D., and Robbins, C., 1972, Winter bird survey, 1972: Maryland Birdlife, v. 28, no. 1, p. 15-24.","productDescription":"15-24","startPage":"15","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb5c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bystrak, D.R.","contributorId":46188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bystrak","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223465,"text":"5223465 - 1972 - Proceedings of the eighty-ninth stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T12:01:03","indexId":"5223465","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:53","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proceedings of the eighty-ninth stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union","docAbstract":"The Eighty-ninth Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union was held 30 August-3 September 1971 at Seattle, Washington, under the sponsorship of the University of Washington. Business sessions and social activities were held in the Student Union Building and the University Tower Hotel; papers sessions were held in the Student Union Building. Day-long field trips were taken to Mount Rainier and to the Deception Pass-Fraser River area. Two-day field trips were offered on the weekends preceding and following the meeting, to the coastal area near Westport with an all-day pelagic trip, and to the Olympic Peninsula, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4084067","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., 1972, Proceedings of the eighty-ninth stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: The Auk, v. 89, no. 1, p. 156-170, https://doi.org/10.2307/4084067.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"170","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4084067","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6603af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221199,"text":"5221199 - 1972 - Logarithmic relationship of DDE residues to eggshell thinning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T23:29:10.339195","indexId":"5221199","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:53","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Logarithmic relationship of DDE residues to eggshell thinning","docAbstract":"A concentration-effect relationship seems to exist between DDE in eggs and shell thinning. It seems to follow a mathematically similar pattern in different species though it seems to operate at different levels.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/235376a0","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Gish, C., Belisle, A.A., and Prouty, R.M., 1972, Logarithmic relationship of DDE residues to eggshell thinning: Nature, v. 235, no. 5338, p. 376-377, https://doi.org/10.1038/235376a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"376","endPage":"377","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194151,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"235","issue":"5338","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. 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Residues of DDE, dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and mercury were detected in all bald eagle carcasses; DDD residues were detected in 38; DDT, heptachlor epoxide, and dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) were detected less frequently. Six eagles contained possible lethal levels of dieldrin in the brain, and one contained a lethal concentration of DDE (385 ppm) in the brain together with 235 ppm of PCB's. Autopsy revealed that 18 bald eagles were illegally shot; other causes of death were impact injuries, electrocution, emaciation, and infectious diseases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Belisle, A.A., Reichel, W.L., Locke, L.N., Lamont, T., Mulhern, B.M., Prouty, R.M., DeWolf, R.B., and Cromartie, E., 1972, Residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1969 and 1970: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 133-138.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belisle, Andre A.","contributorId":96750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belisle","given":"Andre","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reichel, William L.","contributorId":62707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reichel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, Louis N.","contributorId":71233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamont, Thair","contributorId":56321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"Thair","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mulhern, Bernard M.","contributorId":105177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulhern","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Prouty, Richard M.","contributorId":79121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prouty","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"DeWolf, Robert B.","contributorId":88267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeWolf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cromartie, Eugene","contributorId":66672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cromartie","given":"Eugene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5221193,"text":"5221193 - 1972 - Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: Measuring the impact of pesticides on the ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:51","indexId":"5221193","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:53","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3101,"text":"Pollution Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: Measuring the impact of pesticides on the ecology","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pollution Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., and Dustman, E.H., 1972, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: Measuring the impact of pesticides on the ecology: Pollution Abstracts, v. 3, no. 4, p. 4-7.","productDescription":"4-7","startPage":"4","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dustman, E. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/240164b0","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., Gish, C., Belisle, A.A., and Prouty, R.M., 1972, Further analysis of the logarithmic relationship of DDE residues to eggshell thinning: Nature, v. 240, no. 5377, p. 164-166, https://doi.org/10.1038/240164b0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"240","issue":"5377","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b433f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blus, L. 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Toxicity is expressed as the median lethal concentration (LC 50) of active chemical in a 5-day ad libitum diet. LC 50's and associated statistics are derived by methods of probit analysis. Endrin consistently was the most toxic chemical while aldrin and dieldrin were among the six most toxic chemicals of those tested on all species. In general, organophosphates were less toxic than aldrin or dieldrin and herbicides were of a low order of toxicity. 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