Interest in the quantity and quality of the coal reserves of the United States has increased greatly since the end of World War II, principally because of the growing realization that the ultimate reserves of petroleum and natural gas, although largely undefined, still. have finite limits. With the greatly increased use of petroleum and natural gas, it has become further apparent that the reserves of these two fuels, whatever their ultimate limits may prove to be, are being consumed at a rate far surpassing that anticipated a few years ago. At some time in the future, therefore, the contribution of coal to the total production of energy in this country must inevitably be enlarged to include some of the needs now served by petroleum and natural gas.
Although coal-bearing rocks cover 14 percent of the total area of the United States (fig. 1) and contain enormous reserves, it is equally apparent that reserves of coal also have limits. In the extensively mined sections in the East it is already increasingly difficult to locate new areas containing thick beds of high-rank and high-quality coal to replace areas that have been mined out. Furthermore, a considerable part of the total reserves of the United States consists of coal of lignite and subbituminous ranks and coal contained in thin beds that can be mined only with great difficulty and expense. At the present time, therefore, the depletion of reserves of high-rank and high-quality coal, particularly the Eastern coal that is suitable for the manufacture of metallurgical coke, is a more serious problem than the percentage depletion of the total coal reserves.
Recognizing the need for more detailed estimates of coal reserves than those that have been available in the past, the U. S. Geological Survey is now preparing a reappraisal of the coal reserves of the United States in which primary emphasis is placed on the amounts of coal in separate categories according to rank,thickness of coal, and thickness of overburden. Many of the state geological surveys in coal-producing areas are also preparing new appraisals of coal reserves. The increasing volume of geologic data available on the occurrence of coal and the detailed and careful methods now employed in calculating reserves should ultimately provide a more reliable estimate for the coal reserves of the United States than has been obtainable previously, although much additional work remains to be done.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir94","usgsCitation":"Averitt, P., and Berryhill, L.R., 1950, Coal resources of the United States, A progress report, November 1, 1950: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 94, ii, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir94.","productDescription":"ii, 33 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31302,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0094/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.76 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":120879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Averitt, Paul","contributorId":12464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averitt","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berryhill, Louise R.","contributorId":37727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berryhill","given":"Louise","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3767,"text":"cir71 - 1950 - Techniques used in mine-water problems of the east Tennessee zinc district","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"cir71","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71","title":"Techniques used in mine-water problems of the east Tennessee zinc district","docAbstract":"A study of ground water as related to mining in cavernous limestones and dolomites in eastern Tennessee was made in 1946 by the U. S. Geological Survey. Surface and subsurface mapping indicated the geologic control of underground channels. Several methods of tracing water were tried and new techniques in using these methods evolved from the work. Rainfall data, when correlated with ground-water volumes and velocities, gave much information as to expected pumping volumes for any period. The use of fluorescent dye for tracing the flow of the water is described and other methods are discussed briefly. Four examples, each from a different mine, are discussed in detail and some remedies for the problems are suggested.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"[U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir71","usgsCitation":"Kent, D.F., 1950, Techniques used in mine-water problems of the east Tennessee zinc district: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 71, 9 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir71.","productDescription":"9 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30832,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1950/0071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, Deane Frederick","contributorId":42083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Deane","email":"","middleInitial":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":63225,"text":"gq5 - 1950 - Bedrock geology of the Brockton quadrangle, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:46","indexId":"gq5","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"Bedrock geology of the Brockton quadrangle, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq5","isbn":"0607740493","usgsCitation":"Chute, N.E., 1950, Bedrock geology of the Brockton quadrangle, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 5, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq5.","productDescription":"1 map.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102521,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_970.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"970"},{"id":180487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"680","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.11749999999999,42 ], [ -71.11749999999999,42.1175 ], [ -71,42.1175 ], [ -71,42 ], [ -71.11749999999999,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63424e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chute, Newton Earl","contributorId":97119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chute","given":"Newton","email":"","middleInitial":"Earl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4763,"text":"wsp1099 - 1950 - Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in the United States, 1947, Part 4, South-Central States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:52","indexId":"wsp1099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1099","title":"Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in the United States, 1947, Part 4, South-Central States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1099","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1950, Water levels and artesian pressure in observation wells in the United States, 1947, Part 4, South-Central States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1099, vi, 201 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1099.","productDescription":"vi, 201 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31745,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9fc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24715,"text":"ofr51156 - 1950 - Basic ground-water data in Lake County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr51156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"51-156","title":"Basic ground-water data in Lake County, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr51156","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Trauger, F., 1950, Basic ground-water data in Lake County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 51-156, 287 p. (some folded) :ill., maps, plates ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr51156.","productDescription":"287 p. (some folded) :ill., maps, plates ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trauger, F.D.","contributorId":102520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trauger","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64078,"text":"gp23 - 1950 - Total intensity aeromagnetic map of De Kalb County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T19:32:45.560047","indexId":"gp23","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Total intensity aeromagnetic map of De Kalb County, Indiana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp23","usgsCitation":"Dempsey, W.J., Henderson, J.R., and Duffner, R.T., 1950, Total intensity aeromagnetic map of De Kalb County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 23, 1 Plate: 27.24 × 23.07 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp23.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 27.24 × 23.07 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392737,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3151.htm"},{"id":260616,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0023/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"63360","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"De Kalb County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.8,\n 41.55\n ],\n [\n -85.2333,\n 41.55\n ],\n [\n -85.2333,\n 41.275\n ],\n [\n -84.8,\n 41.275\n ],\n [\n -84.8,\n 41.55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628f1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dempsey, William J.","contributorId":21517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dempsey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, John R. Jr.","contributorId":96346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duffner, R. T.","contributorId":66243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":269892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71139,"text":"tei103 - 1950 - A glossary of Uranium- and Thorium- bearing minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"tei103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"103","title":"A glossary of Uranium- and Thorium- bearing minerals","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei103","usgsCitation":"Frondel, J.W., and Fleischer, M., 1950, A glossary of Uranium- and Thorium- bearing minerals (Published as CIR 74 (1st ed.), CIR 194 (2nd ed), and B 1009-F (3rd ed)): U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 103, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei103.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/103/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90539,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/103/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","edition":"Published as CIR 74 (1st ed.), CIR 194 (2nd ed), and B 1009-F (3rd ed)","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frondel, Judith Weiss","contributorId":55810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frondel","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"Weiss","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleischer, Michael","contributorId":65835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44137,"text":"ofr5031 - 1950 - Surficial geologic map of parts of Billerica, Wilmington, and Lexington quadrangles, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:57","indexId":"ofr5031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"50-31","title":"Surficial geologic map of parts of Billerica, Wilmington, and Lexington quadrangles, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5031","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., 1950, Surficial geologic map of parts of Billerica, Wilmington, and Lexington quadrangles, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 50-31, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5031.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":81511,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1950/0031/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68912c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71175,"text":"tei76A - 1950 - Examination for radioactivity in a copper-lode prospect on Ruby Creek, Kobuk River valley, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:46","indexId":"tei76A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76","chapter":"A","title":"Examination for radioactivity in a copper-lode prospect on Ruby Creek, Kobuk River valley, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei76A","usgsCitation":"White, M., 1950, Examination for radioactivity in a copper-lode prospect on Ruby Creek, Kobuk River valley, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 76, 8 p., 2 fig. : maps ; 29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei76A.","productDescription":"8 p., 2 fig. : maps ; 29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/076a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90582,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/076a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f95f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Mary G.","contributorId":59518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Mary G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71147,"text":"tei110 - 1950 - Progress of geologic studies, Colorado Plateau Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:47","indexId":"tei110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"110","title":"Progress of geologic studies, Colorado Plateau Project","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei110","usgsCitation":"Cater, F., Craig, L., and Phoenix, D.A., 1950, Progress of geologic studies, Colorado Plateau Project: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 110, 41 p.; 6 illus., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei110.","productDescription":"41 p.; 6 illus.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90544,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dfb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cater, F.W.","contributorId":41892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cater","given":"F.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craig, L.C.","contributorId":61419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phoenix, D. A.","contributorId":92665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phoenix","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1063,"text":"wsp1079B - 1950 - Ground-water resources of Gregg County, Texas, with a section on Stream runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T15:27:11","indexId":"wsp1079B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1079","chapter":"B","title":"Ground-water resources of Gregg County, Texas, with a section on Stream runoff","docAbstract":"Field work in the island of St. Croix, V. I., was carried on from December 1938 to April 1939 in connection with a test-drilling program for water sup- plies. The island is 21 miles long and has a maximum width of 6 miles. Its western part consists of a range of mountains flanked on the south by a rolling plain; its narrower eastern part is entirely mountainous. There are only a few small streams. The rolling and fiat lands are cultivated or are in grass, and the mountainous areas are either wooded or in grass. The average rain- fall of the island is 46.34 inches, but severe droughts and periods of excess precipitation are not uncommon. The island is made up of rocks of Upper Cretaceous age, mostly volcanic tufts and limestones known as the Mount Eagle volcanics; diorite intruded into the cretaceous rocks; and Oligocene to Miocene blue clays and yellow marls (the Jealousy formation and Kingshill marl, respectively). Alluvium is widely distributed. The Mount Eagle rocks were strongly folded in early Tertiary time and the Kingshill strata gently folded in post Lower-Miocene time along an east-northeast axis. Three early Tertiary cycles of erosion are recognized. After the folding of the Kingshill marl, streams followed the strike of the folded rocks in a westerly direction, but they gradually assumed southward courses across the marl plain and as a result a western area of old-age topography, a central area of late-mature topography, and an eastern area of early-mature topography have been created. Submerged reefs and emergent reefs and beaches indicate several fairly recent stands of the sea. Water for human consumption is obtained by collecting rain water in cis- terns, but water for other purposes is almost entirely supplied by wells which are generally less than 100 feet deep. Many dug wells are used, but in recent years drilled wells have been constructed. Most of them are discharged by wind-powered pumps of small capacity. Wells are developed in all the rocks mentioned (except coral reef), but the best yields are obtained from the alluvium. A maximum yield of 80 gallons a minute was obtained from a gravel-packed well in the alluvial valley at Fair Plain. Further exploration of the alluvium is recommended. The weathered diorite also appears to be a fairly good water-bearing formation. Test drilling showed that deep water- bearing formations should probably not be expected beneath the Tertiary rocks. Most of the ground waters of St. Croix contain a moderately high mineral content owing to the solution of rock-forming minerals and the deposition of alkali and salt spray in the soil. Only a few wells are contaminated by sea water. The low hardness of some highly mineralized waters is believe due to base exchange. The most highly mineralized waters are found in the alluvium in areas with alkali soil and in some places in the Tertiary limestones where presumably soluble salts were deposited in those strata. The least mineralized waters are found in shallow wells in the alluvial near the foot of the mountains and in the areas of dioritic rock. Many well waters in Croix, if properly protected from contamination might be entirely suited to human consumption. Although many waters are hard, they are used for domestic purposes. Most waters, even those high in chloride, are reported to be excellent for cattle consumption. Most ground waters in St. Croix cannot be used for boiler feed without treatment but are used for o*her purposes in the manufacture of sugar and rum. A brief discussion of the results of test drilling by the National Park Service in 1940-41 is also given.
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