The types of rocks that form geologic units in the Earth’s crust supply most of the raw materials from which soils are formed and from which water derives its inorganic constituents. The compositions of what we eat and drink thus depend in part upon the compositions of the source rocks.
Igneous rocks are formed by crystallization and solidification of a rock melt. Metamorphic rocks are formed by recrystallization of both igneous and sedimentary rocks caused by heat and pressure within the Earth’s crust. Sedimentary rocks are formed chiefly by the deposition in water of weathering and erosion products of pre-existing igneous, metamorphic, or other sedimentary rocks. The compositions of metamorphic rocks are generally similar to the compositions of the rocks that were metamorphosed, and only igneous and sedimentary rock compositions are considered here.
Igneous rocks range in SiO2 content from about 40 to nearly 80 percent, and other constituents increase in amount as SiO2 decreases. The changes in the other constituents are not large, however, except for the quantitatively unimportant least silicic rocks; these contain conspicuously more magnesium and less aluminum than the other kinds of igneous rocks.
Sedimentary rocks range in SiO2 content from nearly zero for the carbonate rocks to almost 100 percent for quartzite and pure sandstone. Shale and clay contain intermediate amounts of SiO2 and as much as 25 percent AI2O3, more than any of the igneous rocks. Carbonate rocks are composed mostly of calcium and magnesium carbonates.
The contents of individual trace elements vary widely with rock type. Chromium, titanium, nickel, and cobalt are conspicuously concentrated in low-silica igneous rocks that are quantitatively unimportant. Arsenic, iodine, molybdenum, and selenium are conspicuously concentrated in shale and clay. In addition, most other elements occur in largest amounts in shale and clay compared to other sedimentary rocks, and in amounts nearly equal to those in igneous rocks.
Soils derived from different kinds of igneous rocks do not differ from each other as much as do soils derived from different kinds of sedimentary rocks. This is partly because igneous rocks generally are more resistant to weathering than sedimentary rocks that were deposited in water. Some of the important constituents of sedimentary rocks have been precipitated from solution, which makes them more susceptible to weathering and re-solution. Similarly, sedimentary rocks have a greater effect than igneous rocks on the composition of ground water.
Determination of areal variations in composition should be more detailed than normal petrologic investigations if the results are to be usable for environmental studies. Statistical principles should be used in planning the sampling, analysis, and interpretation of results.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry in health and disease","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM123-p13","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H., 1971, Chemical compositions of rock types as factors in our environment, chap. of Environmental geochemistry in health and disease, v. 123, p. 13-20, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM123-p13.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"123","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cannon, Helen L.","contributorId":96249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Helen L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830398,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopps, Howard C.","contributorId":189752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopps","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830399,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, Harry A.","contributorId":97903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"Harry A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227440,"text":"70227440 - 1971 - Remanent magnetization and susceptibility of late Cenozoic rocks from New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T19:15:29.688548","indexId":"70227440","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T13:00:52","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2869,"text":"New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remanent magnetization and susceptibility of late Cenozoic rocks from New Zealand","docAbstract":"Measurements of magnetic remanence and susceptibility were made on 176 samples of volcanic rocks from 22 late Cenozoic formations from the North Island. Intensities of remanence, susceptibilities, and Q ratios are highly variable in both the ignimbrites and andesites and their ranges overlap, indicating that the magnetic anomalies produced by ignimbrite bodies would be difficult to distinguish from those produced by andesite flows. An analysis of the directions of magnetization of the ignimbrites indicates that groups of petrologically distinct ignimbrites probably formed during the same volcanic episode.
Magnetic susceptibilities of three iron-rich tourmaline crystals from Mexquitic (Mexico), Pierpont (New York), and Madagascar with different and known chemical compositions have been studied from 8° to 300°K. The iron atoms in the tourmaline crystal structure, space group R3m, a∼15·9, c∼7·2 , are situated at the three corners of an equilateral triangle and are close enough for magnetic exchange interaction. For buergerite, the Mexquitic sample, the susceptibility data lead to an exchange constant J/k of 7·5°K. Although the amount of aluminum would be sufficient to fill point position 18(c) exactly, the magnetic data are consistent with some substitution of ferric iron for aluminum, as previously determined from X-ray and neutron diffraction studies. Some aluminum thus replaces iron in position 9(b). Exchange constants were also estimated for the other two magnesium-iron specimens, of which the madagascar sample is aluminum deficient. The results agree with the evidence from optical spectra that there is considerable deviation from octahedral symmetry in the oxygen coordination polyhedra about the 9(b) and 18(c) point positions.
Natural remanent magnetization (NRM) has been measured in 21 lava flows and 1 tuff in the south-west wall of Ngorongoro caldera, Tanzania. The lowest three lavas are normally magnetized, the next two have intermediate directions, and the remainder are reversed; potassium-argon dating places the reversal at 2.45 My, corresponding to the Gauss Matuyama epoch boundary. Alternating-field demagnetization was effective in removing the ubiquitous lightning-produced secondary magnetizations, but partial thermal demagnetization was not. Curie temperatures of the lavas fell into two groups: 250°–350°C and 570°–585°C, probably corresponding to unoxidized and oxidized titanomagnetites respectively. NRM directions in the lavas occurred in several distinct and stratigraphically continuous groups, suggesting intermittent eruption of groups of lavas. No correspondence was found between NRM groups and other parameters, such as Curie temperatures. The dispersion of mean NRM directions is large in comparison with late Quaternary lavas from low latitudes in the Pacific basin, but probably is not large relative to the proportion of the geomagnetic field in Africa that is non-dipolar. The mean palaeomagnetic pole is offset 10.5° from the geographic pole, but because of the large dispersion, the difference is not considered significant.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1971.tb03585.x","usgsCitation":"Grommé, C., Reilly, T.A., Mussett, A.E., and Hay, R.L., 1971, Palaeomagnetism and potassium-argon ages of volcanic rocks of Ngorongoro caldera, Tanzania: Geophysical Journal International, v. 22, no. 1, p. 101-115, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1971.tb03585.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394453,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Tanzania","otherGeospatial":"Ngorongoro caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.56343078613281,\n -3.2652903510623252\n ],\n [\n 35.606689453125,\n -3.255692874850599\n ],\n [\n 35.61286926269531,\n -3.245409763149227\n ],\n [\n 35.64033508300781,\n -3.230327676778435\n ],\n [\n 35.66162109375,\n -3.209075265900692\n ],\n [\n 35.67878723144531,\n -3.1727394767107056\n ],\n [\n 35.676727294921875,\n -3.1418873316617173\n ],\n [\n 35.6561279296875,\n -3.1103486408983576\n ],\n [\n 35.59913635253906,\n -3.078123352118987\n ],\n [\n 35.569610595703125,\n -3.091150714460597\n ],\n [\n 35.55519104003906,\n -3.095950228721475\n ],\n [\n 35.544891357421875,\n -3.0932076518043607\n ],\n [\n 35.52635192871094,\n -3.1034922786128134\n ],\n [\n 35.51124572753906,\n -3.11720495860026\n ],\n [\n 35.500946044921875,\n -3.1144624368758076\n ],\n [\n 35.476226806640625,\n -3.1473722243542896\n ],\n [\n 35.473480224609375,\n -3.1617699301764772\n ],\n [\n 35.47210693359375,\n -3.1994772578712416\n ],\n [\n 35.465240478515625,\n -3.215245366333813\n ],\n [\n 35.49751281738281,\n -3.2433531282402988\n ],\n [\n 35.509185791015625,\n -3.246095307188778\n ],\n [\n 35.542144775390625,\n -3.255692874850599\n ],\n [\n 35.56343078613281,\n -3.2652903510623252\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grommé, C. S.","contributorId":38558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grommé","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, T. A.","contributorId":271169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mussett, A. E.","contributorId":6193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mussett","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, R. L.","contributorId":34170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70260855,"text":"70260855 - 1971 - Water-quality data for selected sites tributary to the Salton Sea, California, August 1969 - June 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T18:16:51.000171","indexId":"70260855","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T11:59:12","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Water-quality data for selected sites tributary to the Salton Sea, California, August 1969 - June 1970","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, George A.","contributorId":35363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":918304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70242053,"text":"70242053 - 1971 - Wells and springs in California and Nevada within 100 miles of point 37°15' N, 116°25' W, on Nevada test site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-05T21:09:31.955009","indexId":"70242053","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T11:18:04","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Wells and springs in California and Nevada within 100 miles of point 37°15' N, 116°25' W, on Nevada test site","docAbstract":"Studies of published and unpublished geologic and ground-water data, for an inventory of 6,032 wells and 754 springs in parts of Inyo and Mono Counties, California, and Clark, Esmeralda, Lincoln, and Nye Counties, Nevada, reveal the following information:
A complex sequence of granitic, metamorphic, volcanic, and sedimentary rocks of Precambrian to Holocene age are present in the study area. Rocks of lower Precambrian age are metamorphic. These rocks can be divided into five principal types: (a) valley fill, (b) volcanic, (c) carbonate, (d) clastic, and (e) metamorphic and granitic. The valley fill which produces large amounts of water is the best aquifer and it contains the largest number of wells. The carbonate and the volcanic rocks produce small to large amounts of water from fractures or solution cavities. The clastic rocks and the metamorphic and granitic racks produce very little ground water.
The greatest concentration of wells in the study area is in the Las Vegas area, which has 79 percent of the total wells inventoried. The Las Vegas area has less than 1 percent of the springs inventoried.
The major uses of ground water listed in order of abundance, for the area exclusive of Las Vegas, are irrigation, domestic, public supply, and industrial. The major uses of ground water listed in order of abundance in the Las Vegas area are domestic, irrigation, public supply, and commercial.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70242053","usgsCitation":"Thordarson, W., and Robinson, B., 1971, Wells and springs in California and Nevada within 100 miles of point 37°15' N, 116°25' W, on Nevada test site, Report: ii, 178 p.; 4 Plates: 29.01 x 20.78 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70242053.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 178 p.; 4 Plates: 29.01 x 20.78 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":433525,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70242053/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":433524,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70242053/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":432598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70242053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":433526,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70242053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":433522,"rank":2,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70242053/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":433523,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70242053/figure-2.pdf","text":"Figure 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.12871205149412,\n 36.83018971496931\n ],\n [\n -117.12871205149412,\n 35.1509926527515\n ],\n [\n -114.58100001192527,\n 35.1509926527515\n ],\n [\n -114.58100001192527,\n 36.83018971496931\n ],\n [\n -117.12871205149412,\n 36.83018971496931\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thordarson, William","contributorId":23539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordarson","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.P.","contributorId":7685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70271733,"text":"70271733 - 1971 - Water resources of the Coamo area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-22T19:42:27.140657","indexId":"70271733","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T11:17:07","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water resources of the Coamo area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"This study, like other similar studies, was made possible by a cooperative water-resources program between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority (at the time), representing also the Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Authority and the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company.
This report covers the hydrologic investigation made in 1967 in the Coamo area, on the south coast of Puerto Rico. The purpose of the investigation was to make a preliminary, intensive reconnaissance of the water resources of the area. Emphasis was on the Coamo fan, which is essentially coextensive with the coastal plain.
The scope of the investigation covered the collection, analysis, and interpretation of hydrologic data so as to arrive at a linkage between how much, where, and what type of water is available in relation to the water needs of the area (largely for irrigation).
This report is based in good part on the field work of Ralph Gonzalez, hydrologic assistant for the project, who installed and maintained in working order most of the recording instruments and collected most of the field data. We acknowledge the cooperation of Luce & Company, owner or user of most of the water wells in the area. Its personnel guided us to their wells and provided invaluable records on well yield and rainfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70271733","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico","usgsCitation":"Giusti, E.V., 1971, Water resources of the Coamo area, Puerto Rico, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70271733.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70271733/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70271733/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","city":"Coamo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 18.61812040597721\n ],\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 17.80333089063508\n ],\n [\n -65.56416750050371,\n 17.80333089063508\n ],\n [\n -65.56416750050371,\n 18.61812040597721\n ],\n [\n -67.41782863900221,\n 18.61812040597721\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giusti, Ennio V.","contributorId":35301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giusti","given":"Ennio","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":949219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047678,"text":"70047678 - 1971 - Open-channel integrating-type flow meter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T13:36:34","indexId":"70047678","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T10:59:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Open-channel integrating-type flow meter","docAbstract":"A relatively inexpensive meter for measuring cumulative flow in open channels with a rated control,. called a \"totalizer\", was developed. It translates the nonlinear function of gage height to flow by use of a cam and a float. A variable resistance element in an electronic circuit is controlled by the float so that the electron flow in the circuit corresponds to the flow of water. The flow of electricity causes electroplating of an electrode with silver. The amount of silver deposited is proportionate to the flow of water. The total flow of water is determined by removing the silver from the electrode at a fixed rate with ·an electronic device and recording the time for removal with a counter. The circuit is designed so that the ,resultant reading on the counter is in acre-feet of water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Albuquerque, NM","doi":"10.3133/70047678","usgsCitation":"Koopman, K., 1971, Open-channel integrating-type flow meter: Open-File Report, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047678.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047678.jpg"},{"id":278737,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047678/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e37e4b0b08f44619916","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koopman, K.C.","contributorId":75424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koopman","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70119525,"text":"70119525 - 1971 - Action report: conservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife in the National Water Resources Program. State fish and game departments, national conservation organizations, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-07T10:40:37","indexId":"70119525","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T10:37:06","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Action report: conservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife in the National Water Resources Program. State fish and game departments, national conservation organizations, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Bond, T., 1971, Action report: conservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife in the National Water Resources Program. State fish and game departments, national conservation organizations, and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e492c4e4b0fff40428a546","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bond, T.J.","contributorId":41349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227163,"text":"70227163 - 1971 - Comments on An unconventional approach to flood frequency analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:57:48.947164","indexId":"70227163","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T09:53:42","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comments on An unconventional approach to flood frequency analysis","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626667109493053","usgsCitation":"Benson, M.A., 1971, Comments on An unconventional approach to flood frequency analysis: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 16, no. 2, p. 91-91, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667109493053.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"91","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667109493053","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":393722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Manuel A.","contributorId":41405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70231035,"text":"70231035 - 1971 - Application of remote sensing techniques for appraising changes in wildlife habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-29T15:06:34.226612","indexId":"70231035","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T09:38:49","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Application of remote sensing techniques for appraising changes in wildlife habitat","docAbstract":"An attempt was made to investigate the potential of airborne, multispectral, line scanner data acquisition and computer-implemented automatic recognition techniques for providing useful information about waterfowl breeding habitat in North Dakota. The spectral characteristics of the components of a landscape containing waterfowl habitat can be detected with airborne scanners. By analyzing these spectral characteristics it is possible to identify and map the landscape components through analog and digital processing methods. At the present stage of development multispectral remote sensing techniques are not ready for operational application to surveys of migratory bird habitat and other such resources. Further developments are needed to: (1) increase accuracy; (2) decrease retrieval and processing time; and (3) reduce costs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Workshop in Earth Resources Survey Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Workshop in Earth Resources Survey Systems","conferenceDate":"May 3-7, 1971","conferenceLocation":"University of Michigan, Michigan, United States","language":"English","publisher":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H.K., Klett, A.T., and Johnston, J., 1971, Application of remote sensing techniques for appraising changes in wildlife habitat, in International Workshop in Earth Resources Survey Systems, v. 2, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States, May 3-7, 1971, p. 260-288.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"288","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730007669/downloads/19730007669.pdf","size":"12.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","city":"Woodworth","otherGeospatial":"Missouri Coteau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.52583312988281,\n 46.89070082387964\n ],\n [\n -98.84811401367188,\n 46.89070082387964\n ],\n [\n -98.84811401367188,\n 47.27130916053534\n ],\n [\n -99.52583312988281,\n 47.27130916053534\n ],\n [\n -99.52583312988281,\n 46.89070082387964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Harvey K.","contributorId":101295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klett, Albert T.","contributorId":290904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klett","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":841797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, John E.","contributorId":38642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"John E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":841798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25186,"text":"25186 - 1971 - Notice to lessees and operators of federal oil, gas, and sulphur leases in the outer continental shelf Gulf of Mexico region: OCS order nos. 1 through 12: Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T09:10:19","indexId":"25186","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T09:09:07","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Notice to lessees and operators of federal oil, gas, and sulphur leases in the outer continental shelf Gulf of Mexico region: OCS order nos. 1 through 12: Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/25186","issn":"0364-7064","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Notice to lessees and operators of federal oil, gas, and sulphur leases in the outer continental shelf Gulf of Mexico region: OCS order nos. 1 through 12: Gulf of Mexico, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/25186.","productDescription":"52 p.","numberOfPages":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico;United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.86,18.18 ], [ -97.86,30.4 ], [ -81.04,30.4 ], [ -81.04,18.18 ], [ -97.86,18.18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c64da5e4b0001bd514778d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227331,"text":"70227331 - 1971 - A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T15:07:32.785348","indexId":"70227331","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T08:47:06","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(71)90014-8","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., 1971, A comment concerning the applicability of the “open system” model to dating of fossil bones from San Joaquin soil, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 10, no. 2, p. 252-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(71)90014-8.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394102,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -120.56945800781249,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -120.56945800781249,\n 39.15136267949029\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 39.15136267949029\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.84883250647402\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2000025,"text":"2000025 - 1971 - Biology of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) of the 1960 year class, isolated in the Big Garlic River, Michigan, 1960-65","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2000025","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":222,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"16","title":"Biology of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) of the 1960 year class, isolated in the Big Garlic River, Michigan, 1960-65","docAbstract":"The early life history of the sea lamprey, from hatching to the first capture of metamorphosed individuals, is described from observations on a known-age population isolated in a tributary of southern Lake Superior. The population had its origin in the spring of 1960, when 722 sea lampreys nearing spawning condition were introduced into the Big Garlic River, Marquette County, Michigan, a stream that had previously been free of lampreys because physical barriers prevented their upstream migration. The adults constructed 206 nests and spawned in 161 of them; an estimated 774,000 larvae were hatched. The average total lengths of larvae collected in October (when yearly growth was nearly complete) in 1960-65 were 13, 39, 63, 80, 92, and 107 mm in the successive years.\nA specially designed inclined-plane trap, installed at the lower end of the study area to monitor the downstream movement of larval and newly metamorphosed lampreys, captured 7,562 larvae in 1962-65 (none in 1960-61). The annual catch increased sharply from 9 in 1962 to 370 in 1963, 2,847 in 1964, and 4,336 in 1965. About 90% of each annual catch was taken by June 30. Most movement was at night.\nA total of 5,642 larvae were marked in 1962-65 by the subcutaneous injection of an insoluble dye, to study movement and distribution; 222 were recovered as larvae through 1965 (17 in the trap and 205 with an electric shocker). The recoveries of marked lampreys, the increase in density of larvae in the farthest downstream section of the study area, and the annual catches in the trap demonstrated that a large part of the population gradually shifted downstream. On the other hand, many larvae were still within less than 1 km from the place of hatching, after more than 5 years.\nThe capture of four recently metamorphosed sea lampreys (two males and two females), 152-172 mm long, in the fall of 1965, established the minimum age at transformation for larvae in the Big Garlic River at 5 years. Age and length (with the exception of a possible minimum length) were determined not to be critical factors in metamorphosis. The presence of larvae 65-176 mm long (mean, 107 mm) in the river in 1965 indicated that metamorphosis of lampreys in a single year class takes place over a period of years.","language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Manion, P.J., and McLain, A.L., 1971, Biology of larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) of the 1960 year class, isolated in the Big Garlic River, Michigan, 1960-65: Technical Report 16, 35 p.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.glfc.org/pubs/TechReports/Tr16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db62317b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manion, Patrick J.","contributorId":99080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manion","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLain, Alberton L.","contributorId":15561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLain","given":"Alberton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014212,"text":"1014212 - 1971 - Quantitative comparison of RTG-2 cell growth a 5 - 25 C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:28","indexId":"1014212","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1977,"text":"In Vitro","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative comparison of RTG-2 cell growth a 5 - 25 C","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"In Vitro","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"232/FH","usgsCitation":"Plumb, J., and Wolf, K., 1971, Quantitative comparison of RTG-2 cell growth a 5 - 25 C: In Vitro, v. 7, no. 1, p. 42-45.","productDescription":"p. 42-45","startPage":"42","endPage":"45","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64dae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumb, J.A.","contributorId":38106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumb","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010332,"text":"70010332 - 1971 - A test of the 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum technique on some terrestrial materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:06:50.929847","indexId":"70010332","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A test of the 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum technique on some terrestrial materials","docAbstract":"40Ar/39Ar age spectra were determined for 10 terrestrial rock and mineral samples whose geologic history is known from independent evidence. The spectra for six mineral and whole rock samples, including biotite, feldspar, hornblende, muscovite, and granodiorite, that have experienced post-crystallization heating did not reveal the age of crystallization in any obvious way. Minima in the spectra, however, give reasonable maximum ages for reheating and high-temperature maxima can be interpreted as minimum crystallization ages. High-temperature ages of microcline and albite that have not been reheated are approximately 10% younger than the known crystallization age. Apparently there are no domains in these feldspars that have retained radiogenic40Ar quantitatively. Spectra from two diabase samples that contain significant quantities of excess argon might mistakenly be interpreted as spectra from reheated samples and do not give the age of emplacement. The40Ar/39Ar age spectrum technique may be a potentially valuable tool for the study of geologic areas with complex histories, but the interpretation of age spectra from terrestrial samples seems to be more difficult than suggested by some previous studies.
Isla San Cristobal, the most easterly of the Galapagos Islands, consists of two parts: a large volcano constitutes the southwest half of the island and an irregular apron of small cones and flows makes up the northeast half. As some of the younger flows on the flanks of the large volcano are reversely magnetized, the minimum age of the volcano is 0.7 my, which is the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal boundary. The true age is probably several times greater. The cones and flows to the northeast are all normally magnetized. The between-site angular dispersion of virtual poles is 11.3° - a value consistent with mathematical models for the latitude dependence of geomagnetic secular variation.
One-g samples of a montmorillonite, a metabentonite, an illite, two kaolinites, and three halloysites were treated with 50 ml of hydrochloric acid (6⋅45 N, 1:1), acetic acid (4⋅5 N, 1:3), sodium hydroxide (2⋅8 N), sodium chloride solution (pH 6⋅10; Na = 35‰; Cl = 21⋅5‰), and natural sea water (pH 7⋅85; Na = 35⋅5‰; Cl = 21⋅ 5‰) for a 10-day period in stoppered plastic vials. The supernatant solutions were removed from the clay minerals and analyzed for SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O. All the solutions removed some SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 from the samples, but the quantities were small. Sodium hydroxide attacked the kaolin group minerals more strongly than it did montmorillonite, metabentonite, or illite. Halloysite was more strongly attacked by hydrochloric acid than was any of the other experimental minerals. Hydrochloric acid removed iron oxide coatings from soil clay minerals, but acetic acid did not remove them completely. The samples most strongly attacked by HCl and NaOH were examined by X-ray diffraction. Acid treatment did not destroy the structure of the clays, but the halloysite structure was partially destroyed. Sodium hydroxide attacked the halloysite structure, as shown by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. These experiments show that treatment in dilute acids has no harmful effect in the preparation of clays for X-ray diffraction. Acetic acid is preferred to hydrochloric acid for this purpose. Hydrochloric acid cleans clay minerals by removing free iron oxide from the surface; acetic acid is less effective.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190508","usgsCitation":"Carroll, D., and Starkey, H.C., 1971, Reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalies: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 5, p. 321-333, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190508.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"333","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a958fe4b0c8380cd81ac5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, Dorothy","contributorId":38534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"Dorothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starkey, Harry C.","contributorId":175349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Starkey","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010399,"text":"70010399 - 1971 - A Pliocene flora and insect fauna from the Bering Strait region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T23:43:27.22454","indexId":"70010399","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Pliocene flora and insect fauna from the Bering Strait region","docAbstract":"A flood-plain forest has been preserved beneath a lava flow that invaded the Inmachuk River Valley in the northern part of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, during the Pliocene Epoch. The fossil flora is of great biogeographic interest because of its position (Fig. 1) in a tundra region about 250 km east of Bering Strait, 75 km south of the Arctic Circle, and 65 km west of the northwestern limit of spruce-birch forest. It provides insight into the history of the development of the circumpolar boreal forest (taiga). A rich arthropod fauna casts light on the phylogeny of several modern insect genera and on the origin of modern tundra faunas. A potassium-argon analysis of the overlying basaltic lava provides our first radiometric age estimate (5.7±0.2 million years) for the Clamgulchian Stage, a Late Tertiary time-stratigraphic unit based on fossil plants and widely recognized in Alaska (Wolfe and Hopkins 1967) and northeastern Siberia.
This note presents evidence for the natural low temperature crystallization of brucite, and also indicates the possibility of ambient temperature serpentinization.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190509","usgsCitation":"Luce, R.W., 1971, Brucite identified as crystallizing from a natural cold alkaline spring gel: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 5, p. 335-336, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190509.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"336","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f29ee4b0c8380cd4b25e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luce, Robert W.","contributorId":103685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luce","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010401,"text":"70010401 - 1971 - Determination of silver in soils, sediments, and rocks by organic-chelate extraction and atomic absorption spectrophotometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T01:17:20.900042","indexId":"70010401","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of silver in soils, sediments, and rocks by organic-chelate extraction and atomic absorption spectrophotometry","docAbstract":"A useful method for the determination of silver in soil, sediment, and rock samples in geochemical exploration has been developed. The sample is digested with concentrated nitric acid, and the silver extracted with triisooctyl thiophosphate (TOTP) in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) after dilution of the acid digest to approximately 6 M. The extraction of silver into the organic extractant is quantitative and not affected by the nitric acid concentration from 4 M to 8 M, or by different volumes of TOTP-MIBK. The extracted silver is stable and remains in the organic phase up to several days. The silver concentration is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Clay beds 1–2 m thick and interbedded with marine limestones probably of early Eocene age are composed of nearly pure mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite. Particle size studies, electron micrographs, X-ray diffraction studies, chemical analyses, cation exchange experiments, DTA, and TGA indicate that clays from three different localities contain roughly equal proportions of randomly interlayered kaolinite and montmorillonite layers. The montmorillonite structural formulas average K0·2Na0·2Ca0·2Mg0·2(Al2·5Fe1·03+Mg0·5)(Al0·75Si7.25)O20+(OH)4−, with a deficiency of structural (OH) in either the montmorillonite or kaolinite layers. Nonexchangeable K+ indicates that a few layers are mica-like. Crystals are mostly round plates 1/10 to 1/20 µ across. The feature most diagnostic of the mixed-layer character is an X-ray reflection near 8 Å after heating at 300°C. The clays are inferred to have developed by weathering of volcanic ash and subsequent erosion and deposition in protected nearshore basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190302","usgsCitation":"Schultz, L., Shepard, A., Blackmon, P., and Starkey, H., 1971, Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 3, p. 137-150, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190302.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"150","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b80e4b0c8380cd6f5c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schultz, L.G.","contributorId":62617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shepard, A.O.","contributorId":32295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"A.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blackmon, P.D.","contributorId":62210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackmon","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Starkey, H.C.","contributorId":88728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starkey","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010334,"text":"70010334 - 1971 - Genetic implications of the shapes of martian and lunar craters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:05:51.268039","indexId":"70010334","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic implications of the shapes of martian and lunar craters","docAbstract":"Craters on Mars and the Moon are alike in that larger craters differ in shape from smaller ones, and older craters differ in shape from younger ones. Smoothed depth-diameter curves for 41 large martian craters photographed by Mariner IV inflect at a crater diameter of 10–20km in a manner similar to curves for lunar craters. Below 10–20km, both depth-diameter curves are linear with a slope of roughly 1.0; above this threshold range, the curves assume a much lower slope. Diminution of lunar crater depth-diameter ratios with age indicates that the shapes of lunar and, by inference, martian craters have changed systematically since formation. Martian craters sampled here are shallower than most pre-Imbrian lunar craters. By analogy with the Moon, martian craters seem both to vary in initial shape according to the energy of the impact that formed them and to have been modified subsequently by endogenic and surface processes. A proposed model for the geologic development of large martian and lunar craters outlines a time- dependent sequence of events. Craters which have undergone rapid isostatic adjustment on the Moon have distinctive morphologies and occur preferentially along mare basin-upland margins.
A table of the analytical sensitivities of the principal lines in the thermal neutron capture gamma-ray spectrum from 0 to 3 MeV has been compiled for most of the elements. A tabulation of the full-energy, single-escape, and double-escape peaks has also been made according to energy. The tables are useful for spectral interpretation and calibration.