This study, like other similar studies, was made possible by a cooperative water-resources program between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority (at the time), representing also the Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Authority and the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company.
This report covers the hydrologic investigation made in 1967 in the Coamo area, on the south coast of Puerto Rico. The purpose of the investigation was to make a preliminary, intensive reconnaissance of the water resources of the area. Emphasis was on the Coamo fan, which is essentially coextensive with the coastal plain.
The scope of the investigation covered the collection, analysis, and interpretation of hydrologic data so as to arrive at a linkage between how much, where, and what type of water is available in relation to the water needs of the area (largely for irrigation).
This report is based in good part on the field work of Ralph Gonzalez, hydrologic assistant for the project, who installed and maintained in working order most of the recording instruments and collected most of the field data. We acknowledge the cooperation of Luce & Company, owner or user of most of the water wells in the area. Its personnel guided us to their wells and provided invaluable records on well yield and rainfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70271733","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico","usgsCitation":"Giusti, E.V., 1971, Water resources of the Coamo area, Puerto Rico, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70271733.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70271733/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70271733/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","city":"Coamo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 18.61812040597721\n ],\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 17.80333089063508\n ],\n [\n -65.56416750050371,\n 17.80333089063508\n ],\n [\n -65.56416750050371,\n 18.61812040597721\n ],\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 18.61812040597721\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giusti, Ennio V.","contributorId":35301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giusti","given":"Ennio","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":949219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047678,"text":"70047678 - 1971 - Open-channel integrating-type flow meter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T13:36:34","indexId":"70047678","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T10:59:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Open-channel integrating-type flow meter","docAbstract":"A relatively inexpensive meter for measuring cumulative flow in open channels with a rated control,. called a \"totalizer\", was developed. It translates the nonlinear function of gage height to flow by use of a cam and a float. A variable resistance element in an electronic circuit is controlled by the float so that the electron flow in the circuit corresponds to the flow of water. The flow of electricity causes electroplating of an electrode with silver. The amount of silver deposited is proportionate to the flow of water. The total flow of water is determined by removing the silver from the electrode at a fixed rate with ·an electronic device and recording the time for removal with a counter. The circuit is designed so that the ,resultant reading on the counter is in acre-feet of water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Albuquerque, NM","doi":"10.3133/70047678","usgsCitation":"Koopman, K., 1971, Open-channel integrating-type flow meter: Open-File Report, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047678.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047678.jpg"},{"id":278737,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047678/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e37e4b0b08f44619916","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koopman, K.C.","contributorId":75424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koopman","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70119525,"text":"70119525 - 1971 - Action report: conservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife in the National Water Resources Program. State fish and game departments, national conservation organizations, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-07T10:40:37","indexId":"70119525","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T10:37:06","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Action report: conservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife in the National Water Resources Program. State fish and game departments, national conservation organizations, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Bond, T., 1971, Action report: conservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife in the National Water Resources Program. State fish and game departments, national conservation organizations, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e492c4e4b0fff40428a546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bond, T.J.","contributorId":41349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227163,"text":"70227163 - 1971 - Comments on An unconventional approach to flood frequency analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:57:48.947164","indexId":"70227163","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T09:53:42","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comments on An unconventional approach to flood frequency analysis","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626667109493053","usgsCitation":"Benson, M.A., 1971, Comments on An unconventional approach to flood frequency analysis: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 16, no. 2, p. 91-91, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667109493053.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"91","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667109493053","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":393722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Manuel A.","contributorId":41405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231035,"text":"70231035 - 1971 - Application of remote sensing techniques for appraising changes in wildlife habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-29T15:06:34.226612","indexId":"70231035","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T09:38:49","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Application of remote sensing techniques for appraising changes in wildlife habitat","docAbstract":"An attempt was made to investigate the potential of airborne, multispectral, line scanner data acquisition and computer-implemented automatic recognition techniques for providing useful information about waterfowl breeding habitat in North Dakota. The spectral characteristics of the components of a landscape containing waterfowl habitat can be detected with airborne scanners. By analyzing these spectral characteristics it is possible to identify and map the landscape components through analog and digital processing methods. At the present stage of development multispectral remote sensing techniques are not ready for operational application to surveys of migratory bird habitat and other such resources. Further developments are needed to: (1) increase accuracy; (2) decrease retrieval and processing time; and (3) reduce costs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Workshop in Earth Resources Survey Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Workshop in Earth Resources Survey Systems","conferenceDate":"May 3-7, 1971","conferenceLocation":"University of Michigan, Michigan, United States","language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H.K., Klett, A.T., and Johnston, J., 1971, Application of remote sensing techniques for appraising changes in wildlife habitat, in International Workshop in Earth Resources Survey Systems, v. 2, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States, May 3-7, 1971, p. 260-288.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"288","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730007669/downloads/19730007669.pdf","size":"12.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","city":"Woodworth","otherGeospatial":"Missouri Coteau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.52583312988281,\n 46.89070082387964\n ],\n [\n -98.84811401367188,\n 46.89070082387964\n ],\n [\n -98.84811401367188,\n 47.27130916053534\n ],\n [\n -99.52583312988281,\n 47.27130916053534\n ],\n [\n -99.52583312988281,\n 46.89070082387964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Harvey K.","contributorId":101295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klett, Albert T.","contributorId":290904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klett","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":841797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, John E.","contributorId":38642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"John E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25186,"text":"25186 - 1971 - Notice to lessees and operators of federal oil, gas, and sulphur leases in the outer continental shelf Gulf of Mexico region: OCS order nos. 1 through 12: Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T09:10:19","indexId":"25186","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T09:09:07","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Notice to lessees and operators of federal oil, gas, and sulphur leases in the outer continental shelf Gulf of Mexico region: OCS order nos. 1 through 12: Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/25186","issn":"0364-7064","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Notice to lessees and operators of federal oil, gas, and sulphur leases in the outer continental shelf Gulf of Mexico region: OCS order nos. 1 through 12: Gulf of Mexico, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/25186.","productDescription":"52 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico;United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.86,18.18 ], [ -97.86,30.4 ], [ -81.04,30.4 ], [ -81.04,18.18 ], [ -97.86,18.18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c64da5e4b0001bd514778d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227331,"text":"70227331 - 1971 - A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T15:07:32.785348","indexId":"70227331","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T08:47:06","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(71)90014-8","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., 1971, A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 10, no. 2, p. 252-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90014-8.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -120.56945800781249,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -120.56945800781249,\n 39.15136267949029\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 39.15136267949029\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.84883250647402\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2000025,"text":"2000025 - 1971 - Biology of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) of the 1960 year class, isolated in the Big Garlic River, Michigan, 1960-65","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2000025","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":222,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"16","title":"Biology of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) of the 1960 year class, isolated in the Big Garlic River, Michigan, 1960-65","docAbstract":"The early life history of the sea lamprey, from hatching to the first capture of metamorphosed individuals, is described from observations on a known-age population isolated in a tributary of southern Lake Superior. The population had its origin in the spring of 1960, when 722 sea lampreys nearing spawning condition were introduced into the Big Garlic River, Marquette County, Michigan, a stream that had previously been free of lampreys because physical barriers prevented their upstream migration. The adults constructed 206 nests and spawned in 161 of them; an estimated 774,000 larvae were hatched. The average total lengths of larvae collected in October (when yearly growth was nearly complete) in 1960-65 were 13, 39, 63, 80, 92, and 107 mm in the successive years.\nA specially designed inclined-plane trap, installed at the lower end of the study area to monitor the downstream movement of larval and newly metamorphosed lampreys, captured 7,562 larvae in 1962-65 (none in 1960-61). The annual catch increased sharply from 9 in 1962 to 370 in 1963, 2,847 in 1964, and 4,336 in 1965. About 90% of each annual catch was taken by June 30. Most movement was at night.\nA total of 5,642 larvae were marked in 1962-65 by the subcutaneous injection of an insoluble dye, to study movement and distribution; 222 were recovered as larvae through 1965 (17 in the trap and 205 with an electric shocker). The recoveries of marked lampreys, the increase in density of larvae in the farthest downstream section of the study area, and the annual catches in the trap demonstrated that a large part of the population gradually shifted downstream. On the other hand, many larvae were still within less than 1 km from the place of hatching, after more than 5 years.\nThe capture of four recently metamorphosed sea lampreys (two males and two females), 152-172 mm long, in the fall of 1965, established the minimum age at transformation for larvae in the Big Garlic River at 5 years. Age and length (with the exception of a possible minimum length) were determined not to be critical factors in metamorphosis. The presence of larvae 65-176 mm long (mean, 107 mm) in the river in 1965 indicated that metamorphosis of lampreys in a single year class takes place over a period of years.","language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Manion, P.J., and McLain, A.L., 1971, Biology of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) of the 1960 year class, isolated in the Big Garlic River, Michigan, 1960-65: Technical Report 16, 35 p.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.glfc.org/pubs/TechReports/Tr16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db62317b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manion, Patrick J.","contributorId":99080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manion","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLain, Alberton L.","contributorId":15561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLain","given":"Alberton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010380,"text":"70010380 - 1971 - Calcium-magnesium carbonate solid solutions from Holocene conglomerate cements and travertines in the Coast Range of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:02:36.637264","indexId":"70010380","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calcium-magnesium carbonate solid solutions from Holocene conglomerate cements and travertines in the Coast Range of California","docAbstract":"Two calcium-magnesium carbonate solid solutions form Holocene travertines and conglomerate cements in fresh water stream channels of the Coast Range of California. Calcite does not yield the {015} diffraction maximum. The {006} diffraction maximum is lacking over most of the range of composition of calcite. Calcite has compositions from CaCO3 to Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3. Dolomite yields both the {006} and {015} diffraction maxima over its entire composition range, Ca0.6Mg0.4CO3 to Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3. The Ca-Mg carbonates form in isotopic equilibrium and thermodynamic disequilibrium from dispersion of Ca2+-rich water into CO32−-rich water within the alluvium. The stable isotope data suggest that all the Mg-rich carbonates are primary precipitates and not a result of Mg-substitution in precursor CaCO3. There is a correlation between δC13 and Mg content of the carbonates which predicts a 5%. fractionation of C13 between dolomite and calcite at sedimentary temperatures. C14 is incorporated in Ca-Mg carbonates forming from C13-poor meteoric waters and C13-rich waters from Cretaceous sediments. C14 ages of the Ca-Mg carbonates are apparent, and cannot be corrected to absolute values. Solution rates of calcite decrease with increasing MgCO3 content; dolomite dissolves slower than any calcite.
Extending the analysis of branching patterns of the drainage net of rivers, originated by Horton, the relation of average numbers and lengths of tree branches to size of branch was investigated. Size of branch was defined by branch order, or its position in the hierarchy of tributaries. It was found that, as in river drainage nets, there is a definite logarithmic relation between branch order and lengths and numbers. This definite relation is quantitatively comparable, within limits, among river networks, tree branching systems, and several random-walk models in both two and three dimensions. Such a relation appears to be the most probable under the applicable constraints. Moreover the most probable arrangement appears to minimize the total length of all stems in the branching system within other constraints and so, to that extent, achieves a certain efficiency.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Theoretical Biology","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-5193(71)90192-5","issn":"00225193","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1971, Trees and streams: The efficiency of branching patterns: Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 339-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(71)90192-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7a9e4b08c986b3273f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010307,"text":"70010307 - 1971 - Fluid inclusions in quartz crystals from South-West Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:12:08.559172","indexId":"70010307","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusions in quartz crystals from South-West Africa","docAbstract":"Quartz crystals from calcite veins of unknown age in Precambrian metasedimentary rocks at Geiaus No. 6 and Aukam farms in South-West Africa contain both primary and secondary inclusions filled with one or a variable combination of: organic liquid, moderately saline aqueous liquid, dark-colored solid, and vapor. Analysis of these materials by microscopy and by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry shows the presence of constituents of both low and high molecular weights. The former include CH4, C2H6, C3H8 and possibly C4H10 as well as CO, CO2, H2O, N2 and H2. High molecular weight components are dominantly n-alkanes and isoprenoid hydrocarbons. The n-alkanes range from at least n-C10 to n-C33. Concentrations of n-alkanes larger than n-C17 decrease regularly with increasing carbon number. An homologous series of isoprenoid hydrocarbons ranging from at least C14 to C20 is present in unusually high concentrations. Pristane (C19) is most abundant, and C17 isoprenoid is least abundant. The molecular composition and distribution of hydrocarbons suggest biological precursors for these components.
Consideration of data provided by freezing, crushing and heating experiments suggests that the pressures at the time these in part supercritical fluids were trapped probably exceeded 30–40 atm, and the minimum trapping temperature was about 120–160°C. Both primary and secondary inclusions apparently containing only organic materials were trapped by the growth of the host quartz from aqueous solution. The data obtained neither prove nor preclude Precambrian, Paleozoic or younger sources for the organic materials.
This note presents evidence for the natural low temperature crystallization of brucite, and also indicates the possibility of ambient temperature serpentinization.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190509","usgsCitation":"Luce, R.W., 1971, Brucite identified as crystallizing from a natural cold alkaline spring gel: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 5, p. 335-336, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190509.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"336","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f29ee4b0c8380cd4b25e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luce, Robert W.","contributorId":103685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luce","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010028,"text":"70010028 - 1971 - The determination of vanadium in brines by atomic absorption spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:24:44.99056","indexId":"70010028","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The determination of vanadium in brines by atomic absorption spectroscopy","docAbstract":"A standard addition method is described for the determination of vanadium in brines by atomic absorption spectroscopy with a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. Sample pH is adjusted to 1.0 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the vanadium is directly extracted with 5% cupferron in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). The ketone layer is then aspirated into the flame and the recorded absorption values are plotted as a function of the concentration of the added metal. As little as 2.5 μg l−1 of vanadium can be detected under the conditions of the procedure. Tungsten and tin interfere when present in excess of 5 and 10 μg ml−1, respectively. The concentrations of the two interfering ions normally found in brines are well below interference levels.
By the use of only relative photometry (intraframe) it is shown that the photometric functions of material reposed on the inner walls of some of the ypunger lunar craters photographed on the far side of the Moon from the Apollo 11 Command Module are not of a form which can be reduced to a dependence on phase angle and brightness-longitude (g, α) alone. Some other dependence on the completely general degrees of freedom described by phase angle, angle of incidence, and angle of emergence (g, i, ϵ) seems to be required. In addition, however, it has been found that a dependence of g and α is more closely approached for the crater, in the group observed, which is obviously the oldest by virtue of the roundedness of the rim crest and the mass-wasting which has occured on its inner walls. The possibility thus arises of crater age-dating by making a brightness ratio measurement together with some image geometry measurements. It is at least evident that more than one type of geologic material has been encountered.
This paper describes the results of study of an imaging experiment planned for the 1973 Mariner Venus/Mercury flyby mission. Scientific objectives, mission constraints, analysis of alternative systems, and the rationale for final choice are presented. Severe financial constraints ruled out the best technical alternative for flyby imaging, a film/readout system, or even significant re-design of previous Mariner vidicon camera/tape recorder systems.
The final selection was a vidicon camera quite similar to that used for Mariner Mars 1971, but with the capability of real time transmission during the Venus and Mercury flybys. Real time data return became possible through dramatic increase in the communications bandwidth at only modest sacrifice in the quality of the returned pictures. Two identical long focal length cameras (1500 mm) were selected and it will be possible to return several thousand pictures from both planets at resolutions ranging from equivalent to Earthbased to tenths of a kilometer at encounter. Systematic high resolution ultraviolet photography of Venus is planned after encounter in an attempt to understand the nature of the mysterious ultraviolet markings and their apparent 4- to 5-day rotation period. Full disk coverage in mosaics will produce pictures of both planets similar in quality to Earthbased telescopic pictures of the Moon. The increase of resolution, more than three orders of magnitude, will yield an exciting first look at two planets whose closeup appearance is unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(71)90071-6","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Murray, B.C., Belton, M.J., Danielson, G.E., Davies, M.E., Kuiper, G.P., O’Leary, B.T., Suomi, V., and Trask, N., 1971, Imaging of Mercury and Venus from a flyby: Icarus, v. 15, no. 2, p. 153-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(71)90071-6.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3883e4b0c8380cd615c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, B. C.","contributorId":49870,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, G. Edward","contributorId":58769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuiper, G. P.","contributorId":9394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Leary, B. T.","contributorId":28359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Suomi, V.E.","contributorId":68869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suomi","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trask, N.J.","contributorId":31729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trask","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70010370,"text":"70010370 - 1971 - Reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T14:35:18","indexId":"70010370","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalies","docAbstract":"One-g samples of a montmorillonite, a metabentonite, an illite, two kaolinites, and three halloysites were treated with 50 ml of hydrochloric acid (6⋅45 N, 1:1), acetic acid (4⋅5 N, 1:3), sodium hydroxide (2⋅8 N), sodium chloride solution (pH 6⋅10; Na = 35‰; Cl = 21⋅5‰), and natural sea water (pH 7⋅85; Na = 35⋅5‰; Cl = 21⋅ 5‰) for a 10-day period in stoppered plastic vials. The supernatant solutions were removed from the clay minerals and analyzed for SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O. All the solutions removed some SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 from the samples, but the quantities were small. Sodium hydroxide attacked the kaolin group minerals more strongly than it did montmorillonite, metabentonite, or illite. Halloysite was more strongly attacked by hydrochloric acid than was any of the other experimental minerals. Hydrochloric acid removed iron oxide coatings from soil clay minerals, but acetic acid did not remove them completely. The samples most strongly attacked by HCl and NaOH were examined by X-ray diffraction. Acid treatment did not destroy the structure of the clays, but the halloysite structure was partially destroyed. Sodium hydroxide attacked the halloysite structure, as shown by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. These experiments show that treatment in dilute acids has no harmful effect in the preparation of clays for X-ray diffraction. Acetic acid is preferred to hydrochloric acid for this purpose. Hydrochloric acid cleans clay minerals by removing free iron oxide from the surface; acetic acid is less effective.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190508","usgsCitation":"Carroll, D., and Starkey, H.C., 1971, Reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalies: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 5, p. 321-333, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190508.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"333","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a958fe4b0c8380cd81ac5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, Dorothy","contributorId":38534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"Dorothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starkey, Harry C.","contributorId":175349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Starkey","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010371,"text":"70010371 - 1971 - Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T14:34:40","indexId":"70010371","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico","docAbstract":"Clay beds 1–2 m thick and interbedded with marine limestones probably of early Eocene age are composed of nearly pure mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite. Particle size studies, electron micrographs, X-ray diffraction studies, chemical analyses, cation exchange experiments, DTA, and TGA indicate that clays from three different localities contain roughly equal proportions of randomly interlayered kaolinite and montmorillonite layers. The montmorillonite structural formulas average K0·2Na0·2Ca0·2Mg0·2(Al2·5Fe1·03+Mg0·5)(Al0·75Si7.25)O20+(OH)4−, with a deficiency of structural (OH) in either the montmorillonite or kaolinite layers. Nonexchangeable K+ indicates that a few layers are mica-like. Crystals are mostly round plates 1/10 to 1/20 µ across. The feature most diagnostic of the mixed-layer character is an X-ray reflection near 8 Å after heating at 300°C. The clays are inferred to have developed by weathering of volcanic ash and subsequent erosion and deposition in protected nearshore basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190302","usgsCitation":"Schultz, L., Shepard, A., Blackmon, P., and Starkey, H., 1971, Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 3, p. 137-150, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190302.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"150","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b80e4b0c8380cd6f5c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schultz, L.G.","contributorId":62617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shepard, A.O.","contributorId":32295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"A.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blackmon, P.D.","contributorId":62210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackmon","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Starkey, H.C.","contributorId":88728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starkey","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010383,"text":"70010383 - 1971 - Analytical sensitivities and energies of thermal neutron capture gamma rays II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T23:54:01.884756","indexId":"70010383","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2906,"text":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical sensitivities and energies of thermal neutron capture gamma rays II","docAbstract":"A table of the analytical sensitivities of the principal lines in the thermal neutron capture gamma-ray spectrum from 0 to 3 MeV has been compiled for most of the elements. A tabulation of the full-energy, single-escape, and double-escape peaks has also been made according to energy. The tables are useful for spectral interpretation and calibration.
All carbonates associated with the ultramafic rocks and serpentinites of the western United States are shown by their stable isotope ratios to be of near-surface, low-temperature origin. These include vein materials that have been previously classified as hydrothermal. New laboratory and natural data were obtained on the equilibrium isotope relations between hydromagnesite and water. The origins of travertines in the ultramafic area are easily distinguished on the basis of their stable isotope ratios. The extremely heavy isotope ratios of nesquehonites suggest an intricate evaporating-film mechanism of formation.
Isla San Cristobal, the most easterly of the Galapagos Islands, consists of two parts: a large volcano constitutes the southwest half of the island and an irregular apron of small cones and flows makes up the northeast half. As some of the younger flows on the flanks of the large volcano are reversely magnetized, the minimum age of the volcano is 0.7 my, which is the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal boundary. The true age is probably several times greater. The cones and flows to the northeast are all normally magnetized. The between-site angular dispersion of virtual poles is 11.3° - a value consistent with mathematical models for the latitude dependence of geomagnetic secular variation.
40Ar/39Ar age spectra were determined for 10 terrestrial rock and mineral samples whose geologic history is known from independent evidence. The spectra for six mineral and whole rock samples, including biotite, feldspar, hornblende, muscovite, and granodiorite, that have experienced post-crystallization heating did not reveal the age of crystallization in any obvious way. Minima in the spectra, however, give reasonable maximum ages for reheating and high-temperature maxima can be interpreted as minimum crystallization ages. High-temperature ages of microcline and albite that have not been reheated are approximately 10% younger than the known crystallization age. Apparently there are no domains in these feldspars that have retained radiogenic40Ar quantitatively. Spectra from two diabase samples that contain significant quantities of excess argon might mistakenly be interpreted as spectra from reheated samples and do not give the age of emplacement. The40Ar/39Ar age spectrum technique may be a potentially valuable tool for the study of geologic areas with complex histories, but the interpretation of age spectra from terrestrial samples seems to be more difficult than suggested by some previous studies.
Craters on Mars and the Moon are alike in that larger craters differ in shape from smaller ones, and older craters differ in shape from younger ones. Smoothed depth-diameter curves for 41 large martian craters photographed by Mariner IV inflect at a crater diameter of 10–20km in a manner similar to curves for lunar craters. Below 10–20km, both depth-diameter curves are linear with a slope of roughly 1.0; above this threshold range, the curves assume a much lower slope. Diminution of lunar crater depth-diameter ratios with age indicates that the shapes of lunar and, by inference, martian craters have changed systematically since formation. Martian craters sampled here are shallower than most pre-Imbrian lunar craters. By analogy with the Moon, martian craters seem both to vary in initial shape according to the energy of the impact that formed them and to have been modified subsequently by endogenic and surface processes. A proposed model for the geologic development of large martian and lunar craters outlines a time- dependent sequence of events. Craters which have undergone rapid isostatic adjustment on the Moon have distinctive morphologies and occur preferentially along mare basin-upland margins.
A flood-plain forest has been preserved beneath a lava flow that invaded the Inmachuk River Valley in the northern part of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, during the Pliocene Epoch. The fossil flora is of great biogeographic interest because of its position (Fig. 1) in a tundra region about 250 km east of Bering Strait, 75 km south of the Arctic Circle, and 65 km west of the northwestern limit of spruce-birch forest. It provides insight into the history of the development of the circumpolar boreal forest (taiga). A rich arthropod fauna casts light on the phylogeny of several modern insect genera and on the origin of modern tundra faunas. A potassium-argon analysis of the overlying basaltic lava provides our first radiometric age estimate (5.7±0.2 million years) for the Clamgulchian Stage, a Late Tertiary time-stratigraphic unit based on fossil plants and widely recognized in Alaska (Wolfe and Hopkins 1967) and northeastern Siberia.
A useful method for the determination of silver in soil, sediment, and rock samples in geochemical exploration has been developed. The sample is digested with concentrated nitric acid, and the silver extracted with triisooctyl thiophosphate (TOTP) in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) after dilution of the acid digest to approximately 6 M. The extraction of silver into the organic extractant is quantitative and not affected by the nitric acid concentration from 4 M to 8 M, or by different volumes of TOTP-MIBK. The extracted silver is stable and remains in the organic phase up to several days. The silver concentration is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.