The worst enemy of construction engineering and of construction material is uncontrollable water, whether it be ground-, seepage-, rainwater, water of condensation, or melting snow and ice, exerting objectionable pressure upon tracks and roads. this applies as well to structures above the ground as to bridge piers and foundations, road construction, earthwork, etc.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5433","usgsCitation":"Breyer, H., and Britt, S.H., 1953, Water, frost, and frost resistance of natural and artificial building stones: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-33, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5433.","productDescription":"9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5433.jpg"},{"id":310457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0033/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breyer, H.","contributorId":14417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breyer","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Britt, S. H. (translator)","contributorId":30636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"S.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":166681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51353,"text":"ofr53193 - 1953 - Preliminary geologic map of Tertiary rocks in southeastern part of the Lituya district, Alaska, and correlated columnar sections of Tertiary rocks in the Lituya district, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:33","indexId":"ofr53193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-193","title":"Preliminary geologic map of Tertiary rocks in southeastern part of the Lituya district, Alaska, and correlated columnar sections of Tertiary rocks in the Lituya district, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53193","usgsCitation":"Miller, D.J., 1953, Preliminary geologic map of Tertiary rocks in southeastern part of the Lituya district, Alaska, and correlated columnar sections of Tertiary rocks in the Lituya district, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-193, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53193.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":86514,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0193/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86515,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0193/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Don J.","contributorId":67897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3496,"text":"cir276 - 1953 - Water resources of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"cir276","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"276","title":"Water resources of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir276","usgsCitation":"Rorabaugh, M.I., Schrader, F.F., and Laird, L.B., 1953, Water resources of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 276, iv, 49 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. + plates folded in pocket., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir276.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. + plates folded in pocket.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0276/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30504,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0276/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30505,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0276/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30506,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0276/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f04ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rorabaugh, M. I.","contributorId":28221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rorabaugh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schrader, Floyd F.","contributorId":36535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"Floyd","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laird, Leslie Bostwick","contributorId":101251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"Bostwick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51348,"text":"ofr53187 - 1953 - Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data for relocation of Route 20 in Lee, Massachusetts, proposed cut stations 186-204","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:33","indexId":"ofr53187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-187","title":"Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data for relocation of Route 20 in Lee, Massachusetts, proposed cut stations 186-204","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53187","usgsCitation":"Maynard, J., and Linehan, D., 1953, Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data for relocation of Route 20 in Lee, Massachusetts, proposed cut stations 186-204: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-187, 2 p., 3 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53187.","productDescription":"2 p., 3 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db686112","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maynard, J.E.","contributorId":26005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maynard","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linehan, Daniel","contributorId":36998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linehan","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51561,"text":"ofr53239 - 1953 - Photogeologic map, Kaiparowits Peak 9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51561,"text":"ofr53239 - 1953 - Photogeologic map, Kaiparowits Peak 9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah","indexId":"ofr53239","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Photogeologic map, Kaiparowits Peak 9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":65079,"text":"i15 - 1955 - Photogeologic map of the Kaiparowits Peak-9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah","indexId":"i15","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Photogeologic map of the Kaiparowits Peak-9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":65079,"text":"i15 - 1955 - Photogeologic map of the Kaiparowits Peak-9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah","indexId":"i15","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Photogeologic map of the Kaiparowits Peak-9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:31","indexId":"ofr53239","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-239","title":"Photogeologic map, Kaiparowits Peak 9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53239","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.M., 1953, Photogeologic map, Kaiparowits Peak 9 quadrangle, Garfield County, Utah (Superceded by: I-15): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-239, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53239.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Superceded by: I-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51344,"text":"ofr53183 - 1953 - Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data for relocation of Route 20, cut, stations 116-120, westbound highway in Stockbridge, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr53183","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-183","title":"Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data for relocation of Route 20, cut, stations 116-120, westbound highway in Stockbridge, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53183","usgsCitation":"Maynard, J., and Hazelwood, R., 1953, Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data for relocation of Route 20, cut, stations 116-120, westbound highway in Stockbridge, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-183, 2 p., 1 plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53183.","productDescription":"2 p., 1 plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db686117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maynard, J.E.","contributorId":26005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maynard","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazelwood, R.M.","contributorId":41883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazelwood","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51338,"text":"ofr53177 - 1953 - Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data, relocation of Route 3, station 496, in Billerica, to station 6, in Chelmsford, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr53177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-177","title":"Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data, relocation of Route 3, station 496, in Billerica, to station 6, in Chelmsford, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53177","usgsCitation":"Maynard, J., and Hazelwood, R., 1953, Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data, relocation of Route 3, station 496, in Billerica, to station 6, in Chelmsford, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-177, 2 p., 3 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53177.","productDescription":"2 p., 3 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maynard, J.E.","contributorId":26005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maynard","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazelwood, R.M.","contributorId":41883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazelwood","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16042,"text":"ofr53249 - 1953 - Bentonite deposit, Aguada, Barrio Malpaso, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T20:21:32.12665","indexId":"ofr53249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-249","title":"Bentonite deposit, Aguada, Barrio Malpaso, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr53249","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.J., and Guillou, R., 1953, Bentonite deposit, Aguada, Barrio Malpaso, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-249, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53249.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487798,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0249/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Aguada, Barrio Malpaso","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b2be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Raymond James","contributorId":77546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guillou, R.B.","contributorId":30644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guillou","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51337,"text":"ofr53176 - 1953 - Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data, relocation of Route 3 in Billerica, Massachusetts, cut, stations 363-383","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr53176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-176","title":"Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data, relocation of Route 3 in Billerica, Massachusetts, cut, stations 363-383","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53176","usgsCitation":"May, J.E., and Hazelwood, R., 1953, Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data, relocation of Route 3 in Billerica, Massachusetts, cut, stations 363-383: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-176, 2 p., 3 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53176.","productDescription":"2 p., 3 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db68610e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, James E.","contributorId":85255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazelwood, R.M.","contributorId":41883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazelwood","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51320,"text":"ofr53154 - 1953 - Possibilities of increased ground-water supply for Stewarts Point Rancheria Indian Reservation, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr53154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-154","title":"Possibilities of increased ground-water supply for Stewarts Point Rancheria Indian Reservation, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53154","usgsCitation":"Leonard, A., and Cardwell, G., 1953, Possibilities of increased ground-water supply for Stewarts Point Rancheria Indian Reservation, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-154, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53154.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leonard, A.R.","contributorId":101669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cardwell, G.T.","contributorId":48160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardwell","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12778,"text":"ofr5326 - 1953 - Geology of the Plumtree area, Spruce Pine district, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr5326","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-26","title":"Geology of the Plumtree area, Spruce Pine district, North Carolina","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of study and geologic mapping (1:12,000) in the 70-square-mile Plumtree area in the northeastern part of the Spruce Pine pegmatite district, on the Blue Ridge upland in western North Carolina. The district has been the chief domestic source of feldspar and sheet mica. The mining belt just west of the Blue Ridge Front trends northeast and is 25 miles long and 10 miles wide. The center of the Plumtree area lies 10 miles northeast of Spruce Pine pegmatite district, on the Blue Ridge upland in western North Carolina. The district has been the chief domestic source of feldspar and sheet mica. The mining belt just west of the Blue Ridge Front trends northeast and is 25 miles long and 10 miles wide. The center of the Plumtree area lies 10 miles northeast of Spruce Pine and includes parts of Mitchell and Avery Counties shown on the portions of the 7.5-minute Spruce Pine, Linville Falls, Newland, North Carolina, and Carvers Gap, North Carolina and Tennessee quadrangle.\r\n\r\nThe topography varies from rugged mountains to rounded or flat topped hills near the entrenched, meandering master streams. Old erosion surfaces are approximately 600,1,100, 1,500, and 2,500 feet above the present master stream level. The area is in late youth or early maturity after rejuvenation..\r\n\r\nThe regionally metamorphosed rocks of the amophibolite facies form three mappable units: mica gneiss, mica schist, and hornblende rock. These rocks, perhaps of Precambrian age, are intimately interlayered with thicknesses of the individual layers ranging from less than one inch to several tons of feet. Field relationships and chemical data suggest that the mica (Carolina-type) rocks were derived from sandstones, graywackes, and shales and that the hornblende-rich (Roan-type) layers were derived from impure carbonate rocks.\r\n\r\nThe igneous rocks include alaskite and associated pegmatite of early Paleozoic age (?), dunite and associated soapstone of a prepegmatite age, and a few diabasic dikes of post-pegmatite age (Triassic?).\r\n\r\nThe alaskite and pegmatite have similar bulk compositions, notably low in iron (0.3 percent). The major constituents in order of decreasing abundance are plagioclase, perthitic microcline, quartz, and muncovite. All of these minerals, as well as clay deposits derived from the weathering of alaskite under old terraces, have economic value. The zoned pegmatites contain fewer zones which are less complex mineralogically than those in the pegmatites of many other areas. These essentially unmetamorphosed bodies were intruded approximately at the peak of the regional metamorphism. Their emplacement was controlled by local structure and rock type. The source of this igneous material may have been the mobilized portions of the Cranberry gneiss which underlies the area.\r\n\r\nThe dunite bodies were intruded early in the metamorphic cycle. The bodies are commonly zoned: from the wall rock inwards (1) talc-antrophyllite-serpentine fringe, (3) serpentinized dunite, (3) granular olivine core. Dunite, chromite, vermiculite, and anthophyllite are the major economic commodities. Extensive hydrothermal alteration of dunite bodies produced soapstone.\r\n\r\nThe area is the northeast end of a southwest plunging synclinorium about 20 miles wide with the steeper limb on the northwest side. There are three structural zones: zone I on the northwest is characterized by the northeast-trending isoclinal folds with steep southeast dips; zone II on the southwest includes an area of rocks with low and variable dip; zone III is the complex central core. In the extreme northeast zones I and II have an indistinct boundary where they coalesce along the rim of the synclinorium. Six stratigraphic units are exposed totaling approximately 10,500 feet of metamorphic rocks.\r\n\r\nSmall scale structural features include a foliation, and a lineation in the planes of the foliation. Minor folding reflects the trends of the major structures. 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