{"pageNumber":"6370","pageRowStart":"159225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184689,"records":[{"id":1001352,"text":"1001352 - 1971 - Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right-of-way in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T22:41:05.142932","indexId":"1001352","displayToPublicDate":"1971-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right-of-way in North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>We studied 630 acres of roadside along 23 miles of Interstate 94 in Stutsman County, North Dakota, to assess wildlife values of highway rights-of-way. We found 422 duck nests that had an overall success of 57 percent in 1968, 1969, and 1970. Mammalian predators were responsible for 85 percent of the destroyed nests. To test the effect of mowing on duck nest initiation and success, alternate 1-mile blocks of the study area were not mowed in the fall of 1968. In 1969 and 1970, significantly more ducks chose unmowed vegetation in preference to mowed vegetation for nest sites. Mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>), pintails (<i>A. acuta</i>), and gadwalls (<i>A. strepera</i>) were especially responsive to unmowed vegetation. Success of duck nests in unmowed vegetation was 62 percent compared with 51 percent in mowed vegetation. Sixteen percent of the nests were unhatched by July 5, the beginning mowing date previously recommended by the North Dakota Highway Department. Wildlife killed by traffic did not increase when half the mile blocks were unmowed, and no significant difference was observed in buildup of snow between mowed and unmowed blocks in the winter of 1968-69. Of 182 motorists interviewed in the study area, 82 percent had not noticed the unmowed rights-of-way. We strongly recommend no mowing of ditch bottoms or back slopes, minimal mowing of inslopes, and no mowing before July 20 to enhance waterfowl nesting and to reduce maintenance costs of highway rights-of-way in duck-producing regions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799786","usgsCitation":"Oetting, R., and Cassel, J., 1971, Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway right-of-way in North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 35, no. 4, p. 774-781, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799786.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"774","endPage":"781","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Stutsman County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-99.2669,47.3268],[-98.8466,47.327],[-98.8392,47.327],[-98.8232,47.3272],[-98.8152,47.3271],[-98.4991,47.327],[-98.467,47.3266],[-98.4677,47.2402],[-98.4685,46.9788],[-98.4412,46.9789],[-98.4396,46.6296],[-98.7894,46.6294],[-99.0379,46.6309],[-99.1616,46.6317],[-99.4122,46.6316],[-99.4498,46.6319],[-99.4477,46.8044],[-99.4476,46.9788],[-99.4821,46.9795],[-99.4824,47.0089],[-99.4822,47.0162],[-99.4821,47.0249],[-99.4826,47.0396],[-99.4827,47.1558],[-99.4801,47.3267],[-99.2669,47.3268]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Stutsman\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cde4b07f02db5d976c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oetting, R.B.","contributorId":53733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oetting","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cassel, J.F.","contributorId":59750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cassel","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70205599,"text":"70205599 - 1971 - Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-26T15:30:10","indexId":"70205599","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-26T15:28:04","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia","docAbstract":"<p><span>A reconnaissance of parts of the former West Aden Protectorate enables a characterization of the dominant hydrologic elements to be made. In this desert environment intermittent streams from the east‐west range of mountains provide considerable water for flood irrigation and groundwater recharge of alluvial fans along the Gulf of Aden. High yield wells are developed in the coastal area and in at least one alluvial area on the back slope facing the Empty Quarter. Ground water in the interior is generally restricted to areas where wadi flow provides occasional recharge. Relatively few rock wells have been drilled in the area. Many wells in the alluvium yield silty water leading to clogging of the wells and undue pump wear.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03542.x","usgsCitation":"Cedarstrom, D., 1971, Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia: Ground Water, v. 9, no. 2, p. 29-34, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03542.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cedarstrom, D.J.","contributorId":102127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cedarstrom","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70205589,"text":"70205589 - 1971 - Geological aspects of the May 31, 1970, Perú earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:00:42.762091","indexId":"70205589","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-26T12:47:38","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological aspects of the May 31, 1970, Perú earthquake","docAbstract":"<p>Geological effects of the destructive May 31, 1970, Perú earthquake (Ms = 7.7) extended over roughly 65,000 km2 of west-central Perú. Earthquake-triggered slope failures of all types that occurred throughout the mountainous parts of the region extensively damaged transportation routes and irrigation canals and temporarily dammed some rivers and lakes. The geologically most important and spectacular of these, a cataclysmic debris avalanche from between 5,500 and 6,400 m altitude on the north peak of Huascarán Mountain, buried the city of Yungay and part of Ranrahirca (elevation about 2,500 m) with a loss of more than about 18,000 lives. The debris avalanche involved 50-100 million m3 of rock, ice, snow, and soil that traveled 14.5 km from the source to Yungay at an average velocity of between 280 and 335 km/hr. Exceptionally rapid movement of the avalanche is indicated by eyewitness accounts, by topographic irregularities as high as 140 m that were overridden, and locally by boulders weighing several tons that were hurled as much as 1,000 m beyond its margins. A pulse of muddy water from the debris avalanche that swept down the Río Santa 160 km to the sea inundated farms and small settlements, buried highway and railroad routes, and destroyed the diversion dam and access bridge to a major hydroelectric plant.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0610030543","issn":"1943-3573","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., Ericksen, G.E., and Fernandez Concha, J., 1971, Geological aspects of the May 31, 1970, Perú earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 61, no. 3, p. 543-578, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0610030543.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"578","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.936279296875,\n              -10.865675826639414\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7724609375,\n              -10.865675826639414\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7724609375,\n              -7.841615185204699\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.936279296875,\n              -7.841615185204699\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.936279296875,\n              -10.865675826639414\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ericksen, G. E.","contributorId":44538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fernandez Concha, Jamie","contributorId":219242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez Concha","given":"Jamie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70205370,"text":"70205370 - 1971 - Primary structures in dune sand and their significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T09:25:02","indexId":"70205370","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-16T11:46:07","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Primary structures in dune sand and their significance","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on Geology of Libya, Tripoli, April 1969","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Geology of Libya","conferenceDate":"April 1969","conferenceLocation":"Tripoli, Lybia","language":"English","usgsCitation":"McKee, E.D., 1971, Primary structures in dune sand and their significance, chap. <i>of</i> Symposium on Geology of Libya, Tripoli, April 1969, p. 401-407.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"407","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Libya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[14.8513,22.86295],[14.14387,22.49129],[13.58142,23.04051],[11.99951,23.47167],[11.56067,24.09791],[10.77136,24.56253],[10.30385,24.37931],[9.94826,24.93695],[9.91069,25.36545],[9.31941,26.09432],[9.71629,26.51221],[9.62906,27.14095],[9.75613,27.68826],[9.68388,28.14417],[9.86,28.95999],[9.80563,29.42464],[9.48214,30.30756],[9.97002,30.53932],[10.05658,30.96183],[9.95023,31.37607],[10.6369,31.76142],[10.94479,32.08181],[11.43225,32.3689],[11.48879,33.137],[12.66331,32.79278],[13.08326,32.87882],[13.91868,32.71196],[15.24563,32.26508],[15.71394,31.37626],[16.61162,31.18218],[18.02109,30.76357],[19.08641,30.26639],[19.57404,30.52582],[20.05335,30.98576],[19.82033,31.75179],[20.13397,32.2382],[20.85452,32.7068],[21.54298,32.8432],[22.89576,32.63858],[23.2368,32.19149],[23.60913,32.18726],[23.9275,32.01667],[24.92114,31.89936],[25.16482,31.56915],[24.80287,31.08929],[24.95762,30.6616],[24.70007,30.04419],[25,29.23865],[25,25.6825],[25,22],[25,20.00304],[23.85,20],[23.83766,19.58047],[19.84926,21.49509],[15.86085,23.40972],[14.8513,22.86295]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Libya\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70205369,"text":"70205369 - 1971 -  Ground-water provinces of Libyan Arab Republic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T09:25:41","indexId":"70205369","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-16T11:35:58","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":" Ground-water provinces of Libyan Arab Republic","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on Geology of Libya, Tripoli, April 1969","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on Geology of Libya","conferenceDate":"April 1969","conferenceLocation":"Tripoli, Libya","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Jones, J., 1971,  Ground-water provinces of Libyan Arab Republic, chap. <i>of</i> Symposium on Geology of Libya, Tripoli, April 1969, p. 449-457.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367435,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Libya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[14.8513,22.86295],[14.14387,22.49129],[13.58142,23.04051],[11.99951,23.47167],[11.56067,24.09791],[10.77136,24.56253],[10.30385,24.37931],[9.94826,24.93695],[9.91069,25.36545],[9.31941,26.09432],[9.71629,26.51221],[9.62906,27.14095],[9.75613,27.68826],[9.68388,28.14417],[9.86,28.95999],[9.80563,29.42464],[9.48214,30.30756],[9.97002,30.53932],[10.05658,30.96183],[9.95023,31.37607],[10.6369,31.76142],[10.94479,32.08181],[11.43225,32.3689],[11.48879,33.137],[12.66331,32.79278],[13.08326,32.87882],[13.91868,32.71196],[15.24563,32.26508],[15.71394,31.37626],[16.61162,31.18218],[18.02109,30.76357],[19.08641,30.26639],[19.57404,30.52582],[20.05335,30.98576],[19.82033,31.75179],[20.13397,32.2382],[20.85452,32.7068],[21.54298,32.8432],[22.89576,32.63858],[23.2368,32.19149],[23.60913,32.18726],[23.9275,32.01667],[24.92114,31.89936],[25.16482,31.56915],[24.80287,31.08929],[24.95762,30.6616],[24.70007,30.04419],[25,29.23865],[25,25.6825],[25,22],[25,20.00304],[23.85,20],[23.83766,19.58047],[19.84926,21.49509],[15.86085,23.40972],[14.8513,22.86295]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Libya\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, J.R.","contributorId":15967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70205367,"text":"70205367 - 1971 - Geology of the Shati Valley Area iron deposit; Fezzan, Libyan Arab Republic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T09:27:05","indexId":"70205367","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-16T10:59:32","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geology of the Shati Valley Area iron deposit; Fezzan, Libyan Arab Republic","docAbstract":"<p><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"il\">No</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"il\">abstract</span><span>&nbsp;available.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium on the Geology of Libya, Tripoli, April 1969","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Geology of Libya","conferenceDate":"April 1969","conferenceLocation":"Tripoli, Libya","language":"English","publisher":" University of Libya","usgsCitation":"Goudarzi, G., 1971, Geology of the Shati Valley Area iron deposit; Fezzan, Libyan Arab Republic, chap. <i>of</i> Symposium on the Geology of Libya, Tripoli, April 1969, p. 489-500.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367432,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367431,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/graycarlyle-ed-1971-symposium-on-the-geology-of-libya-papers-presented-at-the-symposium-held-at-tripoli-1418-04-1969-in-english-with-summaries-in-arabic-522-pp-many-figs-pls-folding-maps-and-diagrams-orient-bookshop-tripoli-price-ld-350-us-1050/D6849A2EF2B0E0ACB0A4BFAFC30651F2"}],"country":"Libya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[14.8513,22.86295],[14.14387,22.49129],[13.58142,23.04051],[11.99951,23.47167],[11.56067,24.09791],[10.77136,24.56253],[10.30385,24.37931],[9.94826,24.93695],[9.91069,25.36545],[9.31941,26.09432],[9.71629,26.51221],[9.62906,27.14095],[9.75613,27.68826],[9.68388,28.14417],[9.86,28.95999],[9.80563,29.42464],[9.48214,30.30756],[9.97002,30.53932],[10.05658,30.96183],[9.95023,31.37607],[10.6369,31.76142],[10.94479,32.08181],[11.43225,32.3689],[11.48879,33.137],[12.66331,32.79278],[13.08326,32.87882],[13.91868,32.71196],[15.24563,32.26508],[15.71394,31.37626],[16.61162,31.18218],[18.02109,30.76357],[19.08641,30.26639],[19.57404,30.52582],[20.05335,30.98576],[19.82033,31.75179],[20.13397,32.2382],[20.85452,32.7068],[21.54298,32.8432],[22.89576,32.63858],[23.2368,32.19149],[23.60913,32.18726],[23.9275,32.01667],[24.92114,31.89936],[25.16482,31.56915],[24.80287,31.08929],[24.95762,30.6616],[24.70007,30.04419],[25,29.23865],[25,25.6825],[25,22],[25,20.00304],[23.85,20],[23.83766,19.58047],[19.84926,21.49509],[15.86085,23.40972],[14.8513,22.86295]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Libya\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goudarzi, G.H.","contributorId":103276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goudarzi","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227396,"text":"70227396 - 1971 - Plate tectonics and magmatic evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T22:46:00.699115","indexId":"70227396","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-01T14:57:02","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plate tectonics and magmatic evolution","docAbstract":"<div class=\"widget widget-SplitView widget-instance-SplitView_Article\"><div class=\"article\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleMainView widget-instance-ArticleMainView_Split\"><div class=\"content-inner-wrap\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleTopInfo widget-instance-ArticleTopInfo_Split\"><div class=\"module-widget article-top-widget content-metadata_wrap\"><div class=\"widget-items\"><div class=\"pub-history-wrap clearfix\"><div class=\"pub-history-row clearfix\"><div class=\"ww-citation-primary\">The validity of the general idea of plate tectonics is accepted; the magmas evolved along the spreading ridges are thought to be largely tholeiitic basalt, although alkalic olivine basalt and ultramafic rocks of several kinds have also been dredged from them. The ultramafics may be residual from the partial melting of pyrolite while the tholeiite was being formed at shallower depths, or they may possibly be fragments of the mantle raised by the injection of sills. Bouvet and Jan Mayen Islands, both on the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, are largely composed of alkali basalt with very minor differentiates of trachyte and even rhyolite that may be readily accounted for by differentiation at a high level in the volcanic edifice. Iceland, though, has so much granite and rhyolite widely distributed that it seems likely, as suggested by several students, that its basement is sialic. The volcanic islands tend to be more alkalic the farther they are from the ridges; perhaps they rose from deeper sources in areas of low heat flow and are not related to plate margins.<br></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=\"article-body\"><div id=\"ContentTab\" class=\"content active\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-ArticleFulltext_Split\"><div class=\"module-widget\"><div class=\"widget-items\" data-widgetname=\"ArticleFulltext\"><div><div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>If the African Rifts are incipient plate margins, it is noteworthy that the magmas associated with them are wholly different from the tholeiites of the oceanic ridges. They are among the most highly alkaline of any rocks known.</p><p>The magmatic activity at the subduction zones, where the plates are being destroyed, is very different. There are three varieties of these plate junctions: continental against oceanic, oceanic against oceanic, and continental against continental. In both the junctions involving oceanic crust the material being consumed includes a variable thickness of sediment, underlain by 5 or 6 km of tholeiitic basalt overlying the downgoing mantle. These rocks are much less refractory than the pyrolite of the mantle and must surely compose a large part of material parental to the magmas formed along the subduction zones, the andesites, granodiorites, and granites. There is nowhere the tremendous volume of intermediate rocks that would have had to be formed if these voluminous magmas had been products of crystallization differentiation from a basaltic magma.</p><p>The presently most active of the continent-continent junctions is along the Himalayas where India is underthrusting the continent of Asia; here there is no evidence of magmatism except along the transcurrent faults at either end of the main range.</p><p>But there are large volcanic and plutonic masses that have no obvious relation to the plate boundaries active in Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. The Eogene volcanics of the San Juans and the Neogene volcanics of the Yellowstone are more than 1,500 km from any obvious subduction zone, and these regions of magmatic activity seem no more closely related to subduction zones than are the Tertiary igneous rocks of West Texas, the Cretaceous tuffs and plutons of Arkansas, the Cretaceous intrusives of the Monteregian Hills, and the minor Tertiary intrusives of Virginia.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2383:PTAME]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gilluly, J., 1971, Plate tectonics and magmatic evolution: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 9, p. 2383-2396, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2383:PTAME]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 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,{"id":70227409,"text":"70227409 - 1971 - Protective pumping to reduce aquifer pollution, Glynn County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T20:37:06.688484","indexId":"70227409","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-01T14:30:23","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Protective pumping to reduce aquifer pollution, Glynn County, Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>Water-level declines in the principal artesian aquifer have created a head imbalance between the aquifer and an underlying brackish-water zone containing up to 4,550 mg/1 chloride. The brackish-water zone leaks brackish water into the aquifer through several breaks in a confining unit.</p><p>A relief well tapping the brackish-water zone was drilled near a suspected break and pumped at about 3,000 gpm to lower the potential in the zone and bring it into hydrostatic equilibrium with the aquifer. The pumping apparently succeeded in decreasing the rate of brackish-water leakage into the aquifer. Successive samples of water from a well tapping the aquifer and downgradient from the relief well showed a decrease in the chloride content. Several more relief wells may be necessary to ultimately control chloride contamination of the aquifer.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03564.x","usgsCitation":"Gregg, D.O., 1971, Protective pumping to reduce aquifer pollution, Glynn County, Georgia: Groundwater, v. 9, no. 5, p. 21-29, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03564.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn 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Dean O.","contributorId":28577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Dean","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":37696,"text":"37696 - 1971 - Big game inventory for 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T12:58:28","indexId":"37696","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-01T12:57:48","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"497","title":"Big game inventory for 1970","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in the Division of Wildlife Research.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research, 1971, Big game inventory for 1970 (Revises Wildlife Leaflet 342 (1952).): Wildlife Leaflet 497, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290713,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises Wildlife Leaflet 342 (1952).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffc707e4b0824b2d174029","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","contributorId":128226,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","id":529672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227384,"text":"70227384 - 1971 - Distribution and age of high-grade blueschists, associated eclogites, and amphibolites from Oregon and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T18:12:12.860608","indexId":"70227384","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-01T12:01:01","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and age of high-grade blueschists, associated eclogites, and amphibolites from Oregon and California","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Isolated blocks of high-grade blueschist and amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks occur within the Jurassic and Cretaceous eugeosynclinal deposits of the Coast Ranges of southwestern Oregon and California. The blocks range in size from individual rock masses commonly 5 to 1,000 ft in diameter to a few larger masses as much as 7 mi long and 2 mi wide. The high-grade blocks are predominantly basaltic in composition and include glaucophane schists, eclogites, and gneissic rocks of the amphibolite facies. Field relationships indicate that the blocks are closely associated with serpentine, that high-grade blueschist and amphibolite blocks, lower grade blueschists, volcanic rocks, and cherts occupy disturbed zones that may be related to thrusting, and that there is no exposed in situ provenance for the high-grade blueschists, eclogites, and amphibolites. Potassium-argon mineral ages of white mica and actinolite from the blueschists and of hornblende from the amphibolites indicate that these minerals crystallized approximately 150 m.y. ago, but the ages measured on glaucophane from the blueschist blocks are commonly younger. These data suggest that the high-grade blue-schist and amphibolite blocks represent fragments of a cryptic metamorphic terrane of pre-Tithonian age that have been tectonically mixed with younger rocks of the Franciscan Formation in California and Otter Point Formation in Oregon. The younger ages for glaucophane probably reflect metamorphic episodes in which lower grade in situ blueschist facies mineral assemblages were developed in the blocks after their emplacement within the Franciscan Formation. This pre-Tithonian cryptic metamorphic terrane probably developed as a result of interaction between oceanic and continental plates. The occurrence of tectonic blocks of this terrane within mélange zones in Oregon and California may be related to later plate interaction.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2397:DAAOHB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Coleman, R.G., and Lanphere, M.A., 1971, Distribution and age of high-grade blueschists, associated eclogites, and amphibolites from Oregon and California: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 9, p. 2397-2412, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2397:DAAOHB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2397","endPage":"2412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Coast Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      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G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":830720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227430,"text":"70227430 - 1971 - Continuous magnetic profiles near ground level as a means of discriminating and correlating rock units","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T16:57:10.186938","indexId":"70227430","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-01T10:15:03","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous magnetic profiles near ground level as a means of discriminating and correlating rock units","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Continuous magnetic profiles were recorded by a truck-mounted magnetometer along road traverses over stratified metamorphic rocks and plutonic igneous rocks of the New England Appalachians. The records show a series of distinctive, highly detailed magnetic anomalies which closely reflect the nature and distribution of near-surface bedrock units. The method provides a rapid and versatile means of discriminating bedrock units, which should be especially useful in regions where bedrock exposures are scarce. Under some conditions, analysis of the anomalies may yield critical data on the shape and magnetization of individual rock units. These data should prove useful for deducing geologic structure and for general studies of the magnetization of rocks.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2449:CMPNGL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kane, M.F., Harwood, D.S., and Hatch, N.L., 1971, Continuous magnetic profiles near ground level as a means of discriminating and correlating rock units: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 9, p. 2449-2456, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2449:CMPNGL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2449","endPage":"2456","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains, New England","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.54248046875,\n              41.253032440653186\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.333740234375,\n              41.13729606112276\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.212890625,\n              41.934976500546604\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.7734375,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.66357421875,\n              42.72280375732727\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.344970703125,\n              43.57243174740972\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.202392578125,\n              43.866218006556394\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7080078125,\n              44.20583500104184\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.774658203125,\n              45.98169518512228\n      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F.","contributorId":45708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harwood, D. S.","contributorId":48937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatch, N. L. Jr.","contributorId":58663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"N.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70010321,"text":"70010321 - 1971 - Lunar Apennine-Hadley region: Geological implications of earth-based radar and infrared measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-26T17:03:29.874993","indexId":"70010321","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar Apennine-Hadley region: Geological implications of earth-based radar and infrared measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Recently completed high-resolution radar maps of the moon contain information on the decimeter-scale structure of the surface. When this information is combined with eclipse thermal-enhancement data and with high-resolution Lunar Orbiter photography, the surface morphology is revealed in some detail. A geological history for certain features and subareas can be developed, which provides one possible framework for the interpretation of the findings from the Apollo 15 landing. Frequency of decimeter- and meter-size blocks in and around lunar craters, given by the remote-sensed data, supports a multilayer structure in the Palus Putredinis mare region, as well as a great age for the bordering Apennine Mountains scarp.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.173.3999.808","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zisk, S., Carr, M.H., Masursky, H., Shorthill, R., and Thompson, T., 1971, Lunar Apennine-Hadley region: Geological implications of earth-based radar and infrared measurements: Science, v. 173, no. 3999, p. 808-812, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3999.808.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"808","endPage":"812","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"173","issue":"3999","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a89e4b0c8380cd68e44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zisk, S.H.","contributorId":35311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zisk","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":358639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shorthill, R.W.","contributorId":20321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorthill","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, T.W.","contributorId":78736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70010347,"text":"70010347 - 1971 - Geologic setting of the Apollo 14 samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T18:08:33.570867","indexId":"70010347","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting of the Apollo 14 samples","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Apollo 14 lunar module landed in a region of the lunar highlands that is part of a widespread blanket of ejecta surrounding the Mare Imbrium basin. Samples were collected from the regolith developed on a nearly level plain, a ridge 100 meters high, and a blocky ejecta deposit around a young crater. Large boulders in the vicinity of the landing site are coherent fragmental rocks as are some of the returned samples.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.173.3998.716","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Swann, G., Trask, N., Hait, M., and Sutton, R.L., 1971, Geologic setting of the Apollo 14 samples: Science, v. 173, no. 3998, p. 716-719, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3998.716.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"716","endPage":"719","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"173","issue":"3998","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21dde4b0c8380cd56b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swann, G.A.","contributorId":8859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trask, N.J.","contributorId":31729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trask","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hait, M. H.","contributorId":59052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hait","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70006559,"text":"70006559 - 1971 - Heavy metals research in the Great Lakes, 1970-71","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T13:59:47","indexId":"70006559","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-17T13:57:15","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"seriesTitle":{"id":444,"text":"Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":12}},"title":"Heavy metals research in the Great Lakes, 1970-71","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Prevalence and effects of toxic metals in the environment: Proceedings of the Workshop on Toxic Metals in Water","conferenceTitle":"Prevalence and effects of toxic metals in the environment. Proceedings of the Workshop on Toxic Metals in Water","conferenceDate":"1971-08-17T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Raleigh, NC","language":"English","publisher":"University of North Carolina","publisherLocation":"Raleigh, NC","usgsCitation":"Willford, W.A., 1971, Heavy metals research in the Great Lakes, 1970-71: Report, p. 53-65.","productDescription":"p. 53-65","startPage":"53","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3d867e4b07c5f79a7f339","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willford, Wayne A.","contributorId":67446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willford","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206914,"text":"70206914 - 1971 - A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T14:21:23.414628","indexId":"70206914","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T16:57:21","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Kingsport Formation (Lower Ordovician) in one section may be composed of two dominant rock types--limestone and medium to coarsely crystalline dolomite--whereas in an adjacent section, most of the formation may be largely composed of breccia. The breccia bodies, which are interpreted to be solution-collapse features, range in width from 30 feet to several hundred feet, in thickness from a few feet to more than 200 feet, and are hundreds of feet long. Many of the complexities of the Kingsport can be directly related to the development of an unconformity at the top of the overlying Mascot Dolomite. Erosion associated with the unconformity produced a widespread karst topography with an attendant paleoaquifer system. Ground water, apparently reacting to differences in solubility between limestone of the Kingsport and dense dolomite of the Mascot, is thought to be a major contributing factor in regional dolomitization and localization of solution-thinning and collapse features at the contact of the Kingsport and Mascot. Later mineralizing solutions invaded the paleoaquifer, locally depositing commercial quantities of zinc ore.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.735","usgsCitation":"Harris, L.D., 1971, A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 735-743, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.735.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"743","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.63450348970652,\n              36.08170648115049\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.33440316723224,\n              36.80238438565193\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.14867454973582,\n              37.0207690912394\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0663924244235,\n              37.38624564587076\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.27328540879175,\n              36.19640637022552\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.63450348970652,\n              36.08170648115049\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Leonard D.","contributorId":25567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227415,"text":"70227415 - 1971 - Banquet speech \"Man's conquest of energy, its ecological and human consequences\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:36:16.046203","indexId":"70227415","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T15:32:20","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1946,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Banquet speech \"Man's conquest of energy, its ecological and human consequences\"","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-text row\"><div class=\"col-12\"><div class=\"u-mb-1\"><div>The world's energy resources suitable for power production are of two classes: (1) various channels of the continuous energy flux from extraterrestrial sources, and from the earth's interior, and (2) chemical, thermal, and nuclear energy stored in the outer part of the lithosphere and in the oceans. The continuous energy influxes are from: solar radiation, 178,000 × 1012 watts; geothermal energy, 32 × 1012 watts; and tidal energy, 3 × 1012 watts. Of the solar energy influx, the only fraction suitable at present for large-scale power production is the approximately 40,000 × 1012 watts expended in evaporation of water and in atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Of this, the world's potential water power is about 2.9 × 1012 watts. A very small fraction of the solar influx, 40 × 1012 watts, is stored chemically by photosynthesis. A minute fraction of this, stored during the geologic past, is the source of the energy of the fossil fuels, coal and petroleum. Tidal power is capable of large-scale development in a small number of coastal localities with a total potential power of about 64,000 megawatts. Of the sources of stored energy, geothermal energy is the least important. Installed capacity by 1970 is about 1,125 electrical megawatts, and the ultimate potential is estimated at about 60,000 megawatts, with a lifetime of probably less than a century. The largest sources of stored energy, other than nuclear, are the fossil fuels. The initial minable world reserves of coal and lignite are estimated to have been about 7.</div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/TNS.1971.4326312","usgsCitation":"Hubbert, M.K., 1971, Banquet speech \"Man's conquest of energy, its ecological and human consequences\": IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, v. 18, no. 4, p. 18-35, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.1971.4326312.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbert, M. King","contributorId":50197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbert","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"King","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227391,"text":"70227391 - 1971 - Relations of folded dikes and Precambrian polyphase deformation, Gardner Lake area, Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T20:01:25.112754","indexId":"70227391","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T13:51:32","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations of folded dikes and Precambrian polyphase deformation, Gardner Lake area, Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Two cross-cutting mafic dikes in the headwall of Gardner Lake in the eastern Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming, have structural relations with Archean migmatite and gneiss that suggest intrusion between deformational phases recognized in the eastern part of the range. Fabric data show that the older dike, an orthoamphibolite, was emplaced subsequent to the F<sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>deformational event, but prior to the main episode of metamorphism, metasomatism, and folding, F<sub>2</sub>. The younger dike, a metanorite, was intruded after F<sub>2</sub>, but is folded by west-trending, open F<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>folds. The style and general trend of these F<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>folds are consistent with those observed elsewhere in the eastern part of the range. The data available and absolute age relations in other parts of the range indicate that F<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>occurred 2750 m.y. ago and F<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>1600 to 1800 m.y. ago.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2177:ROFDAP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., and Mueller, P.A., 1971, Relations of folded dikes and Precambrian polyphase deformation, Gardner Lake area, Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 8, p. 2177-2185, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2177:ROFDAP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2177","endPage":"2185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Beartooth Mountains, Gardner Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.49541091918945,\n              44.947062397876614\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.40837860107422,\n              44.947062397876614\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.40837860107422,\n              44.9769423923136\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.49541091918945,\n              44.9769423923136\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.49541091918945,\n              44.947062397876614\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, Lawrence C.","contributorId":58629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, Paul A.","contributorId":191457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mueller","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227138,"text":"70227138 - 1971 - Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T19:00:10.551504","indexId":"70227138","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T12:51:51","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>All early students of the zinc and barite deposits of East Tennessee, noting the geographic coincidence of the principal mining area with complex late Paleozoic geologic structure, concluded that (1) the ore-bearing breccias were produced by Appalachian tectonic forces and that (2) mineralizing solutions gained access through fault-produced channelways. In 1931, Ulrich suggested that the breccias were produced by collapse and fragmentation resulting from solution of the carbonate rocks. This idea was promptly rejected by most geologists, and for the next 15 years nearly all papers on these deposits contained refutations of Ulrich's hypothesis and \"proof\" of the late Paleozoic tectonic origin of the breccias. Recognition by Odell in 1950 of a spatial association between thinning of the lime-stone zone of the Kingsport Formation and the presence of ore bodies, plus the observation that all identifiable blocks in the breccias were displaced downward as much as 30 to 50 feet, led him to suggest that foundering of the rocks over solution-thinned zones produced the breccias. Hydrothermal fluids, rather than ordinary ground water, were thought to be the dissolving agent.Kendall, in 1960, described a stratified \"varved\" matrix with detrital sphalerite grains in many breccias at Jefferson City, in which lamination is parallel to bedding of the host Kingsport Formation, indicating that both brecciation and mineralization occurred while the rocks were horizontal. Ruskell about 1960 pointed out the similarity between cross sections of southwest Wisconsin ore bodies and those of East Tennessee when the latter were rotated to a horizontal position. Detailed studies of the post-Knox unconformity led to recognition of a paleokarst topography of considerable relief developed on this surface. Regional stratigraphic studies of the Knox Group by Harris demonstrated the probability of pre-Middle Ordovician exposure of the Kingsport somewhere to the north or northwest, providing a recharge area for ground waters at that time. Detailed mapping of ore bodies, barren areas, and related structures by the mining-company geologists, plus application of the principles of ground-water hydrology and rock mechanics, has led to the theory, generally accepted in the district, of solution-collapse origin of the breccias, probably during Ordovician time.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.696","usgsCitation":"Laurence, R.A., 1971, Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 696-700, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.696.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"696","endPage":"700","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.6109619140625,\n              34.9895035675793\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.3145751953125,\n              34.9805024453652\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2816162109375,\n              35.205233347514536\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2266845703125,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.166259765625,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0399169921875,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.9959716796875,\n              35.34425514918409\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.990478515625,\n              35.43381992014202\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7872314453125,\n              35.54116627999815\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.64990234375,\n              35.55904339525896\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5125732421875,\n              35.55010533588552\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.3038330078125,\n              35.634976650677295\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.111572265625,\n              35.7688006602384\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9742431640625,\n              35.77325759103725\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              35.8356283888737\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              35.93354064249312\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8204345703125,\n              35.88459964717596\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7874755859375,\n              35.93798832265393\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6226806640625,\n              36.04021586880111\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.64465332031249,\n              35.97356075349624\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5787353515625,\n              35.94243575255426\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.452392578125,\n              35.98245135784044\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.3699951171875,\n              36.089060460282006\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2052001953125,\n              36.14231087352999\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1337890625,\n              36.09349937380574\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0404052734375,\n              36.11125252076156\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.837158203125,\n              36.328402729422656\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.7218017578125,\n              36.35052700542763\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6558837890625,\n              36.619936625629215\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.91955566406249,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9415283203125,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2706298828125,\n              36.59347887826919\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.6109619140625,\n              34.9895035675793\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laurence, Robert A.","contributorId":34981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laurence","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227137,"text":"70227137 - 1971 - Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T18:49:08.037353","indexId":"70227137","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T12:36:14","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The hydrogeologic history of the Tertiary limestone system of the Southeastern States is reconstructed, especially as it relates to circulation of ground water and the development of solution cavities. The development of these solution cavities resembles in many respects the development of cavities in carbonates of the Knox Group of Tennessee during Middle Ordovician time, the cavities in the Knox having since been filled with collapse breccia that has been recemented. Some general principles of the circulation of water in limestone terranes and the related development of solution openings are reviewed so that a generic basis for comparison can be made of the modern southeast carbonate setting with the Ordovician carbonate setting in Tennessee.The major requirements for solutional development as cavities--(1) presence of highly soluble material, (2) a fracture system or some other form of incipient permeability, (3) water undersaturated with respect to soluble rocks, such as recharge from precipitation, and (4) hydraulic gradient--are found in the Tertiary limestone terrane of the southeast; much of the limestone has been elevated above sea level as a homoclinal seaward-dipping unit. Such a broad homoclinal setting, which also existed in the Knox at the close of early Ordovician time, facilitates extensive solutional development in the upper part of the zone of saturation. Circulation of water great enough to form a significant cavern network requires concentrated discharge areas, commonly as entrenched permanent streams or near-shore springs and seepage. This condition prevails where the Tertiary limestone is fairly close to land surface.Reconstruction of the geologic and hydrogeologic history of a carbonate region generally reveals the extent of early solution and karst development in relation to current karstification. Caverns, partly filled in some cases with loose or poorly cemented rock fragments that have fallen from cavern roofs, give evidence of karstification that is either current or that probably developed since the last marine inundation of the carbonate terrane. On the other hand, filling of caverns with overlying rock debris and reconstituting the debris into breccia are conditions that require evaluation of paleohydrology.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.701","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., and Stringfield, V.T., 1971, Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 701-709, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.701.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"709","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393664,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        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-76.190185546875,\n              35.04798673426734\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.541748046875,\n              35.110921809704756\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.409912109375,\n              35.37113502280101\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.036376953125,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              35.79999392988527\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5419921875,\n              36.08462129606931\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.87158203125,\n              36.4477991295848\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.82763671875,\n              36.58024660149866\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.0029296875,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.25537109375,\n              35.62158189955968\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.727783203125,\n              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,{"id":70207070,"text":"70207070 - 1971 - A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:15:36","indexId":"70207070","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T10:47:17","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water","docAbstract":"<p>Most modern disordered dolomite has been found in dynamic environments. However, solutions associated with modern dolomite formation do not have a common Mg/Ca ratio; the ratio ranges from about 3 to 100. Ground-water circulation may have a significant role in formation of regional dolomites; one of the primary requirements for regional dolomite formation is a large supply of magnesium ions. An X-ray study of well cuttings from the Tertiary limestone aquifer of central Florida indicates that it is composed primarily of calcite and dolomite with minor amounts of quartz and apatite. The magnesium content of the calcite is slightly lower (0-2 percent MgC03) in the recharge areas than in the deeper confined parts of the aquifer system (2-4 percent MgC03). Our data support other recent work and indicate an equilibrium constant for dolomite of 2 X 10-17. Inasmuch as this value is exactly the square of the calcite equilibrium constant (10~8-35), the Mg/Ca ratio must be unity for the three-phase equilibrium, calcite-dolomite-water. The Mg/Ca ratio in water from the aquifer is as low as 0.05 in the recharge area where the water is also undersaturated with respect to both calcite and dolomite. With time and length of travel path in the system, the water increases systematically in Mg/Ca ratio, which approaches unity; saturation with respect to the two carbonates also increases downgradient until the solution apparently becomes over-saturated with respect to both carbonates. In Tertiary limestones of the Yucatan Peninsula, the Mg/Ca range in water is similar to that for Florida. The small amount of magnesium available from the solution of magnesium calcites and dolomite in the potable zone of active circulation is insufficient to provide the amount required for extensive dolomitization unless enormous quantities of rock are available for dissolution. However, dolomite may be forming in the zones of brackish water that underlie the Florida and Yucatan Peninsulas. The required magnesium may be derived from the readily available ocean water or reflux brines as the hydrologic regimen is changed because of relative fluctuations of sea level.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710","issn":" 03610128","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., Back, W., and Deike, R., 1971, A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 710-724, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"710","endPage":"724","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369989,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States ","state":"Florida ","otherGeospatial":"Yucatan 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,{"id":70207137,"text":"70207137 - 1971 - Evidence on the age mineralization in the of east of barite, zinc, and iron lower paleozoic rocks Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T09:34:21","indexId":"70207137","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T09:29:09","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence on the age mineralization in the of east of barite, zinc, and iron lower paleozoic rocks Tennessee","docAbstract":"<p><span>Based on a study of minor occurrences of zinc, barite, and iron in East Tennessee, certain deposits are interpreted to have formed during early Middle Ordovician time. Principal lines of evidence supporting this age are: (1) the occurrence of barite, sphalerite, and pyrite associated with synsedimentary collapse breccias which span the pre-Middle Ordovician unconformity at the Lost Creek barite mine in Union County; (2) barite in basal Middle Ordovician beds (Athens Shale and Lenoir Limestone) in northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia; (3) sphalerite and pyrite in dolomite filling paleocaves in the uppermost part of the Lower Ordovician Mascot Dolomite at the Trotter prospect near Douglas Dam in Sevier County; and (4) oolitic hematite and pyritiferous beds near the base of the Athens Shale and subjacent pyritiferous collapse breccias in the Mascot and Kingsport Formations at several localities along the eastern side of the Appalachian Valley. Thus, it is concluded that ascending solutions formed epigenetic deposits in pre-Middle Ordovician carbonate strata nearly contemporaneously with syngenetic deposits in early Middle Ordovician sediments. These findings are in general accord with those of recent workers in the Mascot-Jefferson City and Copper Ridge districts who have proposed that mineralization in these areas occurred during the time interval of pre-Middle Ordovician erosion. The long-held theory which associates mineralization with late Paleozoic diastrophism is not supported.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.792","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, R., Fagan, J., and Wedow, H., 1971, Evidence on the age mineralization in the of east of barite, zinc, and iron lower paleozoic rocks Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 792-798, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.792.","productDescription":"7 p. 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Jr.","contributorId":6369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207135,"text":"70207135 - 1971 - An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T09:28:15","indexId":"70207135","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T09:22:37","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features","docAbstract":"<p><span>The carbonate strata of the Lower Ordovician formations in the southern Appalachian Valley were probably considerably thicker, less compacted, and more porous and permeable in early Middle Ordovician time than they are now. Analysis of selected compaction features of rocks associated with the breccias of the East Tennessee zinc districts permits quantitative estimation of the relative compaction (reduction in thickness) these sediments have undergone before and after brecciation. Total reduction in thickness of certain Lower Ordovician marker beds because of compaction during burial under younger Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and imbricate Appalachian thrust sheets appears to be at least some 40 to 50 percent. Furthermore, it is also estimated that about half of this compaction took place after brecciation in the solution-collapse structures of the zinc deposits. In comparison with laboratory compaction tests on carbonate muds it is apparent that the Lower Ordovician rocks had been buried to a depth of at least several thousand feet by the end of the Paleozoic Era. On the other hand the zones of collapse breccias probably formed at depths of generally less than a thousand feet, thus indicating an early Middle Ordovician age for their development. The general character of the rock during this time probably was similar to that of Tertiary limestone, which acts as the principal aquifer in the Coastal Plain region of southeastern United States.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.725","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hill, W.T., and Wedow, H., 1971, An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 725-734, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.725.","productDescription":"10 p. 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,{"id":70207134,"text":"70207134 - 1971 - Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T09:18:17","indexId":"70207134","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T09:14:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Variations in thickness and metal content of selected stratigraphic units cut by drill holes in the East Tennessee zinc districts have been analyzed by regression techniques. Such analysis demonstrated that as the thickness of an underlying limestone unit is decreased chiefly by solution thinning, overlying fine-grained dolomite units increase in thickness by collapse dilation. Variation in metal content is closely associated with this inverse thickness relationship because of the deposition of the ore minerals in the dilation openings. Most of the ore is found where the fine-grained dolomite units were so dilated by collapse as to form a series of rubble to crackle breccias. Hypothetical cross sections synthesized from widely spaced drill-hole data show mineralized structures of a size, shape, and distribution of metal comparable to those diagrammed in the literature from actual field relations. From these composite models of hypothetical structures the relative position of a particular hole can be approximated within its own structure. The exploration geologist thus has a numerical aid for estimating the amounts of offset needed to penetrate the most favorable part of the mineralized collapse structure with second-stage drill holes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.770","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wedow, H., 1971, Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 770-776, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.770.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"770","endPage":"776","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedow, H. Jr.","contributorId":6369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227158,"text":"70227158 - 1971 - Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:05:36.448981","indexId":"70227158","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:53:36","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Most recent workers in the East Tennessee zinc and barite districts are in general agreement that the host breccias were formed by solution-collapse processes in early Middle Ordovician time, probably in an ancient carbonate aquifer system of regional extent. There is little agreement, however, on the source and nature of the ore fluids from which the epigenetic minerals were formed. In this symposium Hanshaw and his colleagues have presented evidence in support of the concept that much secondary dolomite may have been formed by ground water. On the other hand, Roedder has shown that fluid inclusion studies indicate hot saline brines (75 degrees -150 degrees C) as the source fluids for the ore minerals, and he suggests that they may have been deeply circulating connate brines. Other investigators in the past have proposed a variety of source fluids, including juvenile waters, meteoric waters that have become enriched by the leaching of particular elements from the surrounding rock, and sea water.</p><p>In the zinc deposits, sphalerite is accompanied locally by minor amounts of galena and pyrite, and occasionally, traces of chalcopyrite. Dolomite is the chief gangue mineral and is associated with lesser amounts of quartz, calcite, barite, fluorite, anhydrite, gypsum, and bitumen. Some deposits containing barite as the dominant ore mineral have various amounts of fluorite and pyrite; sphalerite and galena may be present locally along with the other gangue minerals typical of the zinc deposits. The paragenetic sequences of the minerals have been determined for most of the mines and many of the prospects, and, except for minor refinements, will be little changed by additional studies. The real problem, though, is the correlation of these depositional sequences from mine to mine and from district to district. Perhaps the major difficulty in the correlation is the seemingly uncomplicated mineralogy that disguises a rather complex regional paragenesis.</p><p>Questions regarding the routes the ore fluids travelled to reach the sites of deposition, the reasons why the ores are concentrated in some areas more than others, and the reasons why the mineralogy varies from area to area are questions that are unanswered or at best only partly answered. Studies to date have produced convincing evidence concerning the nature of the structures and the physical conditions responsible for the localization of ore in the Kingsport Formation (Lower Ordovician). On the other hand, the relation of the Kingsport ores to the smaller deposits in the underlying Lower Ordovician and Cambrian rocks is but little understood, and no final answer to the origin of these deposits can be reached until this relationship has been satisfactorily explained.</p><p>Fluid inclusion studies, trace element analysis, and isotopic studies of all sorts are needed to further our understanding of these seemingly simple ores. Continued detailed studies of field relations, both regional and local, are of major importance, not only for what they will reveal in themselves, but also to perfect the frames of reference in which to place the growing mass of laboratory data.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.799","usgsCitation":"Hill, W.T., McCormick, J.E., and Wedow, H., 1971, Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 799-804, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.799.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"799","endPage":"804","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.63842773437499,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.30908203125,\n              35.003003395276714\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.287109375,\n              35.209721645221386\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.078369140625,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.012451171875,\n              35.30840140169162\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.935546875,\n              35.44277092585766\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              35.55904339525896\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.133544921875,\n              35.7286770448517\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99072265625,\n              35.755428369259626\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.85888671875,\n              35.862343734896484\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              35.99578538642032\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5732421875,\n              35.93354064249312\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.353515625,\n              36.075742215627\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.100830078125,\n              36.075742215627\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.8701171875,\n              36.31512514748051\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6943359375,\n              36.28856319836237\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6943359375,\n              36.43012234551576\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6064453125,\n              36.61552763134925\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9140625,\n              36.62434536776987\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9580078125,\n              36.589068371399115\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.517578125,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.63842773437499,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, W. T.","contributorId":221078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, J. E.","contributorId":270731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCormick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wedow, Helmuth Jr.","contributorId":14374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"Helmuth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70227157,"text":"70227157 - 1971 - Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T14:55:54.524899","indexId":"70227157","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:37:22","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Approximately 1,330 fluid inclusions were studied in samples of ore and gangue minerals from both massive ore and late-stage vugs from a series of Appalachian deposits and five active mines in the East Tennessee zinc districts. Most primary inclusions in sphalerite, fluorite, dolomite, and quartz from East Tennessee homogenized at 82 degrees -149 degrees C. Most primary inclusions in fluorite, barite, and sphalerite from the Central Kentucky, Central Tennessee, and Sweetwater barite districts, ranged from 72 degrees -132 degrees C. Pressure corrections to be added are probably less than 10 degrees C.Freezing data were obtained as a crude measure of the salinity of the inclusion fluids. With few exceptions, all primary inclusions contained very strongly saline brines (mostly &gt;20 weight percent salts), with appreciable amounts of at least some salts other than NaCl, and some contained immiscible globules of oil. The exceptions include several quartz, fluorite, calcite, and barite samples that contained only moderately saline brines (12-16 percent), and some inclusions containing essentially fresh water, in vug calcite. Secondary inclusions had lower salinities than adjacent primaries. Eight primary inclusions in the differently colored outer millimeter of one Central Kentucky fluorite had low salinity (4-6 percent).The data indicate that all these deposits formed from hot, saline brines, with sphalerite forming from slightly hotter and more saline fluids than later gangue minerals. This places severe restrictions on possible modes of origin and makes deeply circulating connate brines the most probable ore fluids. The data give no information on the cause or direction of fluid circulation, which would be controlled by topography, salinity, and temperature during ore deposition, and they permit wide latitude in the construction of possible models. Other observations, on \"colloform\" textures, seem to indicate the admixture of at least small amounts of surface waters with the brines.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1971, Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 777-791, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"791","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        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