Development of ground water for irrigation affects streamflow and water levels in the sand-plain area of central Wisconsin. Additional irrigation development may reduce opportunities for water-based recreation by degrading the streams as trout habitat and by lowering lake levels. This study was made to inventory present development of irrigation in the sand-plain area, assess potential future development, and estimate the effects of irrigation on streamflow and ground-water levels. The suitability of land and the availability of ground water for irrigation are dependent, to a large extent, upon the geology of the area. Rocks making up the ground-water reservoir include outwash, morainal deposits, and glacial lake deposits. These deposits are underlain by crystalline rocks and by sandstone, which act as the floor of the ground-water reservoir. Outwash, the main aquifer, supplies water to about 300 irrigation wells and maintains relatively stable flow in the streams draining the area. The saturated thickness of these deposits is more than 100 feet over much of the area and is as much as 180 feet in bedrock valleys. The saturated thickness of the outwash generally is great enough to provide sufficient water for large-scale irrigation in all but two areas --one near the town of Wisconsin Rapids and one near Dorro Couche Mound. Aquifer tests indicate that the permeability of the outwash is quite high, ranging from about 1,000 gpd per square foot to about 3,800 gpd per square foot, Specific capacities of irrigation wells in the area range from 14 to 157 gpm per foot of drawdown. Water use in the sand-plain area is mainly for irrigation and waterbased recreation. Irrigation development began in the area in the late 1940's, and by 1967 about 19,500 acre-feet of water were pumped to irrigate 34,000 acres of potatoes, snap beans, corn, cucumbers, and other crops. About 70 percent of the applied water was lost to evapotranspiration, and about 30 percent was returned to the ground-water reservoir. Irrigation development should continue in the sand plain; future development probably will include improved artificial drainage and land clearing. The hydrology of the sand-plain area was studied from water budgets for seven basins and from water balances for eight types of vegetative cover or land use. During the study period about 16-20 inches of the 28- to 30-inch average annual precipitation were lost to evapotranspiration from different basins in the area, Evapotranspiration from different types of vegetative cover or land use ranged from about 14 inches per year for bare ground to about 25 inches per year from land covered by phreatophytes. Evapotranspiration is about 19 inches from forested land, about 16 inches from grassland and unirrigated row crops, about 19 inches from irrigated beans, and about 22 inches from irrigated potatoes. Variations in evapotranspiration from the different types of vegetative cover result mainly from differences in soil moisture available to the plants. Available soil moisture ranges from about 1 inch for shallow-rooted grasses and row crops to about 3 inches for forest. Most of the precipitation not used by plants or to replenish soil moisture seeps to the water table, and ground-water recharge in the area averages about 12-14 inches per year. However, computed recharge ranged from about 3 inches to about 22 inches during the 1948-67 period, depending upon the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation. Of the average 12-14 inches of recharge, about lo-13 inches are discharged to the streams draining the area, and about l-2 inches are used by phreatophytes or by irrigated crops. Annual streamflow in the area averages about 11-12 inches per year, and because it is sustained mainly by ground water, its seasonal distribution is fairly uniform, However, streamflow varies seasonally, being highest in the spring, low in the summer, higher
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70362","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Weeks, E., and Stangland, H., 1971, Effects of irrigation on streamflow in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-362, Report: 113 p.; 4 Plates: 17 x 21 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70362.","productDescription":"Report: 113 p.; 4 Plates: 17 x 21 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2720,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/OFR-sandplain/index.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59800,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59801,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59802,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59803,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59804,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Adams, Portage, Waushara, Wood","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.78086028131498\n ],\n [\n -89.22821044921875,\n 44.78086028131498\n ],\n [\n -89.22821044921875,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.11914151643737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, E.P.","contributorId":38514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stangland, H.G.","contributorId":28286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stangland","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010283,"text":"70010283 - 1971 - Determination of platinum and palladium in geological materials by neutron-activation analysis after fire-assay preconcentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-13T16:32:02.127661","indexId":"70010283","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of platinum and palladium in geological materials by neutron-activation analysis after fire-assay preconcentration","docAbstract":"Fire-asay preconcentration followed by neutron-activation analysis permits the determination of as little as 0.5 ppM of platinum and 0.5 ppM of palladium on a 20-g sample. Platinum and palladium are separated with carriers and beta-counted. Results for the platinum and palladium content of seven U.S.G.S. standard rocks are presented.
This report describes equipment used for recording hydrologic events photographically on a controlled time scale. Equipment used included a 16-mm (millimeter) motion-picture camera, batteries, and associated intervalometer hardware.
Variables that affected operation of the equipment, and which were used to turn the equipment on and off upon demand, were sunlight intensity, rainfall, and time. Winding of the camera and final shutdown were accomplished manually.
A 15-minute silent motion picture was made from the time-lapse film installed at Bolinas Lagoon. This film shows sand erosion and deposition on the Stinson Beach Spit during the period January 1968 to July 1969.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70199687","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Beck, J., 1971, Use of time-lapse photography equipment for hydrologic studies: Open-File Report, ii, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70199687.","productDescription":"ii, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":630,"text":"Water Resources Division Menlo Park California","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beck, J.R.","contributorId":46921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beck","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039435,"text":"70039435 - 1971 - Aerial photographic reproductions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-10T01:01:51","indexId":"70039435","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-14T13:10:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Aerial photographic reproductions","docAbstract":"Geological Survey vertical aerial photography is obtained primarily for topographic and geologic mapping. Reproductions from this photography are usually satisfactory for general use. Because reproductions are not stocked, but are custom processed for each order, they cannot be returned for credit or refund.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039435","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Aerial photographic reproductions, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039435.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":372,"text":"Map Information Office","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261572,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039435/report.pdf"},{"id":261573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039435/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e719e4b0c8380cd47848","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1512,"text":"wsp1934 - 1971 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 13. Snake River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T22:58:50.473824","indexId":"wsp1934","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1934","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 13. Snake River basin","docAbstract":"This volume is one of a series of 37 reports presenting records of stage, discharge, and content, of\nstreams, lakes, and reservoirs in the United States during the 1961-65 water years. Since 1888, when the\nU.S. Geological Survey first studied streamflow in relation to problems of irrigation, similar records have\nbeen obtained at more than 17,500 gaging stations in the 50 States. On September 30, 1965, the Geological\nSurvey and cooperating organizations were maintaining 9,100 gaging stations. Partial-record stations for\nlow flow or for floodflow have been operated at many other points. The records for the 1961-65 water years\nat gaging stations and partial-record stations in the Snake River basin are given in this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1934","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the States of Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971, Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 13. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1935","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 14. Pacific slope basins in Oregon and lower Columbia River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1935, Report: x, 957 p.; 1 Plate: 22.50 × 26.22 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1935.","productDescription":"Report: x, 957 p.; 1 Plate: 22.50 × 26.22 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110048,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25159.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25159"},{"id":26574,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1935/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26575,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1935/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1935/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.533,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -117.8,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -117.8,\n 46.817\n ],\n [\n -124.533,\n 46.817\n ],\n [\n -124.533,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db6941fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1511,"text":"wsp1933 - 1971 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 12. Pacific slope basins in Washington, Volume 2. Upper Columbia River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-17T19:27:41.522322","indexId":"wsp1933","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1933","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 12. Pacific slope basins in Washington, Volume 2. Upper Columbia River basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1933","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 12. Pacific slope basins in Washington, Volume 2. Upper Columbia River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1933, Report: ix, 685 p.; 1 Plate: 29.03 × 32.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1933.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 685 p.; 1 Plate: 29.03 × 32.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94716,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1933/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":392020,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25157.htm"},{"id":136951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1933/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94715,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1933/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Idaho, Washington","otherGeospatial":"upper Columbia River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.442,\n 45.483\n ],\n [\n -112.333,\n 45.483\n ],\n [\n -112.333,\n 49.25\n ],\n [\n -121.442,\n 49.25\n ],\n [\n -121.442,\n 45.483\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db694249","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48156,"text":"ofr73136 - 1971 - Program of ground water resources investigations for the Helmand-Arghandab Valley Authority, Afghanistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:06","indexId":"ofr73136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-136","title":"Program of ground water resources investigations for the Helmand-Arghandab Valley Authority, Afghanistan","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr73136","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.R., 1971, Program of ground water resources investigations for the Helmand-Arghandab Valley Authority, Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-136, 46 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73136.","productDescription":"46 p. ill., maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e13e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, James R.","contributorId":29489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1519,"text":"wsp1936 - 1971 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 15. Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T23:11:40.508387","indexId":"wsp1936","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1936","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1961-65, Part 15. Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Gaudet, J., 1971, Report of the 1970 workshop on fish feed technology and nutrition: Resource Publication 102, 20 p.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633c73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaudet, Jean-Louis","contributorId":12090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaudet","given":"Jean-Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47983,"text":"ofr71296 - 1971 - An evaluation of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of the Bel Bay development, Lummi Indian Reservation, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:23","indexId":"ofr71296","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-296","title":"An evaluation of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of the Bel Bay development, Lummi Indian Reservation, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr71296","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, An evaluation of ground-water conditions in the vicinity of the Bel Bay development, Lummi Indian Reservation, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-296, 25 p. : maps ; 27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71296.","productDescription":"25 p. : maps ; 27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4693,"text":"twri02E1 - 1971 - Application of borehole geophysics to water-resources investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri02E1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"02-E1","title":"Application of borehole geophysics to water-resources investigations","docAbstract":"This manual is intended to be a guide for hydrologists using borehole geophysics in ground-water studies. The emphasis is on the application and interpretation of geophysical well logs, and not on the operation of a logger. It describes in detail those logging techniques that have been utilized within the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, and those used in petroleum investigations that have potential application to hydrologic problems. Most of the logs described can be made by commercial logging service companies, and many can be made with small water-well loggers. The general principles of each technique and the rules of log interpretation are the same, regardless of differences in instrumentation. Geophysical well logs can be interpreted to determine the lithology, geometry, resistivity, formation factor, bulk density, porosity, permeability, moisture content, and specific yield of water-bearing rocks, and to define the source, movement, and chemical and physical characteristics of ground water. Numerous examples of logs are used to illustrate applications and interpretation in various ground-water environments. The interrelations between various types of logs are emphasized, and the following aspects are described for each of the important logging techniques: Principles and applications, instrumentation, calibration and standardization, radius of investigation, and extraneous effects.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/twri02E1","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Keys, W., and MacCary, L., 1971, Application of borehole geophysics to water-resources investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 02-E1, ix, 126 p. :ill. ;26 cm. Reprinted in 1973, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1990., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri02E1.","productDescription":"ix, 126 p. :ill. ;26 cm. Reprinted in 1973, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1990.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":253,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri2-e1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keys, W.S.","contributorId":75126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keys","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacCary, L.M.","contributorId":13200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCary","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":63921,"text":"gp776 - 1971 - Aeromagnetic map of the Hanover Quadrangle, Plymouth County, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:52","indexId":"gp776","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"776","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Hanover Quadrangle, Plymouth County, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gp776","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Aeromagnetic map of the Hanover Quadrangle, Plymouth County, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 776, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/gp776.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":250249,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0776/report.pdf","size":"36","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":250250,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0776/plate-1.pdf","size":"3763","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":253773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0776/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.86749999999999,42 ], [ -70.86749999999999,42.1175 ], [ -70.75,42.1175 ], [ -70.75,42 ], [ -70.86749999999999,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af6e4b07f02db6929ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4665,"text":"twri05A2 - 1971 - Determination of minor elements in water by emission spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T18:22:21.899438","indexId":"twri05A2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"05-A2","title":"Determination of minor elements in water by emission spectroscopy","docAbstract":"With the emission spectrograph, the analyst is able to determine many minor elements simultaneously in water samples. Spectrographic methods differ chiefly in techniques of preconcentrating the elements. For waters with dissolved solids of less than 1,000 milligrams per liter, the method of evaporating to dryness and determining the elements in the dried residue is sensitive, precise, and reasonably accurate. The lower limits of detection vary with the quantity of dissolved solids. Twenty-four elements are determined by this method.\r\nFor waters with more than 1,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids, it is necessary to separate the minor elements from the major constituents before spectrographically determining the former, in order to achieve adequate lower limits of detection. Such procedures generally require more time than the residue method. In the first of two such procedures given, 21 of the metallic elements are precipitated with thioacetamide prior to spectrographic determination. In an alternate procedure, 18 elements are precipitated quantitatively with complexing reagents 8-hydroxyquinoline, tannic acid, and thioanlide. This method is faster than the thioacetamide method, but at the sacrifice of some elements. A Fortran IV computer program for processing densitometric data is given in the section 'Computer Program.'","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off., For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,","doi":"10.3133/twri05A2","usgsCitation":"Barnett, P.R., and Mallory, E.C., 1971, Determination of minor elements in water by emission spectroscopy: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 05-A2, v, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri05A2.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":191,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri5a2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6675a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnett, Paul R.","contributorId":29801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mallory, E. C.","contributorId":90700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallory","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}