An ecological monitoring program should be viewed as a component of a larger framework designed to advance science and/or management, rather than as a stand-alone activity. Monitoring targets (the ecological variables of interest; e.g. abundance or occurrence of a species) should be set based on the needs of that framework (Nichols and Williams 2006; e.g. Chapters 2–4). Once such monitoring targets are set, the subsequent step in monitoring design involves consideration of the field and analytical methods that will be used to measure monitoring targets with adequate accuracy and precision. Long-term monitoring programs will involve replication of measurements over time, and possibly over space; that is, one location or each of multiple locations will be monitored multiple times, producing a collection of site visits (replicates). Clearly this replication is important for addressing spatial and temporal variability in the ecological resources of interest (Chapters 7–10), but it is worth considering how this replication can further be exploited to increase the effectiveness of monitoring. In particular, defensible monitoring of the majority of animal, and to a lesser degree plant, populations and communities will generally require investigators to account for imperfect detection (Chapters 4, 18). Raw indices of population state variables, such as abundance or occupancy (sensu MacKenzie et al. 2002), are rarely defensible when detection probabilities are < 1, because in those cases detection may vary over time and space in unpredictable ways. Myriad authors have discussed the risks inherent in making inference from monitoring data while failing to correct for differences in detection, resulting in indices that have an unknown relationship to the parameters of interest (e.g. Nichols 1992, Anderson 2001, MacKenzie et al. 2002, Williams et al. 2002, Anderson 2003, White 2005, Kéry and Schmidt 2008). While others have argued that indices may be preferable in some cases due to the challenges associated with estimating detection probabilities (e.g. McKelvey and Pearson 2001, Johnson 2008), we do not attempt to resolve this debate here. Rather, we are more apt to agree with MacKenzie and Kendall (2002) that the burden of proof ought to be on the assertion that detection probabilities are constant. Furthermore, given the wide variety of field methods available for estimating detection probabilities and the inability for an investigator to know, a priori, if detection probabilities will be constant over time and space, we believe that development of monitoring programs ought to include field and analytical methods to account for the imperfect detection of organisms.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139022422.025","usgsCitation":"Converse, S.J., and Royle, J., 2012, Dealing with incomplete and variable detectability in multi-year, multi-site monitoring of ecological populations, chap. of Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies, p. 426-442, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139022422.025.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"426","endPage":"442","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56505241e4b0f162148c5cf5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gitzen, Robert A.","contributorId":75498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gitzen","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569570,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Millspaugh, Joshua J.","contributorId":11141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millspaugh","given":"Joshua J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569571,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, Andrew B.","contributorId":112048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569572,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Licht, Daniel S.","contributorId":113213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Licht","given":"Daniel S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569573,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Converse, Sarah J. 0000-0002-3719-5441 sconverse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-5441","contributorId":3513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Sarah","email":"sconverse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew aroyle@usgs.gov","contributorId":138860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","email":"aroyle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70045135,"text":"70045135 - 2012 - Objective definition of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-17T20:25:15","indexId":"70045135","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2604,"text":"Landslides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Objective definition of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southern California","docAbstract":"Rainfall intensity–duration (ID) thresholds are commonly used to predict the temporal occurrence of debris flows and shallow landslides. Typically, thresholds are subjectively defined as the upper limit of peak rainstorm intensities that do not produce debris flows and landslides, or as the lower limit of peak rainstorm intensities that initiate debris flows and landslides. In addition, peak rainstorm intensities are often used to define thresholds, as data regarding the precise timing of debris flows and associated rainfall intensities are usually not available, and rainfall characteristics are often estimated from distant gauging locations. Here, we attempt to improve the performance of existing threshold-based predictions of post-fire debris-flow occurrence by utilizing data on the precise timing of debris flows relative to rainfall intensity, and develop an objective method to define the threshold intensities. We objectively defined the thresholds by maximizing the number of correct predictions of debris flow occurrence while minimizing the rate of both Type I (false positive) and Type II (false negative) errors. We identified that (1) there were statistically significant differences between peak storm and triggering intensities, (2) the objectively defined threshold model presents a better balance between predictive success, false alarms and failed alarms than previous subjectively defined thresholds, (3) thresholds based on measurements of rainfall intensity over shorter duration (≤60 min) are better predictors of post-fire debris-flow initiation than longer duration thresholds, and (4) the objectively defined thresholds were exceeded prior to the recorded time of debris flow at frequencies similar to or better than subjective thresholds. Our findings highlight the need to better constrain the timing and processes of initiation of landslides and debris flows for future threshold studies. In addition, the methods used to define rainfall thresholds in this study represent a computationally simple means of deriving critical values for other studies of nonlinear phenomena characterized by thresholds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10346-012-0341-9","usgsCitation":"Staley, D., Kean, J.W., Cannon, S.H., Schmidt, K.M., and Laber, J.L., 2012, Objective definition of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for the initiation of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Landslides, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0341-9.","ipdsId":"IP-036312","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271027,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0341-9"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516fc467e4b05024ef3cd415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staley, Dennis","contributorId":44290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staley","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kean, Jason W. 0000-0003-3089-0369 jwkean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3089-0369","contributorId":1654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kean","given":"Jason","email":"jwkean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannon, Susan H. cannon@usgs.gov","contributorId":1019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Susan","email":"cannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Kevin M. 0000-0003-2365-8035 kschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2365-8035","contributorId":1985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Kevin","email":"kschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Laber, Jayme L.","contributorId":36832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laber","given":"Jayme","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038895,"text":"sir20125003 - 2012 - Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:09","indexId":"sir20125003","displayToPublicDate":"2012-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5003","title":"Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado","docAbstract":"Elevated loads of salt and selenium can impair the quality of water for both anthropogenic and natural uses. Understanding the environmental processes controlling how salt and selenium are introduced to streams is critical to managing and mitigating the effects of elevated loads. Dominant relations between salt and selenium loads and environmental characteristics can be established by using geospatial data. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, investigated statistical relations between seasonal salt or selenium loads emanating from the Upper Colorado River Basin and geospatial data. Salt and selenium loads measured during the irrigation and nonirrigation seasons were related to geospatial variables for 168 subbasins within the Gunnison and Colorado River Basins. These geospatial variables represented subbasin characteristics of the physical environment, precipitation, geology, land use, and the irrigation network. All subbasin variables with units of area had statistically significant relations with load. The few variables that were not in units of area but were statistically significant helped to identify types of geospatial data that might influence salt and selenium loading. Following a stepwise approach, combinations of these statistically significant variables were used to develop multiple linear regression models. The models can be used to help prioritize areas where salt and selenium control projects might be most effective.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Leib, K.J., Linard, J.I., and Williams, C.A., 2012, Statistical relations of salt and selenium loads to geospatial characteristics of corresponding subbasins of the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5003, v, 31 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125003.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.; Appendices","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5003.gif"},{"id":258123,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258124,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5003/SIR12-5003.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River;Gunnison River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9740e4b08c986b31b98f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linard, Joshua I. jilinard@usgs.gov","contributorId":1465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linard","given":"Joshua","email":"jilinard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70043805,"text":"70043805 - 2012 - Radar analysis of fall bird migration stopover sites in the Northeastern U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-25T15:46:40.474276","indexId":"70043805","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-30T08:05:55","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Radar analysis of fall bird migration stopover sites in the Northeastern U.S.","docAbstract":"The national network of weather surveillance radars (WSR-88D/NEXRAD) detects birds in flight, and has proven to be a useful remote-sensing tool for ornithological study. We used data collected during Fall 2008 and 2009 by 16 WSR-88D and 3 terminal Doppler weather radars in the northeastern U.S. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 5) to study the spatial distribution of landbirds shortly after they leave daytime stopover sites to embark on nocturnal migratory flights. The aerial density of birds, as estimated by radar reflectivity, was georeferenced to the approximate locations on the ground from which birds emerged. We classified bird stopover use by the magnitude and variation of radar reflectivity across nights; areas were considered ‘important’ stopover sites from a conservation perspective if relative bird density was consistently or occasionally high. These results were used to develop models to predict potentially important stopover sites in portions of the region not sampled by the radars, based on land cover, ground elevation, and geographic location. Locally important stopover sites generally were associated with deciduous forests embedded within landscapes dominated by developed or agricultural lands, or near the shores of major water bodies. Large areas of regionally important stopover sites were located along the coastlines of Long Island Sound, throughout the Delmarva Peninsula, in areas surrounding Baltimore and Washington, along the western edge of the Adirondack Mountains, and within the Appalachian Mountains of southwestern Virginia and West Virginia. Important stopover sites, both within and outside radar-sampled areas and on 34 national wildlife refuges sampled by the radars, were mapped in a Geographic Information System, providing base maps for conservation uses and a sampling frame for field surveys to ‘ground truth’ the radar and analytical results. Our analysis indicates that preserving patches of natural habitat, particularly deciduous forests, in developed or agricultural landscapes and along major coastlines should be a priority for conservation plans addressing the stopover requirements of migratory landbirds.","publisher":"University of Delaware","publisherLocation":"Newark, Deleware","usgsCitation":"Butler, J.J., and Dawson, D.K., 2012, Radar analysis of fall bird migration stopover sites in the Northeastern U.S., 96 p.","productDescription":"96 p.","numberOfPages":"96","ipdsId":"IP-038462","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397607,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":397521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://acjv.org/radar_study/Buler_Dawson_2012.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":289193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":838726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, Deanna K. ddawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Deanna","email":"ddawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038894,"text":"sir20125088 - 2012 - Flow-adjusted trends in dissolved selenium load and concentration in the Gunnison and Colorado Rivers near Grand Junction, Colorado, water years 1986--2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:09","indexId":"sir20125088","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5088","title":"Flow-adjusted trends in dissolved selenium load and concentration in the Gunnison and Colorado Rivers near Grand Junction, Colorado, water years 1986--2008","docAbstract":"As a result of elevated selenium concentrations, many western Colorado rivers and streams are on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2010 Colorado 303(d) list, including the main stem of the Colorado River from the Gunnison River confluence to the Utah border. Selenium is a trace metal that bioaccumulates in aquatic food chains and can cause reproductive failure, deformities, and other adverse impacts in birds and fish, including several threatened and endangered fish species. Salinity in the upper Colorado River has been the focus of source-control efforts for many years. Although salinity loads and concentrations have been previously characterized at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations at the Gunnison River near Grand Junction, Colo., and at the Colorado River near the Colorado-Utah State line, trends in selenium load and concentration at these two stations have not been studied. The USGS, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Water Conservation District, evaluated dissolved selenium (herein referred to as \"selenium\") load and concentration trends at these two sites to inform decision makers on the status and trends of selenium. This report presents results of the evaluation of trends in selenium load and concentration for two USGS streamflow-gaging stations: the Gunnison River near Grand Junction, Colo. (\"Gunnison River site\"), USGS site 09152500, and the Colorado River near Colorado-Utah State line (\"Colorado River site\"), USGS site 09163500. Flow-adjusted selenium loads were estimated for the beginning water year (WY) of the study, 1986, and the ending WY of the study, 2008. The difference between flow-adjusted selenium loads for WY 1986 and WY 2008 was selected as the method of analysis because flow adjustment removes the natural variations in load caused by changes in mean-daily streamflow, emphasizing human-caused changes in selenium load and concentration. Overall changes in human-caused effects in selenium loads and concentrations during the period of study are of primary interest to the cooperators. Selenium loads for each of the 2 water years were calculated by using normalized mean-daily streamflow, measured selenium concentration, standard linear regression techniques, and data previously collected at the two study sites. Mean-daily streamflow was normalized for each site by averaging the daily streamflow for each day of the year over the 23-year period of record. Thus, for the beginning and ending water years, estimations could be made of loads that would have occurred without the effect of year-to-year streamflow variation. The loads thus calculated are illustrative of the change in loads between water years 1986 and 2008, and are not the actual loads that occurred in those 2 water years. The estimated 50th and 85th percentile selenium concentrations associated with the selenium loads were also calculated for WY 1986 and WY 2008 at each site. Time-trends in selenium concentration at the two sites were charted by using regression techniques for partial residuals for the entire study period (WY 1986 through WY 2008). Annual selenium load for the Gunnison River site was estimated to be 23,196 pounds for WY 1986 and 16,560 pounds for WY 2008, a 28.6 percent decrease. Lower and upper 95-percent confidence levels for WY 1986 annual load were 22,360 and 24,032 pounds. Lower and upper 95-percent confidence levels for WY 2008 annual load were 15,724 and 17,396 pounds. Estimated 50th percentile daily selenium concentrations decreased from 6.41 to 4.57 micrograms/liter from WY 1986 to WY 2008, whereas estimated 85th percentile daily selenium concentrations decreased from 7.21 to 5.13 micrograms/liter from WY 1986 to WY 2008. Annual selenium load for the Colorado River site was estimated to be 56,587 pounds for WY 1986 and 34,344 pounds for WY 2008, a 39.3 percent decrease. Lower and upper 95-percent confidence levels for WY 1986 annual load were 53,785 and 59,390 pounds. Lower and upper 95-percent confidence levels for WY 2008 annual load were 31,542 and 37,147 pounds. Estimated 50th percentile daily selenium concentrations decreased from 6.44 to 3.86 micrograms/liter from WY 1986 to WY 2008, whereas estimated 85th percentile daily selenium concentrations decreased from 7.94 to 4.72 micrograms/liter from WY 1986 to WY 2008.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125088","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Mayo, J.W., and Leib, K.J., 2012, Flow-adjusted trends in dissolved selenium load and concentration in the Gunnison and Colorado Rivers near Grand Junction, Colorado, water years 1986--2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5088, v, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125088.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1985-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5088.gif"},{"id":258120,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258121,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5088/SIR12-5088.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Grand Junction","otherGeospatial":"Gunnison River;Colorado River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a125ae4b0c8380cd54290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayo, John W. jwmayo@usgs.gov","contributorId":993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"John","email":"jwmayo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038879,"text":"ofr20091057 - 2012 - Quick-start guide for version 3.0 of EMINERS - Economic Mineral Resource Simulator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:08","indexId":"ofr20091057","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1057","title":"Quick-start guide for version 3.0 of EMINERS - Economic Mineral Resource Simulator","docAbstract":"Quantitative mineral resource assessment, as developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), consists of three parts: (1) development of grade and tonnage mineral deposit models; (2) delineation of tracts permissive for each deposit type; and (3) probabilistic estimation of the numbers of undiscovered deposits for each deposit type (Singer and Menzie, 2010). The estimate of the number of undiscovered deposits at different levels of probability is the input to the EMINERS (Economic Mineral Resource Simulator) program. EMINERS uses a Monte Carlo statistical process to combine probabilistic estimates of undiscovered mineral deposits with models of mineral deposit grade and tonnage to estimate mineral resources. It is based upon a simulation program developed by Root and others (1992), who discussed many of the methods and algorithms of the program. Various versions of the original program (called \"MARK3\" and developed by David H. Root, William A. Scott, and Lawrence J. Drew of the USGS) have been published (Root, Scott, and Selner, 1996; Duval, 2000, 2012). The current version (3.0) of the EMINERS program is available as USGS Open-File Report 2004-1344 (Duval, 2012). Changes from version 2.0 include updating 87 grade and tonnage models, designing new templates to produce graphs showing cumulative distribution and summary tables, and disabling economic filters. The economic filters were disabled because embedded data for costs of labor and materials, mining techniques, and beneficiation methods are out of date. However, the cost algorithms used in the disabled economic filters are still in the program and available for reference for mining methods and milling techniques included in Camm (1991). EMINERS is written in C++ and depends upon the Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 programming environment. The code depends heavily on the use of Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) for implementation of the Windows interface. The program works only on Microsoft Windows XP or newer personal computers. It does not work on Macintosh computers. This report demonstrates how to execute EMINERS software using default settings and existing deposit models. Many options are available when setting up the simulation. Information and explanations addressing these optional parameters can be found in the EMINERS Help files. Help files are available during execution of EMINERS by selecting EMINERS Help from the pull-down menu under Help on the EMINERS menu bar. There are four sections in this report. Part I describes the installation, setup, and application of the EMINERS program, and Part II illustrates how to interpret the text file that is produced. Part III describes the creation of tables and graphs by use of the provided Excel templates. Part IV summarizes grade and tonnage models used in version 3.0 of EMINERS.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091057","collaboration":"A supplement to USGS Open-File Report 2004-1344, Version 3.0 of EMINERS - Economic Mineral Resource Simulator, by J.S. Duval","usgsCitation":"Bawiec, W.J., and Spanski, G.T., 2012, Quick-start guide for version 3.0 of EMINERS - Economic Mineral Resource Simulator: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1057, iii, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091057.","productDescription":"iii, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1057.bmp"},{"id":258085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1057/OFR2009-1057.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258086,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1057/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9302e4b0c8380cd80b70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bawiec, Walter J.","contributorId":83909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawiec","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spanski, Gregory T.","contributorId":43806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spanski","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038886,"text":"sir20125086 - 2012 - Seasonal patterns in nutrients, carbon, and algal responses in wadeable streams within three geographically distinct areas of the United States, 2007-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:08","indexId":"sir20125086","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5086","title":"Seasonal patterns in nutrients, carbon, and algal responses in wadeable streams within three geographically distinct areas of the United States, 2007-08","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey determined seasonal variability in nutrients, carbon, and algal biomass in 22 wadeable streams over a 1-year period during 2007 or 2008 within three geographically distinct areas in the United States. The three areas are the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMIS) in Minnesota, the Ozark Plateaus (ORZK) in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, and the Upper Snake River Basin (USNK) in southern Idaho. Seasonal patterns in some constituent concentrations and algal responses were distinct. Nitrate concentrations were greatest during the winter in all study areas potentially because of a reduction in denitrification rates and algal uptake during the winter, along with reduced surface runoff. Decreases in nitrate concentrations during the spring and summer at most stream sites coincided with increased streamflow during the snowmelt runoff or spring storms indicating dilution. The continued decrease in nitrate concentrations during summer potentially is because of a reduction in nitrate inputs (from decreased surface runoff) or increases in biological uptake. In contrast to nitrate concentrations, ammonia concentrations varied among study areas. Ammonia concentration trends were similar at UMIS and USNK sampling sites with winter peak concentrations and rapid decreases in ammonia concentrations by spring or early summer. In contrast, ammonia concentrations at OZRK sampling sites were more variable with peak concentrations later in the year. Ammonia may accumulate in stream water in the winter under ice and snow cover at the UMIS and USNK sites because of limited algal metabolism and increased mineralization of decaying organic matter under reducing conditions within stream bottom sediments. Phosphorus concentration patterns and the type of phosphorus present changes with changing hydrologic conditions and seasons and varied among study areas. Orthophosphate concentrations tended to be greater in the summer at UMIS sites, whereas total phosphorus concentrations at most UMIS and USNK sites peaked in the spring during runoff and then decreased through the remainder of the sampling period. Total phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations in OZRK streams peaked during summer indicating a runoff-based source of both nutrients. Orthophosphate concentrations may increase in streams in the late summer when surface runoff composes less of total streamflow, and when groundwater containing orthophosphate becomes a more dominant source in streams during lower flows. Seston chlorophyll a concentrations were greatest early in the growing season (spring), whereas the spring runoff events coincided with reductions in benthic algal chlorophyll a biomass likely because of scour of benthic algae from the channel bottom that are entrained in the water column during that period. Nitrate, ammonia, and orthophosphate concentrations also decreased during that same period, indicating dilution in the spring during runoff events. The data from this study indicate that the source of water (surface runoff or groundwater) to a stream and the intensity of major runoff events are important factors controlling instream concentrations. Biological processes appear to affect nutrient concentrations during more stable lower flow periods in later summer, fall, and winter when residence time of water in a channel is longer, which allows more time for biological uptake and transformations. Management of nutrient conditions in streams is challenging and requires an understanding of multiple factors that affect in-stream nutrient concentrations and biological uptake and growth.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125086","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Lee, K., Lorenz, D.L., Petersen, J., and Greene, J.B., 2012, Seasonal patterns in nutrients, carbon, and algal responses in wadeable streams within three geographically distinct areas of the United States, 2007-08: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5086, ix, 45 p.; Tables: 8 pgs. 48-55, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125086.","productDescription":"ix, 45 p.; Tables: 8 pgs. 48-55","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5086.gif"},{"id":258097,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5086/sir12-5086.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258095,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88cce4b08c986b316b92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Kathy 0000-0002-7683-1367 klee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-1367","contributorId":2538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kathy","email":"klee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, James C. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James C.","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greene, John B. jgreene@usgs.gov","contributorId":4646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"John","email":"jgreene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038873,"text":"ofr20121137 - 2012 - Documentation of the U.S. Geological Survey sea floor stress and sediment mobility database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-21T15:28:29.946526","indexId":"ofr20121137","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1137","displayTitle":"Documentation of the U.S. Geological Survey Sea Floor Stress and Sediment Mobility Database","title":"Documentation of the U.S. Geological Survey sea floor stress and sediment mobility database","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey Sea Floor Stress and Sediment Mobility Database contains estimates of bottom stress and sediment mobility for the U.S. continental shelf. This U.S. Geological Survey database provides information that is needed to characterize sea floor ecosystems and evaluate areas for human use. The estimates contained in the database are designed to spatially and seasonally resolve the general characteristics of bottom stress over the U.S. continental shelf and to estimate sea floor mobility by comparing critical stress thresholds based on observed sediment texture data to the modeled stress. This report describes the methods used to make the bottom stress and mobility estimates, statistics used to characterize stress and mobility, data validation procedures, and the metadata for each dataset and provides information on how to access the database online.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121137","usgsCitation":"Dalyander, P., Butman, B., Sherwood, C.R., and Signell, R.P., 2012, Documentation of the U.S. Geological Survey sea floor stress and sediment mobility database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1137, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121137.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438811,"rank":301,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P999PY84","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"U.S. Geological Survey Sea Floor Stress and Sediment Mobility Database"},{"id":258076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1137.gif"},{"id":258070,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1137/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258071,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1137/pdf/ofr2012-1137.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0385e4b0c8380cd504ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalyander, P. Soupy 0000-0001-9583-0872","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-0872","contributorId":65177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalyander","given":"P. Soupy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherwood, Christopher R. 0000-0001-6135-3553 csherwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-3553","contributorId":2866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"Christopher","email":"csherwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038872,"text":"sir20125124 - 2012 - A conceptual model of the hydrogeologic framework, geochemistry, and groundwater-flow system of the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T08:57:40","indexId":"sir20125124","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5124","title":"A conceptual model of the hydrogeologic framework, geochemistry, and groundwater-flow system of the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas","docAbstract":"A conceptual model of the hydrogeologic framework, geochemistry, and groundwater-flow system of the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers, which include the Pecos Valley, Igneous, Dockum, Rustler, and Capitan Reef aquifers, was developed as the second phase of a groundwater availability study in the Pecos County region in west Texas. The first phase of the study was to collect and compile groundwater, surface-water, water-quality, geophysical, and geologic data in the area. The third phase of the study involves a numerical groundwater-flow model of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer in order to simulate groundwater conditions based on various groundwater-withdrawal scenarios. Resource managers plan to use the results of the study to establish management strategies for the groundwater system. The hydrogeologic framework is composed of the hydrostratigraphy, structural features, and hydraulic properties of the groundwater system. Well and geophysical logs were interpreted to define the top and base surfaces of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer units. Elevations of the top and base of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer generally decrease from the southwestern part of the study area to the northeast. The thicknesses of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer units were calculated using the interpolated top and base surfaces of the hydrostratigraphic units. Some of the thinnest sections of the aquifer were in the eastern part of the study area and some of the thickest sections were in the Pecos, Monument Draw, and Belding-Coyanosa trough areas. Normal-fault zones, which formed as growth and collapse features as sediments were deposited along the margins of more resistant rocks and as overlying sediments collapsed into the voids created by the dissolution of Permian-age evaporite deposits, were delineated based on the interpretation of hydrostratigraphic cross sections. The lowest aquifer transmissivity values were measured in the eastern part of the study area; the highest transmissivity values were measured in a faulted area of the Monument Draw trough. Hydraulic conductivity values generally exhibited the same trends as the transmissivity values. Groundwater-quality data and groundwater-level data were used in context with the hydrogeologic framework to assess the chemical characteristics of water from different sources, regional groundwater-flow paths, recharge sources, the mixing of water from different sources, and discharge in the study area. Groundwater-level altitudes generally decrease from southwest to northeast and regional groundwater flow is from areas of recharge south and west to the north and northeast. Four principal sources of recharge to the Edwards-Trinity aquifer were identified: (1) regional flow that originated as recharge northwest of the study area, (2) runoff from the Barilla, Davis, and Glass Mountains, (3) return flow from irrigation, and (4) upwelling from deeper aquifers. Results indicated Edwards-Trinity aquifer water in the study area was dominated by mineralized, regional groundwater flow that most likely recharged during the cooler, wetter climates of the Pleistocene with variable contributions of recent, local recharge. Groundwater generally flows into the down-dip extent of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer where it discharges into overlying or underlying aquifer units, discharges from springs, discharges to the Pecos River, follows a regional flow path east out of the study area, or is withdrawn by groundwater wells. Structural features such as mountains, troughs, and faults play a substantial role in the distribution of recharge, local and regional groundwater flow, spring discharge, and aquifer interaction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125124","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Middle Pecos Groundwater Conservation District, Pecos County, City of Fort Stockton, Brewster County, and Pecos County Water Control and Improvement District No. 1","usgsCitation":"Bumgarner, J.R., Stanton, G.P., Teeple, A., Thomas, J.V., Houston, N.A., Payne, J., and Musgrove, M., 2012, A conceptual model of the hydrogeologic framework, geochemistry, and groundwater-flow system of the Edwards-Trinity and related aquifers in the Pecos County region, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5124, vii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125124.","productDescription":"vii, 74 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5124.bmp"},{"id":258079,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5124/pdf/SIR12-5124.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258080,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal Area Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Pecos County, Reeves County","city":"Balmorhea, Belding, Fort Stockton","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,30.25 ], [ -104,31.5 ], [ -102,31.5 ], [ -102,30.25 ], [ -104,30.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e394e4b0c8380cd460ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bumgarner, Johnathan R. jbumgarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":5378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"Johnathan","email":"jbumgarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, Gregory P. 0000-0001-8622-0933 gstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-0933","contributorId":1583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Gregory","email":"gstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Teeple, Andrew 0000-0003-1781-8354 apteeple@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1781-8354","contributorId":1399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teeple","given":"Andrew ","email":"apteeple@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, Jonathan V. 0000-0003-0903-9713 jvthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-9713","contributorId":2194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jonathan","email":"jvthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houston, Natalie A. 0000-0002-6071-4545 nhouston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-4545","contributorId":1682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houston","given":"Natalie","email":"nhouston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Payne, Jason 0000-0003-4294-7924 jdpayne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-7924","contributorId":1062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"Jason ","email":"jdpayne@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70038862,"text":"70038862 - 2012 - Frequent arousal from hibernation linked to severity of infection and mortality in bats with white-nose syndrome","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-19T15:01:13","indexId":"70038862","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequent arousal from hibernation linked to severity of infection and mortality in bats with white-nose syndrome","docAbstract":"White-nose syndrome (WNS), an emerging infectious disease that has killed over 5.5 million hibernating bats, is named for the causative agent, a white fungus (Geomyces destructans (Gd)) that invades the skin of torpid bats. During hibernation, arousals to warm (euthermic) body temperatures are normal but deplete fat stores. Temperature-sensitive dataloggers were attached to the backs of 504 free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in hibernacula located throughout the northeastern USA. Dataloggers were retrieved at the end of the hibernation season and complete profiles of skin temperature data were available from 83 bats, which were categorized as: (1) unaffected, (2) WNS-affected but alive at time of datalogger removal, or (3) WNS-affected but found dead at time of datalogger removal. Histological confirmation of WNS severity (as indexed by degree of fungal infection) as well as confirmation of presence/absence of DNA from Gd by PCR was determined for 26 animals. We demonstrated that WNS-affected bats aroused to euthermic body temperatures more frequently than unaffected bats, likely contributing to subsequent mortality. Within the subset of WNS-affected bats that were found dead at the time of datalogger removal, the number of arousal bouts since datalogger attachment significantly predicted date of death. Additionally, the severity of cutaneous Gd infection correlated with the number of arousal episodes from torpor during hibernation. Thus, increased frequency of arousal from torpor likely contributes to WNS-associated mortality, but the question of how Gd infection induces increased arousals remains unanswered.
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cmeteyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"Carol","email":"cmeteyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kurta, Allen","contributorId":21399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurta","given":"Allen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Britzke, Eric R.","contributorId":8327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britzke","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vodzak, Megan 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Roymon","contributorId":42079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacob","given":"Roymon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Grieneisen, Laura E.","contributorId":41691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grieneisen","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Brownlee, Sarah A.","contributorId":78188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownlee","given":"Sarah A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Muller, Laura K.","contributorId":81739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Blehert, David S. 0000-0002-1065-9760 dblehert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-9760","contributorId":1816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blehert","given":"David S.","email":"dblehert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70038874,"text":"ofr20101078 - 2012 - Coordinated bird monitoring: Technical recommendations for military lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:08","indexId":"ofr20101078","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1078","title":"Coordinated bird monitoring: Technical recommendations for military lands","docAbstract":"The Department of Defense (DoD) is subject to several rules and regulations establishing responsibilities for monitoring migratory birds. The Sikes Act requires all military installations with significant natural resources to prepare and implement Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans (INRMPs). These plans guide the conservation and long-term management of natural resources on military lands in a manner that is compatible with and sustains the military mission. An INRMP also supports compliance with all legal requirements and guides the military in fulfilling its obligation to be a good steward of public land.The management and conservation of migratory birds is addressed in installation INRMPs. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires federal agencies to evaluate and disclose the potential environmental impacts of their proposed actions. More recently, DoD signed an MOU (http://www.dodpif.org/downloads/EO13186_MOU-DoD.pdf) for migratory birds, under Executive Order 13186, with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in July 2006 and a Migratory Bird Rule (http://www.dodpif.org/downloads/MigBirdFINALRule_FRFeb2007.pdf) was passed by Congress in February 2007. The Migratory Bird Rule addresses the potential impacts of military readiness activities on populations of migratory birds and establishes a process to implement conservation measures if and when a military readiness activity is expected to have a significant adverse impact on a population of migratory bird species (as determined through the NEPA process). The MOU states that for nonmilitary readiness activities, prior to initiating any activity likely to affect populations of migratory birds DoD shall (1) identify the migratory bird species likely to occur in the area of the proposed action and determine if any species of concern could be affected by the activity, and (2) assess and document, using NEPA when applicable, the effect of the proposed action on species of concern. By following these procedures, DoD will minimize the possibility for a proposed action to unintentionally take migratory birds at a level that would violate any of the migratory bird treaties and potentially impact mission activities. In addition, implementing conservation and monitoring programs for migratory birds supports the ecosystem integrity necessary to sustain DoD's natural resources for the military mission.Non-compliance with the procedural requirements of the MBTA could result in a private party lawsuit under the Administrative Procedures Act (APA). A lawsuit filed under APA involving a Navy bombing range is the basis for a court ruling that unintentional take of migratory birds applies to federal actions. Ensuring the necessary data is available to adequately assess impacts of a proposed action will help avoid lawsuits or help ensure such lawsuits have no grounds. The data gathered in a bird monitoring program will provide the best scientific data available to assess the expected impacts of a proposed action on migratory bird species through the NEPA process. This report presents recommendations developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the Department of Defense (DoD) on establishing a \"Coordinated Bird Monitoring (CBM) Plan.\" The CBM Plan is intended to ensure that DoD meets its conservation and regulatory responsibilities for monitoring birds (Chapter 1). The report relies heavily on recommendations in the report, \"Opportunities for improving avian monitoring\" (http://www.nabci-us.org/aboutnabci/monitoringreportfinal0307.pdf), by the U.S. North American Bird Conservation Initiative (U.S. NABCI Monitoring Subcommittee, 2007) and on a review of 358 current DoD bird monitoring programs carried out as part of this project (Chapter 2). This report contains 12 recommendations which, if followed, would result in a comprehensive, efficient, and useful approach to bird monitoring. The recommendations are based on the entire report but are presented together at the end of Chapter 1. DoD has agreed to consider implementing these recommendations; however, final decisions will be based upon such factors as the availability of resources and military mission considerations. These recommendations from USGS can be summarized into 6 major themes: A major report on monitoring was released in 2007 by the U.S. North American Bird Conservation Initiative (http://www.nabci-us.org/main2.html). DoD can be consistent with this report by establishing policy that monitoring will be explicitly acknowledged as an integral element of bird management and conservation (Recommendation 1). The design of monitoring and assessment programs for birds should include the following steps: Preparation of a document describing the program's goals, objectives, and methods similar to a format we provide (Recommendation 2, Chapter 4). Selection of field methods using an \"expert system\" developed in this project (Recommendation 3, Chapter 5) or another well-documented system. Preparation and storage of metadata describing the monitoring program in the Natural Resources Monitoring Partnership (NRMP), and other appropriate databases Recommendation 4, Chapter 6). Entry of the survey data using eBird (http://ebird.org/content/dod) or the Coordinated Bird Monitoring Database (CBMD) and long-term storage of the data in the CBMD and the Avian Knowledge Network (AKN; Recommendation 5, Chapter 6; http://www.avianknowledge.net/). Submission of major results from the monitoring program for publication in a peer reviewed journal (Recommendation 6). The DoD Legacy Resource Management Program (Legacy; https://www.dodlegacy.org), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP; http://www.serdp.org/), and Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP; http://www.serdp.org/) should be encouraged to continue their significant contributions to the foundations of bird monitoring (Recommendation 7, Chapters 1 and 3). Appropriate monitoring should be conducted to identify species of concern on installations. A year-round, one-time survey of birds on installations with habitat for migratory birds would provide the most information to assist compliance with the MOU, the Final Rule, and the NEPA analyses of proposed actions. However, less intensive survey efforts can still be conducted to yield useful information. We describe how various levels of survey effort might be organized and conducted. In addition, continuing surveys, as feasible, would further assist in documenting effects of military readiness and non-readiness activities on species of concern (SOC) (Recommendation 8, Chapter 7). Participation in well-designed, large-scale surveys [(e.g., North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS; http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/), Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS; http://www.birdpop.org/maps.htm)] on land that DoD manages or on lands where the results will be of high interest to DoD, will provide DoD and other NABCI members with information important to bird conservation (Recommendation 9, Chapter 8). Review and implementation of the CBM Plan should involve both higher level management and installation-level natural resources managers (Recommendation 11), be implemented through cooperative partnerships (Recommendation 12), and be followed on U.S territory lands and Army Corps of Engineers projects (Recommendation 10).Additional recommendations that pertain to implementing the DoD CBM Plan are discussed in Chapter 9.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the DoD Natural Resources Program, Arlington, Virginia; Great Basin Bird Observatory, Reno, Nevada; U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi; DoD Partners in Flight, Warrenton, VirginiaA Report Prepared for the Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program Legacy Project # 05-246, 06-246, 07-246","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Manning, A., Fischer, R., and Eberly, C., 2012, Coordinated bird monitoring: Technical recommendations for military lands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1078, v, 51 p.; Appendix: 16 pgs. 52-68, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101078.","productDescription":"v, 51 p.; Appendix: 16 pgs. 52-68","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1078.jpg"},{"id":258073,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1078/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258072,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1078/pdf/ofr20101078.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbece4b0c8380cd4e034","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, Ann","contributorId":79746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, Richard","contributorId":7128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eberly, Chris","contributorId":91351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberly","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003756,"text":"70003756 - 2012 - Perils of correlating CUSUM-transformed variables to infer ecological relationships (Breton et al. 2006; Glibert 2010)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-03T17:03:08","indexId":"70003756","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perils of correlating CUSUM-transformed variables to infer ecological relationships (Breton et al. 2006; Glibert 2010)","docAbstract":"We comment on a nonstandard statistical treatment of time-series data first published by Breton et al. (2006) in Limnology and Oceanography and, more recently, used by Glibert (2010) in Reviews in Fisheries Science. In both papers, the authors make strong inferences about the underlying causes of population variability based on correlations between cumulative sum (CUSUM) transformations of organism abundances and environmental variables. Breton et al. (2006) reported correlations between CUSUM-transformed values of diatom biomass in Belgian coastal waters and the North Atlantic Oscillation, and between meteorological and hydrological variables. Each correlation of CUSUM-transformed variables was judged to be statistically significant. On the basis of these correlations, Breton et al. (2006) developed \"the first evidence of synergy between climate and human-induced river-based nitrate inputs with respect to their effects on the magnitude of spring Phaeocystis colony blooms and their dominance over diatoms.\"","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","publisherLocation":"Waco, TX","doi":"10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0665","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Jassby, A.D., Carstensen, J., Bennett, W.A., Kimmerer, W., Mac Nally, R., Schoellhamer, D., and Winder, M., 2012, Perils of correlating CUSUM-transformed variables to infer ecological relationships (Breton et al. 2006; Glibert 2010): Limnology and Oceanography, v. 57, no. 2, p. 665-668, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0665.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"665","endPage":"668","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474436,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0665","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":258110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258101,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0665","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7695e4b0c8380cd781cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carstensen, Jacob","contributorId":79367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carstensen","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7177,"text":"Dept of Bioscience, Aahus Univ, Denmark","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":348724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, William A.","contributorId":88988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kimmerer, Wim","contributorId":26584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmerer","given":"Wim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mac Nally, Ralph","contributorId":107966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac Nally","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Winder, Monika","contributorId":68178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winder","given":"Monika","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70038820,"text":"ofr20121122 - 2012 - Hydrologic index development and application to selected Coastwide Reference Monitoring System sites and Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-29T01:01:57","indexId":"ofr20121122","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1122","title":"Hydrologic index development and application to selected Coastwide Reference Monitoring System sites and Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act projects","docAbstract":"Hourly time-series salinity and water-level data are collected at all stations within the Coastwide Reference Monitoring System (CRMS) network across coastal Louisiana. These data, in addition to vegetation and soils data collected as part of CRMS, are used to develop a suite of metrics and indices to assess wetland condition in coastal Louisiana. This document addresses the primary objectives of the CRMS hydrologic analytical team, which were to (1) adopt standard time-series analytical techniques that could effectively assess spatial and temporal variability in hydrologic characteristics across the Louisiana coastal zone on site, project, basin, and coastwide scales and (2) develop and apply an index based on wetland hydrology that can describe the suitability of local hydrology in the context of maximizing the productivity of wetland plant communities. Approaches to quantifying tidal variability (least squares harmonic analysis) and partitioning variability of time-series data to various time scales (spectral analysis) are presented. The relation between marsh elevation and the tidal frame of a given hydrograph is described. A hydrologic index that integrates water-level and salinity data, which are collected hourly, with vegetation data that are collected annually is developed. To demonstrate its utility, the hydrologic index is applied to 173 CRMS sites across the coast, and variability in index scores across marsh vegetation types (fresh, intermediate, brackish, and saline) is assessed. The index is also applied to 11 sites located in three Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act projects, and the ability of the index to convey temporal hydrologic variability in response to climatic stressors and restoration measures, as well as the effect that this community may have on wetland plant productivity, is illustrated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121122","usgsCitation":"Snedden, G., and Swenson, E.M., 2012, Hydrologic index development and application to selected Coastwide Reference Monitoring System sites and Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act projects: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1122, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121122.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258057,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1122/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1122.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Breton Sound;Grand Island;Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.08333333333333,28.833333333333332 ], [ -91.08333333333333,30.25 ], [ -88.83333333333333,30.25 ], [ -88.83333333333333,28.833333333333332 ], [ -91.08333333333333,28.833333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3637e4b0c8380cd60526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snedden, Gregg A. 0000-0001-7821-3709","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-3709","contributorId":17338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snedden","given":"Gregg A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, Erick M.","contributorId":28116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038867,"text":"sir20125085 - 2012 - Sources of suspended sediment in the Waikele watershed, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-29T01:01:57","indexId":"sir20125085","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5085","title":"Sources of suspended sediment in the Waikele watershed, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi","docAbstract":"Data from streamflow/sediment gages and measurements of changes in channel-bed sediment storage were gathered between October 1, 2007, and September 30, 2010, to assess the sources of suspended sediment in the Waikele watershed, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. Streamflow from the watershed averaged 33 cubic feet per second during the study period, with interannual variations corresponding with variations in the frequency and magnitude of storm-flow peaks. Average streamflow during the study period was lower than the long-term average, but the study period included a storm on December 11, 2008, that caused record-high streamflows in parts of the watershed. Suspended-sediment yield from the Waikele watershed during the study period averaged 82,500 tons per year, which is 2.7 times higher than the long-term average. More than 90 percent of the yield during the study period was discharged during the December 11, 2008, storm. The study-period results are consistent with long-term records that show that the vast majority of suspended-sediment transport occurs during a few large storms. Results of this study also show that all but a small percentage of the suspended-sediment yield came from hillslopes. Only a small fraction of bed sediments is fine enough to be transported as suspended load; most bed sediments in the watershed are coarse. Silt and clay constitute less than 3 percent of the bed-sediment volume on average. Some larger clasts, however, can disintegrate during transport and contribute to the suspended load downstream. During the study period, suspended-sediment yield from the urbanized Mililani subbasin averaged 25 tons per year per square mile (tons/yr/mi2), which was much smaller than the yield from any other subbasin; these results indicate that urban land use yields much less sediment than other land uses. The wet, forested Kipapa subbasin had an average normalized hillslope suspended-sediment yield of 386 tons/yr/mi2; the average yield for forested areas in the watershed may be lower. Suspended-sediment yield from agricultural land use in the watershed is estimated to range between 5,590 and 6,440 tons/yr/mi2 during the study period; the long-term average is estimated to be 2,070 to 2,390 tons/yr/mi2. Of the three land uses considered, agriculture had by far the highest normalized suspended-sediment yield during this study - about an order of magnitude higher than forests and two orders of magnitude higher than urban areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City and County of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services","usgsCitation":"Izuka, S.K., 2012, Sources of suspended sediment in the Waikele watershed, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5085, x, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125085.","productDescription":"x, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-10-01","temporalEnd":"2010-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5085.gif"},{"id":258064,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5085/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 4","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"OÊ»Ahu;Waikele Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.33333333333334,21.2 ], [ -158.33333333333334,21.75 ], [ -157.61666666666667,21.75 ], [ -157.61666666666667,21.2 ], [ -158.33333333333334,21.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9393e4b08c986b31a586","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izuka, Scot K. 0000-0002-8758-9414 skizuka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9414","contributorId":2645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"Scot","email":"skizuka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038861,"text":"ofr20121132 - 2012 - Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70038861,"text":"ofr20121132 - 2012 - Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","indexId":"ofr20121132","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70039814,"text":"sir20125161 - 2012 - Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","indexId":"sir20125161","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70039814,"text":"sir20125161 - 2012 - Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","indexId":"sir20125161","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:33:45","indexId":"ofr20121132","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1132","title":"Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida","docAbstract":"A numerical transient model of the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida was developed to (1) increase the understanding of water exchanges between the surficial and the Floridan aquifer systems, (2) assess the recharge rates to the surficial aquifer system from infiltration through the unsaturated zone and (3) obtain a simulation tool that could be used by water-resource managers to assess the impact of changes in groundwater withdrawals on spring flows and on the potentiometric surfaces of the hydrogeologic units composing the Floridan aquifer system. The hydrogeology of east-central Florida was evaluated and used to develop and calibrate the groundwater flow model, which simulates the regional fresh groundwater flow system. The U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional groundwater flow model, MODFLOW-2005, was used to simulate transient groundwater flow in the surficial, intermediate, and Floridan aquifer systems from 1995 to 2006. The east-central Florida transient model encompasses an actively simulated area of about 9,000 square miles. Although the model includes surficial processes-rainfall, irrigation, evapotranspiration, runoff, infiltration, lake water levels, and stream water levels and flows-its primary purpose is to characterize and refine the understanding of groundwater flow in the Floridan aquifer system. Model-independent estimates of the partitioning of rainfall into evapotranspiration, streamflow, and aquifer recharge are provided from a water-budget analysis of the surficial aquifer system. The interaction of the groundwater flow system with the surface environment was simulated using the Green-Ampt infiltration method and the MODFLOW-2005 Unsaturated-Zone Flow, Lake, and Streamflow-Routing Packages. The model is intended to simulate the part of the groundwater system that contains freshwater. The bottom and lateral boundaries of the model were established at the estimated depths where the chloride concentration is 5,000 milligrams per liter in the Floridan aquifer system. Potential flow across the interface represented by this chloride concentration is simulated by the General Head Boundary Package. During 1995 through 2006, there were no major groundwater withdrawals near the freshwater and saline-water interface, making the general head boundary a suitable feature to estimate flow through the interface. The east-central Florida transient model was calibrated using the inverse parameter estimation code, PEST. Steady-state models for 1999 and 2003 were developed to estimate hydraulic conductivity (K) using average annual heads and spring flows as observations. The spatial variation of K was represented using zones of constant values in some layers, and pilot points in other layers. Estimated K values were within one order of magnitude of aquifer performance test data. A simulation of the final two years (2005-2006) of the 12-year model, with the K estimates from the steady-state calibration, was used to guide the estimation of specific yield and specific storage values. The final model yielded head and spring-flow residuals that met the calibration criteria for the 12-year transient simulation. The overall mean residual for heads, defining residual as simulated minus measured value, was -0.04 foot. The overall root-mean square residual for heads was less than 3.6 feet for each year in the 1995 to 2006 simulation period. The overall mean residual for spring flows was -0.3 cubic foot per second. The spatial distribution of head residuals was generally random, with some minor indications of bias. Simulated average evapotranspiration (ET) over the 1995 to 2006 period was 34.5 inches per year, compared to the calculated average ET rate of 36.6 inches per year from the model-independent water-budget analysis. Simulated average net recharge to the surficial aquifer system was 3.6 inches per year, compared with the calculated average of 3.2 inches per year from the model-independent waterbudget analysis. Groundwater withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system averaged about 800 million gallons per day, which is equivalent to about 2 inches per year over the model area and slightly more than half of the simulated average net recharge to the surficial aquifer system over the same period. Annual net simulated recharge rates to the surficial aquifer system were less than the total groundwater withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system only during the below-average rainfall years of 2000 and 2006.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121132","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District, South Florida Water Management District, and Southwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., Tiedeman, C.R., O’Reilly, A.M., Davis, J., and Burger, P., 2012, Groundwater flow and water budget in the surficial and Floridan aquifer systems in east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1132, xiv, 226 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121132.","productDescription":"xiv, 226 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1132.jpg"},{"id":258054,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1132/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projector, Zone 17","country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Brevard;Hardee;Highlands;Indian River;Lake;Marion;Okeechobee;Orange;Osceola;Polk;Seminole;Volusia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,27.5 ], [ -82,29.166666666666668 ], [ -80.5,29.166666666666668 ], [ -80.5,27.5 ], [ -82,27.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2da0e4b0c8380cd5bf64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tiedeman, Claire R. 0000-0002-0128-3685 tiedeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-3685","contributorId":196777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedeman","given":"Claire","email":"tiedeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, Jeffery B.","contributorId":44032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jeffery B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burger, Patrick","contributorId":90976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038860,"text":"tm6A41 - 2012 - User guide for MODPATH version 6—A particle-tracking model for MODFLOW","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-10T18:48:21.353885","indexId":"tm6A41","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A41","title":"User guide for MODPATH version 6—A particle-tracking model for MODFLOW","docAbstract":"MODPATH is a particle-tracking post-processing model that computes three-dimensional flow paths using output from groundwater flow simulations based on MODFLOW, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) finite-difference groundwater flow model. This report documents MODPATH version 6. Previous versions were documented in USGS Open-File Reports 89-381 and 94-464. The program uses a semianalytical particle-tracking scheme that allows an analytical expression of a particle's flow path to be obtained within each finite-difference grid cell. A particle's path is computed by tracking the particle from one cell to the next until it reaches a boundary, an internal sink/source, or satisfies another termination criterion. Data input to MODPATH consists of a combination of MODFLOW input data files, MODFLOW head and flow output files, and other input files specific to MODPATH. Output from MODPATH consists of several output files, including a number of particle coordinate output files intended to serve as input data for other programs that process, analyze, and display the results in various ways. MODPATH is written in FORTRAN and can be compiled by any FORTRAN compiler that fully supports FORTRAN-2003 or by most commercially available FORTRAN-95 compilers that support the major FORTRAN-2003 language extensions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A41","usgsCitation":"Pollock, D.W., 2012, User guide for MODPATH version 6—A particle-tracking model for MODFLOW: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A41, viii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A41.","productDescription":"viii, 58 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6-a41.jpg"},{"id":258067,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/6a41/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfbfe4b08c986b329d47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollock, David W. dwpolloc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"David","email":"dwpolloc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038851,"text":"sir20125093 - 2012 - Nutrient and suspended-sediment trends, loads, and yields and development of an indicator of streamwater quality at nontidal sites in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, 1985-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-06T23:10:44.893465","indexId":"sir20125093","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5093","title":"Nutrient and suspended-sediment trends, loads, and yields and development of an indicator of streamwater quality at nontidal sites in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, 1985-2010","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) updates information on loads of, and trends in, nutrients and sediment annually to help the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) investigators assess progress toward improving water-quality conditions in the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed. CBP scientists and managers have worked since 1983 to improve water quality in the bay. In 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) established a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for the Chesapeake Bay. The TMDL specifies nutrient and sediment load allocations that need to be achieved in the watershed to improve dissolved oxygen, water-clarity, and chlorophyll conditions in the bay. The USEPA, USGS, and state and local jurisdictions in the watershed operate a CBP nontidal water-quality monitoring network and associated database that are used to update load and trend information to help assess progress toward reducing nutrient and sediment inputs to the bay. Data collected from the CBP nontidal network were used to estimate loads and trends for two time periods: a long-term period (1985-2010) at 31 \"primary\" sites (with storm sampling) and a 10-year period (2001-10) at 33 primary sites and 16 \"secondary\" sites (without storm sampling). In addition, loads at 64 primary sites were estimated for the period 2006 to 2010. Results indicate improving flow-adjusted trends for nitrogen and phosphorus for 1985 to 2010 at most of the sites in the network. For nitrogen, 21 of the 31 sites showed downward (improving) trends, whereas 2 sites showed upward (degrading) trends, and 8 sites showed no trends. The results for phosphorus were similar: 22 sites showed improving trends, 4 sites showed degrading trends, and 5 sites indicated no trends. For sediment, no trend was found at 40 percent of the sites, with 10 sites showing improving trends and 8 sites showing degrading trends. The USGS, working with CBP partners, developed a new water-quality indicator that combines the results of the 10-year trend analysis with results from a greater number of sites (64 primary sites) where loads and yields of total nitrogen and phosphorus and sediment could be calculated. The new indicator shows fewer significant trends for the 10-year time period than for the long-term time period (1985-2010). For 2001-10, total nitrogen trends were downward (improving) at 14 sites and upward (degrading) at 2 sites; no trend was found at 17 sites. For total phosphorus, 12 sites showed improving trends, 4 sites showed degrading trends, and 17 sites showed no trend. For total sediment, most sites (21) did not exhibit a significant trend; 3 sites showed improving trends, and 10 sites showed degrading trends. Few significant trends were seen at the 16 secondary sites: improving trends for total nitrogen at 4 sites, improving trends for total phosphorus at 2 sites, and a degrading trend for sediment at 1 site. Total streamflow to the Chesapeake Bay was 20 percent higher in 2010 than in 2009 and is considered to be within the normal range of flow, whereas annual streamflow at 28 sites was greater in 2010 than in 2009. No trends in daily streamflow were detected at the 31 long-term sites. Combined loads for the farthest downstream nontidal monitoring sites (called \"River Input Monitoring sites\") increased 33 percent for total nitrogen, 120 percent for total phosphorus, and 330 percent for total sediment from 2009 to 2010. The large increase in phosphorus and sediment loads in 2010 was caused in large part by two large storm events that occurred during the spring in the Potomac River Basin. Yields (load per watershed area) of total nitrogen in the Chesapeake Bay watershed decreased from north to south (New York to Virginia). No spatial patterns were discernible for total phosphorus or sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125093","usgsCitation":"Langland, M., Blomquist, J., Moyer, D., and Hyer, K., 2012, Nutrient and suspended-sediment trends, loads, and yields and development of an indicator of streamwater quality at nontidal sites in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, 1985-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5093, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125093.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1985-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5093.png"},{"id":258010,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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capacity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-28T01:01:38","indexId":"gip144","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"144","title":"Forecast Mekong 2012: Building scientific capacity","docAbstract":"In 2009, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary R. Clinton joined the Foreign Ministers of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam in launching the Lower Mekong Initiative to enhance U.S. engagement with the countries of the Lower Mekong River Basin in the areas of environment, health, education, and infrastructure. The U.S. Geological Survey Forecast Mekong supports the Lower Mekong Initiative through a variety of activities. The principal objectives of Forecast Mekong include the following: * Build scientific capacity in the Lower Mekong Basin and promote cooperation and collaboration among scientists working in the region. * Provide data, information, and scientific models to help resource managers there make informed decisions. * Produce forecasting and visualization tools to support basin planning, including climate change adaptation. The focus of this product is Forecast Mekong accomplishments and current activities related to the development of scientific capacity at organizations and institutions in the region. Building on accomplishments in 2010 and 2011, Forecast Mekong continues to enhance scientific capacity in the Lower Mekong Basin with a suite of activities in 2012.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Suvey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip144","usgsCitation":"Stefanov, J.E., 2012, Forecast Mekong 2012: Building scientific capacity: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 144, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip144.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_144.gif"},{"id":258014,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/144/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Cambodia;Laos;Thailand;Vietnam","otherGeospatial":"Lower Mekong Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a130fe4b0c8380cd544e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stefanov, James E. jestefan@usgs.gov","contributorId":1575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefanov","given":"James","email":"jestefan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038846,"text":"sir20115114 - 2012 - Nutrient concentrations and loads in the northeastern United States - Status and trends, 1975-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T18:53:32","indexId":"sir20115114","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5114","title":"Nutrient concentrations and loads in the northeastern United States - Status and trends, 1975-2003","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) began regional studies in 2003 to synthesize information on nutrient concentrations, trends, stream loads, and sources. In the northeastern United States, a study area that extends from Maine to central Virginia, nutrient data were evaluated for 130 USGS water-quality monitoring stations. Nutrient data were analyzed for trends in flow-adjusted concentrations, modeled instream (non-flow-adjusted) concentrations, and stream loads for 32 stations with 22 to 29 years of water-quality and daily mean streamflow record during 1975-2003 (termed the long-term period), and for 46 stations during 1993-2003 (termed the recent period), by using a coupled statistical model of streamflow and water quality developed by the USGS. Recent trends in flow-adjusted concentrations of one or more nutrients also were analyzed for 90 stations by using Tobit regression. Annual stream nutrient loads were estimated, and annual nutrient yields were calculated, for 47 stations for the long-term and recent periods, and for 37 additional stations that did not have a complete streamflow and water-quality record for 1993-2003. Nutrient yield information was incorporated for 9 drainage basins evaluated in a national NAWQA study, for a total of 93 stations evaluated for nutrient yields. Long-term downward trends in flow-adjusted concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus (18 and 19 of 32 stations, respectively) indicate regional improvements in nutrient-related water-quality conditions. Most of the recent trends detected for total phosphorus were upward (17 of 83 stations), indicating possible reversals to the long-term improvements. Concentrations of nutrients in many streams persist at levels that are likely to affect aquatic habitat adversely and promote freshwater or coastal eutrophication. Recent trends for modeled instream concentrations, and modeled reference concentrations, were evaluated relative to ecoregion-based nutrient criteria proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Instream concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus persist at levels higher than proposed criteria at more than one-third and about one-half, respectively, of the 46 stations analyzed. Long-term trends in nutrient loads were primarily downward, with downward trends in total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads detected at 12 and 17 of 32 stations, respectively. Upward trends were rare, with one upward trend for total nitrogen loads and none for total phosphorus. Trends in loads of nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen included 7 upward and 8 downward trends among 32 stations. Downward trends in loads of ammonia nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen were detected at all six stations evaluated. Long-term downward trends detected in four of the five largest drainage basins evaluated include: total nitrogen loads for the Connecticut, Delaware, and James Rivers; total Kjeldahl nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen loads for the Susquehanna River; ammonia nitrogen and nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen loads for the James River; and total phosphorus loads for the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers. No trends in load were detected for the Potomac River. Nutrient yields were evaluated relative to the extent of land development in 93 drainage basins. The undeveloped land-use category included forested drainage basins with undeveloped land ranging from 75 to 100 percent of basin area. Median total nitrogen yields for the 27 undeveloped drainage basins evaluated, including 9 basins evaluated in a national NAWQA study, ranged from 290 to 4,800 pounds per square mile per year (lb/mi2/yr). Total nitrogen yields even in the most pristine drainage basins may be elevated relative to natural conditions, because of high rates of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in parts of the northeastern United States. Median total phosphorus yields ranged from 12 to 330 lb/mi2/yr for the 26 undeveloped basins evaluated. The undeveloped category includes some large drainage basins with point-source discharges and small percentages of developed land; in these basins, streamflow from undeveloped headwater areas dilutes streamflow in more urbanized reaches, and dampens but does not eliminate the point-source \"signal\" of higher nutrient loads. Median total nitrogen yields generally do not exceed 1,700 lb/mi2/yr, and median total phosphorus yields generally do not exceed 100 lb/mi2/yr, in the drainage basins that are least affected by human land-use and waste-disposal practices. Agricultural and urban land use has increased nutrient yields substantially relative to undeveloped drainage basins. Median total nitrogen yields for 24 agricultural basins ranged from 1,700 to 26,000 lb/mi2/yr, and median total phosphorus yields ranged from 94 to 1,000 lb/mi2/yr. The maximum estimated total nitrogen and total phosphorus yields, 32,000 and 16,000 lb/mi2/yr, respectively, for all stations in the region were in small (less than 50 square miles (mi2)) agricultural drainage basins. Median total nitrogen yields ranged from 1,400 to 17,000 lb/mi2/yr in 26 urbanized drainage basins, and median total phosphorus yields ranged from 43 to 1,900 lb/mi2/yr. Urbanized drainage basins with the highest nutrient yields are generally small (less than 300 mi2) and are drained by streams that receive major point-source discharges. Instream nutrient loads were evaluated relative to loads from point-source discharges in four drainage basins: the Quinebaug River Basin in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; the Raritan River Basin in New Jersey; the Patuxent River Basin in Maryland; and the James River Basin in Virginia. Long-term downward trends in nutrient loads, coupled with similar trends in flow-adjusted nutrient concentrations, indicate long-term reductions in the delivery of most nutrients to these streams. However, the absence of recent downward trends in load for most nutrients, coupled with instream concentrations that exceed proposed nutrient criteria in several of these waste-receiving streams, indicates that challenges remain in reducing delivery of nutrients to streams from point sources. During dry years, the total nutrient load from point sources in some of the drainage basins approached or equaled the nutrient load transported by the stream.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115114","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Trench, E.C., Moore, R.B., Ahearn, E.A., Mullaney, J.R., Hickman, R.E., and Schwarz, G., 2012, Nutrient concentrations and loads in the northeastern United States - Status and trends, 1975-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5114, xi, 134 p.; Tables: pgs. 135-148; Appendices: pgs. 149-169; Excel Tables 1-10; Excel Tables 11-27; Appendix index page with contents and file downloads, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115114.","productDescription":"xi, 134 p.; Tables: pgs. 135-148; Appendices: pgs. 149-169; Excel Tables 1-10; Excel Tables 11-27; Appendix index page with contents and file downloads","temporalStart":"1975-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5114.jpg"},{"id":258009,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"1990 Albers Equal-Area Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut;Delaware;Maine;Maryl;Massachusetts;New Hampshire;New Jersey;New York;Pennsylvania;Rhode Island;Vermont;Virginia;Washington D.C.;West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,36 ], [ -82,48 ], [ -66,48 ], [ -66,36 ], [ -82,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a697be4b0c8380cd73d48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trench, Elaine C. Todd etrench@usgs.gov","contributorId":4557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trench","given":"Elaine","email":"etrench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C. Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ahearn, Elizabeth A. 0000-0002-5633-2640 eaahearn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5633-2640","contributorId":194658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahearn","given":"Elizabeth","email":"eaahearn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hickman, R. Edward 0000-0001-5160-3723 whickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5160-3723","contributorId":3153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"R.","email":"whickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70038856,"text":"fs20123086 - 2012 - Science implementation of Forecast Mekong for food and environmental security","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-28T01:01:38","indexId":"fs20123086","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3086","title":"Science implementation of Forecast Mekong for food and environmental security","docAbstract":"Forecast Mekong is a significant international thrust under the Delta Research and Global Observation Network (DRAGON) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and was launched in 2009 by the U.S. Department of State and the Foreign Ministers of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam under U.S. Department of State Secretary Hillary R. Clinton's Lower Mekong Initiative to enhance U.S. engagement with countries of the Lower Mekong River Basin in the areas of environment, health, education, and infrastructure. Since 2009, the USGS has worked closely with the U.S. Department of State; personnel from Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam; nongovernmental organizations; and academia to collect and use research and data from the Lower Mekong River Basin to provide hands-on results that will help decisionmakers in future planning and design for restoration, conservation, and management efforts in the Lower Mekong River Basin. In 2012 Forecast Mekong is highlighting the increasing cooperation between the United States and Lower Mekong River Basin countries in the areas of food and environmental security. Under the DRAGON, Forecast Mekong continues work in interactive data integration, modeling, and visualization system by initiating three-dimensional bathymetry and river flow data along with a pilot study of fish distribution, population, and migratory patterns in the Lower Mekong River Basin. When fully developed by the USGS, in partnership with local governments and universities throughout the Mekong River region, Forecast Mekong will provide valuable planning tools to visualize the consequences of climate change and river management.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123086","usgsCitation":"Turnipseed, D.P., 2012, Science implementation of Forecast Mekong for food and environmental security: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3086, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123086.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258017,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3086.bmp"}],"country":"Cambodia;Laos;Thailand;Vietnam","city":"Phnom Penh","otherGeospatial":"Mekong River;TonléSap River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8773e4b08c986b3164b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turnipseed, D. Phil 0000-0002-9737-3203 pturnip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-3203","contributorId":298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.","email":"pturnip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Phil","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038845,"text":"fs20123089 - 2012 - The 3D Elevation Program: summary of program direction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-30T11:01:15","indexId":"fs20123089","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3089","title":"The 3D Elevation Program: summary of program direction","docAbstract":"The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative responds to a growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other three-dimensional representations of the Nation's natural and constructed features. The National Enhanced Elevation Assessment (NEEA), which was completed in 2011, clearly documented this need within government and industry sectors. The results of the NEEA indicated that enhanced elevation data have the potential to generate $13 billion in new benefits annually. The benefits apply to food risk management, agriculture, water supply, homeland security, renewable energy, aviation safety, and other areas. The 3DEP initiative was recommended by the National Digital Elevation Program and its 12 Federal member agencies and was endorsed by the National States Geographic Information Council (NSGIC) and the National Geospatial Advisory Committee (NGAC).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123089","usgsCitation":"Snyder, G., 2012, The 3D Elevation Program: summary of program direction: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3089, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123089.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3089.JPG"},{"id":257996,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3089/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba654e4b08c986b32106d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Gregory I. gsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":4069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Gregory I.","email":"gsnyder@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038852,"text":"fs20123088 - 2012 - National Enhanced Elevation Assessment at a glance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-28T01:01:38","indexId":"fs20123088","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3088","title":"National Enhanced Elevation Assessment at a glance","docAbstract":"Elevation data are essential for hazards mitigation, conservation, infrastructure development, national security, and many other applications. Under the leadership of the U.S. Geological Survey and the member States of the National Digital Elevation Program (NDEP), Federal agencies, State agencies, and others work together to acquire high-quality elevation data for the United States and its territories. New elevation data are acquired using modern technology to replace elevation data that are, on average, more than 30 years old. Through the efforts of the NDEP, a project-by-project data acquisition approach resulted in improved, publicly available data for 28 percent of the conterminous United States and 15 percent of Alaska over the past 15 years. Although the program operates efficiently, the rate of data collection and the typical project specifications are currently insufficient to address the needs of government, the private sector, and other organizations. The National Enhanced Elevation Assessment was conducted to (1) document national-level requirements for improved elevation data, (2) estimate the benefits and costs of meeting those requirements, and (3) evaluate multiple national-level program-implementation scenarios. The assessment was sponsored by the NDEP's member agencies. The study participants came from 34 Federal agencies, agencies from all 50 States, selected local government and Tribal offices, and private and not-for-profit organizations. A total of 602 mission-critical activities were identified that need significantly more accurate data than are currently available. The results of the assessment indicate that a national-level enhanced-elevation-data program has the potential to generate from $1.2 billion to $13 billion in new benefits annually.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123088","usgsCitation":"Snyder, G., 2012, National Enhanced Elevation Assessment at a glance: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3088, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123088.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3088.gif"},{"id":258012,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a61d0e4b0c8380cd71b9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Gregory I. gsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":4069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Gregory I.","email":"gsnyder@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038476,"text":"70038476 - 2012 - The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-24T14:55:19","indexId":"70038476","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-26T16:47:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The new IASPEI standards for determining magnitudes from digital data and their relation to classical magnitudes","docAbstract":"Why there is a need for measurement standards of magnitudes:
\nIn October 2005, the Commission on Seismic Observation and Interpretation of the\nInternational Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth´s Interior (IASPEI) adopted\nthe summary recommendations made by the IASPEI Working Group on Magnitudes on new\nmeasurement standards for widely used local, regional and teleseismic magnitude scales\n(IASPEI, 2005). These recommendations have recently been refined and detailed (IASPEI,\n2013) and a final scientific report, to be published in a reputable international journal, is\ncurrently under preparation.
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