{"pageNumber":"6379","pageRowStart":"159450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184913,"records":[{"id":70227138,"text":"70227138 - 1971 - Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T19:00:10.551504","indexId":"70227138","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T12:51:51","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>All early students of the zinc and barite deposits of East Tennessee, noting the geographic coincidence of the principal mining area with complex late Paleozoic geologic structure, concluded that (1) the ore-bearing breccias were produced by Appalachian tectonic forces and that (2) mineralizing solutions gained access through fault-produced channelways. In 1931, Ulrich suggested that the breccias were produced by collapse and fragmentation resulting from solution of the carbonate rocks. This idea was promptly rejected by most geologists, and for the next 15 years nearly all papers on these deposits contained refutations of Ulrich's hypothesis and \"proof\" of the late Paleozoic tectonic origin of the breccias. Recognition by Odell in 1950 of a spatial association between thinning of the lime-stone zone of the Kingsport Formation and the presence of ore bodies, plus the observation that all identifiable blocks in the breccias were displaced downward as much as 30 to 50 feet, led him to suggest that foundering of the rocks over solution-thinned zones produced the breccias. Hydrothermal fluids, rather than ordinary ground water, were thought to be the dissolving agent.Kendall, in 1960, described a stratified \"varved\" matrix with detrital sphalerite grains in many breccias at Jefferson City, in which lamination is parallel to bedding of the host Kingsport Formation, indicating that both brecciation and mineralization occurred while the rocks were horizontal. Ruskell about 1960 pointed out the similarity between cross sections of southwest Wisconsin ore bodies and those of East Tennessee when the latter were rotated to a horizontal position. Detailed studies of the post-Knox unconformity led to recognition of a paleokarst topography of considerable relief developed on this surface. Regional stratigraphic studies of the Knox Group by Harris demonstrated the probability of pre-Middle Ordovician exposure of the Kingsport somewhere to the north or northwest, providing a recharge area for ground waters at that time. Detailed mapping of ore bodies, barren areas, and related structures by the mining-company geologists, plus application of the principles of ground-water hydrology and rock mechanics, has led to the theory, generally accepted in the district, of solution-collapse origin of the breccias, probably during Ordovician time.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.696","usgsCitation":"Laurence, R.A., 1971, Evolution of thought on ore controls in east Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 696-700, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.696.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"696","endPage":"700","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.6109619140625,\n              34.9895035675793\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.3145751953125,\n              34.9805024453652\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2816162109375,\n              35.205233347514536\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2266845703125,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.166259765625,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0399169921875,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.9959716796875,\n              35.34425514918409\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.990478515625,\n              35.43381992014202\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7872314453125,\n              35.54116627999815\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.64990234375,\n              35.55904339525896\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.5125732421875,\n              35.55010533588552\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.3038330078125,\n              35.634976650677295\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.111572265625,\n              35.7688006602384\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9742431640625,\n              35.77325759103725\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              35.8356283888737\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              35.93354064249312\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8204345703125,\n              35.88459964717596\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7874755859375,\n              35.93798832265393\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6226806640625,\n              36.04021586880111\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.64465332031249,\n              35.97356075349624\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5787353515625,\n              35.94243575255426\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.452392578125,\n              35.98245135784044\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.3699951171875,\n              36.089060460282006\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2052001953125,\n              36.14231087352999\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1337890625,\n              36.09349937380574\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0404052734375,\n              36.11125252076156\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.837158203125,\n              36.328402729422656\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.7218017578125,\n              36.35052700542763\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6558837890625,\n              36.619936625629215\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.91955566406249,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9415283203125,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2706298828125,\n              36.59347887826919\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.6109619140625,\n              34.9895035675793\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laurence, Robert A.","contributorId":34981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laurence","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227137,"text":"70227137 - 1971 - Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T18:49:08.037353","indexId":"70227137","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T12:36:14","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The hydrogeologic history of the Tertiary limestone system of the Southeastern States is reconstructed, especially as it relates to circulation of ground water and the development of solution cavities. The development of these solution cavities resembles in many respects the development of cavities in carbonates of the Knox Group of Tennessee during Middle Ordovician time, the cavities in the Knox having since been filled with collapse breccia that has been recemented. Some general principles of the circulation of water in limestone terranes and the related development of solution openings are reviewed so that a generic basis for comparison can be made of the modern southeast carbonate setting with the Ordovician carbonate setting in Tennessee.The major requirements for solutional development as cavities--(1) presence of highly soluble material, (2) a fracture system or some other form of incipient permeability, (3) water undersaturated with respect to soluble rocks, such as recharge from precipitation, and (4) hydraulic gradient--are found in the Tertiary limestone terrane of the southeast; much of the limestone has been elevated above sea level as a homoclinal seaward-dipping unit. Such a broad homoclinal setting, which also existed in the Knox at the close of early Ordovician time, facilitates extensive solutional development in the upper part of the zone of saturation. Circulation of water great enough to form a significant cavern network requires concentrated discharge areas, commonly as entrenched permanent streams or near-shore springs and seepage. This condition prevails where the Tertiary limestone is fairly close to land surface.Reconstruction of the geologic and hydrogeologic history of a carbonate region generally reveals the extent of early solution and karst development in relation to current karstification. Caverns, partly filled in some cases with loose or poorly cemented rock fragments that have fallen from cavern roofs, give evidence of karstification that is either current or that probably developed since the last marine inundation of the carbonate terrane. On the other hand, filling of caverns with overlying rock debris and reconstituting the debris into breccia are conditions that require evaluation of paleohydrology.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.701","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., and Stringfield, V.T., 1971, Tertiary limestone aquifer system in the southeastern states: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 701-709, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.701.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"709","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393664,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        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E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207070,"text":"70207070 - 1971 - A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:15:36","indexId":"70207070","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T10:47:17","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water","docAbstract":"<p>Most modern disordered dolomite has been found in dynamic environments. However, solutions associated with modern dolomite formation do not have a common Mg/Ca ratio; the ratio ranges from about 3 to 100. Ground-water circulation may have a significant role in formation of regional dolomites; one of the primary requirements for regional dolomite formation is a large supply of magnesium ions. An X-ray study of well cuttings from the Tertiary limestone aquifer of central Florida indicates that it is composed primarily of calcite and dolomite with minor amounts of quartz and apatite. The magnesium content of the calcite is slightly lower (0-2 percent MgC03) in the recharge areas than in the deeper confined parts of the aquifer system (2-4 percent MgC03). Our data support other recent work and indicate an equilibrium constant for dolomite of 2 X 10-17. Inasmuch as this value is exactly the square of the calcite equilibrium constant (10~8-35), the Mg/Ca ratio must be unity for the three-phase equilibrium, calcite-dolomite-water. The Mg/Ca ratio in water from the aquifer is as low as 0.05 in the recharge area where the water is also undersaturated with respect to both calcite and dolomite. With time and length of travel path in the system, the water increases systematically in Mg/Ca ratio, which approaches unity; saturation with respect to the two carbonates also increases downgradient until the solution apparently becomes over-saturated with respect to both carbonates. In Tertiary limestones of the Yucatan Peninsula, the Mg/Ca range in water is similar to that for Florida. The small amount of magnesium available from the solution of magnesium calcites and dolomite in the potable zone of active circulation is insufficient to provide the amount required for extensive dolomitization unless enormous quantities of rock are available for dissolution. However, dolomite may be forming in the zones of brackish water that underlie the Florida and Yucatan Peninsulas. The required magnesium may be derived from the readily available ocean water or reflux brines as the hydrologic regimen is changed because of relative fluctuations of sea level.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710","issn":" 03610128","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., Back, W., and Deike, R., 1971, A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 710-724, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710.","productDescription":"15 p. 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,{"id":70207137,"text":"70207137 - 1971 - Evidence on the age mineralization in the of east of barite, zinc, and iron lower paleozoic rocks Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T09:34:21","indexId":"70207137","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T09:29:09","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence on the age mineralization in the of east of barite, zinc, and iron lower paleozoic rocks Tennessee","docAbstract":"<p><span>Based on a study of minor occurrences of zinc, barite, and iron in East Tennessee, certain deposits are interpreted to have formed during early Middle Ordovician time. Principal lines of evidence supporting this age are: (1) the occurrence of barite, sphalerite, and pyrite associated with synsedimentary collapse breccias which span the pre-Middle Ordovician unconformity at the Lost Creek barite mine in Union County; (2) barite in basal Middle Ordovician beds (Athens Shale and Lenoir Limestone) in northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia; (3) sphalerite and pyrite in dolomite filling paleocaves in the uppermost part of the Lower Ordovician Mascot Dolomite at the Trotter prospect near Douglas Dam in Sevier County; and (4) oolitic hematite and pyritiferous beds near the base of the Athens Shale and subjacent pyritiferous collapse breccias in the Mascot and Kingsport Formations at several localities along the eastern side of the Appalachian Valley. Thus, it is concluded that ascending solutions formed epigenetic deposits in pre-Middle Ordovician carbonate strata nearly contemporaneously with syngenetic deposits in early Middle Ordovician sediments. These findings are in general accord with those of recent workers in the Mascot-Jefferson City and Copper Ridge districts who have proposed that mineralization in these areas occurred during the time interval of pre-Middle Ordovician erosion. The long-held theory which associates mineralization with late Paleozoic diastrophism is not supported.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.792","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, R., Fagan, J., and Wedow, H., 1971, Evidence on the age mineralization in the of east of barite, zinc, and iron lower paleozoic rocks Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 792-798, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.792.","productDescription":"7 p. 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Jr.","contributorId":6369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207135,"text":"70207135 - 1971 - An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T09:28:15","indexId":"70207135","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T09:22:37","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features","docAbstract":"<p><span>The carbonate strata of the Lower Ordovician formations in the southern Appalachian Valley were probably considerably thicker, less compacted, and more porous and permeable in early Middle Ordovician time than they are now. Analysis of selected compaction features of rocks associated with the breccias of the East Tennessee zinc districts permits quantitative estimation of the relative compaction (reduction in thickness) these sediments have undergone before and after brecciation. Total reduction in thickness of certain Lower Ordovician marker beds because of compaction during burial under younger Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and imbricate Appalachian thrust sheets appears to be at least some 40 to 50 percent. Furthermore, it is also estimated that about half of this compaction took place after brecciation in the solution-collapse structures of the zinc deposits. In comparison with laboratory compaction tests on carbonate muds it is apparent that the Lower Ordovician rocks had been buried to a depth of at least several thousand feet by the end of the Paleozoic Era. On the other hand the zones of collapse breccias probably formed at depths of generally less than a thousand feet, thus indicating an early Middle Ordovician age for their development. The general character of the rock during this time probably was similar to that of Tertiary limestone, which acts as the principal aquifer in the Coastal Plain region of southeastern United States.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.725","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hill, W.T., and Wedow, H., 1971, An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 725-734, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.725.","productDescription":"10 p. 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,{"id":70207134,"text":"70207134 - 1971 - Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T09:18:17","indexId":"70207134","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T09:14:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Variations in thickness and metal content of selected stratigraphic units cut by drill holes in the East Tennessee zinc districts have been analyzed by regression techniques. Such analysis demonstrated that as the thickness of an underlying limestone unit is decreased chiefly by solution thinning, overlying fine-grained dolomite units increase in thickness by collapse dilation. Variation in metal content is closely associated with this inverse thickness relationship because of the deposition of the ore minerals in the dilation openings. Most of the ore is found where the fine-grained dolomite units were so dilated by collapse as to form a series of rubble to crackle breccias. Hypothetical cross sections synthesized from widely spaced drill-hole data show mineralized structures of a size, shape, and distribution of metal comparable to those diagrammed in the literature from actual field relations. From these composite models of hypothetical structures the relative position of a particular hole can be approximated within its own structure. The exploration geologist thus has a numerical aid for estimating the amounts of offset needed to penetrate the most favorable part of the mineralized collapse structure with second-stage drill holes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.770","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wedow, H., 1971, Models of mineralized solution-collapse structures from drilling statistics: An aid to exploration: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 770-776, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.770.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"770","endPage":"776","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedow, H. Jr.","contributorId":6369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227158,"text":"70227158 - 1971 - Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:05:36.448981","indexId":"70227158","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:53:36","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Most recent workers in the East Tennessee zinc and barite districts are in general agreement that the host breccias were formed by solution-collapse processes in early Middle Ordovician time, probably in an ancient carbonate aquifer system of regional extent. There is little agreement, however, on the source and nature of the ore fluids from which the epigenetic minerals were formed. In this symposium Hanshaw and his colleagues have presented evidence in support of the concept that much secondary dolomite may have been formed by ground water. On the other hand, Roedder has shown that fluid inclusion studies indicate hot saline brines (75 degrees -150 degrees C) as the source fluids for the ore minerals, and he suggests that they may have been deeply circulating connate brines. Other investigators in the past have proposed a variety of source fluids, including juvenile waters, meteoric waters that have become enriched by the leaching of particular elements from the surrounding rock, and sea water.</p><p>In the zinc deposits, sphalerite is accompanied locally by minor amounts of galena and pyrite, and occasionally, traces of chalcopyrite. Dolomite is the chief gangue mineral and is associated with lesser amounts of quartz, calcite, barite, fluorite, anhydrite, gypsum, and bitumen. Some deposits containing barite as the dominant ore mineral have various amounts of fluorite and pyrite; sphalerite and galena may be present locally along with the other gangue minerals typical of the zinc deposits. The paragenetic sequences of the minerals have been determined for most of the mines and many of the prospects, and, except for minor refinements, will be little changed by additional studies. The real problem, though, is the correlation of these depositional sequences from mine to mine and from district to district. Perhaps the major difficulty in the correlation is the seemingly uncomplicated mineralogy that disguises a rather complex regional paragenesis.</p><p>Questions regarding the routes the ore fluids travelled to reach the sites of deposition, the reasons why the ores are concentrated in some areas more than others, and the reasons why the mineralogy varies from area to area are questions that are unanswered or at best only partly answered. Studies to date have produced convincing evidence concerning the nature of the structures and the physical conditions responsible for the localization of ore in the Kingsport Formation (Lower Ordovician). On the other hand, the relation of the Kingsport ores to the smaller deposits in the underlying Lower Ordovician and Cambrian rocks is but little understood, and no final answer to the origin of these deposits can be reached until this relationship has been satisfactorily explained.</p><p>Fluid inclusion studies, trace element analysis, and isotopic studies of all sorts are needed to further our understanding of these seemingly simple ores. Continued detailed studies of field relations, both regional and local, are of major importance, not only for what they will reveal in themselves, but also to perfect the frames of reference in which to place the growing mass of laboratory data.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.799","usgsCitation":"Hill, W.T., McCormick, J.E., and Wedow, H., 1971, Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 799-804, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.799.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"799","endPage":"804","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.63842773437499,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.30908203125,\n              35.003003395276714\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.287109375,\n              35.209721645221386\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.078369140625,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.012451171875,\n              35.30840140169162\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.935546875,\n              35.44277092585766\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              35.55904339525896\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.133544921875,\n              35.7286770448517\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99072265625,\n              35.755428369259626\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.85888671875,\n              35.862343734896484\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              35.99578538642032\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5732421875,\n              35.93354064249312\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.353515625,\n              36.075742215627\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.100830078125,\n              36.075742215627\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.8701171875,\n              36.31512514748051\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6943359375,\n              36.28856319836237\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6943359375,\n              36.43012234551576\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6064453125,\n              36.61552763134925\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9140625,\n              36.62434536776987\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9580078125,\n              36.589068371399115\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.517578125,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.63842773437499,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, W. T.","contributorId":221078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, J. E.","contributorId":270731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCormick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wedow, Helmuth Jr.","contributorId":14374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"Helmuth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70227157,"text":"70227157 - 1971 - Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T14:55:54.524899","indexId":"70227157","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:37:22","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Approximately 1,330 fluid inclusions were studied in samples of ore and gangue minerals from both massive ore and late-stage vugs from a series of Appalachian deposits and five active mines in the East Tennessee zinc districts. Most primary inclusions in sphalerite, fluorite, dolomite, and quartz from East Tennessee homogenized at 82 degrees -149 degrees C. Most primary inclusions in fluorite, barite, and sphalerite from the Central Kentucky, Central Tennessee, and Sweetwater barite districts, ranged from 72 degrees -132 degrees C. Pressure corrections to be added are probably less than 10 degrees C.Freezing data were obtained as a crude measure of the salinity of the inclusion fluids. With few exceptions, all primary inclusions contained very strongly saline brines (mostly &gt;20 weight percent salts), with appreciable amounts of at least some salts other than NaCl, and some contained immiscible globules of oil. The exceptions include several quartz, fluorite, calcite, and barite samples that contained only moderately saline brines (12-16 percent), and some inclusions containing essentially fresh water, in vug calcite. Secondary inclusions had lower salinities than adjacent primaries. Eight primary inclusions in the differently colored outer millimeter of one Central Kentucky fluorite had low salinity (4-6 percent).The data indicate that all these deposits formed from hot, saline brines, with sphalerite forming from slightly hotter and more saline fluids than later gangue minerals. This places severe restrictions on possible modes of origin and makes deeply circulating connate brines the most probable ore fluids. The data give no information on the cause or direction of fluid circulation, which would be controlled by topography, salinity, and temperature during ore deposition, and they permit wide latitude in the construction of possible models. Other observations, on \"colloform\" textures, seem to indicate the admixture of at least small amounts of surface waters with the brines.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1971, Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 777-791, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"791","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        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         [\n              -85.45166015624999,\n              38.7283759182398\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.187255859375,\n              35.0120020431607\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, Edwin","contributorId":25571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010320,"text":"70010320 - 1971 - Sea level as affected by river runoff, eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T18:16:16.018233","indexId":"70010320","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea level as affected by river runoff, eastern United States","docAbstract":"Variations in annual river inflow account for 7 to 21 percent of the total variation in average annual sea level along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. This compares with 29 to 68 percent of the total variation that can be attributed to the secular rise of sea level, and with 10 to 50 percent of the variation that cannot be attributed to either the river inflow or the secular rise.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.173.3995.425","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Meade, R., and Emery, K., 1971, Sea level as affected by river runoff, eastern United States: Science, v. 173, no. 3995, p. 425-428, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3995.425.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"428","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219752,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"eastern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.65248578907163,\n              45.07342418241919\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.17897709081237,\n              47.23802839847443\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.71671306662726,\n              39.24358970160954\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.80862793958916,\n              35.507587533655254\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.62457891500685,\n              32.80559142475942\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.33141504413013,\n              28.6483196177431\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.54623819942579,\n              24.622322996368446\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.58590211138896,\n              25.454697491315713\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.45374370178003,\n              31.626214597134172\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.65248578907163,\n              45.07342418241919\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"173","issue":"3995","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b87e5e4b08c986b3166f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emery, K.O.","contributorId":67865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"K.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221239,"text":"5221239 - 1971 - Eggshell thickness in mourning dove populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T16:22:02.80118","indexId":"5221239","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eggshell thickness in mourning dove populations","docAbstract":"<p>Eggs (<i>n</i> = 452) of the mourning dove (<i>Zenaidura macroura</i>) were collected from 9 states in 1969 and 11 states in 1970, and shell thickness was compared with that of eggs (<i>n</i> = 97) collected from 24 states during the years 1861 to 1935. Mean shell thickness did not differ significantly in the test groups.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799715","usgsCitation":"Kreitzer, J., 1971, Eggshell thickness in mourning dove populations: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 35, no. 3, p. 563-564, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799715.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"564","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194152,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ],\n    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,{"id":5221240,"text":"5221240 - 1971 - Disappearance and persistence of aldrin after five annual applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T16:43:52.904104","indexId":"5221240","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disappearance and persistence of aldrin after five annual applications","docAbstract":"<p>Investigation was initiated in 1965 to ascertain the disappearance rate of aldrin applied on loam soils at the recommended level of 1.5 lb per acre from 1960 through 1964. There was no further application of pesticides. Sampling began in 1965 and extended into 1970. Data from gas chromatographic analyses of soil and earthworm samples, collected spring and fall, showed that more than 95 percent of the pesticide had disappeared before the study began. There was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) reduction in aldrin plus dieldrin residues throughout 6 years of study. Similarly, residues in earthworms (<i>Allolobophora caligimosa</i>) failed to decline during the 6 years. Average combined residues for 11 semi-annual collection periods was 0.11 ppm in soils, 0.61 ppm in earthworms, wet-weight bases. Results showed that high levels of pesticide did not accumulate and remain in the soil as a result of annual applications and that a large part of applied aldrin had disappeared within 1 year. Earthworms contained 4 to 15 times (average 5.6) as much aldrin plus dieldrin as was found in soils.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799703","usgsCitation":"Korschgen, L., 1971, Disappearance and persistence of aldrin after five annual applications: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 35, no. 3, p. 494-500, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799703.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"494","endPage":"500","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Saline County","otherGeospatial":"Marshall Junction Wildlife 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L.J.","contributorId":29910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227350,"text":"70227350 - 1971 - Potassium-argon Ages from the Pololu Volcanic Series, Kohala Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T22:09:38.488533","indexId":"70227350","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T15:57:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potassium-argon Ages from the Pololu Volcanic Series, Kohala Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Potassium-argon ages on five lava flows from the Pololu Volcanic Series, thought to be among the oldest rocks exposed on the island of Hawaii, indicate that the main subaerial shield-building phase of Kohala Volcano occurred about 0.7 ± 0.15 m.y. ago and that most of the island was formed within the past 0.7 m.y.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1997:PAFTPV]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dalrymple, G.B., 1971, Potassium-argon Ages from the Pololu Volcanic Series, Kohala Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 7, p. 1997-2000, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1997:PAFTPV]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1997","endPage":"2000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii Island, Kohala Volcano, Pololu Volcanic Series","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.71648120880127,\n              20.07300284306698\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.71555852890015,\n              20.07386947337586\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.71620225906372,\n              20.075360872459783\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.71727514266968,\n              20.076207335898914\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.71916341781616,\n              20.077114255940558\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.72062253952026,\n              20.07683210360095\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.72210311889648,\n              20.075522103943392\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.72208166122437,\n              20.074494250394505\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.7208800315857,\n              20.07298268881677\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.7183051109314,\n              20.072418368758758\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.71648120880127,\n              20.07300284306698\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dalrymple, G. Brent","contributorId":55146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227457,"text":"70227457 - 1971 - Contrasting behavior of P, Ti, and Nb in a differentiated high-alumina olivine tholeiite and a calc-alkaline andesitic suite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-17T20:11:22.940381","indexId":"70227457","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T13:58:41","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting behavior of P, Ti, and Nb in a differentiated high-alumina olivine tholeiite and a calc-alkaline andesitic suite","docAbstract":"<p>Crystallization differentiation in a low-K<sub>2</sub>O, high-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>olivine tholeiite (Hat Creek, California) yields segregation veins of basaltic andesite composition, and residual, interstitial glasses of dacite and rhyolite composition. P, Ti, and probably Nb, are progressively enriched in segregation veins and residual dacitic glass by crystallization of olivine, plagioclase, augite, and magnetite. P and Ti are depleted in residual rhyolitic glass by crystallization of magnetite, ilmenite, and apatite. By contrast, in a typical orogenic calc-alkaline suite (from Mount Jefferson, Oregon), P, Ti, and Nb are depleted with increasing K and Si. The most likely minerals capable of producing decreasing P, Ti, and Nb with increasing K are apatite, Fe-Ti oxides, amphibole, biotite, and sphene. There is no direct evidence of these minerals in Mount Jefferson basalt and andesite but they are present in calc-alkaline gabbro and tonalite and may occur at a shallow (crustal) depth beneath Mount Jefferson.</p><p>Alternatively, mixing of dacite-rhyolite with basalt-andesite may account for the Mount Jefferson trend. By physical and chemical analogy with segregation veins and residual interstitial glasses, basaltic andesite and dacite-rhyolite magmas may segregate from complementary rock at depth, and mix during ascent to the surface.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1929:CBOPTA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anderson, A.T., and Gottfried, D., 1971, Contrasting behavior of P, Ti, and Nb in a differentiated high-alumina olivine tholeiite and a calc-alkaline andesitic suite: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 7, p. 1929-1941, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1929:CBOPTA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1929","endPage":"1941","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394444,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Hat Creek, Mount Jefferson","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.45668983459471,\n              40.64548010364599\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.43866539001465,\n              40.66918118282895\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.42699241638182,\n              40.673477729435305\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.41634941101074,\n              40.68701655002505\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.42493247985838,\n              40.688513462301216\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.43832206726076,\n              40.67914093605057\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.46853446960448,\n              40.66755363075944\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.48097991943358,\n              40.654075973582415\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.47059440612794,\n              40.6504293761137\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.45668983459471,\n              40.64548010364599\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.80130004882811,\n              44.66059484350969\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79168701171875,\n              44.65632119195088\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.77623748779295,\n              44.662914693874\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.76576614379881,\n              44.67158278684375\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.76868438720703,\n              44.67890692528533\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79031372070312,\n              44.696237031727534\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8218994140625,\n              44.69452866008004\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.82155609130858,\n              44.67646564865964\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81657791137695,\n              44.665722809592104\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.80130004882811,\n              44.66059484350969\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, A. T.","contributorId":71317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gottfried, David","contributorId":82295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227387,"text":"70227387 - 1971 - Origin of ridge-top depressions by large-scale creep in the Olympic Mountains, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T19:05:05.814387","indexId":"70227387","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T12:55:13","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of ridge-top depressions by large-scale creep in the Olympic Mountains, Washington","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>In the high mountain area of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, there are many troughlike depressions on and essentially parallel to ridge tops. The troughs are mostly developed on rocks with strong planar anisotropy: slate, sandstone, and phyllite. Similar features in Europe, Japan, and New Zealand have been variously ascribed to erosion, slow movement along deep-seated shear planes, creep, and tectonic movements. In the Olympics, many depressions parallel structure; one wall is steeply dipping rocks, the other shattered, gently dipping rocks. These depressions seem to be the gaps left between undisturbed steeply dipping rocks and beds or cleavage bent valley-ward by creep. A few troughs may be the result of slow down-slope movement along deep-seated shear planes; this is a favorite explanation of eastern European workers. The Olympic ridge-top depressions testify to the importance of gravity in the degradation of high mountains carved from weak rocks.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1811:OORDBL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tabor, R.W., 1971, Origin of ridge-top depressions by large-scale creep in the Olympic Mountains, Washington: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 7, p. 1811-1822, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1811:OORDBL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1811","endPage":"1822","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.42016601562499,\n              47.61356975397398\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0576171875,\n              47.301584511330795\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.3544921875,\n              47.212105775622426\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.81616210937499,\n              47.71715357016648\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.904052734375,\n              48.05605376398125\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.99169921875,\n              48.188063481211415\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.4091796875,\n              48.29050321714062\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.47509765625,\n              47.98256841921405\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.3212890625,\n              47.82053186746053\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.46411132812499,\n              47.724544549099676\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.42016601562499,\n              47.61356975397398\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tabor, Rowland W. rtabor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"Rowland","email":"rtabor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70203624,"text":"70203624 - 1971 - Evaluating the effects of discharge rates, water levels, and peaking on fish populations in Missouri River main stem impoundments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T09:41:33","indexId":"70203624","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T09:41:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluating the effects of discharge rates, water levels, and peaking on fish populations in Missouri River main stem impoundments","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium on Man-Made Lakes, Their Problems, and Environmental Effects","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Man-Made Lakes, Their Problems, and Environmental Effects","conferenceDate":"May 3-7, 1971","conferenceLocation":"Knoxville, Tennessee","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM017p0683","usgsCitation":"Benson, N.G., 1971, Evaluating the effects of discharge rates, water levels, and peaking on fish populations in Missouri River main stem impoundments, <i>in</i> International Symposium on Man-Made Lakes, Their Problems, and Environmental Effects, v. 17, Knoxville, Tennessee, May 3-7, 1971, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/GM017p0683.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ackermann, William C.","contributorId":215876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ackermann","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763308,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gilbert F.","contributorId":189688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763309,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Worthington, E.B.","contributorId":215877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Worthington","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ivens, J. Loreena","contributorId":215878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ivens","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Loreena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763311,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Norman Gustaf","contributorId":91915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"Gustaf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227160,"text":"70227160 - 1971 - Fractionation of minor elements between galena and sphalerite, Darwin lead-silver-zinc mine, Inyo County, California and its significance in geothermometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:28:09.464563","indexId":"70227160","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T09:19:30","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of minor elements between galena and sphalerite, Darwin lead-silver-zinc mine, Inyo County, California and its significance in geothermometry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Minor element abundances were determined for galena and sphalerite from the Darwin mine, Inyo County, California. The temperature of deposition was calculated from the distribution coefficients determined experimentally by Bethke and Barton (1971) for cadmium and manganese in coexisting galena and sphalerite. The fractionation of cadmium between coexisting sphalerite and galena indicates a temperature of deposition of 416 degrees C+ or -20 degrees , the fractionation of manganese between the same mineral pair a temperature of 377 degrees C+ or -32 degrees . The fractionation of selenium gave unreasonably high temperatures. Three pairs gave temperatures between 568 degrees and 625 degrees C, the fourth pair a temperature of 889 degrees C. The reason for this descrepancy is not known.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.4.602","usgsCitation":"Hall, W.E., Rose, H.J., and Simon, F.O., 1971, Fractionation of minor elements between galena and sphalerite, Darwin lead-silver-zinc mine, Inyo County, California and its significance in geothermometry: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 4, p. 602-606, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.4.602.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"602","endPage":"606","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Inyo County","otherGeospatial":"Darwin lead-silver-zinc mine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.67181396484376,\n              36.20660692859011\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.48641967773438,\n              36.20660692859011\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.48641967773438,\n              36.32176422120382\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.67181396484376,\n              36.32176422120382\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.67181396484376,\n              36.20660692859011\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Wayne E.","contributorId":89955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, Harry J. Jr.","contributorId":39013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Harry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simon, Frederick Otto","contributorId":30616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"Otto","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70227159,"text":"70227159 - 1971 - Comments on the role of oxygen fugacity in the formation of immiscible sulfide liquids in the H chromitite zone of the Stillwater complex, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:15:32.072873","indexId":"70227159","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T09:07:39","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comments on the role of oxygen fugacity in the formation of immiscible sulfide liquids in the H chromitite zone of the Stillwater complex, Montana","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.4.607","usgsCitation":"Page, N.J., 1971, Comments on the role of oxygen fugacity in the formation of immiscible sulfide liquids in the H chromitite zone of the Stillwater complex, Montana: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 4, p. 607-610, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.4.607.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"610","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Stillwater complex","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.36041259765624,\n              45.28551576865198\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.49111938476562,\n              45.28551576865198\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.49111938476562,\n              45.628444574718564\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.36041259765624,\n              45.628444574718564\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.36041259765624,\n              45.28551576865198\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Norman J.","contributorId":46492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003244,"text":"1003244 - 1971 - The influence of pH on the efficacy and residues of quinaldine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-14T18:27:02.030554","indexId":"1003244","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of pH on the efficacy and residues of quinaldine","docAbstract":"<p><span>Quinaldine, an anesthetic for fish, loses its effectiveness in solutions having pH values less than 6. Measured quantities of un‐ionized quinaldine in solution compared favorably with calculated values at selected pHˈs. Quinaldine residues in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) anesthetized at various pHˈs verify that only the un‐ionized portion in solution enters the fish. Quinaldine residues in fish and un‐ionized quinaldine in solution were measured by gas chromatography.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1971)100<544:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Sills, J., and Allen, J.L., 1971, The influence of pH on the efficacy and residues of quinaldine: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 100, no. 3, p. 544-545, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1971)100<544:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"545","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198268,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d554","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sills, J.B.","contributorId":55380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sills","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, J. L.","contributorId":49295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206975,"text":"70206975 - 1971 - Geochemistry of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T07:59:14","indexId":"70206975","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-30T12:23:24","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of water","docAbstract":"<p><span>The quadrennium 1967–1970 has been a productive period in the field of water geochemistry. Field studies, laboratory investigations, and theoretical considerations have led to significant advances in our knowledge of the chemical behavior of natural waters and of the solid earth materials that contain them. A symposium on trace inorganics in water, sponsored by the American Chemical Society, was held in Miami, Florida, in 1967. The proceedings of this conference were published in 1968 in the Advances in Chemistry Series 73. This volume deals with the occurrence, behavior, and analysis of inorganic constituents in natural waters.&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO052i006pIU302","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Bricker, O., 1971, Geochemistry of water: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 52, no. 6, p. IUGG302-IUGG305, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i006pIU302.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"IUGG302","endPage":"IUGG305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5221238,"text":"5221238 - 1971 - Changes in mineral composition of eggshells from black ducks and mallards fed DDE in the diet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T12:58:16","indexId":"5221238","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-16T12:17:51","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in mineral composition of eggshells from black ducks and mallards fed DDE in the diet","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01540002","usgsCitation":"Longcore, J.R., Samson, F.B., Kreitzer, J., and Spann, J.W., 1971, Changes in mineral composition of eggshells from black ducks and mallards fed DDE in the diet: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 6, no. 4, p. 345-350, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01540002.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16135,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.springerlink.com/content/p7p05mt446t72n22/?p=447416c6f05c4a45b82b6dff31dc4ad2&pi=10","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6ca8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Samson, F. B.","contributorId":77880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kreitzer, J.F.","contributorId":57170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreitzer","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spann, J. W.","contributorId":93435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5222821,"text":"5222821 - 1971 - Hazards of mercury: Special report to the secretary's pesticide advisory committee, department of health, education, and welfare, November 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-09T17:34:56.030404","indexId":"5222821","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-16T12:17:50","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1561,"text":"Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazards of mercury: Special report to the secretary's pesticide advisory committee, department of health, education, and welfare, November 1970","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-9351(71)90021-1","usgsCitation":"Nelson, N., Byerly, T.C., Kolbye, A.C., Kurland, L.T., Shapiro, R.E., Shibko, S.L., Stickel, W.H., Thompson, J.E., Van Den Berg, L.A., and Weissler, A., 1971, Hazards of mercury: Special report to the secretary's pesticide advisory committee, department of health, education, and welfare, November 1970: Environmental Research, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-69, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(71)90021-1.","productDescription":"69 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"69","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634adb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Norton","contributorId":91215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Norton","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerly, Theodore C.","contributorId":178247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byerly","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolbye, Albert C. Jr.","contributorId":178248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolbye","given":"Albert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kurland, Leonard T.","contributorId":178249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurland","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shapiro, Raymond E.","contributorId":178250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shibko, Samuel L.","contributorId":178251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shibko","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stickel, William H.","contributorId":178252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stickel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thompson, Jack E.","contributorId":178253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Van Den Berg, Lowell A.","contributorId":178254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Den Berg","given":"Lowell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Weissler, Alfred","contributorId":178255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weissler","given":"Alfred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70210477,"text":"70210477 - 1971 - Volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology: U.S. National Report, 1967-1971, Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Investigations at active volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T14:06:40.313419","indexId":"70210477","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-04T09:03:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology: U.S. National Report, 1967-1971, Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Investigations at active volcanoes","docAbstract":"<div id=\"article__content\" class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8 col-lg-8 article__content article-row-left\"><div class=\"article__body \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The field of volcanology has expanded greatly in the years 1967–1970, and work on active volcanoes has kept pace with this expansion. I have restricted this summary and the accompanying bibliography to studies by U.S.‐based investigators of active or potentially active volcanoes. I have been immeasurably aided in writing this summary by communications from R. Citron of the Smithsonian Institution Center for Short‐Lived Phenomena, W. Melson and T. Simkin of the Smithsonian Institution, A. McBirney of the Center for Volcanology, University of Oregon, R.B. Forbes of the University of Alaska, and R.W. Decker of Dartmouth College.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO052i005pIU057","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., 1971, Volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology: U.S. National Report, 1967-1971, Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Investigations at active volcanoes: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 52, no. 5, p. 57-62, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i005pIU057.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010333,"text":"70010333 - 1971 - Obsidian hydration dating applied to dating of basaltic volcanic activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T18:21:02.012367","indexId":"70010333","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Obsidian hydration dating applied to dating of basaltic volcanic activity","docAbstract":"Basalt flows and bombs that contain remelted rhyolite glass can be dated by obsidian hydration dating.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.172.3987.1028","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Peterson, N., 1971, Obsidian hydration dating applied to dating of basaltic volcanic activity: Science, v. 172, no. 3987, p. 1028-1028, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.172.3987.1028.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1028","endPage":"1028","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218790,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"172","issue":"3987","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b00e4b0c8380cd74485","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, N.","contributorId":32668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227418,"text":"70227418 - 1971 - Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part II: Isotopic age of emplacement and morphology of zircon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:59:29.249676","indexId":"70227418","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T15:55:28","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part II: Isotopic age of emplacement and morphology of zircon","docAbstract":"<p>Zircon separated from six rocks whose compositions spanned the range of differentiation in the Boulder Creek batholith yielded a “discordia” age of emplacement of 1725 m.y., close to the average PB<sup>207</sup>/Pb<sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>age 1720 m.y.) and indicating that the constituent rocks are cogenetic within approximately ± 20 m.y. Statistical studies show that from 20 to 80 percent of the zircon in any one sample (1) is no-neuhedral, (2) has lower (length/width) ratios than the associated euhedral zircon, and (3) in direct contrast to the euhedral, increases markedly interior of the batholith toward contacts with the older metasediments and internal zones of contamination; it is inferred to have been “inherited” via assimilation. Unlike the noneuhedral fraction the euhedral zircon shows a linear decrease in length/width ratio with an increase in SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>content of the containing rocks; it is inferred to be magmatic in origin. Regardless of the relative abundance of inherited versus magmatic zircon, all samples closely fit a single discordia chord, indicating that both zircon fractions formed at about the same time. This conclusion is compatible with field relationships that indicate the emplacement of the syntectonic Boulder Creek rocks took place during a period of metamorphism notable for the widespread development of new minerals in the country rocks.</p><p>(1) Zircon from a Silver Plume Granite dike intruding the Boulder Creek batholith, (2) zircon from Silver Plume correlatives immediately to the north (Tilton and co-workers), and (3) uraninite from a probable Silver Plume correlative in the Central City district, together yield a sharply defined discordia age of emplacement of 1415 m.y.</p><p>The separate “discordia” chords for the Boulder Creek and Silver Plume zirconconverge close to their lower intercepts with “concordia” indicative of a one-step lead loss during the Laramide disturbance. The Silver Plume “thermal event” left no age imprint on the Boulder Creek zircon, presumably because insufficient time had elapsed to produce significant metamictization.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1615:BCBCPI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stern, T.W., Phair, G., and Newell, M.F., 1971, Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part II: Isotopic age of emplacement and morphology of zircon: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 6, p. 1615-1633, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1615:BCBCPI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1615","endPage":"1633","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.96450805664062,\n              39.536880650643056\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.98672485351562,\n              39.536880650643056\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.98672485351562,\n              40.263808598903566\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.96450805664062,\n              40.263808598903566\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.96450805664062,\n              39.536880650643056\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stern, Thomas W.","contributorId":271088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stern","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phair, George","contributorId":91512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phair","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newell, Marcia F.","contributorId":47238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Marcia","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70227417,"text":"70227417 - 1971 - Quaternary faulting in the eastern Alaska Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:54:42.923137","indexId":"70227417","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T15:45:27","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary faulting in the eastern Alaska Range","docAbstract":"<p>Quaternary faulting is well displayed along the Denali fault system and the recently recognized and related Totschunda fault system in the eastern Alaska Range. The principal movement on both fault systems is right-lateral strike-slip. Offset glacial features of Wisconsin age indicate minimum Holocene slip rates of 1.1 to 3.5 cm per year along parts of the Denali fault system, and 0.9 to 3.3 cm per year along the Totschunda fault system. Strike-slip movement along the Denali fault system may be no older than early Pliocene and, southeast of the Totschunda fault system junction, may have terminated by the middle Pleistocene. The strike-slip Totschunda fault system, a much younger feature probably no older than middle Pleistocene, exhibits 9 to 10 km of right-lateral offset and 1,500 m of relative vertical movement. The Totschunda fault system is aligned with, and has the same sense of slip as, the Fairweather fault in the Gulf of Alaska.</p><p>The Denali fault system and the Queen Charlotte Islands fault are part of a major transform fault system separating the North American and Pacific plates. Continental southern Alaska between the Aleutian arc and the Denali fault system is now largely coupled to the Pacific plate. The Totschunda-Fairweather alignment probably represents the beginning of a new transform fault by-passing the southeast part of the Denali fault system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1529:QFITEA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., and Matson, N., 1971, Quaternary faulting in the eastern Alaska Range: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 6, p. 1529-1540, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1529:QFITEA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1529","endPage":"1540","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Range, Denali fault system, Queen Charlotte Islands, Totschunda fault system","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162.2900390625,\n              58.63121664342478\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.333984375,\n              58.516651799363785\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.4990234375,\n              58.309488840677645\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.7412109375,\n              58.88194208135912\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.17089843749997,\n              61.227957176677876\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.205078125,\n              62.36999628130772\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.5791015625,\n              62.79493487887006\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.6015625,\n              62.59334083012024\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.634765625,\n              62.062733258846514\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              60.261617082844616\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              62.83508901142283\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.7451171875,\n              63.93737246791484\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.3046875,\n              64.32087157990324\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.4140625,\n              64.01449619484472\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.32421875,\n              62.30879369102805\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              59.5343180010956\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.2900390625,\n              58.63121664342478\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":830776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matson, N.A. Jr.","contributorId":102956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"N.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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