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,{"id":3654,"text":"cir208 - 1953 - Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria Formation in Idaho, 1947-48, part 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir208","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"208","title":"Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria Formation in Idaho, 1947-48, part 1","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir208","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., Davidson, D., O’Malley, F.W., and Smith, L., 1953, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria Formation in Idaho, 1947-48, part 1: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 208, 49 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir208.","productDescription":"49 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0208/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30695,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0208/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, V.E.","contributorId":85161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davidson, D.F.","contributorId":68293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Malley, F. W.","contributorId":98707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Malley","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, L.E.","contributorId":102059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":3647,"text":"cir237 - 1953 - Monazite deposits of the southeastern Atlantic States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"237","title":"Monazite deposits of the southeastern Atlantic States","docAbstract":"Monazite, a phosphate of the rare earths, is the principal mineral from which the cerium earths and thorium are obtained. Fluviatile monazite placers were mined in the Piedmont province of North and South Carolina from 1887 to 1911, and again intermittently from 1915 to 1917; but the principal sources In recent years have been the beach placers of India and Brazil. In 1946, an embargo was placed on the exportation of Indian monazite, and the Brazilian production has not increased materially to replace this loss. Accordingly monazite in recent years has become a scarce commodity. \r\n\r\nThe principal domestic sources from which monazite may be recovered commercially are in Idaho and in the Piedmont province of the southeastern States. Some monazite is now being produced in Idaho, and a small output is being recovered as a byproduct of heavy mineral mining in Florida. The southeastern placers were not exhausted by the earlier mining and new deposits have been discovered; but production from this region awaits adequate exploration. \r\n\r\nThe country rock of the southeastern Piedmont province is a complex assemblage of metamorphic and igneous rocks. The monazite occurs in two belts. \r\n\r\nA western belt has been traced from east-central Virginia for 600 miles southwestward into Alabama; and an eastern belt has been traced from the vicinity of Fredericksburg, Va., south-southwestward for 200 miles into North Carolina. Monazite-bearing rocks near. Rion, S. C., appear to indicate a southwestward continuation of the eastern belt. \r\n\r\nThe western, or principal belt, includes the placers that were formerly mined in North and South Carolina. These placers were sampled, and the monazite was separated from the best of the samples, for mineralogical and chemical analysis. The tabulated results show a mean tenor, in the headwater placers of highest grade, of 8.4 pounds of monazite to the cubic yard. Farther downstream where mining must be done to obtain larger yardages, the tenor will be much lower. The mean contents of ThO2 and U3O8 in the placer monazite are shown to be respectively about 5. 7 and 0.4 percents. \r\n\r\nThe western monazite belt was explored northeastward and southwestward from the sites of earlier mining by sampling the weathered bedrock; and the eastern monazite belt was discovered and sampled by the same technique. The principal source-rocks are certain types of granitic intrusives, granitized and pegmatitized country rock, and certain granitic gneisses of the Carolina gneiss. Some of the associated pegmatites also contain high percentages of monazite. Most of the monazite-bearing granitic intrusives are quartz monzonite or closely related rocks. The mean tenor of monazite in bedrock is about 0.006 percent. No search has yet been made for workable placers in these belts beyond the original sites of mining. \r\n\r\nMonazite derived from bedrock sources in the piedmont has been found in small quantities in all of the Coastal Plain formations, but the tenor is too low to warrant mining for this mineral alone. At favored localities, however, commercial deposits of heavy minerals may be found, similar to those now being mined in Florida, that may yield monazite as a byproduct. Small fluviatile deposits of heavy minerals, including monazite, that were reconcentrated from detrital deposits of Cretaceous age, have recently been found in Georgia and South Carolina, along the inner margin of the Coastal Plain. \r\n\r\nThe monazite belts are conceived to be the sites of early pre-Cambrian valleys, wherein detrital monazite derived from an earlier pre-Cambrian granite, was distributed. These ancient fluviatile deposits were later reconstituted into gneisses of Carolina age, and parts of the latter were remelted to form monazite-bearing granitic intrusives. Some of the monazite-bearing granites may also have originated by the remelting of earlier pre-Cambrian intrusives. The distribution of iron ores in the monazite-bearing rocks appears to accord with","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir237","usgsCitation":"Mertie, J.B., 1953, Monazite deposits of the southeastern Atlantic States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 237, 31 p. :maps (1 fold.) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir237.","productDescription":"31 p. :maps (1 fold.) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69920b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mertie, John Beaver","contributorId":11591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mertie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Beaver","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3608,"text":"cir166 - 1953 - Ground water for irrigation in Box Butte County, Nebraska, with a section on the chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir166","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"166","title":"Ground water for irrigation in Box Butte County, Nebraska, with a section on the chemical quality of the water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir166","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., and Durum, W.H., 1953, Ground water for irrigation in Box Butte County, Nebraska, with a section on the chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 166, iii, 39 p. :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir166.","productDescription":"iii, 39 p. :ill., maps (some folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0166/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30643,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0166/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0166/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3586,"text":"cir262 - 1953 - Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1947-48, part 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"cir262","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"262","title":"Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1947-48, part 3","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir262","usgsCitation":"O’Malley, F.W., Davidson, D., Hoppin, R., and Sheldon, R., 1953, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1947-48, part 3: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 262, 43 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir262.","productDescription":"43 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0262/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30618,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0262/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Malley, F. W.","contributorId":98707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Malley","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davidson, D.F.","contributorId":68293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoppin, R.A.","contributorId":82682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoppin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sheldon, R.P.","contributorId":71158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheldon","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":3581,"text":"cir299 - 1953 - Public and industrial water supplies of the Blue Grass region, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"cir299","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"299","title":"Public and industrial water supplies of the Blue Grass region, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir299","usgsCitation":"Palmquist, W., and Hall, F.R., 1953, Public and industrial water supplies of the Blue Grass region, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 299, ii, 101 p. :ill, maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir299.","productDescription":"ii, 101 p. :ill, maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0299/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30610,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0299/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30611,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0299/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30612,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0299/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmquist, Wilbur Nathaniel","contributorId":69122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmquist","given":"Wilbur Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, Francis Ramey","contributorId":38137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Ramey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3559,"text":"cir289 - 1953 - Multiple glaciation in Alaska, a progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir289","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"289","title":"Multiple glaciation in Alaska, a progress report","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir289","usgsCitation":"Pewe, T.L., 1953, Multiple glaciation in Alaska, a progress report: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 289, 13 p. :fold. col. map. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir289.","productDescription":"13 p. :fold. col. map. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0289/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30578,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0289/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30579,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0289/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pewe, Troy Lewis","contributorId":80654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pewe","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"Lewis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3555,"text":"cir294 - 1953 - Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"cir294","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"294","title":"Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Pitchblende was discovered in July 1951 in the Alma mining district, Park County, Colo., by the U. S. Geological Survey acting on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. \r\n\r\nThe pitchblende is associated with Tertiary veins of three different geologic environments: (1) veins in pre-Cambrian rocks, (2) the London vein system in the footwall block of the London fault, and (3) veins in a mineralized area east of the Cooper Gulch fault. Pitchblende is probably not associated with silver-lead replacement deposits in dolomite. \r\n\r\nSecondary uranium minerals, as yet undetermined, are associated with pitchblende on two London vein system mine dumps and occur in oxidized vein material from dumps of mines in the other environments. \r\n\r\nAlthough none of the known occurrences is of commercial importance, the Alma district is considered a moderately favorable area in which to prospect for uranium ore because 24 of the 43 localities examined show anomalous radioactivity; samples from anomalously radioactive localities, which include mine dumps and some underground workings, have uranium contents ranging from 0.001 to 1.66 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir294","usgsCitation":"Pierson, C.T., and Singewald, Q.D., 1953, Results of reconnaissance for radioactive minerals in parts of the Alma district, Park County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 294, 9 p. :map (1 folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir294.","productDescription":"9 p. :map (1 folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0294/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30575,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0294/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ebd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierson, Charles Thomas","contributorId":13216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singewald, Quentin Dreyer","contributorId":87115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singewald","given":"Quentin","email":"","middleInitial":"Dreyer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3542,"text":"cir287 - 1953 - Public and industrial water supplies of the Jackson Purchase region, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir287","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"287","title":"Public and industrial water supplies of the Jackson Purchase region, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir287","usgsCitation":"Pree, H.L., and Walker, W.H., 1953, Public and industrial water supplies of the Jackson Purchase region, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 287, 56 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir287.","productDescription":"56 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0287/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30560,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0287/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30561,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0287/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30562,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0287/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db65666b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pree, Henry Louis","contributorId":37725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pree","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"Louis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, William Harry","contributorId":19938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Harry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3541,"text":"cir274 - 1953 - Water resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T21:24:06.323848","indexId":"cir274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"274","title":"Water resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The water supply of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area is adequate to satisfy present requirements and requirements for many years to come if the area continues to develop at about the present rate.</p>\n<p>The flow of -the Mississippi River at the Twin Cities is more than sufficient to meet the demands of the water-supply systems of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The lowest momentary flow during the period 1931-51 was more than twice the present combined maximum demand of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The lake storage of the St. Paul system combined with possible regulations by the Mississippi River headwater reservoir system, in case of an emergency, provides a reserve supply ample to meet a greatly expanded demand. The lowest average daily flow of the Mississippi River at the intakes of the Minneapolis and St. Paul water supply was 389 mgd (602 cfs), The flow at the water supply intakes has been less than 452 mgd (700 cfs) for not more than 6 consecutive days.</p>\n<p>Except for the Mississippi River, the streams in the Twin Cities area have not been extensively developed for water supply. The only known use of them for water supply is for the steam-electric. generating plant on the Minnesota River at Savage. Thus, the St. Croix River, within 12 miles on the east, the Minnesota River entering the Twin Cities from the southwest, the Vermilion within 12 miles on the south, and the Crow River within 25 miles on the west offer untapped supplies for industrial and municipal uses.</p>\n<p>Many water-bearing formations occur in the area. A blanket of glacial deposits, as much as 400 feet thick, covers the area. Small domestic ground-water supplies can be developed practically everywhere in the glacial deposits, and larger industrial supplies can be obtained by exploring and testing. Below the glacial materials is a thick series of rock formations including several prolific sandstone aquifers. The formations dip toward the center of the area forming an artesian basin.</p>\n<p>The estimated average daily withdrawal of ground water from all aquifers in the area is about 90 mgd. Practically all the communities that are not supplied by the Minneapolis or St. Paul water-supply systems obtain their water from wells.</p>\n<p>Where many large-capacity wells have been concentrated in relatively small areas, there has been a great lowering of artesian pressures. However, there are large areas, distant from the centers of concentrated pumping, which are favorable for the development of additional ground water. With an adequate program of exploration and testing to determine precisely the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the waterbearing formations, it is likely that large additional supplies of ground water can be developed for municipal and industrial uses.</p>\n<p>Both Minneapolis and St. Paul obtain their municipal water supplies from the Mississippi River above the TwinCities and are thus assured of a large supply that is not subject to contamination by industrial wastes and sewage effluents, Treatment at municipal plants for both cities provides water for diversified industrial use and for domestic use that meets U. S. Public Health Service drinking water standards., The treated water is remarkably uniform in chemical composition throughout the year and is virtually free of all color, iron, manganese, and turbidity. Currently, (1952). the two supplies are softened to about 75 ppm (as CaC03), which is an average reduction of about 55 percent in hardness of river water. The dissolvedsolids content of the treated water for St. Paul currently (1952) averages about 100 ppm; the dissolved-solids content of the Minneapolis water is slightly higher. As a matter of further interest to industrial consumers, temperatures of the untreated river water, which is only slightly altered at the Minneapolis treatment plant, averages less than 60 F for about 8 months of the year and is less than 40 F for 4 winter months.</p>\n<p>The Mississippi River as it enters the Twin Cities is moderately mineralized, averaging 241 ppm dissolved solids and 179 ppm hardness during the period 1940-49, Average turbidity is very low and silica is moderately low, but the quantities of iron and color in solution are relatively high. Color increases markedly during the period March to July in response to an increase in streamflow. The average chemical composition of the water has remained virtually unchanged except for seasonal variations since 1907.</p>\n<p>Data collected by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District have shown improved sanitary conditions of the river at the Twin Cities lock and dam since the sewage plant went into operation in 1939.</p>\n<p>The Minnesota River is more than twice as mineralized and hard as the Mississippi River, and it exerts a noticeable effect on the chemical and sanitary quality of the Mississippi River at St. Paul.</p>\n<p>Other principal tributary streams to the Mississippi River, including Crow River, Vermilion River, and Bassett Creek, were sampled during the 1952 flood season, at which time they were of the calcium-bicarbonate type, more dilute, and of lower hardness than the Minnesota River. Lake waters in the Twin Cities area generally are less mineralized than those of the streams.</p>\n<p>Waters from the drift deposits and bedrock formations overlying the Hinckley sandstone are hard and calcareous and generally contain troublesome quantities of iron. Regular treatment is required of some public-supply wells for removal of iron encrustations. Water fr.om these sources generally exceeds 300 ppm hardness, but in some places the St. Peter sandstone and St. Lawrence formation yield water of better quality. The Hinckley sandstone yields the best quality ground-water because of its comparatively lower hardness and uniform temperature (about 52 F). However, the average hardness of the treated municipal supplies of St. Paul and Minneapolis is considerably less than water from the Hinckley.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir274","collaboration":"Based on data collected in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters and St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army","usgsCitation":"Prior, C.H., Schneider, R., and Durum, W.H., 1953, Water resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 274, Report: 49 p.; 3 Plates: 22.00 x 16.94 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir274.","productDescription":"Report: 49 p.; 3 Plates: 22.00 x 16.94 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23664.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30558,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30557,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247311,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Minneapolis, St. Paul","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.76968383789062,\n              44.630550504861795\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.76968383789062,\n              45.298075138707965\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.73971557617188,\n              45.298075138707965\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.73971557617188,\n              44.630550504861795\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.76968383789062,\n              44.630550504861795\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prior, Charles Henry","contributorId":6839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3536,"text":"cir243 - 1953 - Reconnaissance of the geology and ground-water resources of the La Prele area, Converse County, Wyoming, with a section on the chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"243","title":"Reconnaissance of the geology and ground-water resources of the La Prele area, Converse County, Wyoming, with a section on the chemical quality of the ground water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir243","usgsCitation":"Rapp, J.R., and Durum, W.H., 1953, Reconnaissance of the geology and ground-water resources of the La Prele area, Converse County, Wyoming, with a section on the chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 243, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps (1 folded) ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir243.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps (1 folded) ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30552,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0243/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30553,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636d31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, John Richard","contributorId":75516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3535,"text":"cir163 - 1953 - Reconnaissance of the geology and ground-water resources of the Glendo-Wendover area, Platte County, Wyoming, with a section on the chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-13T19:18:48.241752","indexId":"cir163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"163","title":"Reconnaissance of the geology and ground-water resources of the Glendo-Wendover area, Platte County, Wyoming, with a section on the chemical quality of the water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir163","usgsCitation":"Rapp, J.R., Babcock, H.M., and Durum, W.H., 1953, Reconnaissance of the geology and ground-water resources of the Glendo-Wendover area, Platte County, Wyoming, with a section on the chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 163, Report: iv, 34 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 23.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir163.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 34 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 23.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30551,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30550,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0163/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117469,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0163/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":430151,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23879.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Platte County","otherGeospatial":"Glendo-Wendover area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.142,\n              42.347\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.142,\n              42.158\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.783,\n              42.158\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.783,\n              42.347\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.142,\n              42.347\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, John Richard","contributorId":75516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Babcock, H. M.","contributorId":90698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3502,"text":"cir254 - 1953 - Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"cir254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"254","title":"Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama","docAbstract":"Sufficient water is available in the streams of the area surrounding Birmingham to supply any foreseeable demand; however, to utilize these streams impounding reservoirs and rather long supply lines will be required. Moderate supplies of ground water are available from wells, springs, and mines. The average water use in the area, not including reclaimed and recirculated water, was about 157 mgd during 1951. About 55 mgd was used for domestic or commercial purposes, and 102 mgd was used for industrial purposes. The .quantity of water withdrawn would have to be much greater if a considerable amount of reclaimed and recirculated water had not been used. The Birmingham water-supply systems are used at almost full capacity, and plans are being considered by the city to expand its supply greatly. \r\n\r\nAn estimated 4 mgd of ground water from wells and springs is used for municipal supplies, and 8 mgd is used for industrial purposes. Smaller amounts of ground water are used for irrigation and rural supply. Individual springs in the area are capable of yielding as much as 750 gpm and wells as much as 500 gpm. Some water from worked and abandoned coal and iron mines is used for .public and industrial supplies. One of the conclusions reached by the ground-water study is that ground water has not been fully developed in wells and springs of the area and that mine water which would have to be treated for most municipal and industrial purposes is a potential source of water. \r\n\r\nGenerally, the surface water in the Birmingham. area is of better quality than ground water. Surface water is low in dissolved mineral matter and is extremely soft. Some of the streams carry excessive quantities of iron. Village and Valley Creeks carry some surface pollution making the water unsuitable for many uses. Ground water in this area is usually low in color and ranges in temperature from 62 ? to 72 ?F. Water from limestone, dolomite, and chert usually is moderately to extremely hard. Calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the predominant constituents. The quantity of iron in ground water from most of the aquifers is low, except from the Pottsville formation. The Floyd shale and the Parkwood formation yield sodium bicarbonate waters high in sulfate and low in calcium, magnesium, chloride, and nitrate. Ground water from the Pottsville formation is more variable in quality than water from other formations in the area. Water samples from the mine shafts yielding from this formation were .highly mineralized and extremely, hard.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir254","usgsCitation":"Robinson, W., Ivey, J., and Billingsley, G., 1953, Water supply of the Birmingham area, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 254, 53 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir254.","productDescription":"53 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30514,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30515,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd26f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, W.H.","contributorId":91478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivey, J.B.","contributorId":81896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivey","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Billingsley, G. A.","contributorId":33694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3496,"text":"cir276 - 1953 - Water resources of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"cir276","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"276","title":"Water resources of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir276","usgsCitation":"Rorabaugh, M.I., Schrader, F.F., and Laird, L.B., 1953, Water resources of the Louisville area, Kentucky and Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 276, iv, 49 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. + plates folded in pocket., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir276.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill., maps ;27 cm. + plates folded in pocket.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0276/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30504,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0276/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30505,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0276/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30506,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0276/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f04ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rorabaugh, M. I.","contributorId":28221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rorabaugh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schrader, Floyd F.","contributorId":36535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"Floyd","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laird, Leslie Bostwick","contributorId":101251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"Bostwick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":3494,"text":"cir201 - 1953 - Ground-water resources of the Rapid Valley unit, Cheyenne Division, South Dakota, with a section on the surface waters of Rapid Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T11:52:05","indexId":"cir201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"201","title":"Ground-water resources of the Rapid Valley unit, Cheyenne Division, South Dakota, with a section on the surface waters of Rapid Valley","docAbstract":"<p>The Rapid Valley unit is in Pennington County, S. Dak., and extends from the east city limits of Rapid City southeastward for 21 miles along Rapid Creek.</p>\n<p>The bedrock formations that underlie the region are chiefly marine in origin, and they generally dip eastward from the center of the Black Hills uplift. The exposed formations are of Cretaceous age and consist of the Greenhorn limestone, the Carlile shale, the Niobrara formation, and the Pierre shale. The Pierre shale, which underlies the unconsolidated flood plain and terrace deposits in much Of the region is exposed in the erosional slopes along the south side of the valley and in the deeper draws on the north side. The areas in which the other formations are exposed are relatively small and are restricted to the western part of-the region.</p>\n<p>Four terraces are present on the north side of Rapid Creek. The lowest terrace and the flood plain in the western half of the region are irrigated at the present time, and the two lower terraces and the flood plain in the eastern half have been proposed for irrigation.</p>\n<p>Abundant supplies of ground water occur in the flood plain and terrace deposits where they are now irrigated. Because the waterbearing materials consist of interfingering layers of differing permeability, the ground water is under water-table conditions in some places whereas it is confined in others.</p>\n<p>Locally, where there is a confining layer below other water-bearing materials or where a confined layer is itself saturated, the ground water may occur under both water-table and artesian conditions. Seepage from irrigation canals, which is the principal source of recharge, causes high ground-water levels from June to November; as a result, parts of the areas have become waterlogged. In the parts of the region that are not now affected by irrigation, the surface of the ground water is only a few feet above the bedrock surface and 6 ft to 42 ft below land surface; its position is relatively constant throughout the year.</p>\n<p>Harmful concentrations of salt in the soil are in part due to evaporation of ground water. These are found only locally in the Rapid Valley region and do not present a serious problem at this time. It is thought, however, that the fine-grained materials underlying the Rapid terrace may contain sufficient salt to cause detrimental salt accumulations in the soil if the proposed irrigation causes ground-water levels to rise close to the surface.</p>\n<p>Lining of the irrigation canals would reduce the amount of seepage and would effect a lowering of ground-water levels, if irrigation practices are extended to other areas, drainage facilities will be necessary both to avoid aggravating the existing conditions of waterlogging and to prevent the waterlogging of other low-lying lands.</p>\n<p>The flow of Rapid Creek is affected by a variety of conditions. A few miles west of Rapid City, where Rapid Creek flows over the Englewood and Pahasapa limestones and the Minnelusa sandstone, there is a loss of about 8 cfs of water in a distance of a few miles. In the 3-mile reach of Rapid Creek between the Canyon Lake stream-gaging station and the Rapid City stream-gaging station there is a gain of about 20 cfs; much of this gain in flow may be attributed to the inflow from Cleghorn and Jackson springs and to the addition of water from the State-owned cement plant. In the Rapid Valley unit, the flow of the creek during the irrigation season is affected largely by the amount of water diverted for irrigation. The irrigation canals act as bypass channels, much of the water being returned to Rapid Creek by way of spillage into normally dry tributary creek channels and by movement through ground-water bodies that discharge into Rapid Creek.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/cir201","usgsCitation":"Rosier, A.J., and Snell, L., 1953, Ground-water resources of the Rapid Valley unit, Cheyenne Division, South Dakota, with a section on the surface waters of Rapid Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 201, iii, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir201.","productDescription":"iii, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30502,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0201/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0201/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.8922119140625,\n              43.361132106881726\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.073974609375,\n              43.361132106881726\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.073974609375,\n              44.55133484083592\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.8922119140625,\n              44.55133484083592\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.8922119140625,\n              43.361132106881726\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a685","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosier, Arthur J.","contributorId":69537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosier","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snell, L.J.","contributorId":25555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snell","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3449,"text":"cir307 - 1953 - Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Wyoming, 1949-50","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"cir307","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"307","title":"Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Wyoming, 1949-50","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir307","usgsCitation":"Sheldon, R.P., Waring, R., Warner, M., and Smart, R., 1953, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Wyoming, 1949-50: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 307, 45 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir307.","productDescription":"45 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0307/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30461,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0307/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae16a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheldon, Richard Porter","contributorId":59018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheldon","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Porter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waring, R.G.","contributorId":96246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waring","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warner, M.A.","contributorId":104476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smart, R.A.","contributorId":6039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smart","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":3448,"text":"cir304 - 1953 - Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1949, part 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-29T15:15:23","indexId":"cir304","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"304","title":"Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1949, part 1","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey has recently measured and sampled the Phosphoria formation at many localities in Idaho and other western states. These data. will not be fully synthesized and analyzed for several years, but segments of the data, accompanied by little or no interpretation, are published as preliminary\nreports as they are assembled. This report, which contains abstracts -of many of the sections measured in southeastern Idaho (fig. 1), is one of this series and is the fourth report on Idaho; it includes about half the data gathered in Idaho in 1949. The field and laboratory procedures adopted in these investigations are described rather fully in a previous report (McKelvey and others, 1953a).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir304","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission.","usgsCitation":"Sheldon, R., Warner, M., Thompson, M., and Peirce, H., 1953, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation in Idaho, 1949, part 1: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 304, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir304.","productDescription":"30 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0304/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":271086,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/0304/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113,42 ], [ -113,44.25 ], [ -111,44.25 ], [ -111,42 ], [ -113,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheldon, R.P.","contributorId":71158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheldon","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warner, M.A.","contributorId":104476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, M.E.","contributorId":98794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peirce, H.W.","contributorId":19935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peirce","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":3417,"text":"cir266 - 1953 - Coal resources of Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir266","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"266","title":"Coal resources of Indiana","docAbstract":"The Indiana coal field forms the eastern edge of the eastern interior coal basin, which is near some of the most densely populated and highly productive manufacturing areas of the United States. (See fig. 1. ) For this reason Indiana coal reserves are an important State and National asset. \r\n\r\nIn dollar value the coal mining industry is the largest of Indiana's natural-resource-producing industries. The total value of coil production for the year 1950 was more than 100 million dollars, or more than that of all other natural-resource industries in the State combined. \r\n\r\nAs estimated herein, the original coal reserves of Indiana total 37,293 million tons, of which 27,320 million tons is contained in beds more than 42 inches thick; 7,632 million tons in beds 28 to 49. inches thick; and 2,341 million tons in beds 14 to 28 inches thick. The remaining reserves as of January 1951, total 35,806 million tons, of which 18,779 million tons is believed to be recoverable. The distribution of the reserves in these several categories is summarized by counties in table 1. \r\n\r\nOf the total original reserves of 37,293 million tons, 6,355 million tons can be classified as measured; 8,657 million tons as indicated; and 22,281 million tons as inferred. Strippable reserves constitute 3,524 million tons, or 9.5 percent of the total original reserves. The distribution of the strippable and nonstrippable original reserves is summarized in tables 2 and 3 by counties and by several categories, according to the thickness of the beds and the relative abundance and reliability of the information available for preparing the estimates. \r\n\r\nThe distribution of the estimated 18,779 million tons of recoverable strippable and nonstrippable reserves in Indiana is further summarized by counties in table 4, and the information is presented graphically in figures 2 and 3. \r\n\r\nThe tables i to 4 and figures 2 and 3 include beds in the 14- to 28-inch category, because thin beds have been mined in many places. However, many operators prefer to eliminate the thin beds from consideration as reserves, particularly for deep mining. It is notable, therefore, that only a small part of the estimated reserves in Indiana is contained in the thinner beds. Of the total estimated, recoverable reserves of 18,779 million tons shown in table 4, only 1, 233 million ton's, or about 6 percent, is contained in beds less than 28 inches thick, whereas 17,546 million tons, or about 94 percent, is contained in beds more than 28 inches thick.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir266","usgsCitation":"Spencer, F.D., 1953, Coal resources of Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 266, iv, 42 p. :maps, diagrs., tables ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir266.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p. :maps, diagrs., tables ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0266/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30432,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0266/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aee96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, Frank Darwyn","contributorId":22330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Darwyn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3416,"text":"cir258 - 1953 - Coal resources of Colorado, a progress report, January 1, 1953","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T19:58:15.556918","indexId":"cir258","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"258","title":"Coal resources of Colorado, a progress report, January 1, 1953","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir258","usgsCitation":"Spencer, F.D., and Erwin, M.I., 1953, Coal resources of Colorado, a progress report, January 1, 1953: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 258, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir258.","productDescription":"17 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