Temperature is a primary driver of the structure and function of stream ecosystems. However, the lack of stream temperature (ST) data for the vast majority of streams and rivers severely compromises our ability to describe patterns of thermal variation among streams, test hypotheses regarding the effects of temperature on macroecological patterns, and assess the effects of altered STs on ecological resources. Our goal was to develop empirical models that could: 1) quantify the effects of stream and watershed alteration (SWA) on STs, and 2) accurately and precisely predict natural (i.e., reference condition) STs in conterminous USA streams and rivers. We modeled 3 ecologically important elements of the thermal regime: mean summer, mean winter, and mean annual ST. To build reference-condition models (RCMs), we used daily mean ST data obtained from several thousand US Geological Survey temperature sites distributed across the conterminous USA and iteratively modeled ST with Random Forests to identify sites in reference condition. We first created a set of dirty models (DMs) that related STs to both natural factors (e.g., climate, watershed area, topography) and measures of SWA, i.e., reservoirs, urbanization, and agriculture. The 3 models performed well (r2 = 0.84–0.94, residual mean square error [RMSE] = 1.2–2.0°C). For each DM, we used partial dependence plots to identify SWA thresholds below which response in ST was minimal. We then used data from only the sites with upstream SWA below these thresholds to build RCMs with only natural factors as predictors (r2 = 0.87–0.95, RMSE = 1.1–1.9°C). Use of only reference-quality sites caused RCMs to suffer modest loss of predictor space and spatial coverage, but this loss was associated with parts of ST response curves that were flat and, therefore, not responsive to further variation in predictor space. We then compared predictions made with the RCMs to predictions made with the DMs with SWA set to 0. For most DMs, setting SWAs to 0 resulted in biased estimates of thermal reference condition.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1899/12-009.1","usgsCitation":"Hill, R.A., Hawkins, C.P., and Carlisle, D.M., 2013, Predicting thermal reference conditions for USA streams and rivers: Freshwater Science, v. 32, no. 1, p. 39-55, https://doi.org/10.1899/12-009.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"55","ipdsId":"IP-039780","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1899/12-009.1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":347475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07ef3de4b09af898c8cd84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Ryan A.","contributorId":198332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":715712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawkins, Charles P.","contributorId":198331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawkins","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":715711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlisle, Daren M. 0000-0002-7367-348X dcarlisle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7367-348X","contributorId":513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlisle","given":"Daren","email":"dcarlisle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042380,"text":"tm7C9 - 2013 - Approaches in highly parameterized inversion: bgaPEST, a Bayesian geostatistical approach implementation with PEST: documentation and instructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-06T13:04:47","indexId":"tm7C9","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"7-C9","title":"Approaches in highly parameterized inversion: bgaPEST, a Bayesian geostatistical approach implementation with PEST: documentation and instructions","docAbstract":"The application bgaPEST is a highly parameterized inversion software package implementing the Bayesian Geostatistical Approach in a framework compatible with the parameter estimation suite PEST. Highly parameterized inversion refers to cases in which parameters are distributed in space or time and are correlated with one another. The Bayesian aspect of bgaPEST is related to Bayesian probability theory in which prior information about parameters is formally revised on the basis of the calibration dataset used for the inversion. Conceptually, this approach formalizes the conditionality of estimated parameters on the specific data and model available. The geostatistical component of the method refers to the way in which prior information about the parameters is used. A geostatistical autocorrelation function is used to enforce structure on the parameters to avoid overfitting and unrealistic results. Bayesian Geostatistical Approach is designed to provide the smoothest solution that is consistent with the data. Optionally, users can specify a level of fit or estimate a balance between fit and model complexity informed by the data. Groundwater and surface-water applications are used as examples in this text, but the possible uses of bgaPEST extend to any distributed parameter applications.","largerWorkTitle":"Automated Data Processing and Computations (Book 7)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm7C9","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program and Global Change Research and Development. This report is Chapter 9 of Section C, Computer programs, in Book 7, Automated Data Processing and Computations.","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., D'Oria, M., Doherty, J.E., and Hunt, R.J., 2013, Approaches in highly parameterized inversion: bgaPEST, a Bayesian geostatistical approach implementation with PEST: documentation and instructions: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 7-C9, Report: vi, 86 p.; Software; Development GIT Repository, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm7C9.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 86 p.; Software; Development GIT Repository","numberOfPages":"96","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265307,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_7_C9.gif"},{"id":265304,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/07/c09/"},{"id":265305,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/07/c09/Downloads"},{"id":265306,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://github.com/mnfienen-usgs/bgaPEST"},{"id":265308,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/07/c09/pdf/TM7-C9.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ea9ce2e4b02dd6076fad83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D'Oria, Marco","contributorId":24253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D'Oria","given":"Marco","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doherty, John E.","contributorId":8817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7046,"text":"Watermark Numerical Computing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":471426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70045605,"text":"70045605 - 2013 - A review of episodes of zinc phosphide toxicosis in wild geese (Branta spp.) in Oregon (2004−2011)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-04T16:05:59","indexId":"70045605","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2492,"text":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of episodes of zinc phosphide toxicosis in wild geese (Branta spp.) in Oregon (2004−2011)","docAbstract":"Epizootic mortality in several geese species, including cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii) and Canada geese (Branta canadensis), has been recognized in the Willamette Valley of Oregon for over a decade. Birds are generally found dead on a body of water or are occasionally observed displaying neurologic clinical signs such as an inability to raise or control the head prior to death. Investigation of these epizootic mortality events has revealed the etiology to be accidental poisoning with the rodenticide zinc phosphide (Zn3P2). Gross and histologic changes are restricted to acute pulmonary congestion and edema, sometimes accompanied by distension of the upper alimentary tract by fresh grass. Geese are unusually susceptible to this pesticide; when combined with an epidemiologic confluence of depredation of specific agricultural crops by rodents and seasonal avian migration pathways, epizootic toxicosis may occur. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, appropriate sample collection and handling, plus specific test calibration for this toxicant. Interagency cooperation, education of farmers regarding pesticide use, and enforcement of regulations has been successful in greatly decreasing these mortality events since 2009.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publications","doi":"10.1177/1040638712472499","usgsCitation":"Bildfell, R.J., Rumbeiha, W.K., Schuler, K., Meteyer, C.U., Wolff, P.L., and Gillin, C.M., 2013, A review of episodes of zinc phosphide toxicosis in wild geese (Branta spp.) in Oregon (2004−2011): Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 25, no. 1, p. 162-167, https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638712472499.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042698","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638712472499","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":271498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271497,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638712472499"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -124.288330078125,\n 43.667871610117494\n ],\n [\n -124.442138671875,\n 43.34914966389313\n ],\n [\n -124.63989257812499,\n 42.771211138625894\n ],\n [\n -124.46411132812499,\n 41.94314874732696\n ],\n [\n -116.94946289062499,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -116.861572265625,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -117.09228515624999,\n 44.36313311380771\n ],\n [\n -117.01538085937499,\n 44.66083904265621\n ],\n [\n -116.75170898437501,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n 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M.","contributorId":21438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillin","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70042378,"text":"sir20125217 - 2013 - Effects of best-management practices in Bower Creek in the East River priority watershed, Wisconsin, 1991-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-06T12:06:52","indexId":"sir20125217","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5217","title":"Effects of best-management practices in Bower Creek in the East River priority watershed, Wisconsin, 1991-2009","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected at Bower Creek during the periods before best-management practices (BMPs), and after BMPs were installed for evaluation of water-quality improvements. The monitoring was done between 1990 and 2009 with the pre-BMP period ending in July 1994 and the post-BMP period beginning in October 2006. BMPs installed in this basin included streambank protection and fencing, stream crossings, grade stabilization, buffer strips, various barnyard-runoff controls, nutrient management, and a low degree of upland BMPs. Water-quality evaluations included base-flow concentrations and storm loads for total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen. The only reductions detected between the base-flow samples of the pre- and post-BMP periods were in median concentrations of total phosphorus from base-flow samples, but not for total suspended solids or dissolved ammonia nitrogen. Differences in storm loads for the three water-quality constituents monitored were not observed during the study period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Corsi, S., Horwatich, J.A., Rutter, T.D., and Bannerman, R.T., 2013, Effects of best-management practices in Bower Creek in the East River priority watershed, Wisconsin, 1991-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5217, viii, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125217.","productDescription":"viii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5217.gif"},{"id":265294,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5217/"},{"id":265295,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5217/pdf/sir2012-5217_508.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Brown","city":"Bellevue;De Pere;Green Leaf;Morrison","otherGeospatial":"Bower Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.016667,44.341667 ], [ -88.016667,44.433333 ], [ -87.925,44.433333 ], [ -87.925,44.341667 ], [ -88.016667,44.341667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50eaab77e4b02dd6076fada3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corsi, Steven R. srcorsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corsi","given":"Steven R.","email":"srcorsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horwatich, Judy A. 0000-0003-0582-0836 jahorwat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-0836","contributorId":1388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horwatich","given":"Judy","email":"jahorwat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutter, Troy D. 0000-0001-5130-204X tdrutter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-204X","contributorId":2081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutter","given":"Troy","email":"tdrutter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bannerman, Roger T. 0000-0001-9221-2905 rbannerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-2905","contributorId":5560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bannerman","given":"Roger","email":"rbannerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70040467,"text":"70040467 - 2013 - The coming megafloods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-25T15:42:19","indexId":"70040467","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-04T15:32:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3355,"text":"Scientific American","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The coming megafloods","docAbstract":"Geologic evidence shows that truly massive floods, caused by rainfall alone, have occurred in California about every 200 years. The most recent was in 1861, and it bankrupted the state. Such floods were most likely caused by atmospheric rivers: narrow bands of water vapor about a mile above the ocean that extend for thousands of miles. Much smaller forms of these rivers regularly hit California, as well as the western coasts of other countries.\nScientists who created a simulated megastorm, called ARkStorm, that was patterned after the 1861 flood but was less severe, found that such a torrent could force more than a million people to evacuate and cause $400 billion in losses if it happened in California today. Forecasters are getting better at predicting the arrival of atmospheric rivers, which will improve warnings about flooding from the common storms and about the potential for catastrophe from a megastorm.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Scientific American","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/scientificamerican0113-64","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M., and Ingram, B.L., 2013, The coming megafloods: Scientific American, v. 308, p. 64-71, https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0113-64.","startPage":"64","endPage":"71","ipdsId":"IP-041832","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279636,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0113-64"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"308","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52947f87e4b01cca2b116131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingram, B. Lynn","contributorId":105631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70049004,"text":"sir20135203 - 2013 - Comparison of water consumption in two riparian vegetation communities along the central Platte River, Nebraska, 2008–09 and 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-02T11:46:06","indexId":"sir20135203","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-02T11:21:11","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5203","title":"Comparison of water consumption in two riparian vegetation communities along the central Platte River, Nebraska, 2008–09 and 2011","docAbstract":"The Platte River is a vital natural resource for the people, plants, and animals of Nebraska. A recent study quantified water use by riparian woodlands along central reaches of the Platte River, Nebraska, finding that water use was mainly regulated below maximum predicted levels. A comparative study was launched through a cooperative partnership between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Central Platte Natural Resources District, the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources, and the Nebraska Environmental Trust to compare water use of a riparian woodland with that of a grazed riparian grassland along the central Platte River. This report describes the results of the 3-year study by the U.S. Geological Survey to measure the evapotranspiration (ET) rates in the two riparian vegetation communities. Evapotranspiration was measured during 2008–09 and 2011 using the eddy-covariance method at a riparian woodland near Odessa, hereinafter referred to as the “woodland site,” and a riparian grassland pasture near Elm Creek, hereinafter referred to as the “grassland site.” Overall, annual ET totals at the grassland site were 90 percent of the annual ET measured at the woodland site, with averages of 653 millimeters (mm) and 726 mm, respectively. Evapotranspiration rates were similar at the grassland site and the woodland site during the spring and fall seasons, but at the woodland site ET rates were higher than those of the grassland site during the peak-growth summer months of June through August. These seasonal differences and the slightly lower ET rates at the grassland site were likely the result of differing plant communities, disturbance effects related to grazing and flooding, and climatic differences between the sites. The annual water balance was calculated for each site and indicated that the predominant factors in the water balance at both sites were ET and precipitation. Annual precipitation for the study period ranged from near to above the normal precipitation of 640 mm. Substantial precipitation fell in May and October 2008 that caused flooding along the Platte River in May of this especially wet year. There was a deficit in precipitation compared to ET at both sites in 2009 and 2011, leading to a net groundwater use of greater than 140 mm per year at the woodland site and greater than 55 mm per year at the grassland site. This indicates that the net annual groundwater use or recharge depends predominately upon the relation between ET and precipitation in these riparian areas with shallow soil layers above the groundwater table. Prior research at the woodland site provided four additional annual water balances dating back to 2002 for comparison with the study period at the woodland site. Perhaps most striking in this comparison was the 25-percent increase in annual ET for 2008–09 and 2011 despite precipitation totals and potential ET rates that were within the range of those measured in 2002–05. As a result, the water balance indicates that groundwater was discharged 2 of the 3 years of the study. This likely was caused by higher groundwater levels and a healthier plant community in 2008–09 and 2011 relative to the drought-affected years of 2002–05. As a result of these changes, the crop coefficients developed for riparian woodlands during the prior research underestimated 2008–09 and 2011 annual ET rates by an average of 35 percent. Though new crop coefficients were developed by this study, the importance of soil-moisture stress and plant community successional dynamics need to be considered when applying these coefficients at other riparian sites or into the future. Nonetheless, their development and the data on which they are based may provide improved understanding of water consumption by riparian grasslands and riparian woodlands along the central Platte River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135203","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District, the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources, and the Nebraska Environmental Trust","usgsCitation":"Hall, B.M., and Rus, D.L., 2013, Comparison of water consumption in two riparian vegetation communities along the central Platte River, Nebraska, 2008–09 and 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5203, Report: vi, 26 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135203.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 26 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045289","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280572,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5203/"},{"id":280575,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5203/pdf/sir2013-5203.pdf"},{"id":280576,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5203/downloads/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Central Platte River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.5,40 ], [ -100.5,41.5 ], [ 98,41.5 ], [ 98,40 ], [ -100.5,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd521ee4b0b290850f4577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Brent M. 0000-0003-3815-5158 bhall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3815-5158","contributorId":4547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Brent","email":"bhall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rus, David L. 0000-0003-3538-7826 dlrus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3538-7826","contributorId":881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rus","given":"David","email":"dlrus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044662,"text":"70044662 - 2013 - Mississippi River streamflow measurement techniques at St. Louis, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-28T15:45:07","indexId":"70044662","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T21:59:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mississippi River streamflow measurement techniques at St. Louis, Missouri","docAbstract":"Streamflow measurement techniques of the Mississippi River at St. Louis have changed through time (1866–present). In addition to different methods used for discrete streamflow measurements, the density and range of discrete measurements used to define the rating curve (stage versus streamflow) have also changed. Several authors have utilized published water surface elevation (stage) and streamflow data to assess changes in the rating curve, which may be attributed to be caused by flood control and/or navigation structures. The purpose of this paper is to provide a thorough review of the available flow measurement data and techniques and to assess how a strict awareness of the limitations of the data may affect previous analyses. It is concluded that the pre-1930s discrete streamflow measurement data are not of sufficient accuracy to be compared with modern streamflow values in establishing long-term trends of river behavior.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000752","usgsCitation":"Wastson, C.C., Holmes, R.R., and Biedenham, D.S., 2013, Mississippi River streamflow measurement techniques at St. Louis, Missouri: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 139, no. 10, p. 1062-1070, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000752.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1062","endPage":"1070","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-044176","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278491,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000752"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"St. Louis","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.320515,38.532322 ], [ -90.320515,38.774346 ], [ -90.166721,38.774346 ], [ -90.166721,38.532322 ], [ -90.320515,38.532322 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"139","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526f8779e4b0493c992ecdaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wastson, Chester C.","contributorId":102376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wastson","given":"Chester","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":476186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biedenham, David S.","contributorId":27782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biedenham","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70046907,"text":"70046907 - 2013 - 2011 monitoring and tracking wet nitrogen deposition at Rocky Mountain National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:38:21","indexId":"70046907","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T16:21:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRR-2013/701","title":"2011 monitoring and tracking wet nitrogen deposition at Rocky Mountain National Park","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Morris, K., Mast, A., Wetherbee, G., Baron, J., Taipale, C., Blett, T., Gay, D., and Heath, J., 2013, 2011 monitoring and tracking wet nitrogen deposition at Rocky Mountain National Park: Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRR-2013/701, vi, 23 p.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"34","ipdsId":"IP-046014","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287642,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nature.nps.gov/air/pubs/pdf/rmnp-trends/rmnp-trends_2011.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.913714,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.158067 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5385b3e0e4b09e18fc023a04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, Kristi","contributorId":45197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Kristi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, Alisa","contributorId":34002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"Alisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetherbee, Greg","contributorId":51617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetherbee","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taipale, Curt","contributorId":86237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taipale","given":"Curt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blett, Tamara","contributorId":61070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blett","given":"Tamara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gay, David","contributorId":43245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heath, Jared","contributorId":33620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"Jared","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70047609,"text":"70047609 - 2013 - Sculpin and round goby assessment, Lake Ontario 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T14:19:45","indexId":"70047609","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:59:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Sculpin and round goby assessment, Lake Ontario 2012","docAbstract":"Historically slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus were the most abundant native, benthic prey fish in\nLake Ontario and important prey for juvenile lake trout. Over the past 34 years, slimy sculpin\nabundance has fluctuated, but generally decreased, with a substantial decline occurring in the\npast 10 years. The 2012 slimy sculpin mean density (0.005 ind.·m-2, sd=0.012, n=62) and mean\nbiomass density (0.058 g·m-2 , s.d= 0.120, n=62) were the lowest recorded in the 27 years of\nsampling using the original bottom trawl design. An absence of slimy sculpin less than 50mm\n(age-0) in the past 10 years suggests population declines are the result of reduced recruitment\npotentially due to predation or reduced reproductive effort. Over the entire time series, the depth\nof maximum slimy sculpin abundance has steadily increased from 65m to 125m. Depthassociated\nsculpin behavior may be a result of water clarity changes that intensify predation risk\nat shallower depths or a food related response where sculpin have moved deeper to habitats that\nstill support low densities of Diporeia, a favored food source. In the fall of 2012, round goby\ndensity (0.526 individuals·m-2) was two orders of magnitude greater than slimy sculpin,\nsuggesting round goby are now the dominant benthic prey fish in Lake Ontario. Invasive\nspecies, piscivory, and declines in native benthic invertebrates are likely important drivers of\nslimy sculpin population dynamics.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"2012 Annual Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Weidel, B., Walsh, M.G., and Connerton, M., 2013, Sculpin and round goby assessment, Lake Ontario 2012, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-044482","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.8979,43.1664 ], [ -79.8979,44.2583 ], [ -76.0362,44.2583 ], [ -76.0362,43.1664 ], [ -79.8979,43.1664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53870571e4b0aa26cd7b53ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weidel, Brian 0000-0001-6095-2773 bweidel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6095-2773","contributorId":2485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weidel","given":"Brian","email":"bweidel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walsh, Maureen G.","contributorId":92506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Maureen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connerton, M.J.","contributorId":71084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connerton","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70100648,"text":"70100648 - 2013 - Dispersal of fine sediment in nearshore coastal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-04T15:42:01","indexId":"70100648","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:40:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dispersal of fine sediment in nearshore coastal waters","docAbstract":"Fine sediment (silt and clay) plays an important role in the physical, ecological, and environmental conditions of coastal systems, yet little is known about the dispersal and fate of fine sediment across coastal margin settings outside of river mouths. Here I provide simple physical scaling and detailed monitoring of a beach nourishment project near Imperial Beach, California, with a high portion of fines (40% silt and clay by weight). These results provide insights into the pathways and residence times of fine sediment transport across a wave-dominated coastal margin. Monitoring of the project used physical, optical, acoustic, and remote sensing techniques to track the fine portion of the nourishment sediment. The initial transport of fine sediment from the beach was influenced strongly by longshore currents of the surf zone that were established in response to the approach angles of the waves. The mean residence time of fine sediment in the surf zone—once it was suspended—was approximately 1 hour, and rapid decreases in surf zone fine sediment concentrations along the beach resulted from mixing and offshore transport in turbid rip heads. For example, during a day with oblique wave directions and surf zone longshore currents of approximately 25 cm/s, the offshore losses of fine sediment in rips resulted in a 95% reduction in alongshore surf zone fine sediment flux within 1 km of the nourishment site. However, because of the direct placement of nourishment sediment on the beach, fine suspended-sediment concentrations in the swash zone remained elevated for several days after nourishment, while fine sediment was winnowed from the beach. Once offshore of the surf zone, fine sediment settled downward in the water column and was observed to transport along and across the inner shelf. Vertically sheared currents influenced the directions and rates of fine sediment transport on the shelf. Sedimentation of fine sediment was greatest on the seafloor directly offshore of the nourishment site. However, a mass balance of sediment suggests that the majority of the fine sediment moved far away (over 2 km) from the nourishment site or to water depths greater than 10 m, where fine sediment represents a substantial portion of the bed material. Thus, the fate of fine sediment in nearshore waters was influenced strongly by wave conditions, surf zone and rip current transport, and the vertical density and flow conditions of coastal waters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00087.1","usgsCitation":"Warrick, J., 2013, Dispersal of fine sediment in nearshore coastal waters: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 29, no. 3, p. 579-596, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00087.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"596","numberOfPages":"18","ipdsId":"IP-034702","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285752,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00087.1"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559007e4b0120853e8bed6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warrick, Jonathan A. 0000-0002-0205-3814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-3814","contributorId":48255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046960,"text":"70046960 - 2013 - Identification of metrics to monitor salt marsh integrity on National Wildlife Refuges in relation to conservation and management objectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T15:52:10","indexId":"70046960","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:25:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Identification of metrics to monitor salt marsh integrity on National Wildlife Refuges in relation to conservation and management objectives","docAbstract":"Most salt marshes in the US have been degraded by human activities, and threats from physical alterations, surrounding land-use, species invasions, and global climate change persist. Salt marshes are unique and highly productive ecosystems with high intrinsic value to wildlife, and many National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) have been established in coastal areas to protect large tracts of salt marsh and wetland-dependent species. Various management practices are employed routinely on coastal NWRs to restore and enhance marsh integrity and ensure ecosystem sustainability. Prioritizing NWR salt marshes for application of management actions and choosing among multiple management options requires scientifically-based methods for assessing marsh condition.
\nMonitoring is integral to structured decision-making (SDM), a formal process for decomposing a decision into its essential elements. Within a natural resource context, SDM involves identifying management objectives, alternative management actions, and expected management outcomes. The core of SDM is a set of criteria for measuring system performance and evaluating management responses. Therefore, use of SDM to frame natural resource decisions leads to logical selection of monitoring attributes that are linked explicitly to management needs.
\nWe used SDM to guide selection of variables for monitoring the ecological integrity of salt marshes within the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS). Our objectives were to identify indicators of salt marsh integrity that are effective across large geographic regions, responsive to a wide range of threats, and feasible to implement within funding and staffing constraints of the NWRS. In April, 2008, we engaged interdisciplinary experts in a week-long rapid prototyping SDM workshop to define the essential elements of salt marsh management decisions on refuges throughout the northeastern, southwestern, and northwestern US, corresponding to respective Regions 5, 2, and 1 of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Through this process we identified measurable attributes for monitoring salt marsh ecosystems that are integrated into conservation practice and target management objectives.
\nThe following salt marsh attributes were identified through the SDM process either for describing state condition to determine management needs or for evaluating the achievement of management objectives: historical condition and geomorphic setting; ditch density; surrounding land use; ratio of open water area to vegetation area; rate of pesticide application; environmental contaminant concentration; change in marsh surface elevation relative to sea level rise; tidal range and groundwater level; surface topography; salinity; and species composition and abundance of vegetation, invasive species, invertebrates, nekton, and breeding and wintering birds.
\nThe identified attributes were too broadly defined to serve as operational monitoring variables. Therefore, we tested specific metrics for quantifying most of these attributes in summers of 2008 and 2009. The first four attributes in the above list can be characterized by office-based analysis of existing GIS data layers. The remaining attributes require field-based methods for assessment. We were forced to exclude a small number of attributes from field tests due to inconsistent data (pesticide application rate, environmental contaminant concentrations) or requirements that exceeded the scope of this project (change in marsh surface elevation; surface topography; benthic invertebrates; wintering birds). We evaluated potential metrics for evaluating all remaining field attributes.
\nIn partnership with NWRS biologists, we tested rapid versus intensive metrics for monitoring field attributes (tidal range and groundwater level; marsh surface elevation; salinity; and species composition and abundance of vegetation, invasive species, nekton, and breeding birds) at coastal refuges throughout FWS Region 5. Seven refuges participated in metric testing in 2008: Rachel Carson (ME), Parker River (MA), Wertheim (NY), E. B. Forsythe (NJ), Bombay Hook (DE), Prime Hook (DE), and Eastern Shore of Virginia Complex (VA). These seven and two additional refuges participated in metric testing in 2009: Rhode Island Complex (RI) and Stewart B. McKinney (CT). We based all field metrics on existing protocols for salt marsh assessment. Sampling locations were determined randomly within delineated marsh study units (MSUs) at each refuge. Detailed field methods are provided in appendices to this report.
\nMeasurements for individual metrics were averaged across samples within MSUs during each year of sampling. Each year, correlation or regression analysis was conducted on average measurements across MSUs within each attribute set to identify redundant metrics. Statistical redundancy between a pair of metrics within an attribute set (i.e., correlation or regression slopes with p-values < 0.05) was considered justification for eliminating one of the pair from the regional set of monitoring metrics. Decisions regarding metric elimination versus retention were based on feasibility of monitoring, considering such factors as sampling time, resources required, and potential for regional standardization in implementation.
\nThe result of these tests is a reduced suite of monitoring metrics that targets NWRS management decisions and is practicable for implementing on a regional scale. Based on these tests, we recommend the following list of metrics for monitoring integrity of NWRS salt marshes (marsh attribute category is in parentheses): (historical condition and geomorphic setting) position of marsh in the landscape, marsh shape, degree of fill and/or fragmentation, degree of tidal flushing, amount of aquatic edge; (ditch density) ranking of ditch density from none to severe; (surrounding land use) relative proportion of agricultural land in a 150-m buffer around the marsh, relative proportion of natural land in a 150-m buffer around the marsh, relative proportion of natural land in a 1-km buffer around the marsh; (ratio of open water area to vegetation area) ratio of open water to emergent herbaceous wetlands within the marsh; (marsh surface elevation) elevation referenced to NAVD88 in a representative area of the marsh; (tidal range and groundwater level) percent of time the marsh surface is flooded during deployment of a continuous water-level monitor at a representative marsh location, mean depth of surface flooding as measured by a continuous water-level monitor at a representative location; (salinity) salinity measured in surface water; (vegetation community) vegetation species richness using the point-intercept method in 100-m diameter survey plots, percent cover of various marsh community types within 100-m diameter survey plots; (invasive species abundance) percent cover of invasive plant species measured using the point-intercept method in 100-m diameter survey plots; (nekton community) nekton density, nekton species richness, length of Fundulus heteroclitus; (breeding bird community) abundance of Willets counted per point during standard call-broadcast surveys, summed abundance of tidal marsh obligate species (Clapper Rail, Willet, Saltmarsh Sparrow, Seaside Sparrow) counted per point during standard call-broadcast surveys. Metrics describing the historical condition, geomorphic setting, and broad landscape features can be assessed using existing GIS databases. Our results support use of rapid methods to assess the majority of field metrics; only those used to describe the nekton community must be measured using intensive methods (throw traps or ditch nets, dependant on habitat configuration).
\nImplementation of these metrics for quantitative assessment of NWRS salt marsh integrity in FWS Region 5 requires developing sampling designs for each refuge. Additionally, it is important to determine how the monitoring information will be used within a management context. SDM should be used to complete the analysis of salt marsh management decisions. The next steps would involve 1) prioritizing and weighting the management objectives; 2) predicting responses to individual management actions in terms of objectives and metrics; 3) using multiattribute utility theory to convert all measurable attributes to a common utility scale; 4) determining the total management benefit of each action by summing utilities across objectives; and 5) maximizing the total management benefits within cost constraints for each refuge. This process would allow the optimum management decisions for NWRS salt marshes to be selected and implemented based directly on monitoring data and current understanding of marsh responses to management actions. Monitoring the outcome of management actions would then allow new monitoring data to be incorporated into subsequent decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","collaboration":"Report submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, Hadley, MA","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., Guntenspergen, G.R., Shriver, W.G., Danz, N.P., Wiest, W.A., Nagel, J.L., and Olker, J., 2013, Identification of metrics to monitor salt marsh integrity on National Wildlife Refuges in relation to conservation and management objectives, x, 226 p.","productDescription":"x, 226 p.","numberOfPages":"240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-043211","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":326161,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/prodabs/pubpdfs/7828_Neckles.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge Complex, E. 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hneckles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-2314","contributorId":3821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"Hilary","email":"hneckles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shriver, W. George","contributorId":97424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shriver","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danz, Nicholas P.","contributorId":40898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danz","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wiest, Whitney A.","contributorId":96589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiest","given":"Whitney","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nagel, Jessica L. 0000-0002-4437-0324 jnagel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4437-0324","contributorId":3976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagel","given":"Jessica","email":"jnagel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Olker, Jennifer H.","contributorId":80187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olker","given":"Jennifer H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70057592,"text":"70057592 - 2013 - Adaptive harvest management for the Svalbard population of pink-footed geese: briefing summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-11T15:21:55","indexId":"70057592","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:05:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Adaptive harvest management for the Svalbard population of pink-footed geese: briefing summary","docAbstract":"The African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA; http://www.unep-aewa.org/) calls for means to manage populations which cause conflicts with certain human economic activities. The Svalbard population of the pink-footed goose has been selected as the first test case for such an international species management plan to be developed. This document describes progress to date on the development of an adaptive harvest management (AHM) strategy for maintaining pink-footed goose abundance near their target level by providing for sustainable harvasts in Norway and Denmark. This briefing supplements material provided in the Progress Summary distributed to the International Working Group on February 1, 2013.
\nWe emphasize that peer review is an essential aspect of the process of developing and implementing an AHM program for pink-footed geese, and we will continue to solicit reviews by the International Working Group and their staff, as well as scientists not engaged in this effort. We wish to make the Working Group aware the the following two manuscripts have been submitted recently to refereed journals and are available upon request from the senior authors:
\nJensen, G.H., J. Madsen, F.A. Johnson, and M. Tamstorf. Snow conditions as an estimator of the breeding output in high-Arctic pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus. Polar Biology: In review.
\nJohnson, F.A., G.H. Jensen, J. Madsen, and B.K. Williams. Uncertainity, robustness, and the value of information in managing an expanding Arctic goose population. Ecological Modeling: In review.
\nIn addition to these manuscripts, the Progress Summary (February 1, 2013), and this Briefing Summary (April 23, 2013) an annual report will be produced in August 2013 and every summer thereafter. Additional manuscripts for journal publication are also anticipated.","language":"English","publisher":"AEWA","usgsCitation":"Johnson, F.A., 2013, Adaptive harvest management for the Svalbard population of pink-footed geese: briefing summary, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-045930","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286307,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53558fc3e4b0120853e8be20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Fred A. 0000-0002-5854-3695 fjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5854-3695","contributorId":2773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred","email":"fjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044420,"text":"70044420 - 2013 - Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-03T15:17:55.788934","indexId":"70044420","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:48:55","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010","docAbstract":"Throughout the past century, emergent wetlands have been declining across the Gulf of Mexico. Emergent wetland ecosystems provide many resources, including plant and wildlife habitat, commercial and recreational economic activity, water quality, and natural barriers against storms. As emergent wetland losses increase, so does the need for information on the causes and effects of this loss; emergent wetland mapping, monitoring and restoration efforts; and education. The Emergent Wetlands Status and Trends in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010 report provides scientists, managers, and citizens with valuable baseline information on the background, current status, and historical trends of estuarine and palustrine emergent wetlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, causes of status change, emergent wetlands mapping and monitoring, and restoration and enhancement activities. This presentation examines emergent wetlands in six individual estuarine areas, including Corpus Christi/Nueces/Aransas Bays and Galveston Bay in Texas; Mississippi Sound in Mississippi; Mobile Bay in Alabama; and the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay in Florida.","conferenceTitle":"ASLO 2013, Aquatic Sciences Meeting","conferenceDate":"February 17-22, 2013","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, Louisiana","usgsCitation":"2013, Emergent wetlands status and trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010, ASLO 2013, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 17-22, 2013.","numberOfPages":"1","ipdsId":"IP-041420","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98aee4e4b0702d0e843e94"} ,{"id":70098030,"text":"70098030 - 2013 - Application of ground-truth for classification and quantification of bird movements on migratory bird habitat initiative sites in southwest Louisiana: final report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T14:47:23","indexId":"70098030","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:31:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Application of ground-truth for classification and quantification of bird movements on migratory bird habitat initiative sites in southwest Louisiana: final report","docAbstract":"
This project was initiated to assess migrating and wintering bird use of lands \nenrolled in the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s (NRCS) Migratory Bird Habitat \nInitiative (MBHI). The MBHI program was developed in response to the Deepwater \nHorizon oil spill in 2010, with the goal of improving/creating habitat for waterbirds \naffected by the spill. In collaboration with the University of Delaware (UDEL), we used \nweather surveillance radar data (Sieges 2014), portable marine radar data, thermal \ninfrared images, and visual observations to assess bird use of MBHI easements. \nMigrating and wintering birds routinely make synchronous flights near dusk (e.g., \ndeparture during migration, feeding flights during winter). Weather radars readily detect \nbirds at the onset of these flights and have proven to be useful remote sensing tools for \nassessing bird-habitat relations during migration and determining the response of \nwintering waterfowl to wetland restoration (e.g., Wetlands Reserve Program lands). \nHowever, ground-truthing is required to identify radar echoes to species or species group. \nWe designed a field study to ground-truth a larger-scale, weather radar assessment of bird \nuse of MBHI sites in southwest Louisiana. We examined seasonal bird use of MBHI \nfields in fall, winter, and spring of 2011-2012. To assess diurnal use, we conducted total \narea surveys of MBHI sites in the afternoon, collecting data on bird species composition, \nabundance, behavior, and habitat use. In the evenings, we quantified bird activity at the \nMBHI easements and described flight behavior (i.e., birds landing in, departing from, \ncircling, or flying over the MBHI tract). Our field sampling captured the onset of evening \nflights and spanned the period of collection of the weather radar data analyzed. Pre- and \npost-dusk surveys were conducted using a portable radar system and a thermal infrared \ncamera.
\nLandbirds, shorebirds, and wading birds were commonly found on MBHI fields \nduring diurnal surveys in the fall. Ducks (breeding and early migrating species) were also \ndetected on diurnal surveys, but were less abundant than the previously mentioned taxa. \nWading birds were the most abundant taxa observed during evening surveys up to 5 min \nbefore dusk when their numbers declined and duck densities increased. Ducks accounted \nfor 64.0% of all birds detected from 0-5 min before dusk. Most ducks observed at that time were flyovers (71.4%), but circling (9.2%), departing (12.1%), and landing birds \n(7.4%) were also detected.
\nIn fall, the portable radar system detected two peaks in bird movement: one \nshortly before sunset and a second shortly after dusk. The later movement began just \nbefore dusk, peaked approximately 9 min after dusk, and concluded within 20 min after \ndusk. The flight headings of birds changed in relation to time from dusk. In general, the \nmajority of targets flew towards the southwest before dusk and towards the northeast \nafter dusk. The change in flight direction pre- and post-dusk may be related to \nmovements dominated by migratory versus local flight.
\nIn winter, ducks, shorebirds, wading birds, and landbirds were the most abundant \ntaxa in diurnal surveys. Geese were abundant at times, but their frequency of occurrence \nand densities were highly variable. The majority of ducks, shorebirds, and wading birds \nwere observed feeding in MBHI fields. Landbirds and geese were more commonly seen \nresting. Overwintering ducks and geese dominated the movements near dusk (95.9% of \nall birds ≤ 5 min pre-dusk). Ducks were more frequently observed landing in (40.8%) and \nflying over (33.5%) MBHI fields while geese were mainly observed circling (54.7%) and \nflying over (38.9%) sites. Most of the shorebirds detected < 5 min before dusk (74.6% of \nall shorebirds) were departing the MBHI fields. Portable radar and thermal infrared \ncamera data indicate that large northeastward movements of waterfowl (99.9% of birds \nidentified to taxa) occurred after dusk (~10 min post-dusk). Most birds observed on radar \nduring this peak were flyovers and did not use the MBHI fields (78.9%); however, birds \nwere detected landing in (10.9%) and departing from (2.9%) MBHI fields. The post-dusk \nmovements may have been waterfowl feeding flights that routinely occur in southwest \nLouisiana between roost sites in coastal marsh and foraging sites in agricultural fields to \nthe north. After the conclusion of these movements ca. 30 min post-dusk, portable radar \ndata showed little activity through the night until approximately 0.5 to 1.5 hr pre-dawn. \nRadar data within 30 min pre-dawn indicate that most birds departed MBHI fields on \nflight headings toward the southwest. The pre-dawn movements were likely waterfowl \ndeparting from their foraging sites and returning to roosting areas in coastal marshes to \nthe south.
\nShorebirds, ducks, and wading birds were the most abundant taxa during diurnal \nsurveys of MBHI fields in spring, and the majority of individuals were observed actively \nforaging rather than resting. Breeding, overwintering, and transient migrant species were \nall detected on MBHI fields. Near dusk, the majority of birds in flight were ducks (67.7% of all birds) that were flying over (38.2%), departing from (34.2%), or landing in (22.9%) MBHI fields. These results contrast with our winter observations when 40.8% of ducks landed in MBHI fields and 9.1% departed from fields. Portable radar and thermal camera data documented a peak in bird movements shortly after dusk, however, the peak was of lower magnitude than observed in the winter. Thermal camera data identified the birds as mostly shorebirds (57.3%) and waterfowl (40.4%). Flight headings were more variable than winter and lacked an undirectional flow. After the post-dusk movement had concluded, bird activity remained low throughout the night until approximately 30 min before dawn when a small peck in activity was observed. Flight headings during the pre-dawn were variable and multidirectional.
\nWe compared bird abundance data collected by each of our three sampling \ntechniques (portable radar, thermal infrared camera, and direct visual observation) for the \n45-min observation period immediately preceding dusk; the period when all three survey \nmethods were used simultaneously. Abundance data from the three methods were \nsignificantly correlated at P ≤ 0.05.
\nWe documented diurnal and nocturnal bird use of MBHI fields. Most \nobservations near dusk in winter, when weather radar data were sampled, were of ducks \nand geese, and in spring, shorebirds and ducks. Our winter observations show large \nsynchronous movements of waterfowl occurring near dusk. These birds were moving to \nthe NE and feeding in agricultural fields at night. Portable radar data suggest that birds \nstay in these fields through the night and make return flights near dawn.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Barrow, W., Baldwin, M., Randall, L.A., Pitre, J., and Dudley, K.J., 2013, Application of ground-truth for classification and quantification of bird movements on migratory bird habitat initiative sites in southwest Louisiana: final report, ix, 102 p.","productDescription":"ix, 102 p.","numberOfPages":"111","ipdsId":"IP-051038","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284055,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/nra/ceap/?cid=stelprdb1186080"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.4281,29.7777 ], [ -93.4281,30.6302 ], [ -92.5736,30.6302 ], [ -92.5736,29.7777 ], [ -93.4281,29.7777 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53558fc8e4b0120853e8be3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrow, Wylie C. 0000-0003-4671-2823 barroww@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":1988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"Wylie C.","email":"barroww@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldwin, Michael J. 0000-0003-1939-5439 baldwinm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1939-5439","contributorId":3294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Michael J.","email":"baldwinm@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randall, Lori A. 0000-0003-0100-994X randalll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-994X","contributorId":2678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Lori","email":"randalll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitre, John","contributorId":83024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitre","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dudley, Kyle J.","contributorId":93821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70058653,"text":"70058653 - 2013 - User's guide and metadata for WestuRe: U.S. Pacific Coast estuary/watershed data and R tools","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T15:26:52","indexId":"70058653","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:22:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"User's guide and metadata for WestuRe: U.S. Pacific Coast estuary/watershed data and R tools","docAbstract":"There are about 350 estuaries along the U.S. Pacific Coast (U.S. Fish andWildlife 2011). Basic descriptive data for these estuaries, such as their size and watershed area, are important for coastal-scale research and conservation planning. However, this information is spread among many sources, making it difficult to find and standardize. The goal of the WestuRe Project is to provide a framework to: (1) make general descriptive data for estuaries and their watersheds more accessible, and (2) provide tools to make analyzing and visualizing these data easier.
\nThe WestuRe download includes data describing U.S. Pacific Coast estuaries and their corresponding watersheds from northern Washington (including the region located along the Strait of Juan de Fuca that goes from Port Townsend to Cape Flattery, 48.383°N) to southern California (Tijuana Estuary, 32.557°N), excluding Puget Sound proper and coastal islands (Fig. 1). The WestuRe data currently include shapefiles of estuary and watershed polygons as well as CSV files summarizing geomorphological and climate data (Fig. 2, Section 2). The WestuRe tools help users extract and view relevant data using the statistical program R and Google Earth (Fig. 3, Section 3).
\nPotential applications of the data include:
\nSince the 1940s, the Rio Grande in the Big Bend region has undergone long periods of channel narrowing, which have been occasionally interrupted by rare, large floods that widen the channel (termed a channel reset). The most recent channel reset occurred in 2008 following a 17-year period of extremely low stream flow and rapid channel narrowing. Flooding was caused by precipitation associated with the remnants of tropical depression Lowell in the Rio Conchos watershed, the largest tributary to the Rio Grande. Floodwaters approached 1500 m3/s (between a 13 and 15 year recurrence interval) and breached levees, inundated communities, and flooded the alluvial valley of the Rio Grande; the wetted width exceeding 2.5 km in some locations. The 2008 flood had the 7th largest magnitude of record, however, conveyed the largest volume of water than any other flood. Because of the narrow pre-flood channel conditions, record flood stages occurred.
We used pre- and post-flood aerial photographs, channel and floodplain surveys, and 1-dimensional hydraulic models to quantify the magnitude of channel change, investigate the controls of flood-induced geomorphic changes, and measure the post-flood response of the widened channel. These analyses show that geomorphic changes included channel widening, meander migration, avulsions, extensive bar formation, and vertical floodplain accretion. Reach-averaged channel widening between 26 and 52% occurred, but in some localities exceeded 500%. The degree and style of channel response was related, but not limited to, three factors: 1) bed-load supply and transport, 2) pre-flood channel plan form, and 3) rapid declines in specific stream power downstream of constrictions and areas of high channel bed slope. The post-flood channel response has consisted of channel contraction through the aggradation of the channel bed and the formation of fine-grained benches inset within the widened channel margins. The most significant post-flood geomorphic changes have occurred at and downstream from ephemeral tributaries that contribute large volumes of sediment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.020","usgsCitation":"Dean, D.J., and Schmidt, J.C., 2013, The geomorphic effectiveness of a large flood on the Rio Grande in the Big Bend region: insights on geomorphic controls and post-flood geomorphic response: Geomorphology, v. 201, p. 183-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.020.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-041892","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288030,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.020"}],"country":"Mexico;United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend National Park;Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.0951,28.9719 ], [ -105.0951,30.1996 ], [ -102.1204,30.1996 ], [ -102.1204,28.9719 ], [ -105.0951,28.9719 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"201","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"538eee9fe4b0d497d4968550","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, David J. 0000-0003-0203-088X djdean@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-088X","contributorId":131047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"David","email":"djdean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, John C. 0000-0002-2988-3869 jcschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-3869","contributorId":1983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"John","email":"jcschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003787,"text":"70003787 - 2013 - Relationships between ecosystem metabolism, benthic macroinvertebrate densities, and environmental variables in a sub-arctic Alaskan river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-30T13:50:22","indexId":"70003787","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:40:37","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between ecosystem metabolism, benthic macroinvertebrate densities, and environmental variables in a sub-arctic Alaskan river","docAbstract":"Relationships between environmental variables, ecosystem metabolism, and benthos are not well understood in sub-arctic ecosystems. The goal of this study was to investigate environmental drivers of river ecosystem metabolism and macroinvertebrate density in a sub-arctic river. We estimated primary production and respiration rates, sampled benthic macroinvertebrates, and monitored light intensity, discharge rate, and nutrient concentrations in the Chena River, interior Alaska, over two summers. We employed Random Forests models to identify predictor variables for metabolism rates and benthic macroinvertebrate density and biomass, and calculated Spearman correlations between in-stream nutrient levels and metabolism rates. Models indicated that discharge and length of time between high water events were the most important factors measured for predicting metabolism rates. Discharge was the most important variable for predicting benthic macroinvertebrate density and biomass. Primary production rate peaked at intermediate discharge, respiration rate was lowest at the greatest time since last high water event, and benthic macroinvertebrate density was lowest at high discharge rates. The ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to soluble reactive phosphorus ranged from 27:1 to 172:1. We found that discharge plays a key role in regulating stream ecosystem metabolism, but that low phosphorous levels also likely limit primary production in this sub-arctic stream.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10750-012-1272-0","usgsCitation":"Benson, E.R., Wipfli, M.S., Clapcott, J.E., and Hughes, N.F., 2013, Relationships between ecosystem metabolism, benthic macroinvertebrate densities, and environmental variables in a sub-arctic Alaskan river: Hydrobiologia, v. 701, no. 1, p. 189-207, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1272-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"207","ipdsId":"IP-028102","costCenters":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11122/6957","text":"External Repository"},{"id":275585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275584,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1272-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chena River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147.93,64.74 ], [ -147.93,64.90 ], [ -147.44,64.90 ], [ -147.44,64.74 ], [ -147.93,64.74 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"701","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f8e064e4b0cecbe8fa98a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Emily R.","contributorId":41315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wipfli, Mark S. 0000-0002-4856-6068 mwipfli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-6068","contributorId":1425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"Mark","email":"mwipfli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clapcott, Joanne E.","contributorId":71464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapcott","given":"Joanne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, Nicholas F.","contributorId":40497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70046819,"text":"70046819 - 2013 - Sediment Transport from Urban, Urbanizing, and Rural Areas in Johnson County, Kansas, 2006-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-02T13:58:37","indexId":"70046819","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:38:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Sediment Transport from Urban, Urbanizing, and Rural Areas in Johnson County, Kansas, 2006-08","docAbstract":"1. Studies have commonly illustrated that erosion and sediment transport from construction sites is extensive, typically 10-100X that of background levels.
\n2. However, to our knowledge, the affects of construction and urbanization have rarely been assessed (1) since erosion and sediment controls have been required at construction sites, and (2) at watershed (5-65 mi2) scales. This is primarily because of difficulty characterizing sediment loads in small basins. Studies (such as that illustrated from Timble, 1999) illustrated how large changes in surface erosion may not result in substantive changes in downstream sediment loads (b/c of sediment deposition on land-surfaces, floodplains, and in stream channels).
\n3. Improved technology (in-situ turbidity) sensors provide a good application b/c they provide an independent surrogate of sediment concentration that is more accurate at estimating sediment concentrations and loads that instantaneous streamflow.
","conferenceTitle":"Seventh National Monitoring Conference: Monitoring From the Summit to the Sea","conferenceDate":"2010-04-24T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program","usgsCitation":"Lee, C., 2013, Sediment Transport from Urban, Urbanizing, and Rural Areas in Johnson County, Kansas, 2006-08, 22 p.","productDescription":"22 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-016000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289392,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ks.water.usgs.gov/mill-creek-sediment"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Johnson County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.056497,38.738078 ], [ -95.056497,39.061388 ], [ -94.607382,39.061388 ], [ -94.607382,38.738078 ], [ -95.056497,38.738078 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b20ce4b0388651d918ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Casey J. 0000-0002-5753-2038","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5753-2038","contributorId":31062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Casey J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70095242,"text":"70095242 - 2013 - Electromagnetic-induction logging to monitor changing chloride concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:43:03","indexId":"70095242","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:34:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electromagnetic-induction logging to monitor changing chloride concentrations","docAbstract":"Water from the San Joaquin Delta, having chloride concentrations up to 3590 mg/L, has intruded fresh water aquifers underlying Stockton, California. Changes in chloride concentrations at depth within these aquifers were evaluated using sequential electromagnetic (EM) induction logs collected during 2004 through 2007 at seven multiple-well sites as deep as 268 m. Sequential EM logging is useful for identifying changes in groundwater quality through polyvinyl chloride-cased wells in intervals not screened by wells. These unscreened intervals represent more than 90% of the aquifer at the sites studied. Sequential EM logging suggested degrading groundwater quality in numerous thin intervals, typically between 1 and 7 m in thickness, especially in the northern part of the study area. Some of these intervals were unscreened by wells, and would not have been identified by traditional groundwater sample collection. Sequential logging also identified intervals with improving water quality—possibly due to groundwater management practices that have limited pumping and promoted artificial recharge. EM resistivity was correlated with chloride concentrations in sampled wells and in water from core material. Natural gamma log data were used to account for the effect of aquifer lithology on EM resistivity. Results of this study show that a sequential EM logging is useful for identifying and monitoring the movement of high-chloride water, having lower salinities and chloride concentrations than sea water, in aquifer intervals not screened by wells, and that increases in chloride in water from wells in the area are consistent with high-chloride water originating from the San Joaquin Delta rather than from the underlying saline aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00944.x","usgsCitation":"Metzger, L.F., and Izbicki, J., 2013, Electromagnetic-induction logging to monitor changing chloride concentrations: Ground Water, v. 51, no. 1, p. 108-121, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00944.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282975,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282970,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00944.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Stockton","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.419736,37.887747 ], [ -121.419736,38.0583 ], [ -121.184019,38.0583 ], [ -121.184019,37.887747 ], [ -121.419736,37.887747 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd574ee4b0b290850f7673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metzger, Loren F. 0000-0003-2454-2966 lmetzger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-2966","contributorId":1378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Loren","email":"lmetzger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":491151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048305,"text":"70048305 - 2013 - Investigating the potential impact of efflorescent mineral crusts on water quality: complementing analytical techniques with geochemical modelling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-08T13:29:12","indexId":"70048305","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:19:28","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Investigating the potential impact of efflorescent mineral crusts on water quality: complementing analytical techniques with geochemical modelling","docAbstract":"Efflorescent crusts are a common feature forming on the surface of gold mining sites\nand tailings storage facilities during the dry season. Their dissolution at the start of the wet sea-\nson releases an acidic pulse of water rich in metal pollutants. The composition of the crusts is\nindicative of the water from which they precipitated. This study aimed at assessing the crust\nformation and dissolution processes that result in episodic changes in receiving water quality.\nThe approach involved characterising the composition of the crusts by analytical techniques\n(powder X-ray di2raction (PXRD)) and establishing compositional discrepancies by modelling\nthe formation and dissolution processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual International Mine Water Association Conference: Reliable Mine Water Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Mine Water Association","usgsCitation":"Camden-Smith, B., Johnson, R.H., Richardson, R., Billing, D., and Tutu, H., 2013, Investigating the potential impact of efflorescent mineral crusts on water quality: complementing analytical techniques with geochemical modelling, in Annual International Mine Water Association Conference: Reliable Mine Water Technology, v. I, p. 281-286.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-045744","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285895,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.imwa.info/imwa-meetings/proceedings/278-proceedings-2013.html"},{"id":285896,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355947de4b0120853e8c031","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brown, Adrian","contributorId":114141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Adrian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509610,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Figueroa, Linda","contributorId":112780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figueroa","given":"Linda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509609,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolkersdorfer, Christian","contributorId":111680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolkersdorfer","given":"Christian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509608,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Camden-Smith, Bronwyn","contributorId":85089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camden-Smith","given":"Bronwyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Raymond H. rhjohnso@usgs.gov","contributorId":707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Raymond","email":"rhjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":484270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, Robert","contributorId":74676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Billing, David","contributorId":93382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billing","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tutu, Hlanganani","contributorId":68218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tutu","given":"Hlanganani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}