Introduction
\nEvaluating the environmental impacts of climate change on water resources and biological components of the landscape is an integral part of hydrologic and ecological investigations, and the resultant land and resource management in the twenty-first century. Impacts of both climate and simulated hydrologic parameters on ecological processes are relevant at scales that reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of landscapes. At present, simulations of climate change available from global climate models [GCMs] require downscaling for hydrologic or ecological applications.
\nMethods
\nUsing statistically downscaled future climate projections developed using constructed analogues, a methodology was developed to further downscale the projections spatially using a gradient-inverse-distance-squared approach for application to hydrologic modeling at 270-m spatial resolution.
\nResults
\nThis paper illustrates a methodology to downscale and bias-correct national GCMs to subkilometer scales that are applicable to fine-scale environmental processes. Four scenarios were chosen to bracket the range of future emissions put forth by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Fine-scale applications of downscaled datasets of ecological and hydrologic correlations to variation in climate are illustrated.
\nConclusions
\nThe methodology, which includes a sequence of rigorous analyses and calculations, is intended to reduce the addition of uncertainty to the climate data as a result of the downscaling while providing the fine-scale climate information necessary for ecological analyses. It results in new but consistent data sets for the US at 4 km, the southwest US at 270 m, and California at 90 m and illustrates the utility of fine-scale downscaling to analyses of ecological processes influenced by topographic complexity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1186/2192-1709-1-2","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., and Flint, A.L., 2012, Downscaling future climate scenarios to fine scales for hydrologic and ecological modeling and analysis: Ecological Processes, v. 1, no. 1, 15 p.; Article 2, https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-1-2.","productDescription":"15 p.; Article 2","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474445,"rank":201,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-1-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":257796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257794,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-1-2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b3e4b0c8380cd50601","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003911,"text":"70003911 - 2012 - Frequency-dependent attenuation of the Hispaniola Island region of the Caribbean Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-23T01:01:39","indexId":"70003911","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequency-dependent attenuation of the Hispaniola Island region of the Caribbean Sea","docAbstract":"We determine frequency-dependent attenuation 1/Q(f) for the Hispaniola region using direct S and Lg waves over five distinct passbands from 0.5 to 16 Hz. Data consist of 832 high-quality vertical and horizontal component waveforms recorded on short-period and broadband seismometers from the devastating 12 January 2010 M 7.0 Haiti earthquake and the rich sequence of aftershocks. For the distance range 250–700 km, we estimate an average frequency-dependent Q(f)=224(±27)f0.64(±0.073) using horizontal components of motion and note that Q(f) estimated with Lg at regional distances is very consistent across vertical and horizontal components. We also determine a Q(f)=142(±21)f0.71(±0.11) for direct S waves at local distances, ≤100 km. The strong attenuation observed on both vertical and horizontal components of motion is consistent with expectations for a tectonically active region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120110137","usgsCitation":"McNamara, D., Meremonte, M., Maharrey, J., Mildor, S., Altidore, J., Anglade, D., Hough, S., Given, D., Benz, H., Gee, L., and Frankel, A., 2012, Frequency-dependent attenuation of the Hispaniola Island region of the Caribbean Sea: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 2, p. 773-782, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110137.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"782","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257781,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110137","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Sea;Hispaniola","volume":"102","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13d5e4b0c8380cd547ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNamara, D.","contributorId":81743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNamara","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meremonte, M.","contributorId":22915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meremonte","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maharrey, J.Z.","contributorId":27726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maharrey","given":"J.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mildor, S-L.","contributorId":25814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mildor","given":"S-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Altidore, J.R.","contributorId":65711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Altidore","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anglade, D.","contributorId":87012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anglade","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Given, D.","contributorId":30403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Given","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Benz, H.","contributorId":61953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gee, L.","contributorId":101066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":349436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70038809,"text":"ofr20121130 - 2012 - Assessing native and introduced fish predation on migrating juvenile salmon in Priest Rapids and Wanapum Reservoirs, Columbia River, Washington, 2009--11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T12:19:51","indexId":"ofr20121130","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1130","title":"Assessing native and introduced fish predation on migrating juvenile salmon in Priest Rapids and Wanapum Reservoirs, Columbia River, Washington, 2009--11","docAbstract":"Hydroelectric development on the mainstem Columbia River has created a series of impoundments that promote the production of native and non-native piscivores. Reducing the effects of fish predation on migrating juvenile salmonids has been a major component of mitigating the effects of hydroelectric development in the Columbia River basin. Extensive research examining juvenile salmon predation has been conducted in the lower Columbia River. Fewer studies of predation have been done in the Columbia River upstream of its confluence with the Snake River; the most comprehensive predation study being from the early 1990s. The Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County, Washington initiated a northern pikeminnow removal program in 1995 in an attempt to reduce predation on juvenile salmonids. However, there has been no assessment of the relative predation within the Priest Rapids Project since the removal program began. Further, there is concern about the effects of piscivores other than northern pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis), such as channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and walleye (Sander vitreus, formerlyStizostedion vitreum). The Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County, Washington and the Priest Rapids Coordinating Committee requested that the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, assist them in evaluating the effects of native and introduced predatory fish on migrating juvenile salmon. From 2009 to 2010, we conducted sampling in the 103 kilometers (64 river miles) of the Columbia River from the tailrace of Rock Island Dam downstream to the tailrace of Priest Rapids Dam. To assess predation, we used electrofishing to collect northern pikeminnow, smallmouth bass, and walleye to analyze their diets during 2009 and 2010. In 2009, we used methods to allow comparisons to a previous study conducted in 1993. During 2009, we also used an alternate sampling strategy using habitat data and geographic information system software to select sites and allocate samples. In 2010, we used the data collected during 2009 to further refine our sampling design, with the intent of using the data collected during 2010 to formulate a design strategy for implementation during 2011. Based on the results of 2011, we would then propose a strategy for future studies. However, during 2011, our efforts were redirected to specifically address factors that may be affecting steelhead trout survival in the Priest Rapids Reservoir, Columbia River.
\nWe used the catch and diet data collected in 2009 and 2010 to estimate relative abundance, consumption, and predation indices for northern pikeminnow and smallmouth bass. Despite extensive sampling in the study area in 2009 and 2010, very few channel catfish and walleye were captured. The mean total lengths of northern pikeminnow were much lower than those observed in 1993; suggesting that efforts to remove northern pikeminnow in the study area may be shifting the population towards smaller fish. The northern pikeminnow predation index values were lower in 2009 than in the 1993 study. The reduced predation levels observed may be due to the prevalence of smaller pikeminnow in our catches than in catches reported in 1993. Predation by smallmouth bass was lower in 2009 than in 2010, and generally was greater than predation for northern pikeminnow. Predation for northern pikeminnow was concentrated in the tailrace areas of Priest Rapids, Wanapum, and Rock Island Dams; predation for smallmouth bass was concentrated in the forebay and mid-reservoir sections of the study area. Our results indicate areas where control measures for smallmouth bass could be concentrated to reduce predation in the Priest Rapids Project.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121130","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Counihan, T.D., Hardiman, J.M., Burgess, D.S., Simmons, K.E., Holmberg, G.S., Rogala, J.A., and Polacek, R.R., 2012, Assessing native and introduced fish predation on migrating juvenile salmon in Priest Rapids and Wanapum Reservoirs, Columbia River, Washington, 2009--11: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1130, viii, 28 p.; Figures: pgs. 29-61; Tables: pgs. 62-68, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121130.","productDescription":"viii, 28 p.; Figures: pgs. 29-61; Tables: pgs. 62-68","startPage":"i","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1130.jpg"},{"id":257784,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Priest Rapids Reservoir, Wanapum Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 46.50973514453879\n ],\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 47.32393057095941\n ],\n [\n -119.69604492187499,\n 47.32393057095941\n ],\n [\n -119.69604492187499,\n 46.50973514453879\n ],\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 46.50973514453879\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eddbe4b0c8380cd49a65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Counihan, Timothy D. 0000-0003-4967-6514 tcounihan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-6514","contributorId":4211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counihan","given":"Timothy","email":"tcounihan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardiman, Jill M. 0000-0002-3661-9695 jhardiman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3661-9695","contributorId":2672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardiman","given":"Jill","email":"jhardiman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burgess, Dave S.","contributorId":8714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgess","given":"Dave","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simmons, Katrina E.","contributorId":50395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"Katrina","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holmberg, Glen S. gholmberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":4342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmberg","given":"Glen","email":"gholmberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rogala, Josh A.","contributorId":97369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"Josh","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Polacek, Rochelle R.","contributorId":45173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polacek","given":"Rochelle","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70038827,"text":"ofr20121126 - 2012 - 234U/238U isotope data from groundwater and solid-phase leachate samples near Tuba City Open Dump, Tuba City, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T18:48:08.260831","indexId":"ofr20121126","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-20T14:53:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1126","displayTitle":"234U/238U isotope data from groundwater and solid-phase leachate samples near Tuba City Open Dump, Tuba City, Arizona","title":"234U/238U isotope data from groundwater and solid-phase leachate samples near Tuba City Open Dump, Tuba City, Arizona","docAbstract":"This report releases 234U/238U isotope data, expressed as activity ratios, and uranium concentration data from analyses completed at Northern Arizona University for groundwater and solid-phase leachate samples that were collected in and around Tuba City Open Dump, Tuba City, Arizona, in 2008.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.H., Horton, R., Otton, J.K., and Ketterer, M.K., 2012, 234U/238U isotope data from groundwater and solid-phase leachate samples near Tuba City Open Dump, Tuba City, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1126, iii, 2 p.; 2 Appendices; PDF Download of Table 1; XLSX Download of Table 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121126.","productDescription":"iii, 2 p.; 2 Appendices; PDF Download of Table 1; XLSX Download of Table 1","startPage":"i","endPage":"2","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390484,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1126/AppendixB.pdf","text":"Appendix B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390481,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1126/Table1.pdf","text":"Table 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390483,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1126/Table1.xlsx","text":"Table 1","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":390480,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1126/OF12-1126.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":257874,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":390482,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1126/AppendixA.pdf","text":"Appendix A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":257882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1126.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Tuba City","otherGeospatial":"Tuba City Open Dump","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd493ae4b0b290850eeffc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Raymond H. rhjohnso@usgs.gov","contributorId":707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Raymond","email":"rhjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":465029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, Robert 0000-0001-5578-3733 rhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-3733","contributorId":612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Robert","email":"rhorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":465030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ketterer, Michael K.","contributorId":93756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketterer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038752,"text":"sir20115218 - 2012 - Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the two southern San Joaquin Valley study units, 2005-2006 - California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-21T01:01:41","indexId":"sir20115218","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5218","title":"Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the two southern San Joaquin Valley study units, 2005-2006 - California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the southern San Joaquin Valley was investigated from October 2005 through March 2006 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project is conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in collaboration with the California State Water Resources Control Board and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. There are two study units located in the southern San Joaquin Valley: the Southeast San Joaquin Valley (SESJ) study unit and the Kern County Subbasin (KERN) study unit. The GAMA Priority Basin Project in the SESJ and KERN study units was designed to provide a statistically unbiased, spatially distributed assessment of untreated groundwater quality within the primary aquifers. The status assessment is based on water-quality and ancillary data collected in 2005 and 2006 by the USGS from 130 wells on a spatially distributed grid, and water-quality data from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. Data was collected from an additional 19 wells for the understanding assessment. The aquifer systems (hereinafter referred to as primary aquifers) were defined as that part of the aquifer corresponding to the perforation interval of wells listed in the CDPH database for the SESJ and KERN study units. The status assessment of groundwater quality used data from samples analyzed for anthropogenic constituents such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pesticides, as well as naturally occurring inorganic constituents such as major ions and trace elements. The status assessment is intended to characterize the quality of untreated groundwater resources within the primary aquifers in the SESJ and KERN study units, not the quality of drinking water delivered to consumers. Although the status assessment applies to untreated groundwater, Federal and California regulatory and non-regulatory water-quality benchmarks that apply to drinking water are used to provide context for the results. Relative-concentrations (sample concentration divided by benchmark concentration) were used for evaluating groundwater. A relative-concentration greater than 1.0 indicates a concentration greater than the benchmark and is classified as high. The relative-concentration threshold for classifying inorganic constituents as moderate or low was 0.5; for organic constituents the threshold between moderate and low was 0.1. Aquifer-scale proportion was used as the primary metric for assessing the quality of untreated groundwater for the study units. High aquifer-scale proportion is defined as the areal percentage of the primary aquifers with a high relative-concentration for a particular constituent or class of constituents. Moderate and low aquifer-scale proportions were defined as the areal percentage of the primary aquifers with moderate and low relative-concentrations, respectively. Two statistical approaches—grid-based and spatially weighted—were used to evaluate aquifer-scale proportions for individual constituents and classes of constituents. Grid-based and spatially weighted estimates were comparable for the two study units in the southern San Joaquin Valley (within 90 percent confidence intervals). The status assessment showed that inorganic constituents were more prevalent than organic constituents and that relative-concentrations were higher for inorganic constituents than for organic constituents. For inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks, the relative-concentration of at least one constituent in the SESJ study unit was high in 30 percent of the primary aquifers. In the KERN study unit, the relative-concentration of at least one constituent was high in 23 percent of the primary aquifers. In the SESJ and KERN study units, the inorganic constituents with human-health benchmarks detected at high relative-concentrations in more than 2 percent of the primary aquifers were arsenic, boron, vanadium, nitrate, uranium, and gross alpha radioactivity. Additional constituents with human-health benchmarks—antimony, radium, and fluoride—were detected at high relative-concentrations in the KERN study unit. For inorganic constituents with aesthetic benchmarks (secondary maximum contaminant levels, SMCLs), the relative-concentration of at least one constituent in the SESJ study unit was high in 6.6 percent of the primary aquifers. In the KERN study unit, the relative-concentration of at least one constituent was high in 22 percent of the primary aquifers. Inorganic constituents with aesthetic benchmarks detected at high relative-concentrations in the primary aquifers in the SESJ and KERN study units were iron and manganese. Additional constituents with aesthetic benchmarks—total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate, and chloride—were detected at high relative-concentrations in the KERN study unit. In contrast, the status assessment for organic constituents with human-health benchmarks showed that relative-concentrations were high in 4.8 percent and 2.1 percent of the primary aquifers in the SESJ and KERN study units, respectively. The special-interest constituent, perchlorate, was detected at high relative-concentrations in 1.2 percent of the primary aquifers in the SESJ study unit. Twenty-eight of the 78 VOCs (not including fumigants) analyzed were detected. Of these 28 VOCs, benzene had high relative-concentrations in the SESJ study unit, and relative-concentrations for the other 27 VOCs were moderate and low. Five of the 10 fumigants were detected; 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) was the only fumigant with high relative-concentrations in the SESJ and KERN study units. Of the 136 pesticides and pesticide degradates analyzed, 33 were detected. Human-health benchmarks were established for eighteen of the detected pesticides. Dieldrin was detected at moderate relative-concentrations in the SESJ and KERN study units. All other pesticides detected with human-health benchmarks were present at low relative-concentrations. The detection frequencies for two of these pesticides—simazine and atrazine—were greater than or equal to 10 percent in the SESJ and KERN study units. The understanding assessment of groundwater quality included an analysis of correlations of selected water-quality constituents or classes of constituents with potential explanatory factors. The understanding assessment indicated that the concentrations of many trace elements and major ions were correlated to well depth, groundwater age, and/or geochemical conditions. Many trace elements were positively correlated with depth. Arsenic, boron, vanadium, fluoride, manganese, and iron concentrations increased with well depth or depth to top-of-perforations. The concentrations for these trace elements also were higher in older (pre-modern) groundwater. In contrast, uranium concentrations decreased with increasing depth and groundwater age. Most trace elements were correlated to geochemical conditions. Arsenic, antimony, boron, fluoride, manganese, and iron concentrations generally were higher wherever the pH of the groundwater was greater than 7.6. Concentrations for these constituents generally were higher at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). Uranium was the exception; uranium concentrations generally were lower at high pH and at high concentrations of DO. Nitrate concentrations generally were lower in deeper wells. Nitrate concentrations also were higher in groundwater with higher DO. Total dissolved solids, sulfate, and chloride concentrations were higher in the KERN study unit than in the SESJ study unit. Total dissolved solids were negatively correlated with pH in the KERN study unit. Total dissolved solids and sulfate were higher in areas with more agricultural land use. Chloride concentrations increased with depth to top-of-perforations in the KERN study unit. Organic constituents and constituents of special interest, like many inorganic constituents, were correlated with well depth, groundwater age, and DO. Unlike most trace elements, however, solvent and pesticide detections, and total trihalomethanes (THM), DBCP, and perchlorate concentrations decreased with increasing well depth. Volatile organic compound, solvent, and pesticide detections, and THM concentrations also were lower in older (pre-modern) groundwater than in modern-age groundwater. Solvent detections and total THM, DBCP, and perchlorate concentrations increased with increasing DO concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115218","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board. A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","usgsCitation":"Burton, C., Shelton, J.L., and Belitz, K., 2012, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the two southern San Joaquin Valley study units, 2005-2006 - California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5218, xii, 106 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115218.","productDescription":"xii, 106 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5218.jpg"},{"id":257730,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5218/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic","country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121,34.833333333333336 ], [ -121,37 ], [ -118,37 ], [ -118,34.833333333333336 ], [ -121,34.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b979de4b08c986b31bb84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, Carmen A. 0000-0002-6381-8833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6381-8833","contributorId":41793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Carmen A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003765,"text":"70003765 - 2012 - Characterization of intrabasin faulting and deformation for earthquake hazards in southern Utah Valley, Utah, from high-resolution seismic imaging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-27T01:01:50","indexId":"70003765","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of intrabasin faulting and deformation for earthquake hazards in southern Utah Valley, Utah, from high-resolution seismic imaging","docAbstract":"We conducted active and passive seismic imaging investigations along a 5.6-km-long, east–west transect ending at the mapped trace of the Wasatch fault in southern Utah Valley. Using two-dimensional (2D) P-wave seismic reflection data, we imaged basin deformation and faulting to a depth of 1.4 km and developed a detailed interval velocity model for prestack depth migration and 2D ground-motion simulations. Passive-source microtremor data acquired at two sites along the seismic reflection transect resolve S-wave velocities of approximately 200 m/s at the surface to about 900 m/s at 160 m depth and confirm a substantial thickening of low-velocity material westward into the valley. From the P-wave reflection profile, we interpret shallow (100–600 m) bedrock deformation extending from the surface trace of the Wasatch fault to roughly 1.5 km west into the valley. The bedrock deformation is caused by multiple interpreted fault splays displacing fault blocks downward to the west of the range front. Further west in the valley, the P-wave data reveal subhorizontal horizons from approximately 90 to 900 m depth that vary in thickness and whose dip increases with depth eastward toward the Wasatch fault. Another inferred fault about 4 km west of the mapped Wasatch fault displaces horizons within the valley to as shallow as 100 m depth. The overall deformational pattern imaged in our data is consistent with the Wasatch fault migrating eastward through time and with the abandonment of earlier synextensional faults, as part of the evolution of an inferred 20-km-wide half-graben structure within Utah Valley. Finite-difference 2D modeling suggests the imaged subsurface basin geometry can cause fourfold variation in peak ground velocity over distances of 300 m.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120110053","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J.K., Williams, R., McBride, J.H., and Tomlinson, I., 2012, Characterization of intrabasin faulting and deformation for earthquake hazards in southern Utah Valley, Utah, from high-resolution seismic imaging: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 2, p. 524-540, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110053.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"524","endPage":"540","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257769,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110053","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Utah Valley","volume":"102","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4cde4b0c8380cd4bf17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":348771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McBride, John H.","contributorId":80535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tomlinson, Iris","contributorId":21816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"Iris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038743,"text":"ds684 - 2012 - A seamless, high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the north-central California coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-06T16:32:07","indexId":"ds684","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"684","title":"A seamless, high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the north-central California coast","docAbstract":"A seamless, 2-meter resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the north-central California coast has been created from the most recent high-resolution bathymetric and topographic datasets available. The DEM extends approximately 150 kilometers along the California coastline, from Half Moon Bay north to Bodega Head. Coverage extends inland to an elevation of +20 meters and offshore to at least the 3 nautical mile limit of state waters. This report describes the procedures of DEM construction, details the input data sources, and provides the DEM for download in both ESRI Arc ASCII and GeoTIFF file formats with accompanying metadata.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds684","usgsCitation":"Foxgrover, A., and Barnard, P., 2012, A seamless, high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the north-central California coast: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 684, iv, 11 p.; Metadata Folder; DEM ASCII Files Zip; DEM ASCII Files Folder; DEM GeoTIFF Files Zip; DEM GeoTIFF Files Folder; Shapefiles Folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds684.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.; Metadata Folder; DEM ASCII Files Zip; DEM ASCII Files Folder; DEM GeoTIFF Files Zip; DEM GeoTIFF Files Folder; Shapefiles Folder","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_684.gif"},{"id":257673,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/684/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Point Reyes;Bodega Head;Half Moon Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -122.4920654296875,\n 37.54893261064109\n ],\n [\n -122.48382568359374,\n 37.640334898059486\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -122.47833251953125,\n 37.801103690609615\n ],\n [\n -122.48931884765626,\n 37.835818618104156\n ],\n [\n -122.54974365234374,\n 37.8271414168374\n ],\n [\n -122.772216796875,\n 38.05674222065293\n ],\n [\n -122.72277832031251,\n 38.108627664321276\n ],\n [\n -122.79968261718749,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -122.8875732421875,\n 38.24249456800328\n ],\n [\n -122.73376464843749,\n 38.27700093565902\n ],\n [\n -122.84362792968749,\n 38.41916639395372\n ],\n [\n -123.28308105468749,\n 38.324420427006515\n ],\n [\n -123.2391357421875,\n 38.20797181420939\n ],\n [\n -123.2720947265625,\n 38.052416771864834\n ],\n [\n -123.167724609375,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n -122.9425048828125,\n 37.89219554724434\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -122.6788330078125,\n 37.80544394934274\n ],\n [\n -122.59643554687499,\n 37.53150992479082\n ],\n [\n -122.5579833984375,\n 37.40943717748788\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 37.42252593456307\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e57be4b0c8380cd46d6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foxgrover, Amy C.","contributorId":45775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxgrover","given":"Amy C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnard, Patrick L.","contributorId":54936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnard","given":"Patrick L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038756,"text":"ofr20121061 - 2012 - Assessment of rangeland ecosystem conditions, Salt Creek watershed and Dugout Ranch, southeastern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-20T01:01:36","indexId":"ofr20121061","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1061","title":"Assessment of rangeland ecosystem conditions, Salt Creek watershed and Dugout Ranch, southeastern Utah","docAbstract":"Increasingly, dry rangelands are being valued for multiple services beyond their traditional value as a forage production system. Additional ecosystem services include the potential to store carbon in the soil and plant biomass. In addition, dust emissions from rangelands might be considered an ecosystem detriment, the opposite of an ecosystem service. Dust emitted may have far-reaching impacts, for example, reduction of local air quality, as well as altering regional water supplies through effects on snowpack. Using an extensive rangeland monitoring dataset in the greater Canyonlands region (Utah, USA), we developed a method to estimate indices of the provisioning of three ecosystem services (forage production, dust retention, C storage) and one ecosystem property (nativeness), taking into account both ecosystem type and alternative states within that ecosystem type. We also integrated these four indices into a multifunctionality index. Comparing the currently ungrazed Canyonlands National Park watersheds to the adjacent Dugout Ranch pastures, we found clearly higher multifunctionality was attained in the Park, and that this was primarily driven by greater C-storage and better dust retention. It is unlikely to maximize all benefits and minimize all detriments at the same time. Some goods and services may have synergistic interactions; for example, managing for carbon storage will increase plant and biocrust cover likely lowering dust emission. Likewise, some may have antagonistic interactions. For instance, if carbon is consumed as biomass for livestock production, then carbon storage may be reduced. Ultimately our goal should be to quantify the monetary consequences of specific land use practices for multiple ecosystem services and determine the best land use and adaptive management practices for attaining multiple ecosystem services, minimizing economic detriments, and maximizing economic benefits from multi-commodity rangelands. Our technique is the first step toward this goal, allowing the simultaneous consideration of multiple targeted ecosystem services and properties.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121061","usgsCitation":"Bowker, M.A., Miller, M.E., and Belote, R., 2012, Assessment of rangeland ecosystem conditions, Salt Creek watershed and Dugout Ranch, southeastern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1061, v [vi], 29 p.; Figures: pgs. 30-44; Tables: pgs.45-56; XLS Download of Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121061.","productDescription":"v [vi], 29 p.; Figures: pgs. 30-44; Tables: pgs.45-56; XLS Download of Appendix","startPage":"i","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1061.gif"},{"id":257694,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salt Creek Watershed;Dugout Ranch","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee4de4b0c8380cd49cb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowker, M. A.","contributorId":18901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M. E.","contributorId":104003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belote, R.T.","contributorId":101119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belote","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044464,"text":"70044464 - 2012 - Temporal genetic monitoring of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in the Stehekin River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-03T15:33:11","indexId":"70044464","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal genetic monitoring of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in the Stehekin River, Washington","docAbstract":"Introgressive hybridization with introduced rainbow trout (RBT) (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has led to the loss of native cutthroat trout species (O. clarkii) throughout their range, creating conservation concerns. Monitoring temporal hybridization trends provides resource managers with a tool for determining population status and information for establishing conservation goals for native cutthroat trout. In this study, we re-sampled six locations in 2010 within the Stehekin River watershed, North Cascades National Park, which were originally sampled between 1999 and 2003. We used genetic markers to monitor changes in hybridization levels between sampling periods in the native westslope cutthroat trout (WCT) (O. c. lewisi) stemming from past RBT introductions. Additionally, two new locations from the lower Stehekin drainage were added to the baseline data. We found that the frequency of WCT, RBT, and their hybrids was not significantly different between monitoring periods, but that RBT allele frequencies decreased in two locations and increased in one location. We also found a consistent, substantial reduction in the frequency of RBT alleles over the monitoring period in the Stehekin River upstream of Bridge Creek (SR3) compared to the Stehekin River downstream of Bridge Creek (SR1 -2) and within lower Bridge Creek (BR1) although these three locations are confined to a small geographic area (approximately 5 km). Ecological and/or evolutionary processes likely restrict the dispersal of RBT alleles in the Stehekin River upstream of Bridge Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"Northwest Scientific Association","doi":"10.3955/046.086.0305","usgsCitation":"Ostberg, C.O., and Chase, D., 2012, Temporal genetic monitoring of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in the Stehekin River, Washington: Northwest Science, v. 86, no. 3, p. 198-211, https://doi.org/10.3955/046.086.0305.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033981","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.039,48.454 ], [ -121.039,48.458 ], [ -121.037,48.458 ], [ -121.037,48.454 ], [ -121.039,48.454 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"86","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51444305e4b01f722f6c2597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostberg, Carl O. 0000-0003-1479-8458 costberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1479-8458","contributorId":3031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostberg","given":"Carl","email":"costberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chase, Dorothy M.","contributorId":59319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Dorothy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038726,"text":"fs20123081 - 2012 - February 2012 workshop jumpstarts the Mekong Fish Monitoring Network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-16T01:01:36","indexId":"fs20123081","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3081","title":"February 2012 workshop jumpstarts the Mekong Fish Monitoring Network","docAbstract":"The Mekong River in Southeast Asia travels through a basin rich in natural resources. The river originates on the northern slope of the world's tallest mountains, the Himalaya Range, and then drops elevation quickly through steep mountain gorges, tumbling out of China into Myanmar (Burma) and the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). The precipitous terrain of Lao PDR and Thailand generates interest in the river and its tributaries for hydropower development. The terrain, soils, water, and climate make it one of the world's most biologically rich regions. The Mekong's bounty is again on display in the Mekong River Delta, where rice production has successfully been increased to high levels making Vietnam second only to Thailand as the world's largest rice exporters. At least 800 fish species contribute to the natural resource bounty of the Mekong River and are the basis for one of the world's most productive fisheries that provide the primary protein source to more than 50 million people. Against this backdrop of rich natural resources, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is working with the consulting firm FISHBIO, colleagues from the international Delta Research and Global Observation Network (DRAGON) Institute, and a broad contingent of Southeast Asian representatives and partners from abroad to increase knowledge of the Mekong River fisheries and to develop the capacity of permanent residents to investigate and understand these fisheries resources. With the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) region facing the likelihood of significant environmental changes as a result of both human activities and global climate change, enhancing environmental understanding is critical. To encourage cooperation among the LMB scientists and managers in the study of the Mekong River's fisheries, FISHBIO and the USGS, with generous support from the U.S. State Department, hosted a workshop in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, in February 2012. Workshop participants were from Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Representatives from the governments, universities, nongovernmental organizations, and the Mekong River Commission discussed current and potential methods and mechanisms of the Mekong Fish Monitoring Network. The goals of the workshop were to determine if the Network and associated databases were of interest and value to the LMB nations, to determine if future fisheries monitoring data would be comparable among the nations, and to establish methods and an organizational structure for collaborating on future monitoring and research. The participants in this international workshop agreed that the Network would be useful but would require additional funding to secure their full participation. The USGS and FISHBIO are collaboratively seeking additional funding to expand research participation and projects in all four LMB nations. If the Network can facilitate cooperation among many fisheries researchers in the LMB, the basin would become a model of cooperative international fishery studies and would increase the understanding of a river basin rich in natural resources.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123081","usgsCitation":"Andersen, M.E., and Ainsley, S.M., 2012, February 2012 workshop jumpstarts the Mekong Fish Monitoring Network: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3081, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123081.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3081.gif"},{"id":257625,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3081/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Cambodia;China;Laos;Myanmar (burma);Thailand","city":"Phnom Penh","otherGeospatial":"Mekong River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 88.5,8.5 ], [ 88.5,32.5 ], [ 111.5,32.5 ], [ 111.5,8.5 ], [ 88.5,8.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f47e4b0c8380cd5384e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Matthew E. 0000-0003-4115-5028 mandersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4115-5028","contributorId":3190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Matthew","email":"mandersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":464792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ainsley, Shaara M.","contributorId":107973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ainsley","given":"Shaara","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005928,"text":"70005928 - 2012 - Evaluating remedial alternatives for an acid mine drainage stream: A model post audit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:04:33","indexId":"70005928","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating remedial alternatives for an acid mine drainage stream: A model post audit","docAbstract":"A post audit for a reactive transport model used to evaluate acid mine drainage treatment systems is presented herein. The post audit is based on a paired synoptic approach in which hydrogeochemical data are collected at low (existing conditions) and elevated (following treatment) pH. Data obtained under existing, low-pH conditions are used for calibration, and the resultant model is used to predict metal concentrations observed following treatment. Predictions for Al, As, Fe, H+, and Pb accurately reproduce the observed reduction in dissolved concentrations afforded by the treatment system, and the information provided in regard to standard attainment is also accurate (predictions correctly indicate attainment or nonattainment of water quality standards for 19 of 25 cases). Errors associated with Cd, Cu, and Zn are attributed to misspecification of sorbent mass (precipitated Fe). In addition to these specific results, the post audit provides insight in regard to calibration and sensitivity analysis that is contrary to conventional wisdom. Steps taken during the calibration process to improve simulations of As sorption were ultimately detrimental to the predictive results, for example, and the sensitivity analysis failed to bracket observed metal concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/es2038504","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., Verplanck, P.L., and Broshears, R.E., 2012, Evaluating remedial alternatives for an acid mine drainage stream: A model post audit: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 46, no. 1, p. 340-347, https://doi.org/10.1021/es2038504.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"340","endPage":"347","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257646,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Mineral Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.73133277893065,\n 37.87227881950715\n ],\n [\n -107.73133277893065,\n 37.890976310542925\n ],\n [\n -107.7088451385498,\n 37.890976310542925\n ],\n [\n -107.7088451385498,\n 37.87227881950715\n ],\n [\n -107.73133277893065,\n 37.87227881950715\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bf1e4b0c8380cd52961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":513478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":513477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":68339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":513479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Broshears, Robert E.","contributorId":40675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70004529,"text":"70004529 - 2012 - Estimating pole/zero errors in GSN-IRIS/USGS network calibration metadata","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-16T01:01:36","indexId":"70004529","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating pole/zero errors in GSN-IRIS/USGS network calibration metadata","docAbstract":"Mapping the digital record of a seismograph into true ground motion requires the correction of the data by some description of the instrument's response. For the Global Seismographic Network (Butler et al., 2004), as well as many other networks, this instrument response is represented as a Laplace domain pole–zero model and published in the Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data (SEED) format. This Laplace representation assumes that the seismometer behaves as a linear system, with any abrupt changes described adequately via multiple time-invariant epochs. The SEED format allows for published instrument response errors as well, but these typically have not been estimated or provided to users. We present an iterative three-step method to estimate the instrument response parameters (poles and zeros) and their associated errors using random calibration signals. First, we solve a coarse nonlinear inverse problem using a least-squares grid search to yield a first approximation to the solution. This approach reduces the likelihood of poorly estimated parameters (a local-minimum solution) caused by noise in the calibration records and enhances algorithm convergence. Second, we iteratively solve a nonlinear parameter estimation problem to obtain the least-squares best-fit Laplace pole–zero–gain model. Third, by applying the central limit theorem, we estimate the errors in this pole–zero model by solving the inverse problem at each frequency in a two-thirds octave band centered at each best-fit pole–zero frequency. This procedure yields error estimates of the 99% confidence interval. We demonstrate the method by applying it to a number of recent Incorporated Research Institutions in Seismology/United States Geological Survey (IRIS/USGS) network calibrations (network code IU).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120110195","usgsCitation":"Ringler, A., Hutt, C., Aster, R., Bolton, H., Gee, L., and Storm, T., 2012, Estimating pole/zero errors in GSN-IRIS/USGS network calibration metadata: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 102, no. 2, p. 836-841, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110195.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"841","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257628,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110195","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"102","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b38e4b0c8380cd52616","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ringler, A. T. 0000-0002-9839-4188","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-4188","contributorId":99282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ringler","given":"A. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutt, C. R. 0000-0001-9033-9195","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-9195","contributorId":61910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutt","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aster, R.","contributorId":84153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aster","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bolton, H.","contributorId":50325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolton","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gee, L.S.","contributorId":37980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Storm, T.","contributorId":15454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70004720,"text":"70004720 - 2012 - Evaluating a fish monitoring protocol using state-space hierarchical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T10:49:44","indexId":"70004720","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2948,"text":"Open Fish Science Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating a fish monitoring protocol using state-space hierarchical models","docAbstract":"Using data collected from three river reaches in Montana, we evaluated our ability to detect population trends and predict fish future fish abundance. Data were collected as part of a long-term monitoring program conducted by Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks to primarily estimate rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) abundance in numerous rivers across Montana. We used a hierarchical Bayesian mark-recapture model to estimate fish abundance over time in each of the three river reaches. We then fit a state-space Gompertz model to estimate current trends and future fish populations. Density dependent effects were detected in 1 of the 6 fish populations. Predictions of future fish populations displayed wide credible intervals. Our simulations indicated that given the observed variation in the abundance estimates, the probability of detecting a 30% decline in fish populations over a five-year period was less than 50%. We recommend a monitoring program that is closely tied to management objectives and reflects the precision necessary to make informed management decisions.","language":"English","publisher":"Bentham Open","publisherLocation":"Oak Park, IL","doi":"10.2174/1874401X01205010001","usgsCitation":"Russell, R.E., Schmetterling, D.A., Guy, C.S., Shepard, B.B., McFarland, R., and Skaar, D., 2012, Evaluating a fish monitoring protocol using state-space hierarchical models: Open Fish Science Journal, v. 5, p. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874401X01205010001.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","ipdsId":"IP-030676","costCenters":[{"id":398,"text":"Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474459,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874401x01205010001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":257644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257639,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874401X01205010001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bd8e4b0c8380cd528e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, Robin E. 0000-0001-8726-7303 rerussell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-7303","contributorId":3998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Robin","email":"rerussell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmetterling, David A.","contributorId":20223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmetterling","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guy, Chris S.","contributorId":87423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shepard, Bradley B.","contributorId":57327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McFarland, Robert","contributorId":87822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Skaar, Donald","contributorId":99008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skaar","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}