Channel geometry surveys were conducted to determine bankfull stage, discharge, and other hydraulic parameters at 22 locations along the proposed route of the trans-Alaska pipeline corridor south of the Yukon River. Combined with the records from gaging stations located at some of the sites, the data are sufficient to describe some of the channel and flow characteristics typical of each of two major hydrologic areas, the Yukon River Region and the South-Central Region. Although each region follows general hydrologic trends, least squares relations indicate each exhibits its own particular deviations.
Average values of the hydraulic and geometric properties of rivers were used to illustrate their application to practical engineering problems, namely the computation of depth of channel scour and of bedload discharge. For design purposes, caution is recommended when making computations based on average values. In the absence of other data, however, the average data become useful predictive tools.
A prairie pothole is a depression in the prau1e, capable of storing water, that is the result of glacial processes. Years ago, there were many hundreds of thousands of prairie potholes in the North-Central United States, but large numbers of them have been drained for agricultural use. This report is limited to studies of prairie potholes in the eastern part of the glaciated northern Great Plains region in North Dakota-a rolling upland area covered with glacial drift, called the Coteau du Missouri. Potholes are wetlands that are the primary breeding area of migratory waterfowl in the United States. If production of waterfowl is to continue, suitable wetlands must be maintained, and even new wetlands created to offset those destroyed for agricultural use. The initial stage of the Garrison Diversion Unit calls for a normal annual diversion from Garrison Reservoir of 60,000 acre-feet of water for this purpose.
Many prairie potholes contain large amounts of emergent aquatic vegetatjon known as hydrophytes. Determining the loss of water by transpiration from emergent hydrophytes was one of the major objectives of the present study of the hydrology of prairie potholes. Other hydrologic factors were studied later, but the first part of the study was devoted almost exclusively to the determination of evaporation and transpiration losses at groups of potholes in Ward, Stutsman, and Dickey Counties. The mass-transfer method was used, and by determining the variation in the mass-transfer coefficient throughout a season, the losses by evaporation and transpiration were determined separately. Separate determinations were accomplished by relating the emergent height and the moisture content of the hydrophytes to the rate of transpiration, as determined by the mass-transfer coefficient.
Seasonal evaporation from the study potholes clear of vegetation was found to very nearly equal the generalized evaporation values published by the U.S. Weather Bureau. The effect of hydrophytes in potholes was twofold: their presence reduced evaporation from the water surfaces; and, at the height of the growing season, their transpiration rate, added to the reduced evaporation rate, frequently was greater than the evaporation rate from potholes clear of vegetation.
Net seepage outflow from potholes was generally very small-less than 0.01 foot per day per unit of water surface. This rate of seepage was not insignificant, however, because it often amounted to more than one-fourth of the total seasonal .loss of water from a pothole.
The source of water supplying the evapotranspiration losses was primarily precipitation on the water surface of a pothole pond. Augmenting this supply was basin inflowoverland flow, flow in channels, and seepage inflow. Of these, overland flow was estimated to have been the largest by far; direct observations were not possible. Basin inflow was very erratic; it depended on combinations of events, such as antecedent soil moisture and rainfall intensity, or depth of snow at time of melting and concurrent rainfall. The occurrences of these combinations were such that, for a given season (October-March or April-September), the total basin inflow generally showed little relation to total precipitation. The greatest inflows were associated with late snowmelt flowing over frozen ground.
Following the evapotranspiration study, the effects of ground-water movement were investigated. All the study potholes were located in areas of glacial till in order to reduce the effect of seepage in the mass-transfer computations. Accordingly, ground-water movement was not a major factor in the water budget of the study potholes; however, it could be, in potholes located in areas of outwash sands and gravels, and in potholes in glacial till with only temporary ponds. Also, the direction of ground-water movement has a controlling effect on the water quality of a pothole pond. Where there is no seepage outflow or overflow, there is no mechanism for the removal of dissolved solids brought to the pond by basin inflow. Such potholes are saline-some even more so than sea water. Conversely, potholes that receive no seepage inflow generally contain fresh water and are usually not permanent. All conditions between these two extremes were found.
The permanence of water in a pothole (the extent to which the water body is permanent) and its quality were found to have a direct and significant relation to the species of vegetation that grows under those conditions. In fact, the species of vegetation are excellent indicators of water quality and permanence, and the report contains a table listing the common species used as indicators and the conditions that they indicate.
Many other facets of the hydrology of prairie potholes were investigated to ensure that no major factor was ignored, and the investigation results are described briefly.
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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db60687c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Eisenlohr, W. S. Jr.","contributorId":47014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisenlohr","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728923,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13787,"text":"ofr72130 - 1972 - Earthquakes in the oil field at Rangely, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr72130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-130","title":"Earthquakes in the oil field at Rangely, Colorado","docAbstract":"Seven years of seismic data recorded at the Uinta Basin Observatory were searched for earthquakes originating near an oil field at Rangely, Colorado, located 65 km ESE of the observatory. Changes in the number of earthquakes recorded per year appear to correlate with changes in the quantity of fluid injected per year. Between November 1962 and January 1970, 976 earthquakes were detected near the oil field by the UBO station; 320 earthquakes were larger than magnitude 1.
Richter magnitudes are estimated from both S-wave and P-wave measurements and a method based on the duration of the seismic signal is used to estimate the magnitude of the larger shocks. The two largest shocks had magnitudes of 3.4 and 3.3. The total seismic energy released was l0l7 ergs. During this same period the energy used for water injection, measured at the wellhead, was 1021 ergs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr72130","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, J., Healy, J., Raleigh, C.B., and Coakley, J.M., 1972, Earthquakes in the oil field at Rangely, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-130, 26 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72130.","productDescription":"26 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1962-11-01","temporalEnd":"1970-01-31","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_72_130.gif"},{"id":111130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Rangely","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.75,40 ], [ -109.75,40.5 ], [ -108.75,40.5 ], [ -108.75,40 ], [ -109.75,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db629424","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, James F.","contributorId":95880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, John H.","contributorId":19562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raleigh, C. Barry","contributorId":103683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coakley, John M.","contributorId":61436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coakley","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38772,"text":"pp585D - 1972 - Vegetation of prairie potholes, North Dakota, in relation to quality of water and other environmental factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T14:06:00","indexId":"pp585D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"585","chapter":"D","title":"Vegetation of prairie potholes, North Dakota, in relation to quality of water and other environmental factors","docAbstract":"Measurements of specific conductance provide an adequate indication of the average salinity of surface waters in natural ponds and lakes of the northern .prairie region. Yearly and seasonal variations in specific conductance were much greater in brackish and subsaline wetlands than in fresh-water areas. The principal vegetational types. Land-use practices of varying brackish to saline wetlands were sulfates and chlorides of sodium and magnesium. In less saline waters, carbonate and bicarbonate salts of calcium and potassium were of greater importance, but as salinity increased, the proportion of these compounds decreased rapidly.
A major environmental factor controlling the establishment of marsh and aquatic vegetation is the permanence of surface water. Permanence is a measure of the extent to which surface water persists at a given site. Varying degrees of water permanence during the growing season led to the establishment of distinct vegetational types, which were differentiated primarily on the 'basis of community structure or life form of the dominant vegetation.
Salinity of surface waters was closely correlated with differences in species composition of plant communities found in the principal vegetational types. Land-use practices of varying degrees of intensity also had a secondary influence on species composition. Since an unstable water chemistry is characteristic of most prairie ponds and lakes, it is more reliable to use the plant communities as indicators of average salinity than to use single measurements of specific conductance.
Characteristic species of wetland vegetational types occupied the central deeper parts of pond and lake basins or occurred as concentric peripheral bands. The wetland vegetational types are wetland low-prairie, wet-meadow, shallow-marsh emergent, deep-marsh emergent, fen emergent, submerged and floating, natural drawdown, cropland drawdown, and cropland tillage vegetation. Combinations of species (plant associations) within these vegetational types were placed in one of six salinity categories designated as fresh, slightly brackish, moderately brackish, brackish, subsaline, and saline. Salt tolerance apparently varied greatly among the various marsh and aquatic plants since the num'ber of species represented in moderately brackish to saline communities decreased markedly with increased salinity of the surface water environment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of prairie potholes in North Dakota","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp585D","usgsCitation":"Stewart, R.E., and Kantrud, H., 1972, Vegetation of prairie potholes, North Dakota, in relation to quality of water and other environmental factors: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 585, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp585D.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":22019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0585d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0585d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6025cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, R. E.","contributorId":93426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38834,"text":"pp529J - 1972 - Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: Petrology of the sand fraction of sediments, northern New Jersey to southern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-13T21:27:34.929103","indexId":"pp529J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"529","chapter":"J","title":"Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: Petrology of the sand fraction of sediments, northern New Jersey to southern Florida","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp529J","usgsCitation":"Milliman, J., 1972, Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States: Petrology of the sand fraction of sediments, northern New Jersey to southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 529, Report: iv, 39 p.; 9 Plates: 29.09 x 54.21 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp529J.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 39 p.; 9 Plates: 29.09 x 54.21 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":65776,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65771,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104496,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4571.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4571"},{"id":247694,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65779,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65778,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65777,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65775,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65774,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65773,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65772,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0529j/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Continental Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.80621731434685,\n 25.174271179685192\n ],\n [\n -76.25095790192988,\n 25.404399980639084\n ],\n [\n -66.04075844768059,\n 40.61336147270407\n ],\n [\n -74.23971394514635,\n 40.495639697570965\n ],\n [\n -76.17815008058241,\n 39.4762907645854\n ],\n [\n -77.97059682352847,\n 35.775827948816485\n ],\n [\n -81.8329241214873,\n 31.756254250207988\n ],\n [\n -80.80621731434685,\n 25.174271179685192\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669c9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milliman, John D.","contributorId":76735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milliman","given":"John D.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":220513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48022,"text":"ofr7297 - 1972 - Ground-water outflow, San Timoteo-Smiley Heights area, upper Santa Ana Valley, southern California, 1927 through 1968","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T19:31:03.070135","indexId":"ofr7297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-97","title":"Ground-water outflow, San Timoteo-Smiley Heights area, upper Santa Ana Valley, southern California, 1927 through 1968","docAbstract":"The San Timoteo-Smiley Heights area is in the upper Santa Ana Valley, San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, Calif., where the Yucaipa and San Timoteo-Beaumont ground-water basins border Bunker .Hill basin on the south between the San Jacinto and San Andreas faults. The area is broken by numerous faults, the topography is rough, and in a large part of the area few wells had been drilled prior to 196S. \r\n\r\nThe alluvial deposits, which constitute the aquifers in the area, range in thickness from 0 where they lap onto exposed bedrock hills to about 1,000 feet. Beneath the southern part of the area near the San Jacinto fault the total thickness of alluvial and lacustrine deposits may be as much as 6,000 feet. \r\n\r\nThe purpose of this study was to estimate ground-water outflow by an indirect method not involving balancing of the hydrologic budget. For this purpose it was necessary to estimate the permeability of the aquifer materials, the average annual hydraulic gradient, and the cross-sectional area through which the flow occurs; these values were estimated for five segments along a line of section between the San Jacinto fault and Crafton Hills. \r\n\r\nTo provide data for the outflow estimates, several miles of reflection and refraction seismic traverses were made along and across the outflow section. Nineteen deep and shallow test holes were drilled; one of the deep test holes and several existing wells were pumped to obtain data on aquifer permeability.\r\n\r\nThe estimated average permeabilities of the aquifer materials range from 5 gallons per day per square foot for the lower part of the San Timoteo beds of Frick (1921) and 40 gallons per day per square foot for the older alluvium to 220 gallons per day per square foot for the upper part of the San Timoteo beds. \r\n\r\nThe estimated outflow in 1927 was 8,150 acre-feet. By 1967 the estimated total outflow was 5,350 acre-feet, a reduction of approximately 34 percent. During the 12-year period 1956 through 1967, however, the annual outflow decline has been considerably less than the average for the 41-year period 1927 through 1967, and the decline as of 1968 was probably about 30-35 acre-feet per year.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7297","usgsCitation":"Dutcher, L., and Fenzel, F., 1972, Ground-water outflow, San Timoteo-Smiley Heights area, upper Santa Ana Valley, southern California, 1927 through 1968: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-97, Report: ii, 30 p.; 2 Plates: 35.22 × 22.43 inches and 33.72 × 22.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7297.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 30 p.; 2 Plates: 35.22 × 22.43 inches and 33.72 × 22.76 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110340,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52161.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52161"},{"id":84797,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84796,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0097/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84795,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0097/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0097/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Timoteo-Smiley Heights area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.2431,\n 33.9756\n ],\n [\n -117.0681,\n 33.9756\n ],\n [\n -117.0681,\n 34.0778\n ],\n [\n -117.2431,\n 34.0778\n ],\n [\n -117.2431,\n 33.9756\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66741d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dutcher, L.C.","contributorId":42191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutcher","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fenzel, F. W.","contributorId":94742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenzel","given":"F. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38771,"text":"pp585C - 1972 - Ground-water hydrology of prairie potholes in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T14:10:14","indexId":"pp585C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"585","chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water hydrology of prairie potholes in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Prairie potholes (sloughs) are water-holding depressions of glacial origin in the prairies of the Northern United States and southern Canada. Water is supplied to the potholes by precipitation on the water surface, basin runoff, and seepage inflow of ground water. Depleticn of pothole water results from evapotranspiration, overflow, and seepage outflow. Since potholes generally do not overflow, seepage outflow is the principal way in which dissolved salts can be removed. Salinity of pothole water is therefore a good indication of the seepage balance. Net seepage outflow results in fresh to brackish waters that constitute ephemeral to semipermanent ponds, whereas net seepage inflow results in brackish to saline waters that constitute semipermanent to permanent ponds.
Because the water table in the glacial deposits is continuous with the water surface in prairie potholes, the watertable gradient is adjusted to the water-surface elevation of the potholes. In cross section the water table is represented by a nearly straight line which connects potholes. The configuration of the water table around a pothole determines the direction of ground-water flow with respect to the pothole. Ground water flows toward the pothole if the adjacent water table is higher than the pothole water surface and flows away from the pothole if the adjacent water table is lower than the pothole water surface.
Prairie potholes were studied in North Dakota on the Coteau du Missouri, an area of stagnation moraine. About 90 percent of the glacial drift on the Coteau du Missouri is glacial till, and the remainder is largely glacial outwash and lake sediments. Ground-water movement in glacial till is controlled by its lithology and structure. This till, being a poorly sorted, largely unstratified mixture of clay, silt, sand, and gravel, is not highly permeable, so ground water moves most readily along the joints. Because joints in glacial till are most numerous near the land surface (owing to weathering effects), the most active ground-water flow systems are shallow and localized in the vicinity of potholes. As a result, local ground-water flow systems have a noticeable effect on pothole hydrology, particularly the salinity
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of prairie potholes in North Dakota","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp585C","usgsCitation":"Sloan, C.E., 1972, Ground-water hydrology of prairie potholes in North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 585, Report: vi, 28 p.; 2 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp585C.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 28 p.; 2 Plates","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":65643,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0585c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65644,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0585c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65645,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0585c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":104523,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4627.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4627"},{"id":120412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0585c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dbf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloan, C. E.","contributorId":59037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56755,"text":"wdrMS711 - 1972 - Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1971","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-28T14:25:18.228863","indexId":"wdrMS711","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MS-71-1","title":"Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1971","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1971 water year for Mississippi including records of streamflow or reservoir storage at gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites, and records of water-quality data on the chemical and physical characteristics of surface water, are given in this report. In Part 1, records are included for 71 gaging stations of which 67 are streamflow discharge stations, and 4 are reservoir or lake stations; also are included records for 27 low-flow partial-record stations, 143 crest-stage partial-record stations, and 91 miscellaneous sites. Locations of gaging stations are shown in Figure 1. In Part 2, data on the quality of surface water (chemical and temperature) were collected from designated sampling sites at pre-determined intervals such as monthly, or less frequently, and at one site data were recorded on punched paper tape at 60-minute intervals. Records are given for 55 sampling stations of which 5 are continuous record stations, 26 are partial-record stations, and 3 are miscellaneous sites. Locations of water-quality stations are shown in Figure 1. A few pertinent stations (not included above) in bordering States are also included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of L. E. Carroon, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Mississippi.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMS711","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1972, Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1971: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MS-71-1, vii, 180 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMS711.","productDescription":"vii, 180 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494996,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1971/ms-71-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1971/ms-71-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States also are included. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of L. B. Laird, district chief. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Washington.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f17ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2510,"text":"wsp2009B - 1972 - Hydrologic interpretations based on infrared imagery of Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:27","indexId":"wsp2009B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrologic interpretations based on infrared imagery of Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Six remote-sensing flights over Long Island's north and south shores were made during the period July 13, 1967, to February 25, 1970. Infrared imagery in the 8- to 14-micrometer range was obtained; results varied from poor to excellent in quality. \r\n\r\nThe ability of the RS 7 and Reconofax IV imagers to discern thermal contrasts of as little .as 1 ? to 2?C (Celsius) permitted identification of areas of heavy ground-water discharge. These areas were concentrated primarily along the eroded headlands of the north shore and in the lower reaches of watercourses draining into Great South Bay. Only a few highly localized examples of direct ground-water discharge into the embankments ,along Long Island's south shore were detected in the imagery. \r\n\r\nThermal loading emanating from a powerplant near Oceanside is shown to be quickly dissipated in Middle Bay. Specific examples show that infrared imagery may ,also be used to identify circulation patterns, ice cover, changes in stream-temperature regimen, and the location of sewer outfalls. Optimal time for the collection of infrared imagery for hydrologic studies on Long Island is in summer and in winter, when surface-water thermal differences are relatively large.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2009B","usgsCitation":"Pluhowski, E.J., 1972, Hydrologic interpretations based on infrared imagery of Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2009, iv B 1-B 20 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2009B.","productDescription":"iv B 1-B 20 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2009b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28663,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2009b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606a7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pluhowski, Edward J.","contributorId":87911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pluhowski","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59637,"text":"mf347 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic map of the Barcus Creek SE quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:14","indexId":"mf347","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"347","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Barcus Creek SE quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf347","usgsCitation":"Hail, W.J., 1972, Preliminary geologic map of the Barcus Creek SE quadrangle, Rio Blanco County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 347, 1 map ;78 x 57 cm. folded to 26 x 19 cm. in envelope 24 x 30 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf347.","productDescription":"1 map ;78 x 57 cm. folded to 26 x 19 cm. in envelope 24 x 30 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104088,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"2767"},{"id":184352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.36749999999999,40 ], [ -108.36749999999999,40.1175 ], [ -108.25,40.1175 ], [ -108.25,40 ], [ -108.36749999999999,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bd50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hail, William James Jr.","contributorId":95933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hail","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36017,"text":"b1360 - 1972 - Geochemistry and diagenesis of tidal-marsh sediment, northeastern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:28","indexId":"b1360","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","title":"Geochemistry and diagenesis of tidal-marsh sediment, northeastern Gulf of Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1360","usgsCitation":"Swanson, V.E., Love, A.H., and Frost, I.C., 1972, Geochemistry and diagenesis of tidal-marsh sediment, northeastern Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1360, iv, 83 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1360.","productDescription":"iv, 83 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1360/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63963,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1360/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab7ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, Vernon Emanuel","contributorId":59014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"Emanuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Love, Alonza H.","contributorId":59490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Alonza","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frost, Irving C.","contributorId":28253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"Irving","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":59160,"text":"mf350 - 1972 - Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Chugach Mountains near Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-12T17:18:21.068784","indexId":"mf350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"350","title":"Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Chugach Mountains near Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"The area between Knik and Turnagain Arms east of Anchorage is underlain mostly by rocks that are part of an extensive arcuate belt of thick Mesozoic marine deposits that extend through the Chugach-Kenai-Kodiak Mountains. The two main units in this belt are the Jurassic (?) and Cretaceous Valdez (?) Group composed of flysch deposits and the McHugh Complex composed of oceanic metavolcanic sequences tectonically mixed with metaclastic rocks derived from a continental magmatic arc. Deformation of the McHugh Complex is characterized by pervasive, closely spaced shear fractures and is melange-like in some areas. Deformation of the Valdez (?) Group is characterized by tight folding that was initiated before the sediments were completely lithified. The folds have steeply dipping axial surfaces that are overturned to the northwest in some areas and to the southeast in other areas. The Jurassic and(or) Cretaceous McHugh Complex is separated from the Valdez (?) Group by the Eagle River thrust fault. The Valdez (?) Group was probably deposited primarily on oceanic crust that was collapsed against the continental margin in latest Cretaceous to early Tertiary time.
An accurate belt of upper Paleozoic to lower Mesozoic rocks to the north and west had been deformed, accreted to the continental margin, and intruded by plutons prior to the deposition of the Jurassic (?) and Cretaceous sediments. Rocks of the continental terrane that underlie the Wrangell and Talkeetna Mountains and the Alaska Range are locally exposed in the map area north and west of the Knik fault zone. Near the village of Eklutna, the junction between the two terranes is marked by an ophiolitic assemblage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf350","usgsCitation":"Clark, S.H., 1972, Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Chugach Mountains near Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 350, 1 Plate: 36.85 x 25.10 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf350.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.85 x 25.10 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0350/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":418018,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0350/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Chugach Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,60.75 ], [ -150,61.5 ], [ -148.75,61.5 ], [ -148.75,60.75 ], [ -150,60.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6447a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2638,"text":"wsp1873C - 1972 - Physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the Duwamish River Estuary, King County, Washington, 1963-67","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp1873C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1873","chapter":"C","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the Duwamish River Estuary, King County, Washington, 1963-67","docAbstract":"This report describes the significant results to 1967 of a comprehensive study that began in 1963 to evaluate what changes take place in an estuary as the loads .of raw and partially treated industrial and municipal wastes are replaced by effluent from a secondary treatment plant. The study area is the Duwamish River estuary, about 18.3 river kilometers long. At mean sea level the estuary has a water-surface area of about 1 square mile and a mean width of 440 feet. At the lowest and highest recorded tides, the volume of the estuary is about 205 and 592 million cubic feet, respectively. The estuary is well stratified (salt-wedge type) at fresh-water inflows greater than 1,000 cfs \r\n(cubic feet per second), but when inflow rates are less than 1,000 cfs the lower 5.6 kilometers of the estuary grades into the partly mixed type. The crosschannel salinity distribution is uniform for a given location and depth. Salinity migration is controlled by tides and fresh-water inflow. At fresh-water inflow rates greater than 1,000 cfs, water in the upper 8.4 kilometers of the estuary is always fresh regardless of tide. At inflow rates less than 600 cfs and tide heights greater than 10 feet; some salinity has been detected 16.1 kilometers above the mouth of the estuary. Studies using a fluorescent dye show that virtually no downward mixing into the salt wedge occurs; soluble pollutants introduced at the upper end of the estuary stay in the surface layer (5-15 ft thick). On the basis of dye studies when fresh-water inflow is less than 400 cfs, it is estimated that less than 10 percent of a pollutant will remain in the estuary a minimum of 7 days. Longitudinal dispersion coefficients for the surface layer have been determined to be on the order of 100-400 square feet per second. \r\n\r\nFour water-quality stations automatically monitor DO (dissolved oxygen), water temperature, pH, and specific conductance; at one station solar radiation also is measured. DO concentration in the surface layer decreases almost linearly in a downstream direction. Minimum DO concentration in the surface layer is usually greater than 4 rag/1 (milligrams per liter). The smallest DO values are consistently recorded in the bottom layer at the station 7.7 kilometers above the mouth; monthly means of less than 3 mg/1 of DO have occurred at this point. Manual sampling shows that the DO sag in the bottom layer oscillates between 7.7 and 10.4 kilometers above the mouth of the estuary. Multiple-regression analysis shows that the surface DO content can be estimated from the fresh-water inflow and water temperature. Tidal exchange and fresh-water inflow indirectly control the bottom DO content. Information available from previous studies failed to indicate a progressive decrease in DO content during the period 1949-56, but data from the present study suggest a slight general decrease in the annual minimum DO concentrations in both the upper and lower layers. Average nitrate concentration in fresh water at station 16.2 has increased progressively since 1964, by amounts greater than those which can be attributed to the Renton Treatment Plant, 4.3 kilometers upstream from station 16.2. \r\n\r\nThe BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) in both surface and bottom layers is generally less than 4 rag/1 of oxygen, but values greater than 6 rag/1 have been measured during a period of phytoplankton bloom. Phytoplankton blooms can occur during periods of minimum tidal exchange and fresh-water inflows of less than 300 cfs if solar radiation and water temperature are optimum. Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) do not control the occurrence of a bloom, because sufficient quantities of these nutrients are always present. Nutrients in the treated effluent may increase the biomass of the bloom. Trace-element studies have not defined any role that these elements may play in algal growth. \r\nThe inflowing fresh water contains principally calcium and bicarbonate and \r\nhas a dissolved-solids content ra","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1873C","usgsCitation":"Santos, J.F., and Stoner, J., 1972, Physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the Duwamish River Estuary, King County, Washington, 1963-67: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1873, vi, 74 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1873C.","productDescription":"vi, 74 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1873c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28957,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1873c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685ac0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Santos, John F.","contributorId":21530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19702,"text":"ofr72211 - 1972 - Palynological investigations in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky - VII","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19702,"text":"ofr72211 - 1972 - Palynological investigations in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky - VII","indexId":"ofr72211","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Palynological investigations in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky - VII"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6135,"text":"pp839 - 1973 - Palynological studies of the coals of the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky","indexId":"pp839","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Palynological studies of the coals of the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6135,"text":"pp839 - 1973 - Palynological studies of the coals of the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky","indexId":"pp839","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Palynological studies of the coals of the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr72211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-211","title":"Palynological investigations in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky - VII","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr72211","usgsCitation":"Kosanke, R.M., 1972, Palynological investigations in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky - VII: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-211, 41 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72211.","productDescription":"41 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68987c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kosanke, Robert M.","contributorId":29811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosanke","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13031,"text":"ofr7270 - 1972 - The Wolverine complex, a newly discovered layered ultramafic body in the western Chugach Mountains, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-19T20:45:14.032694","indexId":"ofr7270","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-70","title":"The Wolverine complex, a newly discovered layered ultramafic body in the western Chugach Mountains, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7270","usgsCitation":"Clark, S.H., 1972, The Wolverine complex, a newly discovered layered ultramafic body in the western Chugach Mountains, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-70, Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 14.99 × 16.86 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7270.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 14.99 × 16.86 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407005,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8745.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":41502,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0070/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41501,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0070/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0070/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chugach Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.692,\n 61.579\n ],\n [\n -148.5,\n 61.579\n ],\n [\n -148.5,\n 61.7\n ],\n [\n -148.692,\n 61.7\n ],\n [\n -148.692,\n 61.579\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}