{"pageNumber":"63","pageRowStart":"1550","pageSize":"25","recordCount":37001,"records":[{"id":70148563,"text":"ofr20141237 - 2015 - Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T18:40:25","indexId":"ofr20141237","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-15T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1237","title":"Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2014","docAbstract":"<h1>Significant Findings</h1>\n<p>An analysis of total-dissolved-gas (TDG) and water-temperature data collected at eight fixed monitoring stations on the lower Columbia River in Oregon and Washington in water year 2014 indicated the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>All 81 TDG sensor laboratory checks that were performed after field deployment were within plus or minus (&plusmn;) 0.5-percent saturation of a primary standard.</li>\n<li>After 3-4 weeks of deployment in the river, 68 of 75 TDG sensor field checks were within &plusmn;1.0-percent saturation of a secondary standard. Six of the field checks greater than &plusmn;1.0-percent saturation occurred at the John Day tailwater station, and three of these six checks resulted in periods of deleted data at the station.</li>\n<li>All 77 barometric pressure field checks were within &plusmn;1 millimeter of mercury of a primary standard, and all 74 water-temperature field checks were within &plusmn;0.2 degrees Celsius of a secondary standard.</li>\n<li>TDG data were considered complete if they were received in real time and were within 1-percent saturation of the expected value on the basis of calibration data, replicate quality-control measurements, and comparison to river conditions at adjacent stations. For the eight monitoring stations, data completeness ranged from 78.2 to 100 percent.</li>\n<li>All quality-assurance values exceed the criteria established by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers TDG monitoring plan. Criteria for data completeness (95 percent) were met at six of the eight monitoring stations. Deleted data at the John Day tailwater station and missed transmissions at the Camas station resulted in data completeness below criteria.</li>\n</ul>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141237","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Bragg, H., and Johnston, M.W., 2015, Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1237, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141237.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061155","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science 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mattj@usgs.gov","contributorId":3066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Matthew","email":"mattj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70148140,"text":"ofr20151077 - 2015 - Concentrations of metals and trace elements in aquatic biota associated with abandoned mine lands in the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and nearby Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, northwestern California, 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T13:42:06","indexId":"ofr20151077","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1077","title":"Concentrations of metals and trace elements in aquatic biota associated with abandoned mine lands in the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and nearby Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, northwestern California, 2002-2003","docAbstract":"<p>Park management of the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, in northwestern California, identified a critical need to determine if mercury (Hg) or other elements originating from abandoned mines within the Upper Clear Creek watershed were present at concentrations that might adversely affect aquatic biota living within the park. During 2002&ndash;03, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, collected aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, and fish, and analyzed them for Hg, cadmium, zinc, copper, and other metals and trace elements. The data from the biota, in conjunction with data from concurrent community bioassessments, habitat analyses, water quality, and concentrations of metals and trace elements in water and sediment, were used to identify contamination &ldquo;hot spots.&rdquo;</p>\n<p>In 2002, we selected collection sites within the study area based on the presence of historical mines and results from sampling of bed sediment in 2001. In 2003, collection sites were selected based on sediment data as well as data on water and biota from this study in 2002. Eleven sites were sampled in both 2002 and 2003, 11 sites were sampled only in 2002, and 14 sites were sampled only in 2003.</p>\n<p>Comparisons of sites within the Upper Clear Creek watershed indicated that most of the more contaminated sites were outside of the park boundaries, especially at sites within the French Gulch, Cline Gulch, and Whiskey Creek watersheds. The site with the highest overall contamination within the park, based on both fish and invertebrate data, was WLCC, a site on Willow Creek impacted by acid mine drainage and listed as impaired under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act.</p>\n<p>Compared with other recently evaluated mine-impacted watersheds in northern California, invertebrates, amphibians, and fish from sites within the Upper Clear Creek watershed tended to have significantly lower concentrations of Hg than at most other sites. For other metals and trace elements, Upper Clear Creek sites were only compared with the Deer Creek watershed, Nevada County, California. Copper from both Willow Creek sites (WLCC and WLTH) in the Clear Creek watershed was the only metal with concentrations in biota that were significantly higher than biota from Deer Creek</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., May, J.T., Gibson, J.K., and Brussee, B.E., 2015, Concentrations of metals and trace elements in aquatic biota associated with abandoned mine lands in the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and nearby Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, northwestern California, 2002-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1077, Report: x, 64 p.; 6 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151077.","productDescription":"Report: x, 64 p.; 6 Appendices","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-062279","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151077.jpg"},{"id":301206,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix6.xlsx","text":"Appendix 6. Metals and trace elements in individual and composite samples of riffle sculpin, rainbow trout, and California roach","size":"87 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 6. Metals and trace elements in individual and composite samples of riffle sculpin, rainbow trout, and California roach"},{"id":301205,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix5.xlsx","text":"Appendix 5. Metals and trace elements in individual bullfrogs, Pacific chorus frogs, and foothill yellow-legged frogs","size":"50 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 5. Metals and trace elements in individual bullfrogs, Pacific chorus frogs, and foothill yellow-legged frogs"},{"id":301199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/"},{"id":301200,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/pdf/ofr20151077.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1. Metals and trace elements in invertebrate composites","size":"45 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 1. Metals and trace elements in invertebrate composites"},{"id":301202,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3. Metals and trace elements in filtered and raw water samples","size":"52 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 3. Metals and trace elements in filtered and raw water samples"},{"id":301203,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2. Water-quality parameters","size":"79 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 2. Water-quality parameters"},{"id":301204,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix4.xlsx","text":"Appendix 4. Metals and trace elements in sediment samples","size":"115 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 4. Metals and trace elements in sediment samples"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Shasta County","otherGeospatial":"Whiskeytown National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.92053222656249,\n              40.45948689837198\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.92053222656249,\n              41.072104440201606\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.01141357421875,\n              41.072104440201606\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.01141357421875,\n              40.45948689837198\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.92053222656249,\n              40.45948689837198\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4a5e4b023124e8edde5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112 jasonmay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason","email":"jasonmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibson, Jennifer K.","contributorId":140892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7237,"text":"NPS, Olympic National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70148417,"text":"ofr20151111 - 2015 - First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T09:37:02","indexId":"ofr20151111","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T08:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1111","title":"First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States has extensive, unconsolidated sedimentary deposits that are enriched in heavy minerals containing titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources. Areas favorable for exploration and development of these resources are being identified by geochemical data, which are supplemented with geological, geophysical, hydrological, and geographical data. The first steps of this analysis have been completed. The concentrations of lanthanum, yttrium, and titanium tend to decrease as distance from the Piedmont (which is the likely source of these resources) increases and are moderately correlated with airborne measurements of equivalent thorium concentration. The concentrations of lanthanum, yttrium, and titanium are relatively high in those watersheds that adjoin the Piedmont, south of the Cape Fear Arch. Although this relation suggests that the concentrations are related to the watersheds, it may be simply an independent regional trend. The concentration of zirconium is unrelated to the distance from the Piedmont, the equivalent thorium concentration, and the watershed. These findings establish a foundation for more sophisticated analyses using integrated spatial modeling.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151111","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K.J., Van Gosen, B.S., Fey, D.L., Budahn, J.R., Smith, S.M., and Shah, A.K., 2015, First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1111, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151111.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","startPage":"40","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063270","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science 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jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Steven M. 0000-0003-3591-5377 smsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3591-5377","contributorId":1460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Steven","email":"smsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X 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,{"id":57210,"text":"ofr9416 - 2015 - Geologic map of the Julian 7.5' quadrangle, San Diego County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-07T20:54:55.742707","indexId":"ofr9416","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-16","title":"Geologic map of the Julian 7.5' quadrangle, San Diego County, California","docAbstract":"<p>The Julian 7.5' quadrangle lies within the Jurassic-Cretaceous Peninsular Ranges batholith of southern California and Baja California. Four granitic plutonic units and one gabbroic unit, most comprising a number of individual plutons, have been mapped in the Julian quadrangle and informal names have been assigned. The formal name Cuyamaca Gabbro has been retained. In addition to these plutonic units, metasedimentary and minor metavolcanic rocks occur in steeply dipping tabular bodies, or screens, within and between plutons.</p>\n<p>Jurassic plutons in the Julian quadrangle underwent synkinematic metamorphism with the result that plutonic contacts and foliation are concordant with those in the surrounding metamorphosed country rocks. Foliation in Jurassic plutons consists of the planar orientation of recrystallized mineral grains and aggregates; deformation textures include augen gneiss, mylonitic gneiss, and mylonite. Structural studies indicate that a significant part of this deformation took place in the Cretaceous and, therefore, the regional foliation in this part of the batholith clearly postdates intrusion of many Cretaceous plutons.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9416","usgsCitation":"Todd, V., 2015, Geologic map of the Julian 7.5' quadrangle, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-16, Pamphlet: ii, 18 p.; 1 Plate: 31.99 × 32.00 inches; Readme; Metadata; Database; Shapefile, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9416.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: ii, 18 p.; 1 Plate: 31.99 × 32.00 inches; Readme; Metadata; Database; Shapefile","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301129,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9416.jpg"},{"id":398355,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103698.htm"},{"id":301122,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/downloads/ofr94-16_readme.txt","text":"Readme","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Readme"},{"id":301121,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/pdf/ofr94-16_map.pdf","text":"Map","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Map"},{"id":301120,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/pdf/ofr94-16_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"},{"id":301119,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/"},{"id":301128,"rank":10,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/downloads/topo_base_Julian.tif","text":"Julian 7.5' quadrangle topographic map","description":"Julian 7.5' quadrangle topographic map"},{"id":301127,"rank":9,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/downloads/Julian.style","text":"ESRI Styles","description":"ESRI Styles"},{"id":301126,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/downloads/ofr94-16_shape.zip","text":"Shapefile","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Shapefile"},{"id":301125,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/downloads/ofr94-16_database.zip","text":"Database","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Database","linkHelpText":"ESRI ArcGIS 10.2 File Geodatabase"},{"id":301124,"rank":6,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/downloads/ofr94-16_metadata.xml","text":"Metadata","description":"Metadata"},{"id":301123,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0016/downloads/ofr94-16_metadata.txt","text":"Metadata","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Metadata"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","otherGeospatial":"Julian quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.72973632812499,\n              32.95797741405952\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.72973632812499,\n              33.17664043594348\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.51550292968749,\n              33.17664043594348\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.51550292968749,\n              32.95797741405952\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.72973632812499,\n              32.95797741405952\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b2e4b032353cc173f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, Victoria R.","contributorId":87544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Victoria R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70148001,"text":"ofr20151085 - 2015 - Simulation of nitrogen attenuation in a subterranean estuary, representative of the southern coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-09T14:59:54","indexId":"ofr20151085","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-09T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1085","title":"Simulation of nitrogen attenuation in a subterranean estuary, representative of the southern coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>A two-dimensional model was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to assess flow and chemical reaction associated with groundwater discharge through the subterranean estuary representative of coastal salt ponds of southern Cape Cod. The model simulated both the freshwater and saltwater flow systems and accounted for density-dependent flow, tidal fluctuation, and chemical reactivity among oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, nitrate, and ammonia. Not previously incorporated into one model, the interaction of these effects can now be simulated in the subterranean estuary context.</p>\n<p>An analysis of the flow system under mean-tide conditions was conducted first to provide the initial conditions for a subsequent analysis that included the effects of tidal fluctuations. Tidal fluctuations were simulated with a repeated couplet that represented a high tide-low tide sequence and alternating locations of head-dependent flux boundaries placed along the simulated seabed, above and below the levels of the respective high and low tides.</p>\n<p>Boundary conditions for chemical species included nitrate in recharge, and oxygen and organic matter (including organic nitrogen) in infiltrating solutions of head-dependent boundaries. Reaction chemistry was limited to oxidative degradation of organic matter (including remineralization of ammonia) with oxygen or nitrate as electron acceptors and nitrification of ammonia in the presence of oxygen.</p>\n<p>Simulations using the SEAWAT-2000 computer program resulted in two mixing zones-between freshwater and saltwater in a deep saltwater wedge and in an intertidal salt zone, which results from tidal fluctuation. The mixing zones are the principal locations where nitrogen attenuation reactions occurred-between organic matter in the saltwater zones of the aquifer and nitrate in the freshwater zone.</p>\n<p>In mean-tide PHT3D model simulations, 15 percent of nitrogen that is recharged was attenuated because of reaction with dissolved organic matter, a denitrification reaction that reduces nitrate to nitrogen gas. When a fluctuating tide was simulated, the amount of recharged nitrogen that was denitrified increased to 20 percent.</p>\n<p>Chemical reaction was controlled by the rate of mixing of freshwater and saltwater, which contained the reactants nitrate and dissolved organic matter, respectively, necessary for nitrogen attenuation reactions to take place. Reaction occurred in both the deep saltwater wedge and in an increased denitrification. However, mixing may also have been enhanced partly by numerical dispersion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Colman, J.A., Carlson, C.S., and Robinson, C., 2015, Simulation of nitrogen attenuation in a subterranean estuary, representative of the southern coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1085, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151085.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056161","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151085.jpg"},{"id":301098,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, Carl S. 0000-0001-7142-3519 cscarlso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-3519","contributorId":1694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Carl","email":"cscarlso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, C.","contributorId":70586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70147956,"text":"ofr20151092 - 2015 - Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: abstract volume, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-08T14:04:53","indexId":"ofr20151092","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1092","title":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: abstract volume, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015","docAbstract":"<p>Limnogeology is the study of modern lakes and lake deposits in the geologic record. Limnogeologists have been active since the 1800s, but interest in limnogeology became prevalent in the early 1990s when it became clear that lake deposits contain continental environmental and climate records. A society that is focused on limnogeology would allow greater communication and access to research on these important subjects and contribute to providing sound science used to understand rapid global changes in our modern world; thus, the International Association of Limnogeology was founded in 1995 at the first International Limnogeology Congress (ILIC) held in Copenhagen, Denmark.</p>\n<p>The Sixth International Limnogeology Congress (ILIC6) was held in Reno, Nevada, from June 15&ndash;19, 2015. The ILIC meetings have been held every 4 years since the first meeting in1995 and were subsequently convened in Brest, France (1999), Tucson, Arizona, USA (2003), Barcelona, Spain (2007), and Konstanz, Germany (2011). The Congress in Reno, USA marks the second time the Congress has been held in the United States and more than 150 scientists from every part of the world participated. About one-half of the participants were from North America, together with scientists from Europe, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The format of the Reno Congress followed the format originated at the Tucson Congress (ILIC3), which is unusual for scientific meetings. Nine keynote speakers spread throughout the Congress gave 1-hour talks, with the rest of the time available for viewing posters that were presented by the bulk of the participants. Keynote presentations were diverse and showed the breadth of research that is being done in lake systems worldwide. The abstracts of the keynote speakers and about 140 poster presentations are included in this volume. These posters cover a variety of limnologic, paleolimnologic, and limnogeologic topics including contaminant histories of lakes, the role of groundwater in lake processes, the formation of minerals in lake sediments, terminal lakes, how lakes reveal climate changes and paleohydrologic processes, the impact of volcanic emissions on lakes, as well as the biologic and chemical evolution of lake systems.</p>\n<p>The U.S. Geological Survey has sponsored each ILIC that has been held in the United States because of the importance of understanding paleoclimate and contaminant histories of lakes, two main themes of the Congress. This volume provides a permanent record of the wide variety of studies that are being conducted in modern lakes and ancient lake deposits worldwide, and it provides a stepping stone for any one desiring further discussion of the work that was presented at ILIC6.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress","conferenceDate":"June 15-19, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151092","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the International Association of Limnogeology","usgsCitation":"2015, Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: abstract volume, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1092, vi, 244 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151092.","productDescription":"vi, 244 p.","numberOfPages":"254","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064519","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151092.jpg"},{"id":301076,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1092/"},{"id":301078,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151108","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1108","description":"Open-File Report 2015-1108","linkHelpText":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: field trip guidebook, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015"},{"id":301077,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1092/pdf/ofr2015-1092.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5576ae9ae4b032353cb4a449","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rosen, Michael R. 0000-0003-3991-0522 mrosen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0522","contributorId":495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"mrosen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen, Andrew S.","contributorId":100989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548311,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, Matthew","contributorId":140654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirby","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[{"id":13544,"text":"California State University, Fullerton","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548312,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gierlowski-Kordesch, Elizabeth","contributorId":140655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gierlowski-Kordesch","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12807,"text":"Ohio University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548313,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Starratt, Scott W. 0000-0001-9405-1746 sstarrat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-1746","contributorId":2891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"Scott","email":"sstarrat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548314,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Valero Garces, Blas L.","contributorId":140656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valero Garces","given":"Blas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13545,"text":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología-CSIC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548315,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Varekamp, Johan","contributorId":140657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Varekamp","given":"Johan","affiliations":[{"id":13546,"text":"Wesleyan University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548316,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70148286,"text":"ofr20151108 - 2015 - Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: field trip guidebook, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-08T11:58:36","indexId":"ofr20151108","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1108","title":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: field trip guidebook, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015","docAbstract":"<p>Limnogeology is the study of modern lakes and lake deposits in the geologic record. Limnogeologists have been active since the 1800s, but interest in Limnogeology became prevalent in the early 1990s when it became clear that lake deposits contain continental environmental and climate records. A society that is focused on Limnogeology would allow greater communication and access to research on these important subjects and contribute to providing sound science used to understand rapid global changes in our modern world; thus the International Association of Limnogeology was founded in 1995 at the first International Limnogeology Congress (ILIC) held in Copenhagen, Denmark.</p>\n<p>The Sixth International Limnogeology Congress (ILIC6) was held in Reno, Nevada, from June 15&ndash;19, 2015. The ILIC meetings have been held every 4 years since the first meeting in1995 and were subsequently convened in Brest, France (1999), Tucson, USA (2003), Barcelona, Spain (2007), and Konstanz, Germany (2011). The Congress in Reno, USA marks the second time the Congress has been held in the United States and more than 150 scientists from every part of the world participated.</p>\n<p>As part of the Congress, ILIC6 included pre- and post- Congress field trips, the descriptions of which are included as separate trips in this Open-File Report. Trip 1 provides information on the pluvial and post-glacial Lakes of the eastern Great Basin, led by Paul Jewell, University of Utah, Ben Laabs, State University of New York-Geneseo, Jeff Munroe, Middlebury College, and Jack Oviatt, Kansas State University. Trip 2 contains information on the lake sequences of closed-basin lakes in the Eocene Green River Formation in Wyoming, led by Michael Smith, Northern Arizona University and Jennifer Scott, Mount Royal University. Trip 3 provides the background for the field trip to Pleistocene and modern lakes in the Great Basin of North America that was led by Susan Zimmerman, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Ken Adams, Desert Research Institute, and Michael Rosen, U.S. Geological Survey. Trip 4 contains the information for a trip to the modern lakes in Lassen National Park that was led by Paula Noble and Kerry Howard, both from the University of Nevada, Reno.</p>\n<p>The U.S. Geological Survey has sponsored each ILIC that has been held in the United States because of the importance of understanding paleoclimate and contaminant histories of lakes, two main themes of the Congress. This field trip guide provides a permanent record of some of the wide variety of studies that are being conducted in modern lakes and ancient lake deposits in western North America, and it provides a starting point for any one desiring to visit these exceptional sites or begin work in these areas.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress","conferenceDate":"June 15-19, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the International Association of Limnogeology","usgsCitation":"2015, Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: field trip guidebook, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1108, vi, 100 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151108.","productDescription":"vi, 100 p.","numberOfPages":"110","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064866","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151108.jpg"},{"id":301072,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1108/pdf/ofr2015-1108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301073,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151092","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1092","description":"Open-File Report 2015-1092","linkHelpText":"Sixth International Limnogeology Congress: abstract volume, Reno, Nevada, June 15-19, 2015"},{"id":301071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1108/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin, Lassen Volcanic National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.0872802734375,\n              41.04828819952275\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.521240234375,\n              40.18516846826054\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.48828125000001,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.24383544921875,\n              40.327701904195926\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.10650634765625,\n              40.67647212850004\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.02297973632812,\n              40.74517613004631\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.65768432617188,\n              40.959159772134896\n       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,{"id":70139689,"text":"ofr20151010 - 2015 - Multi-elemental analysis of aqueous geochemical samples by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T11:58:22","indexId":"ofr20151010","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-05T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1010","title":"Multi-elemental analysis of aqueous geochemical samples by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Typically, quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used to determine as many as 57 major, minor, and trace elements in aqueous geochemical samples, including natural surface water and groundwater, acid mine drainage water, and extracts or leachates from geological samples. The sample solution is aspirated into the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) which is an electrodeless discharge of ionized argon gas at a temperature of approximately 6,000 degrees Celsius. The elements in the sample solution are subsequently volatilized, atomized, and ionized by the ICP. The ions generated are then focused and introduced into a quadrupole mass filter which only allows one mass to reach the detector at a given moment in time. As the settings of the mass analyzer change, subsequent masses are allowed to impact the detector. Although the typical quadrupole ICP-MS system is a sequential scanning instrument (determining each mass separately), the scan speed of modern instruments is on the order of several thousand masses per second. Consequently, typical total sample analysis times of 2&ndash;3 minutes are readily achievable for up to 57 elements.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151010","usgsCitation":"Wolf, R.E., and Adams, M., 2015, Multi-elemental analysis of aqueous geochemical samples by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1010, Report: iv, 34 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151010.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 34 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056063","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301050,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151010.jpg"},{"id":301047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1010/"},{"id":301048,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1010/pdf/ofr2015-1010.pdf","text":"Report","size":"700 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301049,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1010/downloads/ofr2015-1010_table1-2.xlsx","text":"Download","linkHelpText":"Contains table 1–2, a correction equations calculation worksheet with formulas used for calculations in the report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5572ba27e4b077dba76c1b92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Ruth E. rwolf@usgs.gov","contributorId":903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Ruth","email":"rwolf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Monique madams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Monique","email":"madams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70147067,"text":"ofr20151082 - 2015 - Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-03T10:47:23","indexId":"ofr20151082","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-03T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1082","title":"Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2013","docAbstract":"<p>Streamflow and concentrations of sodium and chloride estimated from records of specific conductance were used to calculate loads of sodium and chloride during water year (WY) 2013 (October 1, 2012, through September 30, 2013) for tributaries to the Scituate Reservoir, Rhode Island. Streamflow and water-quality data used in the study were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) or the Providence Water Supply Board (PWSB) in the cooperative study. Streamflow was measured or estimated by the USGS following standard methods at 23 streamgages; 14 of these streamgages are equipped with instrumentation capable of continuously monitoring water level, specific conductance, and water temperature. Water-quality samples were collected at 37 sampling stations by the PWSB and at 14 continuous-record streamgages by the USGS during WY 2013 as part of a long-term sampling program; all stations are in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area. Water-quality data collected by the PWSB are summarized by using values of central tendency and are used, in combination with measured (or estimated) streamflows, to calculate loads and yields (loads per unit area) of selected water-quality constituents for WY 2013.</p>\n<p>The largest tributary to the reservoir (the Ponaganset River, which was monitored by the USGS) contributed a mean streamflow of 30 cubic feet per second (ft<sup>3</sup>/s) to the reservoir during WY 2013. For the same time period, annual mean1 streamflows measured (or estimated) for the other monitoring stations in this study ranged from about 0.45 to about 19 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Together, tributaries (equipped with instrumentation capable of continuously monitoring specific conductance) transported about 1,300,000 kilograms (kg) of sodium and 2,100,000 kg of chloride to the Scituate Reservoir during WY 2013; sodium and chloride yields for the tributaries ranged from 8,600 to 58,000 kilograms per square mile (kg/mi<sup>2</sup>) and from 14,000 to 97,000 kg/mi<sup>2</sup>, respectively.</p>\n<p>At the stations where water-quality samples were collected by the PWSB, the median of the median chloride concentrations was 18 milligrams per liter (mg/L), median nitrite concentration was 0.002 mg/L as nitrogen (N), median nitrate concentration was less than 0.01 mg/L as N, median orthophosphate concentration was 0.128 mg/L as phosphate, and median concentrations of total coliform bacteria and&nbsp;<i>Escherichia coli&nbsp;</i>(<i>E. coli</i>) were 330 and 15 colony-forming units per 100 milliliters (CFU/100mL), respectively. The medians of the median daily loads (and yields) of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, and total coliform and&nbsp;<i>E. coli&nbsp;</i>bacteria were 100 kilograms per day (kg/d; 50 kilograms per day per square mile [kg/d/mi<sup>2</sup>]), 10 grams per day (g/d; 5.1 grams per day per square mile [g/d/mi<sup>2</sup>]), 73 g/d (28 g/d/mi<sup>2</sup>), 720 g/d (320 g/d/mi<sup>2</sup>), 21,000 colony-forming units per day (CFU&times;10<sup>6</sup>/d; 8,700 CFU&times;10<sup>6</sup>/d/mi<sup>2</sup>), and 1,000 CFU&times;10<sup>6</sup>/d (510 CFU&times;10<sup>6</sup>/d/mi<sup>2</sup>), respectively.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151082","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Providence Water Supply Board","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.P., 2015, Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1082, Report: v, 31 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151082.","productDescription":"Report: v, 31 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2012-10-01","temporalEnd":"2013-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-056176","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151082.jpg"},{"id":301012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1082/attachments/ofr2015-1082_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"32 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Water-quality data collected by the Providence Water Supply Board at 37 monitoring stations in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2013."},{"id":301011,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1082/pdf/ofr2015-1082.pdf","text":"Report","size":"873 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1082/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Scituate Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.78947448730469,\n              41.74160260664948\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.78947448730469,\n              41.92782492551717\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5484619140625,\n              41.92782492551717\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5484619140625,\n              41.74160260664948\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.78947448730469,\n              41.74160260664948\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5570171de4b0d9246a9fd151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70146944,"text":"ofr20151073 - 2015 - Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series: Admiralty Inlet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T08:29:44","indexId":"ofr20151073","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-03T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1073","subseriesTitle":"Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series","title":"Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series: Admiralty Inlet","docAbstract":"<p>In 2010 the Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10 initiated the Puget Sound Scientific Studies and Technical Investigations Assistance Program, designed to support research in support of implementing the Puget Sound Action Agenda. The Action Agenda was created in response to Puget Sound having been designated as one of 28 estuaries of national significance under section 320 of the U.S. Clean Water Act, and its overall goal is to restore the Puget Sound Estuary's environment by 2020. The Southern Salish Sea Mapping Project was funded by the Assistance Program request for proposals process, which also supports a large number of coastal-zone- and ocean-management issues. The issues include the recommendations of the Marine Protected Areas Work Group to the Washington State Legislature (Van Cleve and others, 2009), which endorses a Puget Sound and coast-wide marine conservation needs assessment, gap analysis of existing Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and recommendations for action. This publication is the first of four U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Maps that make up the Southern Salish Sea Mapping Project. The remaining three map blocks to be published in the future, located south of Admiralty Inlet, are shown in figure 1.</p>\n<p>Puget Sound is a deep, fjord-type estuary covering an area of 2,330 km<sup>2</sup> in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (fig. 1). It is connected to the ocean by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, a turbulent passage approximately 160 km in length and 22 km wide at its west end, expanding to over 40 km wide at its east end (Thomson, 1994). During the Pleistocene, the area was occupied several times by lobes of continental ice, resulting in a complex basin-fill of glacial and interglacial deposits that are locally as thick as 1100 m (Johnson and others, 2001). The last glaciation, called the Fraser glaciation, began after 28,800&plusmn;740 <sup>14</sup>C yr B.P. when ice started a slow expansion (Clague, 1981). At peak advance the westward Juan de Fuca lobe reached the edge of the continental shelf through the Juan de Fuca Strait shortly before 14,460&plusmn;200 <sup>14</sup>C yr B.P. (Herzer and Bornhold, 1982). The southward Puget lobe advanced to its terminal position in Puget Sound by around 14,150 <sup>14</sup>C yr B.P. (Porter and Swanson, 1998). Ice retreated from its maximum to northern Whidbey Island by 13,650&plusmn;350 <sup>14</sup>C yr B.P. (Dethier and others, 1995). Retreating glaciers resulted in a thick sequence of ice-contact, glacial-marine sediment, and early post-glacial sediments (Linden and Schurrer, 1988). These deposits have experienced the effects of a marine transgression followed by regression, resulting in a sea-level several tens of meters lower than the present day (Linden and Schurrer, 1988). A second transgression brought sea level to about the present level by around 5,470&plusmn;120 <sup>14</sup>C yr B.P. (Clague and others, 1982) establishing the present oceanographic and geologic environment</p>\n<p>Puget Sound is separated into four interconnected basins; Whidbey, Central (Main), Hood Canal, and South (Thomson, 1994). The Whidbey, Central, and Hood Canal basins are the three main branches of the Puget Sound estuary and are separated from the Strait of Juan de Fuca by a double sill at Admiralty Inlet. The Admiralty Inlet map area includes the Inlet and a portion of the Whidbey Basin (fig. 1). The shallower South Basin is separated by a sill at Tacoma Narrows and is highly branched with numerous finger inlets. Flow within Puget Sound is dominated by tidal currents of as much as 1 m/s at Admiralty Inlet, reducing to approximately 0.5 m/s in the Central Basin (Lavelle and others, 1988). The lack of silt and clay-sized sediments in the Admiralty Inlet map area is likely a result of the strong currents (see Ground-Truth Studies for the Admiralty Inlet Map Area, sheet 3). The subtidal component of flow reaches approximately 0.1 m/s and is driven by density gradients arising from the contrast in salty ocean water at the entrance and freshwater inputs from stream flow (Lavelle and others, 1988). The total freshwater input to Puget Sound is approximately 3.4 x 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/day, primarily from the Skagit River (Cannon, 1983). The subtidal circulation mostly consists of a two-layered flow in the basins with fresher water exiting at the surface and saltier water entering at depth (Ebbesmeyer and Cannon, 2001). In general, surface waters flow north and deeper waters flow south; variations arise from wind effects that can drive a surface current in the same direction as the wind, and a baroclinic response in the lower layer to about 100-m depth (Matsuura and Cannon, 1997). Oceanographic properties are influenced by temporal forcing parameters such as reduced stream flow during the 2000-01 drought that increased surface salinity and decreased differences between surface and bottom waters (Newton and others, 2003).</p>\n<p>On offshore seismic-reflection profiles, Pleistocene strata (excluding latest Pleistocene glacial and post-glacial deposits) form a distinct seismic unit, bounded below by pre-Tertiary or Tertiary basement and above by typically flat-lying latest Pleistocene to Holocene deposits that fill in erosional or depositional relief (Johnson and others, 2001). Cores from central Puget Sound have accumulation rates that range from 85 to 1200 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>/yr, or 0.12 to 2.4 cm/yr; the highest accumulation rates are near the southern end of central Puget Sound (Carpenter and others, 1985). Carpenter and others (1985) un-weighted arithmetic mean of accumulation rates for central Puget Sound deeper stations is 480&plusmn;340 (&plusmn; one standard deviation) mg/cm<sup>2</sup>/yr. Lavelle and others (1985) also found rates as high as 1200 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>/yr over the past approximately 70 years in cores in the Central Basin off of and north and south of Elliott Bay. Puget Sound basin rates are comparable to rates in midshelf silt deposits on the Washington coast north of the Columbia River (Nittrouer and others, 1979).</p>\n<p>The deep subtidal (in other words, below SCUBA depths) habitats of Puget Sound are relatively poorly known. A few subtidal surveys exist for several habitat types from the 1960s and 1970s (reviewed in Dethier, 1990), using grab and box core data. The Dethier (1990) review divides habitat up into Coast and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) substrate, water column energy, and depth zones but does not attempt to map these habitats, rather it is an inventory of habitats found in the area and the flora and fauna associated with each habitat.</p>\n<p>The approach of the Southern Salish Sea Mapping project is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, and bottom-sediment sampling data. This approach is based in part on methods presented and data collection and product needs identified at the Washington State Seafloor Mapping Workshop (Washington State Seafloor Mapping Workshop Steering Committee, 2008), attended by coastal and marine managers and scientists. The map products display seafloor geomorphology and substrate, and identify potential marine benthic habitats. It is emphasized that the more interpretive habitat and geology maps rely on the integration of multiple, new high-resolution datasets and that mapping at small scales would not be possible without such data. Oceanographic current and wave data is not included in this analysis, however, the accompanying geographic information system (GIS) data set is designed and intended to be combined with oceanographic and biologic data sets assembled by others in the future and some of the GIS data has already been incorporated in the unpublished Nature Conservancy Benthic Habitats of Puget Sound database.</p>\n<p>This publication includes four map sheets, explanatory text, and a descriptive pamphlet. Each map sheet is published as a portable document format (PDF) file. ESRI ArcGIS compatible geotiffs (for example, bathymetry) and shapefiles (for example video observation points) will be available for download in the data catalog associated with this publication (Cochrane, 2015). An ArcGIS Project File with the symbology used to generate the map sheets is also provided. For those who do not own the full suite of ESRI GIS and mapping software, the data can be read using ESRI ArcReader, a free viewer that is available at&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/index.html\">http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/index.html</a>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151073","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Dethier, M.N., Hodson, T.O., Kull, K.K., Golden, N., Ritchie, A.C., Moegling, C., and Pacunski, R.E., 2015, Southern Salish Sea Habitat Map Series: Admiralty Inlet: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1073, Report: iv, 34 p.; 4 Plates: 40 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151073.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 34 p.; 4 Plates: 40 x 36 inches","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054193","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300998,"rank":6,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151073.jpg"},{"id":300985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/"},{"id":300995,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/935/downloads/AdmiraltyInlet/ds935_AdmiraltyInlet.html","text":"Data Catalog—Admiralty Inlet, Washington","linkHelpText":"Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":300989,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Pamphlet"},{"id":300990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"159 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Bathymetry Map of the of Admiralty Inlet Map Area, Washington By Andrew C. Ritchie, Guy R. Cochrane, and Crescent Moegling"},{"id":300991,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"121 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"CMECS Geoform Component Map of the Admiralty Inlet Map Area, Washington By Timothy O. Hodson, Guy R. Cochrane, Andrew C. Ritchie, and Crescent Moegling"},{"id":300994,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/ofr2015-1073_metadata.html","text":"Metadata"},{"id":300992,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","size":"121 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"CMECS Substrate Component Map of the Admiralty Inlet Map Area, Washington By Timothy O. Hodson, Guy R. Cochrane, Andrew C. Ritchie, and Crescent Moegling"},{"id":300993,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1073/pdf/ofr20151073_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","size":"112 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2015-1073 Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"CMECS Biotope Component Map of the Admiralty Inlet Map Area, Washington By Megan N. Dethier, Guy R. Cochrane, Timothy O. Hodson, Kristine K. Kull"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Admiralty Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.95967102050781,\n              48.04136507445029\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.95967102050781,\n              48.253026757626095\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5250244140625,\n              48.253026757626095\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5250244140625,\n              48.04136507445029\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.95967102050781,\n              48.04136507445029\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5570171ce4b0d9246a9fd14f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cochrane, Guy R. 0000-0002-8094-4583 gcochrane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-4583","contributorId":2870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","email":"gcochrane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548148,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cochrane, Guy R. 0000-0002-8094-4583 gcochrane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-4583","contributorId":2870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","email":"gcochrane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dethier, Megan N.","contributorId":48045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dethier","given":"Megan","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodson, Timothy O. 0000-0003-0962-5130","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-5130","contributorId":78634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kull, Kristine K.","contributorId":140404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kull","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Golden, Nadine E. ngolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Nadine E.","email":"ngolden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ritchie, Andrew C. aritchie@usgs.gov","contributorId":4984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"Andrew","email":"aritchie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moegling, Crescent","contributorId":140405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moegling","given":"Crescent","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12641,"text":"NOAA NMFS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pacunski, Robert E.","contributorId":140406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pacunski","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13477,"text":"Washington Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70148367,"text":"ofr20151109 - 2015 - Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T08:27:05","indexId":"ofr20151109","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T17:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1109","title":"Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2013","docAbstract":"<p>The Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is part of the Natural Hazards activity, as funded by Congressional appropriation. Investigations are carried out by the USGS and with cooperators at the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa and Hilo, University of Utah, and University of Washington Geophysics Program. This report lists publications from all of these institutions.</p>\n<p>Only published papers and maps are included here; abstracts presented at scientific meetings are omitted. Publication dates are based on year of issue, with no attempt to assign them to a fiscal year.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151109","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 2015, Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1109, ii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151109.","productDescription":"ii, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-064558","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151109.png"},{"id":300952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1109/"},{"id":300953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1109/downloads/ofr2015-1109.pdf","text":"Report","size":"240 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"556d7442e4b0d9246a9f9965","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70148343,"text":"ofr20151102 - 2015 - Evaluating potential overlap between pack stock and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis sierrae</i>) in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T08:25:53","indexId":"ofr20151102","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-01T17:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1102","title":"Evaluating potential overlap between pack stock and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis sierrae</i>) in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California","docAbstract":"<p>Pack stock (horses, mules, burros, llamas, and goats) are frequently assumed to have negative effects on public lands, but there is a general lack of data to be able to quantify the degree to which this is actually the case. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks have received complaints that pack stock may affect Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis sierrae</i>; SNBS), a federally endangered subspecies that occurs in largely disjunct herds in the Sierra Nevada Range of California. The potential effects are thought to be displacement of SNBS from meadows on their summer range (altered habitat use) or, more indirectly, through changes in SNBS habitat or forage quality. Our goals were to conduct an association analysis to quantify the degree of potential spatial overlap in meadow use between SNBS and pack stock and to compare differences in vegetation community composition, structure, and diversity among meadows with different levels of use by bighorn sheep and pack stock. For the association analysis, we used two approaches: (1) we quantified the proportion of meadows that were within the herd home ranges of bighorn sheep and were potentially open to pack stock, and, (2) we used Monte Carlo simulations and use-availability analyses to compare the proportion of meadows used by bighorn sheep relative to the proportional occurrence or area of meadows available to bighorn sheep that were used by pack stock. To evaluate potential effects of pack stock on meadow plant communities and SNBS forage, we sampled vegetation in 2011 and 2012 at 100 plots to generate data that allowed us to compare:</p>\n<p>1. Herbaceous plant species composition, structure, and diversity in plots with different combinations of use by pack stock and SNBS;</p>\n<p>2. Cover of bare ground in plots with different combinations of use by pack stock and SNBS; and,</p>\n<p>3. Total cover, diversity, and species composition of SNBS forage species in plots with different combinations of use by pack stock and SNBS.</p>\n<p>The association analyses indicated the potential for overlap between pack stock and SNBS was minimal; only 1 percent of the potential meadow area in the SNBS herd home ranges overlapped that of pack stock meadows. There were no systematic differences in overall vegetation structure or composition, or in diversity, cover, or composition of forage species, that indicated pack stock were altering SNBS habitat or affecting their nutrition. Variation in plant species composition was influenced primarily by random differences among meadows and environmental gradients, and there was little evidence that pack stock use contributed in meaningful ways to this variation. The few differences among meadows with different levels of use by bighorn sheep and pack stock either were minor or were not in a direction consistent with negative effects of pack stock on SNBS. We conclude that the current plan for managing pack stock grazing has been successful in minimizing significant negative effects on Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151102","usgsCitation":"Klinger, R.C., Few, A.P., Knox, K.A., Hatfield, B.E., Clark, J., German, D.W., and Stephenson, T.R., 2015, Evaluating potential overlap between pack stock and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis sierrae</i>) in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1102, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151102.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063428","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151102.png"},{"id":300950,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1102/pdf/ofr2015-1102.pdf","text":"Report","size":"545 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300949,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1102/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Kings Canyon National Parks, Sequoia National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.4708251953125,\n              37.02886944696474\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.98193359375,\n              36.43454191900892\n           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PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"556d741ce4b0d9246a9f9963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klinger, Robert C. 0000-0003-3193-3199 rcklinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-3199","contributorId":5395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klinger","given":"Robert","email":"rcklinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Few, Alexandra P.","contributorId":140965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Few","given":"Alexandra","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13632,"text":"CDFW, Bishop, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knox, Kathleen A.","contributorId":140966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knox","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13632,"text":"CDFW, Bishop, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatfield, Brian E.","contributorId":140967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13632,"text":"CDFW, Bishop, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Jonathan","contributorId":139380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Jonathan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12456,"text":"former USGS scientist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"German, David W.","contributorId":140968,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"German","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13632,"text":"CDFW, Bishop, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stephenson, Thomas R.","contributorId":64114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70146905,"text":"ofr20151071 - 2015 - Fundamentals of carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR): a supporting document of the assessment methodology for hydrocarbon recovery using CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR associated with carbon sequestration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-28T10:52:22","indexId":"ofr20151071","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-28T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1071","title":"Fundamentals of carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR): a supporting document of the assessment methodology for hydrocarbon recovery using CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR associated with carbon sequestration","docAbstract":"<p><span>The objective of this report is to provide basic technical information regarding the CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>-EOR process, which is at the core of the assessment methodology, to estimate the technically recoverable oil within the fields of the identified sedimentary basins of the United States. Emphasis is on CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>-EOR because this is currently one technology being considered as an ultimate long-term geologic storage solution for CO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>owing to its economic profitability from incremental oil production offsetting the cost of carbon sequestration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151071","usgsCitation":"Verma, M., 2015, Fundamentals of carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR): a supporting document of the assessment methodology for hydrocarbon recovery using CO<sub>2</sub>-EOR associated with carbon sequestration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1071, v, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151071.","productDescription":"v, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058212","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300883,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151071.jpg"},{"id":300879,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1071/"},{"id":300882,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1071/pdf/ofr2015-1071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55682e21e4b0d9246a9f60e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verma, Mahendra K. mverma@usgs.gov","contributorId":1027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verma","given":"Mahendra K.","email":"mverma@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70148348,"text":"ofr20151038 - 2015 - Development of conceptual ecological models linking management of the Missouri River to pallid sturgeon population dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-28T10:23:39","indexId":"ofr20151038","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-28T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1038","title":"Development of conceptual ecological models linking management of the Missouri River to pallid sturgeon population dynamics","docAbstract":"<p><span>This report documents the process of developing and refining conceptual ecological models (CEMs) for linking river management to pallid sturgeon (</span><i>Scaphirhynchus albus</i><span>) population dynamics in the Missouri River. The refined CEMs are being used in the Missouri River Pallid Sturgeon Effects Analysis to organize, document, and formalize an understanding of pallid sturgeon population responses to past and future management alternatives. The general form of the CEMs, represented by a population-level model and component life-stage models, was determined in workshops held in the summer of 2013. Subsequently, the Missouri River Pallid Sturgeon Effects Analysis team designed a general hierarchical structure for the component models, refined the graphical structure, and reconciled variation among the components and between models developed for the upper river (Upper Missouri &amp; Yellowstone Rivers) and the lower river (Missouri River downstream from Gavins Point Dam). Importance scores attributed to the relations between primary biotic characteristics and survival were used to define a candidate set of working dominant hypotheses about pallid sturgeon population dynamics. These CEMs are intended to guide research and adaptive-management actions to benefit pallid sturgeon populations in the Missouri River.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151038","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery Program","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., Parsley, M.J., Annis, M.L., Colvin, M., Welker, T.L., and James, D.A., 2015, Development of conceptual ecological models linking management of the Missouri River to pallid sturgeon population dynamics: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1038, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151038.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056927","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research 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,{"id":70148021,"text":"ofr20151096 - 2015 - Literature review of the potential effects of hydrogen peroxide on nitrogen oxidation efficiency of the biofilters of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for freshwater finfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-27T16:09:30","indexId":"ofr20151096","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-27T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1096","title":"Literature review of the potential effects of hydrogen peroxide on nitrogen oxidation efficiency of the biofilters of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for freshwater finfish","docAbstract":"<p>A comprehensive literature review was done for the effects of hydrogen peroxide (HP) on biofilter function in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) using these databases: ISI/Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Pubmed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed as the literature review was conducted. The initial search produced 5,748 potential citations. Once the literature search was complete, these 5,748 titles were screened for applicable papers using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. If the title contained any of the inclusion terms, it was retained. Titles of the remaining papers were then screened for exclusion terms. If the title contained one or more of the exclusion terms, it was eliminated from further consideration. This refined search produced 1,405 papers.</p>\n<p>After the initial screening, the remaining 1,405 papers underwent a second screening. Titles and abstracts (when available) were again read to verify that the topic of the paper was related to RAS. During the second screening, a second person verified that the papers proposed for elimination were not related to RAS. A combined reference list of the 512 remaining papers was created and submitted to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) librarian in order to obtain the actual papers; electronic copies of those citations were obtained and reviewed. The UMESC librarian also received weekly updates from Scopus (a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles) using the search terms. Any resulting papers from those updates were screened using the inclusion criteria and relevant papers were requested. From those, 86 were cited in the literature review. An additional 11 papers from other search methods (e.g., mining references lists) also were obtained.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151096","usgsCitation":"Fredricks, K., 2015, Literature review of the potential effects of hydrogen peroxide on nitrogen oxidation efficiency of the biofilters of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for freshwater finfish: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1096, vii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151096.","productDescription":"vii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061724","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151096.jpg"},{"id":300871,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov//of/2015/1096/pdf/ofr2015-1096.pdf","text":"Report","size":"266 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300872,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1097","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1097","description":"Open-File Report 2015-1097","linkHelpText":"Companion Report - Literature Review of the Potential Effects of Formalin on Nitrogen Oxidation Efficiency of the Biofilters of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) for Freshwater Finfish"},{"id":300870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov//of/2015/1096/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5566dcb0e4b0d9246a9ec295","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fredricks, Kim T. 0000-0003-2363-7891 kfredricks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-7891","contributorId":5163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredricks","given":"Kim T.","email":"kfredricks@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70148022,"text":"ofr20151097 - 2015 - Literature review of the potential effects of formalin on nitrogen oxidation efficiency of the biofilters of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for freshwater finfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-28T09:10:33","indexId":"ofr20151097","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-27T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1097","title":"Literature review of the potential effects of formalin on nitrogen oxidation efficiency of the biofilters of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for freshwater finfish","docAbstract":"<p>A comprehensive literature review was done for the effects of formalin on biofilter function in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) using these databases: ISI/Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Pubmed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed as the literature review was conducted. The initial search produced 5,682 potential citations. Once the literature search was complete, these 5,682 titles were screened for applicable papers using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. If the title contained any of the inclusion terms, it was retained. Titles of the remaining papers were then screened for exclusion terms. If the title contained one or more of the exclusion terms, it was eliminated from further consideration. This refined search produced 1,287 papers.</p>\n<p>After the initial screening, the remaining 1,287 papers underwent a second screening. Titles and abstracts (when available) were again read to verify that the topic of the paper was related to RAS. During the second screening, a second person verified that the papers proposed for elimination were not related to RAS. A combined reference list of the 443 remaining papers was created and submitted to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) librarian to obtain the actual papers; electronic copies of those citations were obtained and reviewed. The UMESC librarian also would receive weekly updates from Scopus (a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles) using the search terms. Any resulting papers from those updates also were screened using the inclusion criteria, and any relevant papers were requested. From those, 82 were cited in the literature review. An additional 10 references were obtained from weekly updates or reference mining other sources and were incorporated into the final literature review.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151097","usgsCitation":"Fredricks, K., 2015, Literature review of the potential effects of formalin on nitrogen oxidation efficiency of the biofilters of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for freshwater finfish: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1097, vii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151097.","productDescription":"vii, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061726","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151097.jpg"},{"id":300874,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1097/"},{"id":300875,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1097/pdf/ofr2015-1097.pdf","text":"Report","size":"405 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300876,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1096","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1096","description":"Open-File Report 2015-1096","linkHelpText":"Companion Report - Literature Review of the Potential Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Nitrogen Oxidation Efficiency of the Biofilters of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) for Freshwater Finfish"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5566dcafe4b0d9246a9ec293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fredricks, Kim T. 0000-0003-2363-7891 kfredricks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-7891","contributorId":5163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredricks","given":"Kim T.","email":"kfredricks@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70148195,"text":"ofr20151106 - 2015 - Estimating exposure of piscivorous birds and sport fish to mercury in California lakes using prey fish monitoring: a predictive tool for managers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T14:27:39","indexId":"ofr20151106","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-25T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1106","title":"Estimating exposure of piscivorous birds and sport fish to mercury in California lakes using prey fish monitoring: a predictive tool for managers","docAbstract":"<p>Numerous water bodies in California are listed under the Clean Water Act as being impaired due to mercury (Hg) contamination. The Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP), via the Bioaccumulation Oversight Group (BOG), has recently completed statewide surveys of contaminants in sport fish tissue from more than 250 lakes and rivers in California and throughout coastal waters. This effort focused on human health issues but did not include beneficial uses by wildlife. Many piscivorous birds such as grebes, terns, cormorants, and mergansers eat fish smaller than those that were sampled by BOG, and sport fish Hg concentrations are not always indicative of wildlife exposure to Hg; therefore, the BOG surveys could not address whether wildlife were at risk due to Hg-induced reproductive impairment in these lakes.</p>\n<p>We used western grebes (<i>Aechmophorus occidentalis</i>) and Clark&rsquo;s grebes (<i>Aechmophorus clarkii</i>) as our index of wildlife exposure to Hg in California lakes. Grebes are widely distributed in lakes throughout California and, as piscivorous waterbirds, are near the top of the food chain in lakes. Additionally, grebes become flightless after they arrive at their summer locations. Thus, grebes are useful representatives for wildlife risk from local, lake-specific contaminant exposure. Grebes also breed at many lakes throughout California, making them susceptible to impaired reproduction due to local Hg contamination.</p>\n<p>We developed a tool for estimating wildlife and sport fish risk from Hg exposure based on Hg concentrations in prey fish. This quantitative tool can be used to predict Hg concentrations in grebe blood, grebe eggs, and sport fish, thus facilitating a feasible alternative for adequately estimating wildlife exposure when more comprehensive wildlife sampling is not possible. Specifically, we sampled grebes, prey fish, and sport fish simultaneously at 25 lakes throughout California during the spring and summer of 2012 and 2013 when breeding birds are particularly vulnerable to Hg-induced reproductive impairment. We selected lakes based on a combination of factors, including lakes</p>\n<ol>\n<li>from southern and northern California,</li>\n<li>of various sizes, shapes, and elevations,</li>\n<li>with a range of sport fish Hg exposure levels ,</li>\n<li>where largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) was the primary sport fish, and</li>\n<li>with a history of use by grebes.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Using these factors ensured that our results are representative of a broad range of lakes and reservoirs in California and are comparable to prior BOG studies.</p>\n<p>Specifically, we addressed three management questions:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Does methylmercury pose significant risks to aquatic life in a representative sample of California lakes and reservoirs?</li>\n<li>Can a correlational approach be applied on a statewide basis to estimate risks to birds?</li>\n<li>What are appropriate water-quality monitoring requirements to address methylmercury exposure in wildlife?</li>\n</ol>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151106","collaboration":"USFWS, CA State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, J., Hartman, C.A., Eagles-Smith, C.A., Herzog, M., Davison, J., Ichikawa, G., and Bonnema, A., 2015, Estimating exposure of piscivorous birds and sport fish to mercury in California lakes using prey fish monitoring: a predictive tool for managers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1106, Report: vii, 48 p.; Risk Estimator Tool, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151106.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 48 p.; Risk Estimator Tool","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-065497","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research 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Alex 0000-0002-7222-1633 chartman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-1633","contributorId":131109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"C.","email":"chartman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eagles-Smith, Collin A. 0000-0003-1329-5285 ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-5285","contributorId":505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagles-Smith","given":"Collin","email":"ceagles-smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. mherzog@usgs.gov","contributorId":3965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark P.","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davison, Jay","contributorId":92353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davison","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ichikawa, Gary","contributorId":140920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ichikawa","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bonnema, Autumn","contributorId":140921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bonnema","given":"Autumn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70148122,"text":"ofr20151104 - 2015 - Exposure-related effects of <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>, strain CL145A, on coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-22T13:38:15","indexId":"ofr20151104","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-22T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1104","title":"Exposure-related effects of <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>, strain CL145A, on coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fish","docAbstract":"<p>The exposure-related effects of a commercially prepared spray-dried powder (SDP) formulation of <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>, strain CL145A, were evaluated on coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fish endemic to the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River Basins. Nine species of young-of-the-year fish were exposed to SDP for 24 hours by using continuous-flow, serial-dilution exposure systems at temperatures of 12 degrees Celsius (&deg;C; 2 species; <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> [rainbow trout] and <i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i> [brook trout]), 17 &deg;C (3 species; <i>Perca flavescens</i> [yellow perch], <i>Sander vitreus</i> [walleye], and <i>Acipenser fulvescens</i> [lake sturgeon]), or 22 &deg;C (4 species; <i>Micropterus salmoides</i> [largemouth bass], <i>Micropterus dolomieu</i> [smallmouth bass], <i>Lepomis macrochirus</i> [bluegill sunfish], and <i>Ictalurus punctatus</i> [channel catfish]).</p>\n<p>Treatments, which were nominal target concentrations of SDP (as active ingredient) of 50, 100, 200, and 300 milligrams per liter (mg/L), were continuously applied for 24 hours by the addition of a test article stock solution into the main water inflow of each exposure system's dilution box. The SDP-treated water was then serially diluted through a series of dilution cells before delivery to the test chambers. The exposure concentrations measured were 61.5 to 81.4 percent of the target concentration. After exposure, fish were monitored for 22 days to assess exposure-related latent effects.</p>\n<p>Analyses of test animal condition factors and survival revealed that a 24-hour continuous dose of SDP affected all species. Calculated concentrations of SDP that would be lethal to 50 percent of the test animals (LC<sub>50</sub>) for the coldwater species were 19.2 and 104.6 mg/L for rainbow and brook trout, respectively. The LC<sub>50</sub>'s for the coolwater species were 185.4, 176.9 and 8.9 mg/L for yellow perch, walleye, and lake sturgeon, respectively. The LC<sub>50</sub>'s for the warmwater species were 173.6, 139.4, and 63.1 for the largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and channel catfish, respectively. A reliable LC<sub>50</sub> for bluegill sunfish could not be calculated because mortality in the SDP-treated groups did not exceed 20 percent.</p>\n<p>Further investigations to evaluate the SDP-exposure related effects on freshwater fish at the maximum approved open-water label concentration and exposure duration (100 mg/L for 8 hours) and using the expected lentic application technique (static application) are warranted. The variation in tolerance to <i>P. fluorescens</i>, strain CL145A, exposure observed in this study indicates that fish species community composition should be considered before SDP is applied in open-water environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151104","usgsCitation":"Luoma, J.A., Weber, K.L., and Denise A. Mayer, 2015, Exposure-related effects of <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>, strain CL145A, on coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fish: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1104, viii, 1632 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151104.","productDescription":"viii, 1632 p.","numberOfPages":"1641","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064984","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300743,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1104/pdf/ofr2015-1104.pdf","text":"Report","size":"56.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"OF 2015-1104 Report"},{"id":300744,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1050/","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1050","description":"Companion Report - Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) Spray Dried Powder for Controlling Zebra Mussels Adhering to Test Substrates"},{"id":300745,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1051/","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1051","description":"Companion Report - Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A Spray Dried Powder for Controlling Zebra Mussels Adhering to Native Unionid Mussels Within Field Enclosures"},{"id":300746,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1064/","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1064","description":"Companion Report - Safety of Spray-Dried Powder Formulated Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A Exposure to Subadult/Adult Unionid Mussels During Simulated Open-Water Treatments"},{"id":300742,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1104/"},{"id":300747,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1066/","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1066","description":"Companion Report - Exposure-Related Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on Juvenile Unionid Mussels"},{"id":300748,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1094","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1094","description":"Companion Report - Exposure-Related Effects of Formulated Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A to Glochidia from Seven Unionid Mussel Species"},{"id":300749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151104.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55604527e4b0afeb70724145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, James A. 0000-0003-3556-0190 jluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-0190","contributorId":4449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"James","email":"jluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Kerry L. klweber@usgs.gov","contributorId":4750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Kerry","email":"klweber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denise A. Mayer","contributorId":140891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denise A. Mayer","affiliations":[{"id":13605,"text":"New York State Department of Education, Cambridge Field Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70147635,"text":"ofr20151089 - 2015 - Geotechnical soil characterization of intact Quaternary deposits forming the March 22, 2014 SR-530 (Oso) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-22T09:39:22","indexId":"ofr20151089","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-22T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1089","title":"Geotechnical soil characterization of intact Quaternary deposits forming the March 22, 2014 SR-530 (Oso) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>During the late morning of March 22, 2014, a devastating landslide occurred near the town of Oso, Washington. The landslide with an estimated volume of 10.9 million cubic yards (8.3 x 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of both intact glacially deposited and previously disturbed landslide sediments, reached speeds averaging 40 miles per hour (64 kilometers per hour) and crossed the entire 2/3-mile (~1100 m) width of the adjacent North Fork Stillaguamish River floodplain in approximately 60 seconds, resulting in the complete destruction of an entire neighborhood (Iverson and others, 2015). More than 40 homes were destroyed as the debris overran the neighborhood, resulting in the deaths of 43 people.</p>\n<p>Landslides in glacial deposits are common in the Pacific Northwest (for example, Baum and others, 2008), and in fact, the site of the March 22, 2014 SR-530 landslide had experienced significant reactivation several times in past decades, with the most recent event occurring in 2006 (for example, Miller and Sias, 1998). However, these previous landslides were of considerably less volume and mobility (Iverson and others, 2015), and debris had never reached the Steelhead Haven neighborhood. Further, no landslides with the type of mobility that the March 22, 2014 landslide underwent have been recorded in historic times within the North Fork Stillaguamish River valley. However, mapping performed immediately following the landslide indicates that several other slopes in the North Fork Stillaguamish River valley have experienced large-volume landslides exhibiting high mobility in prehistoric times (Haugerud, 2014). The presence of previous high-mobility landslides in the valley, and the now well-documented occurrence of one involving many fatalities, underscores both the hazard and risk for those that live and travel in this and other river valleys in the Pacific Northwest with similar glacial deposits and precipitation patterns.</p>\n<p>To understand the hazards posed by highly mobile landslides in the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), together with its project partners, the University of California, Berkeley Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (UCB), and the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), is undertaking a critically needed study to identify the geologic, hydrogeologic, and geotechnical conditions in which these large landslides initiate, as well as the processes responsible for the exceptional mobility of this, and potentially other, landslides in the region. One of the first study activities involves characterizing the stratigraphy and materials from which the landslide deposits are derived, so that the fundamental geotechnical nature of the soils can be understood. This understanding is required to begin identifying possible conditions leading to slope failure and their relation to the landslide's high mobility. In addition, detailed characterization of each stratigraphic unit encountered in initial geotechnical borings is needed to relate stratigraphy between borings for this study and as a part of ongoing investigations by WSDOT and other project partners.</p>\n<p>This report provides a description of the methods used to obtain and test the intact soil stratigraphy behind the headscarp of the March 22 landslide. Detailed geotechnical index testing results are presented for 24 soil samples representing the stratigraphy at 19 different depths along a 650 ft (198 m) soil profile. The results include (1) the soil's in situ water content and unit weight (where applicable); (2) specific gravity of soil solids; and (3) each sample's grain-size distribution, critical limits for fine-grain water content states (that is, the Atterberg limits), and official Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) designation. In addition, preliminary stratigraphy and geotechnical relations within and between soil units are presented.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151089","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of California, Berkeley and the Washington State Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Riemer, M.F., Collins, B.D., Badger, T.C., Toth, C., and Yu, Y.C., 2015, Geotechnical soil characterization of intact Quaternary deposits forming the March 22, 2014 SR-530 (Oso) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1089, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151089.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064901","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151089.jpg"},{"id":300692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1089/"},{"id":300693,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1089/pdf/ofr20151089.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"OF 2015-1089 Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Snohomish County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.55273437499999,\n              47.010225655683485\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.55273437499999,\n              48.21003212234042\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5751953125,\n              48.21003212234042\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5751953125,\n              47.010225655683485\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.55273437499999,\n              47.010225655683485\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55604529e4b0afeb70724147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riemer, Michael F.","contributorId":140577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riemer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13533,"text":"Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engineeering","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, Brian D. bcollins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian","email":"bcollins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Badger, Thomas C.","contributorId":140578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Badger","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13534,"text":"Washington State Dept. of Transporation, Geotechnical Office","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toth, Csilla","contributorId":140579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toth","given":"Csilla","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13535,"text":"Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Civil and Envir. 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,{"id":70148087,"text":"ofr20151087 - 2015 - Chronostratigraphic cross section of Cretaceous formations in western Montana, western Wyoming, eastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T10:04:39","indexId":"ofr20151087","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-21T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1087","title":"Chronostratigraphic cross section of Cretaceous formations in western Montana, western Wyoming, eastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p>The chronostratigraphic cross section presented herein is a contribution to the Western Interior Cretaceous (WIK) project of the Global Sedimentary Geology Program. It portrays the Cretaceous formations at 13 localities in a south-trending transect from northwestern Montana through western Wyoming, eastern Utah, and northeastern Arizona, to northwestern New Mexico. The localities are in the Rocky Mountains and on the Colorado Plateau and contain strata that were deposited along the western margin of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway of North America. These strata are marine and nonmarine, mainly siliceous and calcareous, and of Aptian through Maastrichtian ages. They range in thickness from nearly 19,000 feet (ft) in southwestern Montana to about 1,500 ft thick in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico.</p>\n<p>Cretaceous formations in western Montana, western Wyoming, and eastern Utah disconformably overlie Jurassic rocks and locally include beds of either Aptian and Albian ages or Albian age. The Aptian beds consist of various lithologies of nonmarine origin. Albian beds consist of various nonmarine and marine lithologies. The Lower Cretaceous strata range in thickness from 4,300 ft in northern Utah to 180 ft in southern Utah and are absent at localities in Arizona and New Mexico.</p>\n<p>Upper Cretaceous strata at most localities in the transect include beds of Cenomanian through Maastrichtian ages, although at five of the localities in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, younger strata are missing. Beds of Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian, and Campanian ages in the region are siliceous, calcareous, or bentonitic and were deposited in marine and nonmarine environments. In the following Maastrichtian, siliceous lithologies accumulated in nonmarine environments. Thicknesses of the Upper Cretaceous strata range from more than 17,000 ft in southwestern Montana to nearly 6,000 ft in northwestern New Mexico.</p>\n<p>In this transect for time-stratigraphic units of the Cretaceous, lateral changes in lithologies, regional differences in thicknesses, and the abundance of associated disconformities possibly reflect local and regional tectonic events. Examples of evidence of those events follow: (1) Disconformities and the absence of strata of lowest Cretaceous age in western Montana, western Wyoming, and northern Utah indicate significant tectonism and erosion probably during the Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous; ( 2) stages of Upper Cretaceous deposition in the transect display major lateral changes in thickness, which probably reflect regional and local tectonism.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151087","usgsCitation":"Merewether, E.A., and McKinney, K.C., 2015, Chronostratigraphic cross section of Cretaceous formations in western Montana, western Wyoming, eastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, U.S.A.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1087, Report: iv, 10 p.; Map: 72.0 x 37.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151087.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 10 p.; Map: 72.0 x 37.5 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Allen merewether@usgs.gov","contributorId":3586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.","email":"merewether@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKinney, Kevin C. kcmckinney@usgs.gov","contributorId":3406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinney","given":"Kevin","email":"kcmckinney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":547448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70147546,"text":"ofr20151088 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Tomales Point, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:21:42.044949","indexId":"ofr20151088","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-20T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1088","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Tomales Point, California","docAbstract":"<p>In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California&rsquo;s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 200 m) subsurface geology.</p>\n<p>Tomales Bay, approximately 20-km long and 1- to 2-km wide, formed along a submerged portion of the San Andreas Fault, which forms a right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific tectonic plates. The fault juxtaposes Cretaceous granitic rock to the southwest (exposed on Tomales Point) with the Jurassic and Cretaceous Franciscan Complex to the northeast (exposed on the northeast coast of the Tomales Bay), and has an estimated slip rate of about 17 to 30 mm/yr in this area. The destructive great 1906 California earthquake (M7.8, 4/18/1906) is thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas Fault about 60 km to the south, offshore of San Francisco, with the rupture extending northward through Tomales Bay and for an additional about 230 km to the south flank of Cape Mendocino.</p>\n<p>The northwest coast of Tomales Point is characterized by steep, high (as much as 100 m), barren, granitic cliffs and a rugged shoreline with a few small pocket beaches. There has been as much as 48 m of Tomales Point cliff retreat from 1929&ndash;30 to 2002. The granite is overlain by less resistant Tertiary sandstones at Kehoe Beach, the northern end of a continuous, wide, sandy beach backed by a large coastal dune field that extends for about 20 km south to Point Reyes Head. This long beach has a mixed history of accretion and retreat since the late 1800s.</p>\n<p>Tomales Point relief is asymmetrical so that most small coastal watersheds in the map area drain eastward from Inverness Ridge into Tomales Bay. Many of these steep drainages have small sandy beaches at their mouths. The east coast of Tomales Bay is characterized by more gentle, hummocky, hilly relief underlain by the landslide-prone Franciscan Complex. Keys Creek, the most prominent small watershed entering Tomales Bay from the east, has a small subaqueous delta at its mouth. Central Tomales Bay is relatively flat and underlain by fine sand and silt. The mouth of Tomales Bay is characterized by sand waves, dunes, and flats that have formed in response to strong tidal flow.</p>\n<p>Sand Point and Dillon Beach are located at the mouth of Tomales Bay and on the southeasternmost shores of Bodega Bay, respectively. The wide beach in this area is backed by an extensive (4.8 km<sup>2</sup>) sand-dune complex. The enormous volume of sand on the beach and in the dune field is derived from southward littoral drift. This sediment is trapped by Tomales Bay and Tomales Point, which function as the south end of the Bodega Bay littoral cell.</p>\n<p>The continental shelf in California&rsquo;s State Waters in the Offshore of Tomales Point map area extends to water depths of about 70 m (mean slope of about 0.7&deg;) and is characterized by extensive, rugged, rocky seafloor. Granitic seafloor has a massive and fractured texture, whereas seafloor sedimentary rock outcrops commonly form distinctive &ldquo;ribs&rdquo; created by differential seafloor erosion of dipping beds of variable resistance. Direct sediment supply to this shelf is minimal because littoral drift is blocked to the north by Tomales Bay and Tomales Point, and to the south by the Point Reyes headland.</p>\n<p>Circulation over the continental shelf in the map area (and in the broader northern California region) is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. The current flow generally is southeastward during the spring and summer; however, during the fall and winter, the otherwise persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent, causing the California Current to move farther offshore and the Davidson Current, a weaker, northward-flowing countercurrent, to become active. As a result, net flow over the continental shelf can be more southerly during the spring and summer and more northerly during the fall and winter.</p>\n<p>Throughout the year, this part of the central California coast is exposed to four wave climate regimes&mdash;the north Pacific swell, the southern swell, northwest wind waves, and local wind waves. The north Pacific swell dominates in winter months (typically November through March), with wave heights at offshore buoys ranging from 2 to 10 m and wave periods ranging from 10 to 25 s. During summer months, the largest waves come from the southern swell, generated by storms in the south Pacific and offshore Central America. Characteristically, these swells have smaller wave heights (0.3 to 3 m) and similarly long periods (range 10 to 25 s). Northwest wind waves affect the coast throughout the year, while local wind waves are most common from October to April. These two wind-wave regimes typically have wave heights of 1 to 4 m and short periods (3 to 10 s).</p>\n<p>Potential marine benthic habitats in the Offshore of Tomales Point map area range from unconsolidated continental-shelf sediment, to rocky continental-shelf substrate, to unconsolidated estuary sediments. Rocky-shelf outcrops and rubble are considered to be promising potential habitats for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species. Dynamic bedforms, such as the sand waves at the mouth of Tomales Bay, are considered potential foraging habitat for juvenile lingcod and possibly migratory fishes, as well as for forage fish such as Pacific sand lance.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151088","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Golden, N., Hartwell, S., Greene, H., Erdey, M.D., Cochrane, G.R., Watt, J.T., Kvitek, R.G., Manson, M., Endris, C.A., Dieter, B.E., Krigsman, L., Sliter, R.W., Lowe, E.N., and Chinn, J.L., 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Tomales Point, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1088, Pamphlet: iv, 38 p.; 10 Sheets: 53 x 36 inches or smaller ; Metadata; Data Catalog, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151088.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 38 p.; 10 Sheets: 53 x 36 inches or smaller ; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055694","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151088.jpg"},{"id":399000,"rank":16,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_101870.htm"},{"id":300622,"rank":14,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreTomalesPoint/data_catalog_OffshoreTomalesPoint.html","text":"Data Catalog—Offshore Tomales Point, California","description":"Data Catalog—Offshore Tomales Point, California","linkHelpText":"Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":300620,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Stephen R. Hartwell, Samuel Y. Johnson, and Michael W. Manson"},{"id":300619,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 9","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Salt Point to Drakes Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Janet T. Watt, and Ray W. Sliter"},{"id":300621,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/ofr2015-1088_metadata.html"},{"id":300611,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":300613,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":300609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/"},{"id":300610,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"},{"id":300612,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell and Rikk G. Kvitek"},{"id":300614,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"},{"id":300615,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 5","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":300616,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 6","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Lisa M. Krigsman"},{"id":300617,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 7","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Charles A. Endris, H. Gary Greene, Bryan E. Dieter, Erik N. Lowe, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":300618,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Ray W. Sliter, Stephen R. Hartwell, and John L. Chin"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 10N","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Tomales Point","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.02490234375,\n              38.10592620640843\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.9047393798828,\n              38.10592620640843\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.9047393798828,\n              38.25974980039479\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.02490234375,\n              38.25974980039479\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.02490234375,\n              38.10592620640843\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555da21ae4b0a92fa7eb82b9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Johnson, Samuel Y. 0000-0001-7972-9977 sjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-9977","contributorId":2607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Samuel","email":"sjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547363,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochran, Susan A. 0000-0002-2442-8787 scochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2442-8787","contributorId":2062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Susan A.","email":"scochran@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547364,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Samuel Y. 0000-0001-7972-9977 sjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-9977","contributorId":2607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Samuel","email":"sjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golden, Nadine E. ngolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":139705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"Nadine E.","email":"ngolden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hartwell, Stephen R. 0000-0002-3522-7526 shartwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3522-7526","contributorId":138973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartwell","given":"Stephen R.","email":"shartwell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greene, H. Gary","contributorId":38958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H. 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,{"id":70147159,"text":"ofr20151083 - 2015 - Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>), 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-04T19:05:07.028529","indexId":"ofr20151083","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-20T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1083","title":"Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>), 2012","docAbstract":"<p><span>The endangered West Indian manatee (</span><i>Trichechus manatus</i><span>), especially the Florida subspecies (T. m. latirostris), has been the focus of conservation efforts and extensive research since its listing under the Endangered Species Act. On the basis of the best information available as of December 2012, the threats facing the Florida manatee were determined to be less severe than previously thought, either because the conservation efforts have been successful, or because our knowledge of the demographic effects of those threats is increased, or both. Using the manatee Core Biological Model, we estimated the probability of the Florida manatee population on either the Atlantic or Gulf coast falling below 500 adults in the next 150 years to be 0.92 percent. The primary threats remain watercraft-related mortality and long-term loss of warm-water habitat. Since 2009, however, there have been a number of unusual events that have not yet been incorporated into this analysis, including several severely cold winters, a severe red-tide die off, and substantial loss of seagrass habitat in Brevard County, Fla. Further, the version of the Core Biological Model used in 2012 makes a number of assumptions that are under investigation. A revision of the Core Biological Model and an update of this quantitative threats analysis are underway as of 2015.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151083","usgsCitation":"Runge, M.C., Langtimm, C.A., Martin, J., and Fonnesbeck, C.J., 2015, Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>), 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1083, v, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151083.","productDescription":"v, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2012-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-064691","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300427,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1083/"},{"id":300430,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151083.jpg"},{"id":300428,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1083/pdf/ofr2015-1083.pdf","size":"2.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555da21ce4b0a92fa7eb82bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langtimm, Catherine A. 0000-0001-8499-5743 clangtimm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":3045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langtimm","given":"Catherine","email":"clangtimm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Julien 0000-0002-7375-129X julienmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-129X","contributorId":5785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Julien","email":"julienmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fonnesbeck, Christopher J.","contributorId":83047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fonnesbeck","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70148088,"text":"ofr20151041 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series — Drakes Bay and vicinity, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:49:45.086535","indexId":"ofr20151041","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-19T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1041","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Drakes Bay and vicinity, California","docAbstract":"<p>In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California&rsquo;s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology.</p>\n<p>The Drakes Bay and Vicinity map area is located in northern California, about 30 km north of San Francisco and about 65 km south of Fort Ross. The map area is in the northern part of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, and it includes all or parts of four California Marine Protected Areas. The largely undeveloped onshore part of the map area, which occupies much of the southern and southeastern parts of the Point Reyes peninsula, is used primarily for grazing, as well as recreation, as it is home to the Point Reyes National Seashore. The triangular Point Reyes peninsula, which lies completely west of the San Andreas Fault Zone, is bounded by the steep terrain of Inverness Ridge along its northeastern margin, Tomales Point at its northernmost tip, Point Reyes at its southwesternmost point, and Bolinas at its southern end. The landscape in between includes (from southeast to northwest) the sandy beaches along Drakes Bay, the estuaries of Drakes Estero and Estero de Limantour, and the long, windswept Point Reyes Beach, which is backed by an extensive dune field.</p>\n<p>The seafloor in the map area generally extends from the shoreline to water depths of about 40 to 50 m, except for the area south of the Point Reyes headland where water depths reach 60 to 70 m. This bathymetric gradient south and west of the Point Reyes headland is related to north-side-up motion along the Point Reyes Fault Zone. Except for the bathymetric gradient across the Point Reyes Fault Zone, the bedrock platform in the nearshore and inner shelf areas (50 to 60 m depth) is relatively flat (less than 1.0&deg;) and is overlain by sand-sized to coarser grained sediment. Finer grained sediments are found in water depths greater than 60 m south of the Point Reyes headland, but they also extend into shallower (less than 40 m) water within Drakes Bay. Surficial and shallow sediments were deposited in the last about 21,000 years during the approximately 125-m sea-level rise that followed the last major lowstand associated with the Last Glacial Maximum, at which time the entire Drakes Bay and Vicinity map area was emergent and the shoreline was about 30 km south and west of the present-day shoreline.</p>\n<p>Tectonic influences that impact the shelf morphology and geology in the map area are related to local faulting, folding, uplift, and subsidence. Offshore of the Point Reyes headland, granitic basement rocks are offset vertically about 1.4 km along the Point Reyes Fault Zone; this uplift, combined with west-side-up offset on the San Andreas Fault Zone, has resulted in uplift of the Point Reyes peninsula and the adjacent shelf. Late Pleistocene uplift of marine terraces on the southern Point Reyes peninsula suggests active deformation of offshore structures west of the San Andreas Fault Zone. Pervasive stratal thinning within inferred uppermost Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits above the west strand of the Point Reyes Fault Zone suggests Quaternary active shortening of the curvilinear, northeast- to north-dipping Point Reyes Fault Zone. Lack of clear deformation in the uppermost Pleistocene and Holocene deposits suggests that activity along the Point Reyes Fault Zone has ceased or slowed since about 21,000 years ago.</p>\n<p>Seafloor habitats in the Drakes Bay and Vicinity map area range from unconsolidated continental-shelf sediment to hard substrate. Rocky-shelf outcrops and rubble are considered to be promising potential habitats for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species.</p>\n<p>Circulation over the continental shelf in the map area is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. The current flow generally is southeastward during the spring and summer; however, during the fall and winter, the otherwise persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent, causing the California Current to move farther offshore and the Davidson Current, a weaker, northward-flowing countercurrent, to become active.</p>\n<p>Sediment transport in the map area largely is controlled by surface waves and tidal currents in the nearshore and, at depths greater than 20 to 30 m, by tidal and subtidal currents. In the map area, nearshore littoral drift of sand and coarse sediment is to the south, owing to the dominant west-northwest swell direction, and scour from large waves and tidal currents removes and redistributes sediment over large areas of the inner shelf. Tidal currents are particularly strong over the shelf in the map area, and they dominate the current regime in the nearshore. Further offshore, bottom currents generally flow to the northwest, distributing finer grained sediment accordingly.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151041","usgsCitation":"Watt, J., Dartnell, P., Golden, N., Greene, H., Erdey, M.D., Cochrane, G.R., Johnson, S.Y., Hartwell, S., Kvitek, R.G., Manson, M., Endris, C.A., Dieter, B.E., Sliter, R.W., Krigsman, L., Lowe, E.N., and Chinn, J.L., 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Drakes Bay and vicinity, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1041, Pamphlet: iv, 36 p.; 10 Sheets: 50.50 × 36.00 inches or smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151041.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 36 p.; 10 Sheets: 50.50 × 36.00 inches or smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054993","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151041.jpg"},{"id":399003,"rank":16,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_101862.htm"},{"id":300567,"rank":14,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/DrakesBay/data_catalog_DrakesBay.html","text":"Data Catalog - Drakes Bay and Vicinity, California","linkHelpText":"Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":300566,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1041/ofr2015-1041_metadata.html","text":"Metadata","description":"Metadata"},{"id":300565,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1041/pdf/ofr2015-1041_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Drakes Bay and Vicinity Map Area, California By Janet T. 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,{"id":70148040,"text":"ofr20151101 - 2015 - Determination of the acute toxicity of isoniazid to three invasive carp species and rainbow trout in static exposures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T10:06:41","indexId":"ofr20151101","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-19T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1101","title":"Determination of the acute toxicity of isoniazid to three invasive carp species and rainbow trout in static exposures","docAbstract":"<p><span>Three invasive fishes of considerable concern to aquatic resource managers are the&nbsp;</span><i>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</i><span>&nbsp;(bighead carp),</span><i>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</i><span>&nbsp;(silver carp), and&nbsp;</span><i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i><span>&nbsp;(grass carp), collectively known as Asian carps. There is a need for an effective chemical control agent for Asian carps. Isoniazid was identified as a potential toxicant for grass carp. The selective toxicity of isoniazid to grass carp was verified as a response to an anecdotal report received in 2013. In addition, the toxicity of isoniazid to bighead carp, silver carp, and&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;(rainbow trout) was evaluated. Isoniazid was not toxic to grass carp at the reported anecdotal concentration, which was 13 milligrams per liter. Isoniazid (130 milligrams per liter) was not selectively toxic to bighead carp, silver carp, or grass carp when compared to rainbow trout.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151101","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","usgsCitation":"Schreier, T.M., and Hubert, T.D., 2015, Determination of the acute toxicity of isoniazid to three invasive carp species and rainbow trout in static exposures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1101, vi, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151101.","productDescription":"vi, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059963","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300542,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151101.jpg"},{"id":300540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1101/"},{"id":300541,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1101/pdf/ofr2015-1101.pdf","text":"Report","size":"416 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555c509ce4b0a92fa7eacbba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreier, Theresa M. 0000-0001-7722-6292 tschreier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7722-6292","contributorId":3344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreier","given":"Theresa","email":"tschreier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, Terrance D. 0000-0001-9712-1738 thubert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9712-1738","contributorId":3036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Terrance","email":"thubert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70147837,"text":"ofr20151090 - 2015 - In-reservoir behavior, dam passage, and downstream migration of juvenile Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead from Detroit Reservoir and Dam to Portland, Oregon, February 2013-February 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T14:32:07","indexId":"ofr20151090","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1090","title":"In-reservoir behavior, dam passage, and downstream migration of juvenile Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead from Detroit Reservoir and Dam to Portland, Oregon, February 2013-February 2014","docAbstract":"<p>In the second year of 2 years of study, the movements of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) and juvenile summer steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) through Detroit Reservoir, passing Detroit Dam, and migrating downstream to Portland, Oregon, were studied during a 1-year-long period beginning in February 2013. The primary purpose of the study was to provide empirical data to inform decisions about future alternatives for improving downstream passage of salmonids at Detroit Dam. A secondary purpose was to design and assess the performance of a system to detect juvenile salmonids implanted with acoustic transmitters migrating in the Willamette River. Inferences about fish migration were made from detections of juvenile fish of hatchery origin at least 95 millimeters in fork length surgically implanted with an acoustic transmitter and released during the spring (March&ndash;May) and fall (September&ndash;November) of 2013. Detection sites were placed throughout the reservoir, near the dam, and at two sites in the North Santiam River and at three sites in the Willamette River culminating at Portland, Oregon. We based most inferences on an analysis period up to the 90th percentile of tag life (68&ndash;78 days after release, depending on species and season), although a small number of fish passed after that period as late as April 8, 2014. Chinook salmon migrated from the tributaries of release to the reservoir in greater proportion than steelhead, particularly in the fall. The in-reservoir migration behaviors and dam passage of the two species were similar during the spring study, but during the fall study, few steelhead reached the reservoir and none passed the dam within the analysis period. Migrations in the reservoir were directed and non-random, except in the forebay. Depths of fish within 25 meters of the dam were deeper in the day than at night for Chinook salmon and similar in the day and night for steelhead; steelhead generally were at shallower depths than Chinook salmon. The primary factors affecting dam passage rates were seasonal dam operating conditions and diel period. Fish passage rates were much greater during the spring and summer than in the fall and winter, and the difference was attributed to the availability and use of the spillway near the top of the dam during the spring and summer. The flood-control purpose of the reservoir prevented spillway use during much of the fall and winter because of the low forebay elevation. Passage rates at night were greater than in the day during spring and summer (4.2 times) and during the fall and winter (14.9 times). Fish length, dam discharge, and forebay elevation also affected dam passage rates. Travel times from Detroit Dam passage to the downstream sites were shorter during the fall and winter than during the spring and summer, and were less than a median of 8.68 days to Portland. The estimated survival in the 11 kilometers (km) between Detroit Dam and the Minto Dam forebay was lower than in the remaining 241 km to the Portland site. Estimated survival per 100 km in the free-flowing reach from Minto Dam to Portland was 0.675&ndash;0.836, depending on species and season, and was similar to other free-flowing rivers in the Western United States. The high probability of fish in the reservoir reaching the dam, the chance for repeated presence near the dam, the fish depths, and the factors known to affect passage rates suggest that a properly designed surface passage route could be a viable downstream passage alternative for juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead at Detroit Dam.</p>\n<p>As part of the evaluations conducted at Detroit Dam, we continued to refine and improve methods for monitoring fish movements in the Willamette River. The goal was to develop stable, cost-effective, long-term monitoring arrays suitable for detection of any Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS)-tagged fish in the Willamette River. These data then could be used to estimate timing, migration rates, and survival of JSATS-tagged fish from various studies in the Willamette River Basin. The challenge, however, is that acoustic telemetry generally performs poorly in shallow, turbulent water, like that found in the Willamette River. We successfully designed, deployed, and maintained a series of monitoring sites near the Oregon cities of Salem, Wilsonville, and Portland. In the spring, detection probabilities at these sites ranged from 0.900 to 1.000. In the fall, the detection probabilities decreased and ranged from 0.526 to 1.000. The lower detection probabilities, particularly at the Salem site (0.526), were owing to loss of data caused by abnormally high flows as well as the 2013 Federal government shutdown, which prevented us from servicing the equipment. The monitoring sites that we installed seem to be robust and enable the efficient use of acoustic-tagged fish for studies of migration or survival in the Willamette River and similar environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J.W., and Adams, N.S., 2015, In-reservoir behavior, dam passage, and downstream migration of juvenile Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead from Detroit Reservoir and Dam to Portland, Oregon, February 2013-February 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1090, ix, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151090.","productDescription":"ix, 92 p.","numberOfPages":"105","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-02-01","temporalEnd":"2014-02-28","ipdsId":"IP-060688","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151090.jpg"},{"id":300473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1090/"},{"id":300474,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1090/pdf/ofr2015-1090.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Detroit Reservoir, North Santiam River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.44125366210936,\n              44.66865287227321\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.44125366210936,\n              44.76184913125266\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06909179687501,\n              44.76184913125266\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06909179687501,\n              44.66865287227321\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.44125366210936,\n              44.66865287227321\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff21e4b0a92fa7eac5cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, John W. jbeeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"John","email":"jbeeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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