Drawing his inspiration from the theories on metamorphism by reaction in the solid state, and from some observations, Rene Perrin in his article 'Perrin, Rene, Le metamorphisms generateur de plissement, Annales des Hines, Paris, October 1935.' \"Metamorphism, the generator of folding\" stated in 1935:
\n1) that some \"sudden arrest\" of regional metamorphism way occur and that some formations may present a barrier to its progress. It seemed to him that the Trias effectively played that role in some parts of the Alps (Perrin, Rene, p. 14 and 15).
\n2) p. 33 \"A sedimentary formation overlying a folded crystalline rock in disconformity with the schistosity of the latter, does not prove that this rock (the crystalline) was formed and folded prior to the deposition of the sediment.\" Finally, he advised one (p. 32), before drawing any definite conclusion from the absence of contact metamorphism, to observe very closely the modifications either of the crystalline rock, or of the sedimentary formation, or of both in the vicinity of the contact, any modification being an indication of metamorphic action.
\nBecause these concepts seemed at first extremely bold, the authors made a thorough study of some specific cases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5432","usgsCitation":"Perrin, R., Roubault, M., and Britt, S.H., 1953, Observation of a \"front\" of regional metamorphism: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-32, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5432.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5432.PNG"},{"id":310220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0032/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"M15374ont-Blanc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 6.762084960937499,\n 45.83071305019327\n ],\n [\n 6.762084960937499,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n 7.072448730468749,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n 7.072448730468749,\n 45.83071305019327\n ],\n [\n 6.762084960937499,\n 45.83071305019327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perrin, Rene","contributorId":44934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perrin","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roubault, Marcel","contributorId":147905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roubault","given":"Marcel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Britt, S. H. (translator)","contributorId":30636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"S.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":171026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":13025,"text":"ofr5337 - 1953 - Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13025,"text":"ofr5337 - 1953 - Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"ofr5337","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39115,"text":"pp310 - 1961 - Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"pp310","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39115,"text":"pp310 - 1961 - Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"pp310","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-20T15:39:52.951017","indexId":"ofr5337","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-37","title":"Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Norway Lake area straddles the south margin of the Sagola basin, an embayment of Ruronian sedimentary rocks into the west side of a complex of crystalline and sedimentary rocks of pre-Ruronian age. The north part of the Norway Lake area is underlain by the Randville dolomite, an unnamed succession of slates, Vulcan iron-formation, and interbedded slates and graywackes of the Sagola basin. The Sturgeon quartzite has not been definitely recognized in the Norway Lake area. The Handville dolomite is more than 800 feet thick and can be subdivided into upper and lower dolomite members separated by a slate member. The Vulcan iron-formation and the footwall slates are exposed only in the Deerhunt exploration. A thick section of red and gray slates with interbedded graywacke, of probable Upper Huronian age, underlies the northwest part of the mapped area. The south part of the Norway Lake area is underlain by granite gneiss, an arkose series, and schists, all of pre-Huronian age.
The principal structural elements of the Norway Lake area are high angle faults, and such faults form most of the boundary between Huronian and pre-Huronian rocks in the area. The structure of the Huronian rocks. particularly in the vicinity of the Deerhunt exploration, cannot be determined with certainty on the basis of information now available. Magnetic anomalies were found to be associated with the slate member of the Randville dolomite, basalt interbedded with the arkose series, and a magnetite-bearing member in hornblende schist.
It is possible that economic deposits of iron ore occur within the mapped area. However, exploration will be tedious and costly because of the structural complexity of the area and the paucity of exposures. Furthermore, the absence of strong magnetic anomalies, such as typically are present in areas known to be underlain by Vulcan iron-formation, suggests that the iron-formation is not present in abundance; in fact, it may be limited to the immediate vicinity of the Deerhunt exploration.
Field mapping and petrographic examination do not provide data to determine whether the granite gneiss formed from a magma. Chemical analysis of one sample suggests that it was formed from rocks of the earth's crust rather than by fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma.
The original feldspars of the granite gneiss were probably anorthoclase and analbite. During uplift and denudation these were changed to microcline microperthite and albite. These feldspars were contributed to the arkose series. During regional metamorphism of the granite gneiss and arkose replacement type microperthite and secondary perthite were formed, probably by redistribution of feldspars already present tither than by metasomatism.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5337","collaboration":"Prepared with the cooperation of Geological Survey Division Michigan Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Clark, L.D., 1953, Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan (Superceded by: P-310): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-37, Report: viii, 63 p.; 3 Plates: 48.61 x 18.04 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5337.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 63 p.; 3 Plates: 48.61 x 18.04 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":465396,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465397,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465398,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465399,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Norway Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.427449588878034\n ],\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.40114703982681\n ],\n [\n -88.6676931895693,\n 46.40114703982681\n ],\n [\n -88.6676931895693,\n 46.427449588878034\n ],\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.427449588878034\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Superceded by: P-310","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db681312","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Lorin Delbert","contributorId":44144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Lorin","email":"","middleInitial":"Delbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13695,"text":"ofr5374 - 1953 - Niobium (columbium) and titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs, Arkansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13695,"text":"ofr5374 - 1953 - Niobium (columbium) and titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs, Arkansas","indexId":"ofr5374","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Niobium (columbium) and titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs, Arkansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":34456,"text":"b1015B - 1954 - Niobium (columbium) and titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs, Arkansas","indexId":"b1015B","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Niobium (columbium) and titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs, Arkansas"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":34456,"text":"b1015B - 1954 - Niobium (columbium) and titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs, Arkansas","indexId":"b1015B","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Niobium (columbium) and titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs, Arkansas"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T15:40:34.725996","indexId":"ofr5374","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-74","title":"Niobium (columbium) and titanium at Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs, Arkansas","docAbstract":"This work was done because niobium (columbium) has been found in several of the minerals and rocks of the Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs areas. Niobium is in demand for use in high-temperature and non-creep steels.
The Magnet Cove and Potash Sulphur Springs areas are in central Arkansas between Malvern and Hot Springs. They are underlain by similar alkaline igneous complexes consisting of nepheline syenite, more basic alkaline rocks, and calcite rock or carbonatite. The igneous rocks intrude Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and are truncated by a Late Cretaceous erosion surface.
At Magnet Cove deposits of rutile (TiO2) occur within the igneous complex; two deposits of brookite (TiO2) occur in quartzite of the Arkansas novaculite formation of probable Devonian and Mississippian age, near the margin of the complex. Perovskite (calcium titanate) occurs in several places in the igneous complex.
Niobium is present in rutile, brookite, and perovskite, and also probably in other minerals not yet analyzed.
In order to determine the distribution and average content of niobium in the larger titanium deposits, drill core and channel samples were analyzed for niobium, titanium, and other elements; and average figures were calculated. Concentrates and single crystals were also analyzed. Material from drill cores of perovskite-bearing magnetite-pyroxene rock on the Mo-Ti Corporation property was studied and analyzed. The Kimsey calcite quarry area was mapped, and channel samples and single crystals were analyzed. Channel samples from trenches on the Wilson prospect at Potash Sulphur Springs were analyzed.
The areas studied contain large resources of titanium and niobium, of low grade. The major results of the analytical work are summarized in the following table.
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It has been sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey and has required about seven months' time of both authors gathering and compiling data and evaluating fossil evidence. As the two regions dealt with in the chart are widely separated, the lists of references are also given separately. The annotations dealing with Greenland are based entirely on published information. The annotations dealing with Alaska are based on a re-examination of nearly all the Cretaceous fossils from Alaska are based on a re-examination of nearly all the Cretaceous fossils from Alaska in the collections of the Geological Survey. This has resulted in many concepts not hitherto published and in some concepts that are completely at variance with those that have been published. Naturally for large areas undergoing active exploration, such as Alaska, a correlation chart is out of date in many particulars as soon as published. Nevertheless it is valuable to the field man whose activities are confined to small areas but who must interpret much of his data in terms of surrounding areas that he has not seen. It is valuable to the student and to the general geologist because it organizes scattered information in a manner that can be applied in their field problems, makes quite unnecessary the memorization of stratigraphic correlations are based on observation and reasoning and not on a vast memory. It is probably of greatest value to the specialist who makes the chart because he discovers what areas and problems are most in need of research and can thereby direct his efforts and those of his associates in a manner that will yield the greatest results.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr53135","usgsCitation":"Imlay, R.W., and Reeside, J.B., 1953, Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of Greenland and Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-135, Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 93.78 x 31.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53135.","productDescription":"Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 93.78 x 31.01 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Ralph Willard","contributorId":19155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imlay","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"Willard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeside, John B. Jr.","contributorId":98299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeside","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68986,"text":"om136 - 1953 - Map of the northern part of the Appalachian Basin showing locations of selected deep wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:22","indexId":"om136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":329,"text":"Oil and Gas Investigation Map","code":"OM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"136","title":"Map of the northern part of the Appalachian Basin showing locations of selected deep wells","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/om136","usgsCitation":"Everhart, G.M., 1953, Map of the northern part of the Appalachian Basin showing locations of selected deep wells: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigation Map 136, 1 map ;91 x 124 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/om136.","productDescription":"1 map ;91 x 124 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104914,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5284.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5284"},{"id":187519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 37,-87 ], [ 37,-73 ], [ 44,-73 ], [ 44,-87 ], [ 37,-87 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db658570","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Everhart, G. M. (compiler)","contributorId":13698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everhart","given":"G.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3735,"text":"cir292 - 1953 - Water-power resources of Crystal River, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T18:24:59","indexId":"cir292","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"292","title":"Water-power resources of Crystal River, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Crystal River drains the western slope of the Elk Mountains, a relatively small range in the southern Rocky Mountain province, and flows into the Roaring Fork 13 miles southeast of Glenwood Springs, Colo. The lower 7 miles of the valley is cultivated, but upstream from this stretch the valley is narrow and is used mainly for summer grazing and recreation. Above the mouth of Thompson Creek, numerous dam sites are available, but the narrow valley and steep gradient do not favor storage for regulation of streamflow. The potential power from the natural flow of the stream in an average year is estimated to be 4,750 kilowatts for 95 percent of the time; 5,102 kw for 90 percent of the time; 10,570 kw for 50 percent of the time; and 36,940 kw at mean flow. Using the regulated flow resulting from the utilization of reservoirs at Marble and Redstone, the potential power is estimated to be 26,510 kw for 90 percent of the time and 27,810 kw for 50 percent of the time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir292","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, F.F., 1953, Water-power resources of Crystal River, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 292, 17 p. :ill., col. map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir292.","productDescription":"17 p. :ill., col. map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30796,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0292/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0292/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e734a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, Fred Forrest","contributorId":93034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"Forrest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62658,"text":"gq26 - 1953 - Geology of the Bowbells quadrangle, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:01","indexId":"gq26","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"26","title":"Geology of the Bowbells quadrangle, North Dakota","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq26","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R.W., and Kaye, C.A., 1953, Geology of the Bowbells quadrangle, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 26, 1 map :col. ;45 x 29 cm. on sheet 76 x 128 cm., folded to 76 x 64 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq26.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;45 x 29 cm. on sheet 76 x 128 cm., folded to 76 x 64 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102265,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_714.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"714"},{"id":248816,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0026/report.pdf","size":"117","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":254209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0026/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102.25,48.75 ], [ -102.25,49 ], [ -102,49 ], [ -102,48.75 ], [ -102.25,48.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemke, Richard Walter","contributorId":105280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaye, Clifford Alan","contributorId":43729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68937,"text":"om135 - 1953 - Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks of southeastern Colorado and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-19T07:35:21","indexId":"om135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":329,"text":"Oil and Gas Investigation Map","code":"OM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"135","title":"Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks of southeastern Colorado and adjacent areas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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