Records of discharge on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oreg., are vital to the management of the complex water-development projects in the Columbia River basin. Accurate discharge figures are needed for consistent day-to-day management and are required to meet treaty obligations with Canada.
\nBecause dams have been erected that completely control watersurface elevations at nearly all points in the river from Bonneville Dam to the Canadian border, conventional stream-gaging methods, used historically, are no longer adequate. Consequently, new techniques must be used to obtain the accurate discharge records required--records that are computed independently from the hydroelectric operation logs and that stand alone as the recognized flow records in the basin.
\nThis need for an accurate, independent gaging system has been met by the installation of an acoustic streamflow-measuring system in the river channel at The Dalles, Oreg. This device provides an index of water velocity by measuring the difference in traveltimes of acoustic pulses transmitted through the water in each direction along a diagonal path across the river. The flow of water along the path increases the speed of one signal and retards the speed of the other. The difference in time of travel is related linearly to the water velocity along the path. The velocity index and river stage are used as a two-variable index in the computation of flow. These variables, correlated against current-meter measurements made with specialized boat equipment, provide a reliable basis for computations of instantaneous and daily mean discharges.
\nInstallation of this sytem, which is the first application of an AVM (acoustic velocity meter) in a large natural channel, was completed in April 1969. It has been in continuous operation since that date. Performance has been satisfactory, and similar installations at other key points in the Columbia River basin are now under consideration. This paper covers the general theory behind acoustic velocity meters, tracing development from earlier concepts to the present commercially available system. Conclusions are that the AVM can now be considered as an operational instrument which permits accurate gaging of river discharge at many sites where conventional stream-gaging procedures have proved to be unreliable.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/70174290","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bonneville Power Administration, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Smith, W., Hubbard, L.L., and Laenen, A., 1971, The acoustic streamflow-measuring system on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon: Open-File Report, v, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70174290.","productDescription":"v, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"71","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70174290.jpg"},{"id":324878,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70174290/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"The Dalles","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.19258880615234,\n 45.598545581663465\n ],\n [\n -121.19258880615234,\n 45.61739941393963\n ],\n [\n -121.12255096435545,\n 45.61739941393963\n ],\n [\n -121.12255096435545,\n 45.598545581663465\n ],\n [\n -121.19258880615234,\n 45.598545581663465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"577f7d33e4b0ef4d2f45facd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Winchell","contributorId":20311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winchell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbard, Larry L.","contributorId":91492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207469,"text":"70207469 - 1971 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T17:23:27","indexId":"70207469","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T17:19:02","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7","docAbstract":"The sediments cored on Leg 7 are predominantly deep sea biogenic oozes and chalks; only rarely were significant quantities of pelagic clays and volcanic detritus encountered. The biogenic sections include both siliceous and calcareous deposits. At three sites the drilling terminated in basalt, one of which (Site 62) is interpreted as being intrusive on the basis of intense alteration of the overlying sediment. With the exception of Ca++ and Sr , compositional changes in the pore waters are characteristically small relative to those reported previously for rapidly deposited, non-biogenic sediments. Ca++ and Sr + , however, exhibit concentrations of up to three times and ten times, respectively, those found in sea water. In several instances, constant concentration gradients as a function of depth have been found.
The sampling, storage and analytical procedures employed have been briefly described in an earlier report (Sayles et al, 1970) and are detailed in a manuscript in preparation (Manheim and Chan). Sodium has been calculated as the difference between the summation of the anions and the summation of the major cations exclusive of sodium; to date, this method has proven more accurate than direct analytical methods. Agreement between the two types of silica determination used (emission spectrometric and colorimetric) is poor; the values obtained by emission spectrometry are characteristically higher. The colorimetric technique measures only \"reactive\" silica (monomeric and possibly dimeric) while the emission spectrometric technique will determine all of the silica in solution and in suspension. The silica content of most of the solutions is high (60 ppm) and polymerization is likely. We are currently investigating this discrepancy. The pH and water content data reported were obtained aboard the Glomar Challenger immediately after sampling
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971","usgsCitation":"Sayles, F., and Manheim, F.T., 1971, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 7, p. 871-881, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"871","endPage":"881","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210292,"text":"70210292 - 1971 - Flood-prone areas in the Sonoma Creek drainage basin, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, including Glen Ellen, Sonoma, Sears Point, and Petaluma Point 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T21:58:36.395029","indexId":"70210292","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T16:06:58","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5961,"text":"Basic Data Contribution","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"16","title":"Flood-prone areas in the Sonoma Creek drainage basin, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, including Glen Ellen, Sonoma, Sears Point, and Petaluma Point 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210292","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Flood-prone areas in the Sonoma Creek drainage basin, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, including Glen Ellen, Sonoma, Sears Point, and Petaluma Point 7 1/2-minute quadrangles (Revised 1971): Basic Data Contribution 16, 4 Plates: 21.52 x 26.94 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210292.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 21.52 x 26.94 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401011,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210292/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401009,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210292/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401021,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76226.htm"},{"id":401010,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210292/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396457,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210292/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401008,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210292/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Marin County, Sonoma County","otherGeospatial":"Glen Ellen, Sonoma, Sears Point, and Petaluma Point 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.625,\n 38.3667\n ],\n [\n -122.3667,\n 38.3667\n ],\n [\n -122.3667,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 38.3667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Revised 1971","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":210377,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":836001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210291,"text":"70210291 - 1971 - Flood-prone areas in the Napa River drainage basin, Napa County, California, including St. Helena, Rutherford, Yountville, Napa, and Cuttings Wharf 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T21:57:25.249767","indexId":"70210291","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T15:46:03","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5961,"text":"Basic Data Contribution","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"15","title":"Flood-prone areas in the Napa River drainage basin, Napa County, California, including St. Helena, Rutherford, Yountville, Napa, and Cuttings Wharf 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210291","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Flood-prone areas in the Napa River drainage basin, Napa County, California, including St. Helena, Rutherford, Yountville, Napa, and Cuttings Wharf 7 1/2-minute quadrangles (Revised 1971): Basic Data Contribution 15, 5 Plates: 21.51 x 26.85 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210291.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 21.51 x 26.85 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401020,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76225.htm"},{"id":401007,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210291/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401006,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210291/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401004,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210291/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401003,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210291/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401005,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210291/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210291/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Napa County","otherGeospatial":"St. Helena, Rutherford, Yountville, Napa, and Cuttings Wharf 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 38.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Revised 1971","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":147999,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":836000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210298,"text":"70210298 - 1971 - Precipitation depth-duration-frequency relations for the San Francisco Bay region, California, with isohyetal map of San Francisco Bay region, California, showing mean annual precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-25T18:29:34.592691","indexId":"70210298","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T14:04:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5961,"text":"Basic Data Contribution","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"25","title":"Precipitation depth-duration-frequency relations for the San Francisco Bay region, California, with isohyetal map of San Francisco Bay region, California, showing mean annual precipitation","docAbstract":"Precipitation depth-duration-frequency relations have been derived for the San Francisco Bay region, California. The regimen of precipitation in the region is such that depth-duration-frequency characteristics for a site are closely related to the mean annual precipitation for that site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210298","usgsCitation":"Rantz, S., 1971, Precipitation depth-duration-frequency relations for the San Francisco Bay region, California, with isohyetal map of San Francisco Bay region, California, showing mean annual precipitation: Basic Data Contribution 25, Report: 6 p.; 1 Plate: 20.43 x 25.05 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210298.","productDescription":"Report: 6 p.; 1 Plate: 20.43 x 25.05 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396515,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76231.htm"},{"id":401062,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210298/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401061,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.75,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -121.0833,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -121.0833,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -123.75,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -123.75,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rantz, S. E.","contributorId":34106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rantz","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210297,"text":"70210297 - 1971 - Flood-prone areas of coastal San Mateo County, California, including Half Moon Bay, San Gregorio, La Honda, Pigeon Point, and Franklin Point 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-25T18:25:57.489523","indexId":"70210297","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T13:41:31","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5961,"text":"Basic Data Contribution","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"20","title":"Flood-prone areas of coastal San Mateo County, California, including Half Moon Bay, San Gregorio, La Honda, Pigeon Point, and Franklin Point 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210297","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Flood-prone areas of coastal San Mateo County, California, including Half Moon Bay, San Gregorio, La Honda, Pigeon Point, and Franklin Point 7 1/2-minute quadrangles: Basic Data Contribution 20, 5 Plates: 21.84 x 26.91 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210297.","productDescription":"5 Plates: 21.84 x 26.91 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401060,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210297/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401059,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210297/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401058,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210297/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401057,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210297/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401056,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210297/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396521,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76230.htm"},{"id":396513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210297/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Mateo County","otherGeospatial":"Half Moon Bay, San Gregorio, La Honda, Pigeon Point, and Franklin Point 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.125\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 37.125\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 37.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":152492,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":836240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210296,"text":"70210296 - 1971 - Flood-prone areas between Point Reyes Station and Bolinas, Marin County, California, including Inverness and Bolinas 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T21:50:51.935727","indexId":"70210296","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T13:25:32","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5961,"text":"Basic Data Contribution","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"19","title":"Flood-prone areas between Point Reyes Station and Bolinas, Marin County, California, including Inverness and Bolinas 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210296","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Flood-prone areas between Point Reyes Station and Bolinas, Marin County, California, including Inverness and Bolinas 7 1/2-minute quadrangles: Basic Data Contribution 19, 2 Plates: 21.24 x 26.54 inches and 21.49 x 26.78 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210296.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 21.24 x 26.54 inches and 21.49 x 26.78 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401017,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210296/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401018,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210296/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396518,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76229.htm"},{"id":396509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210296/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Marin County","otherGeospatial":"Inverness and Bolinas 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.875,\n 37.875\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 37.875\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 38.125\n ],\n [\n -122.875,\n 38.125\n ],\n [\n -122.875,\n 37.875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128240,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":836239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210294,"text":"70210294 - 1971 - Flood-prone areas in the Russian River drainage basin, Sonoma County, California, including Sebastopol, Santa Rosa, and Two Rock 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T21:47:16.061842","indexId":"70210294","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T13:13:28","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5961,"text":"Basic Data Contribution","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"18","title":"Flood-prone areas in the Russian River drainage basin, Sonoma County, California, including Sebastopol, Santa Rosa, and Two Rock 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210294","usgsCitation":"U. S. Geological Survey, 1971, Flood-prone areas in the Russian River drainage basin, Sonoma County, California, including Sebastopol, Santa Rosa, and Two Rock 7 1/2-minute quadrangles: Basic Data Contribution 18, 3 Plates: 21.88 x 26.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210294.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 21.88 x 26.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401016,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210294/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401015,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210294/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401014,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210294/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396516,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76228.htm"},{"id":396504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210294/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Sonoma County","otherGeospatial":"Sebastopol, Santa Rosa, and Two Rock 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.875,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -122.875,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -122.875,\n 38.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U. S. Geological Survey","contributorId":247800,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U. S. Geological Survey","id":836234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210045,"text":"70210045 - 1971 - Comparative acute oral toxicity of pesticides to six species of birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T14:47:45.612535","indexId":"70210045","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T09:44:55","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3612,"text":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative acute oral toxicity of pesticides to six species of birds","docAbstract":"Acute oral LD50 values were determined for 16 common pesticides on mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), chukar partridges (Alectoris graeca), coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), common pigeons (Columba livia), and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Analyses of the data revealed that (1) the average sensitivity of any one species to the 16 pesticides did not differ statistically from that of any other species, and (2) at the same time, the species varied widely in their sensitivity to any given compound. The average range of the LD50 values for single chemicals in the 6 species was nearly 10-fold. With differences of this magnitude, it is recommended that extrapolation of toxicity data from one species to another be avoided.
In a recent review of the nature of batholiths, Hamilton and Myers (1967) interpreted the Boulder batholith of western Montana to be \"in effect a gigantic mantled lava flow .... only a few kilometers thick,\" that flowed, under a crust of its own ejecta, across a broad structural basin. Such an interpretation is inconsistent with abundant geologic and geophysical data. The main mass of the batholith, the Butte Quartz Monzonite, does not have the characteristics of a lava flow or a laterally emplaced sheet. Its volcanic cover was not a floating cap but a laterally stable roof that was part of a volcanic plateau which occupied at least twice the area of the batholith. It does not thin toward its edges but is generally steep sided. Its flow structures are predominantly steep rather than near horizontal. It is separated from two smaller flanking plutons by thin vertical septa kilometers long. Its emplacement required more than 4 m.y., a rate orders of magnitude too slow for a single sheet only a few kilometers thick, however extensive. The batholith is more than a few kilometers thick. Recent gravity studies (Burfeind, 1967; Bonini, 1969) suggest a maximum thickness of 9 to 15 km to their authors, but the calculations are based on (1) assumed lateral and vertical homogeneity of the batholith, whereas in reality the Butte Quartz Monzonite core is discontinuously rimmed by more mafic, denser plutons; and (2) inappropriate densities, leading to excessive apparent density contrasts. The gravity data suggest to us that the batholith is more than 15 km thick. Heat flow, cooling rate, and seismic data also are compatible with a thickness of at least 15 km, but are difficult to reconcile with a thickness of only a few kilometers. Convincing examples of extrusive or quasi-extrusive thin batholiths must be sought elsewhere. © 1971, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1563:OTNOTB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Klepper, M.R., Robinson, G., and Smedes, H., 1971, On the nature of the Boulder Batholith of Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 6, p. 1563-1580, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1563:OTNOTB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1563","endPage":"1580","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Montana ","city":"Helena, Deer Lodge, Boulder, Butte","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.01934814453125,\n 46.60982785835103\n ],\n [\n -112.57827758789062,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.72247314453124,\n 46.380096460287824\n ],\n [\n -112.7197265625,\n 46.059891147620725\n ],\n [\n -112.50274658203125,\n 46.01603873833416\n ],\n [\n -112.36129760742188,\n 46.21785176740299\n ],\n [\n -112.16903686523436,\n 46.308047059262954\n ],\n [\n -112.02209472656249,\n 46.605110653248275\n ],\n [\n -112.01934814453125,\n 46.60982785835103\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klepper, M. R.","contributorId":64278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klepper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, G.D.","contributorId":26350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smedes, H.W.","contributorId":70039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smedes","given":"H.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207289,"text":"70207289 - 1971 - Liberian age province (about 2,700 m.y.)and adjacent provinces in Liberia and Sierra Leone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T07:27:44","indexId":"70207289","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T07:22:04","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liberian age province (about 2,700 m.y.)and adjacent provinces in Liberia and Sierra Leone","docAbstract":"Whole-rock Rb-Sr dating of rocks from the crystalline basement has disclosed an age province in Liberia and Sierra Leone of about 2,700 m.y. The approximate eastern boundary of this province with the adjoining Eburnean age province of about 2,000 m.y. has been found in eastern Liberia. Much younger rocks of PanAfrican age (about 550 m.y.) bound the ancient province in Sierra Leone and western Liberia in a belt adjacent to the coast. Groups of infolded metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks have been tentatively identified as associated with two of these ages. The Kambui Schists of Sierra Leone show whole-rock Rb-Sr ages of about 2,700 m.y. The pelitic and iron-bearing metamorphic rocks in the Marampa Formation of Sierra Leone, and similar sections in the Nimba Range, Liberia, appear to be about 2,200 m.y. old, and may fall within the typical Eburnean age range. The age values are scattered, however, and the Nimba rocks may be equivalent t o the Kambui. The Kasila Group of Sierra Leone, and a coastal belt in Liberia believed to be a continuation of the Kasila, yield typical PanAfrican ages of about 550 m.y. © 1971, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3483:LAPAMA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hurley, P.M., Leo, G.W., White, R., and Fairbairn, H., 1971, Liberian age province (about 2,700 m.y.)and adjacent provinces in Liberia and Sierra Leone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 12, p. 3483-3490, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3483:LAPAMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"3483","endPage":"3490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurley, Patrick M.","contributorId":12121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurley","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leo, G. W.","contributorId":102899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, R.W.","contributorId":56712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fairbairn, H.W.","contributorId":88609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairbairn","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207316,"text":"70207316 - 1971 - Liberian age province (about 2,700 m.y.)and adjacent provinces in Liberia and Sierra Leone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T06:43:21","indexId":"70207316","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T06:36:05","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liberian age province (about 2,700 m.y.)and adjacent provinces in Liberia and Sierra Leone","docAbstract":"Whole-rock Rb-Sr dating of rocks from the crystalline basement has disclosed an age province in Liberia and Sierra Leone of about 2,700 m.y. The approximate eastern boundary of this province with the adjoining Eburnean age province of about 2,000 m.y. has been found in eastern Liberia. Much younger rocks of PanAfrican age (about 550 m.y.) bound the ancient province in Sierra Leone and western Liberia in a belt adjacent to the coast. Groups of infolded metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks have been tentatively identified as associated with two of these ages. The Kambui Schists of Sierra Leone show whole-rock Rb-Sr ages of about 2,700 m.y. The pelitic and iron-bearing metamorphic rocks in the Marampa Formation of Sierra Leone, and similar sections in the Nimba Range, Liberia, appear to be about 2,200 m.y. old, and may fall within the typical Eburnean age range. The age values are scattered, however, and the Nimba rocks may be equivalent t o the Kambui. The Kasila Group of Sierra Leone, and a coastal belt in Liberia believed to be a continuation of the Kasila, yield typical PanAfrican ages of about 550 m.y. © 1971, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3483:LAPAMA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hurley, P., Leo, G.W., White, R., and Fairbairn, H., 1971, Liberian age province (about 2,700 m.y.)and adjacent provinces in Liberia and Sierra Leone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 12, p. 3483-3490, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3483:LAPAMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"3483","endPage":"3490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370329,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Sierre Leon, Liberia ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-7.71216,4.36457],[-7.97411,4.35576],[-9.00479,4.83242],[-9.91342,5.59356],[-10.76538,6.14071],[-11.43878,6.78592],[-11.70819,6.8601],[-12.4281,7.26294],[-12.94905,7.79865],[-13.12403,8.16395],[-13.24655,8.90305],[-12.71196,9.34271],[-12.59672,9.62019],[-12.42593,9.83583],[-12.15034,9.85857],[-11.91728,10.04698],[-11.11748,10.04587],[-10.83915,9.68825],[-10.6224,9.26791],[-10.65477,8.97718],[-10.49432,8.71554],[-10.50548,8.3489],[-10.23009,8.40621],[-10.01657,8.4285],[-9.75534,8.54106],[-9.33728,7.92853],[-9.40335,7.52691],[-9.20879,7.31392],[-8.92606,7.30904],[-8.72212,7.71167],[-8.4393,7.68604],[-8.48545,7.39521],[-8.38545,6.9118],[-8.60288,6.46756],[-8.31135,6.19303],[-7.99369,6.12619],[-7.57015,5.70735],[-7.53972,5.31335],[-7.63537,5.18816],[-7.71216,4.36457]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Liberia\"}}]}","volume":"82","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hurley, P.W.","contributorId":221301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hurley","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leo, G. W.","contributorId":102899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, R.W.","contributorId":56712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fairbairn, H.W.","contributorId":88609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairbairn","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70197572,"text":"70197572 - 1971 - The earthquake sequence near Danville, California, 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:06:33.844958","indexId":"70197572","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The earthquake sequence near Danville, California, 1970","docAbstract":"Several thousand small earthquakes, with magnitudes ranging up to 4, occurred near Danville, California, during May, June, and July 1970. Seven temporary seismographs were installed near the epicentral region to augment an existing telemetered network within 1 day after the first felt earthquake. The dense concentration of 10 seismographs within 12 km of the seismic activity and the existence of a reversed seismic-refraction profile through the region permitted a very detailed study of this earthquake sequence. Over 400 events with magnitude greater than 0.5 were located with an average accuracy of ±1 km. The main earthquake region was approximately spherical: 1 km in radius, 6 km deep, and centered about 5 km southeast of Danville, 40 km east of San Francisco. Fault-plane solutions indicate that faulting associated with the earthquakes was of the right-lateral strike-slip type, with a strike of N 35°W.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0610061771","usgsCitation":"Lee, W., Eaton, M., and Brabb, E.E., 1971, The earthquake sequence near Danville, California, 1970: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 61, no. 6, p. 1771-1794, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0610061771.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1771","endPage":"1794","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Danville","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.17596435546876,\n 36.92793899776678\n ],\n [\n -121.47857666015625,\n 36.92793899776678\n ],\n [\n -121.47857666015625,\n 38.417014454352035\n ],\n [\n -123.17596435546876,\n 38.417014454352035\n ],\n [\n -123.17596435546876,\n 36.92793899776678\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eaton, M.S.","contributorId":205553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eaton","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197780,"text":"70197780 - 1971 - Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T09:30:09","indexId":"70197780","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California","docAbstract":"Recognition of a nonmarine to marine transition in sedimentary rocks at Glade Creek and Big Bar in the southern Klamath Mountains permits reconstruction of the approximate position of a north-trending Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) shoreline. At the southern end of the Klamath Mountains, the shoreline is displaced 60 mi or more to the east by a west-northwest-trending fault zone. South of this fault zone the shoreline is buried at a much lower level beneath late Cenozoic rocks in the Great Valley. This large displacement probably is the result of differential movement along a system of left-lateral tear faults in the upper plate of the Coast Range thrust. The westward bulge of the Klamath arc also may have resulted from this faulting, as the amount and direction of the bulge is comparable with the displacement of the Valanginian shoreline.
Basal clastic strata at both Glade Creek and Big Bar contain abundant fresh-water or brackish-water clams, many of which consist of unabraded paired valves. These are conformably overlain by Valanginian marine strata containing Buchia crassicollis solida.
The position of the Valanginian shoreline beneath the Great Valley cannot be directly observed because it is buried by thick late Cenozoic deposits. However, its approximate westernmost limit must lie between the outcrop belt of marine strata on the west side of the valley and drill holes to basement on the east side, in which equivalent strata are absent.
Franciscan rocks containing Valanginian fossils occur 10 mi southwest of Glade Creek, but these are deep-water marine eugeosynclinal rocks that were deposited far to the west of the shoreline. The deformation responsible for the displacement of the Valanginian shoreline and juxtaposition of the Franciscan rocks and Klamath Mountain basement rocks involved eastward under-thrusting of the Franciscan beneath the Coast Range thrust contemporaneous with differential movement along tear faults within the upper plate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[815:SIOAOE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jones, D.L., and Irwin, W., 1971, Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California: GSA Bulletin, v. 82, p. 815-822, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[815:SIOAOE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"815","endPage":"822","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"82","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, W. P.","contributorId":82347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198177,"text":"70198177 - 1971 - Impact breccias in carbonate rocks, Sierra Madera, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-19T09:49:59","indexId":"70198177","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact breccias in carbonate rocks, Sierra Madera, Texas","docAbstract":"Two main types of deformational breccia occur in the Sierra Madera cryptoexplosion structure: monolithologic breccias composed of shattered rock of a single lithology and mixed breccias composed of rocks of several lithologies. Monolithologic breccias generally show no mineralogic signs of shock deformation, but a few samples are shatter-coned in a manner suggesting simultaneous formation of breccias and shatter cones. Mixed breccias, forming irregular, cross-cutting bodies, consistently contain moderately to highly shocked material, with mineralogic evidence of shock pressures of 50 kb to more than 200 kb, which, with evidence from the structural geometry of Sierra Madera and orientation of shatter cones, indicate an impact origin of the breccias.
The mode of occurrence of the breccias, petrographic characteristics, and association with shock features are shared by breccias in many other cryptoexplosion structures in both carbonate and crystalline rock terranes, suggesting that such breccias have a common origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1009:IBICRS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., Howard, K.A., and Offield, T., 1971, Impact breccias in carbonate rocks, Sierra Madera, Texas: GSA Bulletin, v. 82, no. 4, p. 1009-1018, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1009:IBICRS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1018","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Madera crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.205322265625,\n 30.002516938570686\n ],\n [\n -102.19482421875,\n 30.002516938570686\n ],\n [\n -102.19482421875,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -104.205322265625,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -104.205322265625,\n 30.002516938570686\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":64217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198179,"text":"70198179 - 1971 - Paleozoic metasediments in the northern Ruby Mountains, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-18T14:47:44","indexId":"70198179","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic metasediments in the northern Ruby Mountains, Nevada","docAbstract":"New evidence indicates that high-grade regionally metamorphosed marble and quartzite in the northern Ruby Mountains are Paleozoic strata. Correlation is based on a match of the lithologic sequence to strata of Cambrian to Devonian age in nearby areas; particularly diagnostic is a brown dolomite at the base of the Cambrian carbonate sequence. The metamorphic complex contrasts with unmetamorphosed terranes exposed in nearby areas, and apparently formed in the Mesozoic as part of a metamorphic infrastructure.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analysis of Apollo 10 photography and visual observations","language":"English","publisher":"NASA","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., 1971, The Apollo 10 lunar highlands, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":355805,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710018395.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207548,"text":"70207548 - 1971 - Investigations at active volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-24T09:56:26","indexId":"70207548","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-23T11:53:32","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigations at active volcanoes","docAbstract":"The field of volcanology has expanded greatly in the years 1967–1970, and work on active volcanoes has kept pace with this expansion. I have restricted this summary and the accompanying bibliography to studies by U.S.‐based investigators of active or potentially active volcanoes. I have been immeasurably aided in writing this summary by communications from R. Citron of the Smithsonian Institution Center for Short‐Lived Phenomena, W. Melson and T. Simkin of the Smithsonian Institution, A. McBirney of the Center for Volcanology, University of Oregon, R.B. Forbes of the University of Alaska, and R.W. Decker of Dartmouth College.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/EO052i005pIU057","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., 1971, Investigations at active volcanoes: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 52, no. 5, p. 57-62, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i005pIU057.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207545,"text":"70207545 - 1971 - Origin of the differentiated and hybrid lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T15:51:26.883042","indexId":"70207545","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-23T11:33:47","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the differentiated and hybrid lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Kilauea Volcano has erupted lava from its summit caldera and from two rift zones that extend from the summit towards the east and south-west. Lavas erupted from the summit of the volcano differ from each other principally in their content of olivine and define lines of ‘olivine control’ on magnesia variation diagrams. Lavas erupted on the rift zones may be similar in composition to the summit lavas or may be differentiated by processes that involve minerals other than olivine. All of the differentiated lavas have less than 6·8 per cent MgO and plot off the extension of olivine control lines for the summit lavas. Prehistoric vents (before A.D. 1750) from which differentiated lavas have been erupted are found on the east rift zone and in the western Koae fault zone adjacent to the south-west rift zone; historic vents for differentiated lavas are confined to the east rift zone. Twenty-one new analyses are presented for several of the east rift differentiates and for the newly discovered differentiates adjacent to the south-west rift zone. The differentiates have MgO as low as 3·9 per cent and SiO2 as high as 56 per cent; both extremes are found in the prehistoric lavas adjacent to the south-west rift.
Detailed petrochemical studies suggest the following conclusions:
The chemical composition of magma erupted at Kilauea summit varies with the date of eruption. Lavas erupted before 1750, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and in the twentieth century form groups that can be distinguished chemically. On a lesser scale, each Kilauea summit eruption in the twentieth century has a chemistry that is distinctive with respect to the chemistry of every other summit eruption.
During late prehistoric time pockets of differentiated magma were formed within the rift zones by separation of the liquid remaining after partial crystallization of bodies of summit magma. This process presumably is still going on within the east rift zone, but the more recently separated liquids have not yet been erupted to the surface. The relative time at which these differentiated magmas were produced can be estimated from calculations based on their chemical compositions, which show that the differentiates could lie on the liquid line of descent for Kilauea summit magma of prehistoric composition but not on any liquid line of descent for younger summit magmas.
Lava from some eruptions, notably the early part of the 1955 eruption on the lower east rift, has the composition of the liquid fraction as it is generated within the rift. Lava compositions of other eruptions, including those of the later lavas of 1955, are best explained by mixing of magma supplied from a central reservoir beneath Kilauea summit with the differentiated liquid in the rift. Lava from each summit eruption is unique chemically, so it is possible to recognize its presence or absence as components of mixing in such mixed lavas. It appears that summit magma of composition characteristic of the 1952 and 1961 Halemaumau eruptions contributed to the composition of the mixed lavas produced in the latter part of the 1955 eruption. Summit magma of 1961 composition is alone sufficient to explain the composition of mixed lavas erupted in 1960 and 1961. In rift lavas erupted from 1962 to 1965, the composition of lava erupted in Halemaumau in 1967, in addition to the 1961 composition, is a component of mixing, and it is the dominant summit component in the composition of the two 1965 eruptions. The proportion of summit magma to differentiated magma needed to explain the composition of lavas erupted on the upper east rift increases from 1961 to 1965; this increase indicates that the differentiated magma was being diluted and used up by repeated flooding of this part of the rift zone by magma supplied from the central reservoir.
The fact that components of ‘summit composition’ appear in rift eruptions before they appear undiluted in Halemaumau suggests that the central reservoir is vertically zoned. Rift eruptions are fed from lower levels where younger magma is available, and summit eruptions are fed from the relatively older magma above. The chemical distinction between lava of successive summit eruptions implies that significant convective mixing of magma does not take place throughout the central reservoir.
The unique and uniform composition of lava of each successive summit eruption also suggests that summit eruptions end when all of the magma of one composition has been erupted. The magma erupted from the upper levels of the reservoir during one cycle is continually replaced from below by younger magma of different composition. In order for eruption to be renewed in Halemaumau, new magma from the mantle must be held in storage at intermediate levels before it attains an ‘eruptive state’.
The hypothesis presented in 2–4 above permits qualitative predictions concerning future lava compositions. The composition of the next lava to be erupted in Halemaumau is expected to be distinct from that of the 1967 eruption, and this composition will presumably be identified in rift eruptions occurring between 1967 and the time of its appearance in Halemaumau.
Differentiates of prehistoric age also were apparently formed in the same way as those of historic age, but the mixing cannot be described quantitatively because of poor control on the stratigraphy and the compositions of erupted lavas. One lava in the Koae group, that from Yellow Cone, appears to be a mixture of a picritic magma (12 per cent MgO) with a differentiated liquid with less than 2·5 per cent MgO and nearly 60 per cent SiO2.
This report discusses the results of aeromagnetic survey bounded by latitudes 45°30′ N. and 47°00′ N. and extending from the Rocky Mountains, to approximately 120 mi offshore in the Pacific Ocean. East of the Rocky Mountains, a larger area has been surveyed in the Great Plains bounded approximately by latitudes 44°50′ N. and 48°10′ N. and by longitudes 104°W. and 110°W.
Throughout the area of the survey, the magnetic map is marked by conspicuous northeast and northwest anomaly trends, lineaments, and breaks in the anomaly pattern. Their regional distribution, over-all magnetic character, and geologic evidence suggest that they are major structural features in the basement rocks. The close correspondence of structural and geologic features in younger rocks with these basement magnetic and structural trends suggest that basement trends controlled or at least greatly influenced intrusion, deposition, and structural history of younger rocks. In some cases, evidence suggests that basement structures have been reactivated during later tectonic activity.
Perhaps even more striking than the northeast- and northwest-trending features are large east-west magnetic discontinuities which, in some cases, extend completely across the strip to the edge of the shelf, and which, in some cases, can be correlated with large-scale discontinuities dating back to the Precambrian.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3347:IOAASA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Zietz, I., Hearn, B.C., Higgins, M.W., Robinson, G.D., and Swanson, D., 1971, Interpretation of an aeromagnetic strip across the northwestern United States: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 12, p. 3347-3372, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3347:IOAASA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"3347","endPage":"3372","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean, Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -103.3937890625,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -103.3937890625,\n 47.0\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 47.0\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 45.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zietz, Isidore","contributorId":76708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isidore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hearn, B. Carter chearn@usgs.gov","contributorId":189844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"B.","email":"chearn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":830782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higgins, Michael W.","contributorId":12459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, G. D.","contributorId":96669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":229682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":830785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70227412,"text":"70227412 - 1971 - Discussion on “Parameter Estimation in Hydrology: The State of the Art” by Donald R. Jackson and Gert Aron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:11:35.133603","indexId":"70227412","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-01T15:06:48","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion on “Parameter Estimation in Hydrology: The State of the Art” by Donald R. Jackson and Gert Aron","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1971.tb05062.x","usgsCitation":"Hardison, C.H., 1971, Discussion on “Parameter Estimation in Hydrology: The State of the Art” by Donald R. Jackson and Gert Aron: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 7, no. 6, p. 1253-1254, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1971.tb05062.x.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1253","endPage":"1254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardison, Clayton H.","contributorId":46073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardison","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227343,"text":"70227343 - 1971 - Small plate tectonics in the northeastern Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T20:50:35.534852","indexId":"70227343","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-01T14:30:50","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small plate tectonics in the northeastern Pacific","docAbstract":"Lithospheric plate motions in the northeastern Pacific were complicated at about 2.5 m.y. B.P. by the movement along a major northeast-trending fault cutting Cascadia Basin. An estimate of the slip rate along this fault gives critical information on the relative motions of four geometrically interdependent blocks. The fault is presently inactive. Seventy km of slip along this fault during 2 m.y. or less gives an average slip rate of about 3-5 cm/yr or greater, and resulting plate motions suggest a significantly greater rate of net subduction along the continental margin off Oregon than off Washington and Vancouver Island. Subduction rate off Oregon is less sensitive to slip rate along this fault than is subduction off Washington.
Upper Cenozoic basalts from southwestern Nevada and east-central California are unusually rich in both strontium (~ 1,200 ppm) and Sr87 (initial Sr87/Sr86 ~ 0.707). The average Rb/Sr ratio of these basalts is too low to have generated the observed Sr87/Sr86 ratio during the 4.6 b.y. of the Earth's existence, and the high strontium contents and low Rb/Sr ratios effectively rule out introduction to the basalts of the high Sr87/Sr86 values through contamination by more radiogenic material during ascent through the crust. Instead, the basalts must have been derived from unusual mantle material in which an originally high Rb/Sr ratio was markedly lowered during an earlier phase of magmatic activity.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3533:TSDITR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R.E., 1971, Thin skin distension in Tertiary rocks of southeastern Nevada: Reply: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 12, p. 3533-3536, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3533:TSDITR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3533","endPage":"3536","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 34.985003130171066\n ],\n [\n -114.53247070312499,\n 35.200744801724014\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 36.05798104702501\n ],\n [\n -114.3017578125,\n 35.97800618085566\n ],\n [\n -114.071044921875,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 39.52946653645165\n ],\n [\n -117.5537109375,\n 39.5633531658293\n ],\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R. Ernest","contributorId":104484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ernest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227341,"text":"70227341 - 1971 - Status of engineering geologic and environmental geologic mapping in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T19:55:40.719686","indexId":"70227341","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-01T13:22:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1128,"text":"Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of engineering geologic and environmental geologic mapping in the United States","docAbstract":"1. Engineering geologic maps in the United States may be one map prepared as part of a larger study of environmental geology, individual areal geologic maps containing additional engineering geologic data, or engineering geologic maps of single construction sites.
2. No systematic methodology for engineering geologic or environmental geologic maps has been developed.
3. Environmental geology studies combine the efforts of workers in a number of geologic fields to produce many maps of basic data, as well as various interpretative maps, only one of which may be an engineering geologic or foundation conditions map. Maps of many scales may be prepared for a single study, depending upon the geologic conditions, the main problems of the area, and the principal needs.
4. New technology, including computers and various types of aerial photography, is constantly being developed, and its use is being encouraged to increase the speed and efficiency of map preparation.
5. The use of engineering geologic and environmental geologic maps in the United States is constantly growing; such maps will continue to be made in increasing numbers.
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