Hurricane Katrina made landfall in New Orleans, Louisiana as a Category 3 storm in August 2005. Storm surges, levee failures, and the low-lying nature of New Orleans led to widespread flooding, damage to over 70% of occupied housing, and evacuation of 80–90% of city residents. Only 57% of the city's black population has returned. Many residents complain of gentrification following rebuilding efforts. Climate gentrification is a recently described phenomenon whereby the effects of climate change, most notably rising sea levels and more frequent flooding and storm surges, alter housing values in a way that leads to gentrification.
To examine the climate gentrification following hurricane Katrina by (1) estimating the associations between flooding severity, ground elevation, and gentrification and (2) whether these relationships are modified by neighborhood level pre- and post-storm sociodemographic factors.
Lidar data collected in 2002 were used to determine elevation. Water gauge height of Lake Ponchartrain was used to estimate flood depth. Using census tracts as a proxy for neighborhoods, demographic, housing, and economic data from the 2000 decennial census and the 2010 and 2015 American Community Survey 5-year estimates US Census records were used to determine census tracts considered eligible for gentrification (median income < 2000 Orleans Parish median income). A gentrification index was created using tract changes in education level, population above the poverty limit, and median household income. Proportional odds ordinal logistic regression was used with product terms to test for effect measure modification by sociodemographic factors.
Census tracts eligible for gentrification in 2000 were 80.2% black. Median census tract flood depth was significantly lower in areas eligible to undergo gentrification (0.70 m vs. 1.03 m). Residents of gentrification-eligible tracts in 2000 were significantly more likely to be black, less educated, lower income, unemployed, and rent their home rather than own. In 2015 in these same eligible tracts, areas that underwent gentrification became significantly whiter, more educated, higher income, less unemployed, and more likely to live in a multi-unit dwelling. Gentrification was inversely associated with flood depth and directly associated with ground elevation in eligible tracts. Marginal effect modification was detected by the effect of pre-storm black race on the relationships of flood depth and elevation with gentrification.
Gentrification was strongly associated with higher ground elevation in New Orleans. These results provide evidence to support the idea of climate gentrification described in other low-elevation major metropolitan areas like Miami, FL. High elevation, low-income, demographically transitional areas in particular – that is areas that more closely resemble high-income area demographics, may be vulnerable to future climate gentrification.
This chapter introduces background and historical information on how structural equation modeling (SEM) came to be developed. Then, the main differences between SEM and earlier multivariate methods are explained. The chapter describes three main applications of SEM: path analysis, factor analysis, and hybrid models. Some computer programs are recommended for these applications. The step-by-step section goes over how to estimate structural models with AMOS and R. The chapter concludes with two example applications of SEM in the planning field.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advanced Quantitative Research Methods for Urban Planners","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.4324/9780429325038-8","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Miller, M., Tasic, I., Lyons, T., Ewing, R., and Grace, J., 2020, Structural equation modeling, chap. 8 of Advanced Quantitative Research Methods for Urban Planners, p. 185-215, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429325038-8.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"215","ipdsId":"IP-101484","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Matt","contributorId":224278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Matt","affiliations":[{"id":40845,"text":"Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tasic, Ivana","contributorId":224279,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tasic","given":"Ivana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, Torrey","contributorId":224280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"Torrey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40845,"text":"Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ewing, Reid","contributorId":204537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ewing","given":"Reid","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13252,"text":"University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":221554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James B.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70210368,"text":"70210368 - 2020 - Dynamic rupture simulations of the M6.4 and M7.1 July 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-02T14:16:37.468532","indexId":"70210368","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-12T09:11:43","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic rupture simulations of the M6.4 and M7.1 July 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquakes","docAbstract":"The largest earthquakes of the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, sequence were a M 6.4 left‐lateral rupture followed 34 hr later by a M 7.1 on a perpendicular right‐lateral fault. We use dynamic rupture modeling to address the questions of why the first earthquake did not propagate through the right‐lateral fault in one larger event, whether stress changes from the M 6.4 were necessary for the M 7.1 to occur, and how the Ridgecrest earthquakes affected the nearby Garlock Fault. We find that dynamic clamping and shear stress reduction confined surface rupture in the M 6.4 to the left‐lateral fault. We also find that stress changes from the M 6.4 were not necessary to allow a M 7.1 on the right‐lateral fault but that they affected the slip and likely accelerated the timing of the M 7.1. Lastly, we find that the Ridgecrest earthquakes may have brought the central Garlock Fault closer to failure.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2019GL086020","usgsCitation":"Lozos, J.C., and Harris, R.A., 2020, Dynamic rupture simulations of the M6.4 and M7.1 July 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 47, no. 7, e2019GL086020, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086020.","productDescription":"e2019GL086020, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-112946","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":457415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl086020","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":375246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.95996093749999,\n 34.37064492478658\n ],\n [\n -115.34545898437499,\n 34.37064492478658\n ],\n [\n -115.34545898437499,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -118.95996093749999,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -118.95996093749999,\n 34.37064492478658\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lozos, Julian C.","contributorId":146525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lozos","given":"Julian","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Ruth A. 0000-0002-9247-0768 harris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Ruth","email":"harris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209341,"text":"70209341 - 2020 - A comparison of groundwater sampling technologies, including passive diffusion sampling, for radionuclide contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T13:43:06.273109","indexId":"70209341","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-12T07:54:42","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A comparison of groundwater sampling technologies, including passive diffusion sampling, for radionuclide contamination","docAbstract":"Using traditional high-flow purge methods for long-term water quality monitoring of deep groundwater wells can be expensive, affect contaminant migration, and produce excessive volumes of discharge water that can be difficult to manage. The use of low-flow pumping methods and depth discrete bailers (DDBs) can reduce the cost of sampling deep groundwater wells. In general, using different pumping methods to obtain reproducible and representative groundwater can be challenging. Passive diffusion samplers (PDSs) have successfully been used in long-term monitoring for volatile organic compounds, major ions, and trace-elements, but application has been limited for stable and radioactive isotopes. Beginning in 2018, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) conducted three sampling events to test the ability of PDSs and DDBs to obtain reproducible and representative groundwater samples. The sampled well is completed in a regional, permeable carbonate aquifer and is one in a set of wells that have historically been used for tritium tracer testing. All samples were obtained at 180 m (590 ft) below land surface (bls) in a 13.97 cm (5.5 inch) uncased well that has a total depth of 202 m (662 ft) bls. The first sampling event deployed a regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane (RCDM) PDS for 14 days with deionized water as the blank. The second sampling event deployed a RCDM for 27 days also with deionized water as the blank. The third sampling event deployed a Dual Membrane (DM) PDS for 65 days using a blank of tritium-dead carbonate water. The DM PDS was used to assess the effect of longer-term deployment on tritium concentrations and address whether or not the PDSs reached equilibrium with ambient groundwater. The day after each of the three passive samplers were retrieved a DDB was used to obtain discrete non-integrated groundwater samples. For each DDB sampling day, the bailer was lowered into the well 10 consecutive times to determine if the water chemistry changed from the first to the last bailed sample. Quality assurance samples including blanks and duplicates were obtained during all three sampling events. All blank waters had tritium concentrations less than 21±33 pCi/L. Major ion (e.g. calcium, chloride, sodium, and sulfate) results were compared between all samples obtained with RCDM and DDB. Major ion concentrations showed a coefficient of variation of less than 6% between all RCDM and DDB samples; however, the coefficient of variation between the different deployment times and the two different methods for trace-element concentrations was much larger, particularly for manganese (82%), lead (41%), and zinc (33%). Stable isotope values were compared between the RCDM and DDB samples. The DDB sample results all fell within analytical uncertainty and were considered representative of the formation groundwater. The stable isotope values from the RCDM samples indicated that a longer deployment time was necessary to gain equilibrium and to obtain representative groundwater samples. Tritium results from groundwater samples obtained from the RCDM, DM, and DDB indicate that groundwaters obtained with PDSs produced tritium concentrations 2 to 3 times higher (between 1,426 and 3,060±87 pCi/L) than groundwaters obtained with a DDB (479 to 1,219±51 pCi/L). The longer the passive diffusion samplers were deployed, the higher the tritium concentration, suggesting that equilibrium with tritium was not reached within a 27-day deployment. DDB samples showed tritium results declining from the first to the last bailed sample for all three sampling events. This research suggests that tritium results from groundwater samples obtained from PDSs are more reproducible than samples obtained from DDBs. Also, PDSs likely do not accumulate isotopes of water but rather equilibrate with the ambient groundwater. On the other hand, both PDSs and DDBs were able to provide representative groundwater samples for major ions and have the potential to produce.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waste Management Symposium proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Waste Management Symposia","collaboration":"Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Frus, R.J., and Imbrigiotta, T., 2020, A comparison of groundwater sampling technologies, including passive diffusion sampling, for radionuclide contamination, in Waste Management Symposium proceedings, p. 15-15.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"15","ipdsId":"IP-113326","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374440,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":373709,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wmsym.org/technical-program/proceedings/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frus, Rebecca J. 0000-0002-2435-7202","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2435-7202","contributorId":206261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frus","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":786212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas 0000-0003-1716-4768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":216749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":786213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70217317,"text":"70217317 - 2020 - Intrinsic prey preference and selection of the giant gartersnake: A threatened predator in a nonnative prey-dominated community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-18T13:19:13.705723","indexId":"70217317","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-12T07:17:59","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2287,"text":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intrinsic prey preference and selection of the giant gartersnake: A threatened predator in a nonnative prey-dominated community","docAbstract":"The introduction of exotic species into an environment can introduce great change in the trophic dynamics of native species. This is of even greater concern if the native species is of conservation concern. The giant gartersnake, Thamnophis gigas, an endemic predator of the Central Valley of California and a species of conservation concern at the state and federal levels, has declined as a result of conversion of its once vast wetland habitat to agriculture. Another anthropogenic factor contributing to this snake's changing ecology is the introduction of nonnative prey into the species' habitats. These introductions have resulted in a prey community that is almost completely composed of exotic species and have potential for considerable effects. In order to assess prey preference and selection we performed three sets of behavioral trials on naïve neonates. We examined 1) neonate prey preference in response to olfactory cues of prepared prey extracts, 2) neonate consumption of different live prey items presented simultaneously; and 3) terrestrial feeding behavior and/or latency to successful attack. Results from the olfactory study suggest that native Sierran treefrogs, Pseudacris sierra, are preferred by neonates. Results from consumption trials suggest that neonates are more likely to select frog species than fish species. This is the first study that we are aware of that examines prey selection of this threatened species and serves to inform its conservation and management.
Quantifying the downstream survival of migrating fish past dams is critical for conservation efforts. Regulators require assessments of survival as a condition of operation. Failure to meet an established survival standard may result in required operational or costly structural changes at a facility. Establishing the survival standard, as well as the rules of assessment, is a point of contention between regulators and operators. Management goals are based on biological criteria, but there are inherent statistical and probabilistic trade-offs when choosing a standard value and the method for assessment. We make a distinction between a “biological” goal (the conservation goal) and a “statistical” standard (a function of the biological goal, sample size, assessment method, and years of consecutive evaluation). An effective statistical standard maximizes true positives (passing the standard when the biological goal is being met) and true negatives (failing the standard when the goal is not being met), while minimizing false negatives and false positives. We explored the effects of sample size, true survival, and assessment methods on the probability of passing different statistical standards by simulating survival studies (simulating mark-recapture experiments). We observed a strong influence of assessment methods on the probability of making the right decision (true positive or true negative), especially when sample size, and recapture probability was low. As a support tool, we developed an interactive user interface to explore specific scenarios, and to aid communication among decision-makers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.3616","usgsCitation":"Molina-Moctezuma, A., and Zydlewski, J.D., 2020, An interactive decision-making tool for evaluating biological and statistical standards of migrating fish survival past hydroelectric dams: River Research and Applications, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1024-1032, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3616.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1024","endPage":"1032","ipdsId":"IP-111248","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molina-Moctezuma, Alejandro","contributorId":275649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molina-Moctezuma","given":"Alejandro","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7063,"text":"University of Maine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":834191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zydlewski, Joseph D. 0000-0002-2255-2303 jzydlewski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-2303","contributorId":2004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"Joseph","email":"jzydlewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":834190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236519,"text":"70236519 - 2020 - Antibiotic resistance in marine microbial communities proximal to a Florida sewage outfall system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-09T12:20:54.806699","indexId":"70236519","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-11T07:18:19","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":12582,"text":"Antibiotics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antibiotic resistance in marine microbial communities proximal to a Florida sewage outfall system","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected at several wastewater treatment plants in southeast Florida, and water and sediment samples were collected along and around one outfall pipe, as well as along several transects extending both north and south of the respective outfall outlet. Two sets of samples were collected to address potential seasonal differences, including 38 in the wet season (June 2018) and 42 in the dry season (March 2019). Samples were screened for the presence/absence of 15 select antibiotic resistance gene targets using the polymerase chain reaction. A contrast between seasons was found, with a higher frequency of detections occurring in the wet season and fewer during the dry season. These data illustrate an anthropogenic influence on offshore microbial genetics and seasonal flux regarding associated health risks to recreational users and the regional ecosystem.
Large-scale terrestrial carbon (C) estimating studies using methods such as atmospheric inversion, biogeochemical modeling, and field inventories have produced different results. The goal of this study was to integrate fine-scale processes including land use and land cover change into a large-scale ecosystem framework. We analyzed the terrestrial C budget of the conterminous United States from 1971 to 2015 at 1-km resolution using an enhanced dynamic global vegetation model and comprehensive land cover change data. Effects of atmospheric CO2 fertilization, nitrogen deposition, climate, wildland fire, harvest, and land use/land cover change (LUCC) were considered. We estimate annual C losses from cropland harvest, forest clearcut and thinning, fire, and LUCC were 436.8, 117.9, 10.5, and 10.4 TgC/year, respectively. C stored in ecosystems increased from 119,494 to 127,157 TgC between 1971 and 2015, indicating a mean annual net C sink of 170.3 TgC/year. Although ecosystem net primary production increased by approximately 12.3 TgC/year, most of it was offset by increased C loss from harvest and natural disturbance and increased ecosystem respiration related to forest aging. As a result, the strength of the overall ecosystem C sink did not increase over time. Our modeled results indicate the conterminous US C sink was about 30% smaller than previous modeling studies, but converged more closely with inventory data.
Erosion related to glacial activity produces enormous amounts of sediment. However, sediment mobilization in glacial systems is extremely complex. Sediment is derived from headwalls, slopes along the margins of glaciers, and basal erosion; however, the rates and relative contributions of each are unknown. To test and quantify conceptual models for sediment generation and transport in a simple valley glacier system, we collected samples for 10Be analysis from the Kahiltna Glacier, which flows off Denali, the tallest mountain in North America. We collected angular quartz clasts on bedrock ledges from a high mountainside above the equilibrium line altitude (ELA), amalgamated clast samples from medial moraines, and sand samples from the river below the glacier. We also collected sand from nine other rivers along the south flank of the Alaska Range. In the upper catchment of the Kahiltna drainage system, toppling, rockfall, and slab collapse are significant erosional processes. Erosion rates of hundreds of millimeters per thousand years were calculated from 10Be concentrations. The 10Be concentrations in amalgamated samples from medial moraines showed concentrations much lower than those measured from the high mountainside, a result of the incorporation of thick, and effectively unexposed, blocks into the moraine, as well as the incorporation of material from lower-elevation nearby slopes above the moraines. The 10Be sediment samples from downstream of the Kahiltna Glacier terminus showed decreasing concentrations with increasing distance from the moraine, indicating the incorporation of material that was less exposed to cosmic rays, most likely from the glacier base as well as from slopes downstream of the glacier. Taken together, 10Be concentrations in various samples from the Kahiltna drainage system indicated erosion rates of hundreds of millimeters per thousand years, which is typical of tectonically active terrains. We also measured 10Be concentrations from river sediment samples collected from across the south flank of the Alaska Range. Calculation of basinwide weighted erosion rates that incorporated hypsometric curves produced unrealistically high erosion rates, which indicates that the major source of sediment was not exposed to cosmic rays and was primarily derived from the base of glaciers. Moreover, the apparently high erosion rates suggest that parts of each drainage system are not in erosional steady state with respect to cosmogenic isotope accumulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES02190.1","usgsCitation":"Matmon, A., and Haeussler, P., 2020, Sediment sources and transport by the Kahiltna Glacier and other catchments along the south side of the Alaska Range, Alaska: Geosphere, v. 16, no. 3, p. 787-805, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02190.1.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"805","ipdsId":"IP-113858","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":457429,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02190.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":382463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Range, Kahiltna Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -146,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -146,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Team, ASTER","contributorId":248231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Team","given":"ASTER","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49834,"text":"CNRS-Aix-Marseille University, Aix en Provence, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808640,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Matmon, Ari","contributorId":196405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matmon","given":"Ari","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":219956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209237,"text":"70209237 - 2020 - Uptake and toxicity of clothianidin to monarch butterflies from milkweed consumption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-26T06:40:13","indexId":"70209237","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-10T14:14:40","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3840,"text":"PeerJ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uptake and toxicity of clothianidin to monarch butterflies from milkweed consumption","docAbstract":"Recent concern for the adverse effects from neonicotinoid insecticides has centered on risk for insect pollinators in general and bees specifically. However, natural resource managers are also concerned about the risk of neonicotinoids to conservation efforts for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and need additional data to help estimate risk for wild monarch butterflies exposed to those insecticides. In the present study, monarch butterfly larvae were exposed in the laboratory to clothianidin via contaminated milkweed plants from hatch until pupation, and the effects upon larval survival, larval growth, pupation success, and adult size were measured. Soils dosed with a granular insecticide product led to mean clothianidin concentrations of 10.8–2,193 ng/g in milkweed leaves and 5.8–58.0 ng/g in larvae. Treatment of soils also led to clothianidin concentrations of 2.6–5.1 ng/g in adult butterflies indicating potential for transfer of systemic insecticides from the soil through plants and larvae to adult butterflies. Estimated LC50s for total mortality (combined mortality of larvae and pupae) and EC50 for larval growth were variable but higher than the majority of concentrations reported in the literature for clothianidin contamination of leaves.","language":"English","publisher":"PeerJ","doi":"10.7717/peerj.8669","usgsCitation":"Bargar, T.A., Hladik, M., and Daniels, J.C., 2020, Uptake and toxicity of clothianidin to monarch butterflies from milkweed consumption: PeerJ, v. 8, e8669, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8669.","productDescription":"e8669","ipdsId":"IP-108502","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":457431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8669","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":373526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Timothy A. 0000-0001-8588-3436 tbargar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-3436","contributorId":2450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Timothy","email":"tbargar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hladik, Michelle L. 0000-0002-0891-2712 mhladik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-2712","contributorId":201293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hladik","given":"Michelle L.","email":"mhladik@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daniels, Jaret C.","contributorId":223585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daniels","given":"Jaret","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40743,"text":"Florida Museum of Natural History and University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":785506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209193,"text":"70209193 - 2020 - Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-08T18:12:20.831907","indexId":"70209193","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-10T11:49:40","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States","docAbstract":"Climate change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Here, we present the most up-to-date assessment of climate change impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem services in the U.S. and implications for natural resource management. We draw from the 4th National Climate Assessment to summarize observed and projected changes to ecosystems and biodiversity, explore linkages to important ecosystem services, and discuss associated challenges and opportunities for natural resource management. We find that species are responding to climate change through changes in morphology and behavior, phenology, and geographic range shifts, and these changes are mediated by plastic and evolutionary responses. Responses by species and populations, combined with direct effects of climate change on ecosystems (including more extreme events), are resulting in widespread changes in productivity, species interactions, vulnerability to biological invasions, and other emergent properties. Collectively, these impacts alter the benefits and services that natural ecosystems can provide to society. Although not all impacts are negative, even positive changes can require costly societal adjustments. Natural resource managers need proactive, flexible adaptation strategies that consider historical and future outlooks to minimize costs over the long term. Many organizations are beginning to explore these approaches, but implementation is not yet prevalent or systematic across the nation.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782","usgsCitation":"Weiskopf, S.R., Rubenstein, M.A., Crozier, L., Gaichas, S., Griffis, R., Halofsky, J.E., Hyde, K.J., Morelli, T.L., Morisette, J.T., Munoz, R.C., Pershing, A.J., Peterson, D.L., Poudel, R., Staudinger, M., Sutton-Grier, A.E., Thompson, L., Vose, J., Weltzin, J., and Whyte, K.P., 2020, Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States: Science of the Total Environment, v. 733, 137782, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782.","productDescription":"137782, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-111339","costCenters":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36940,"text":"National Climate Adaptation Science 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Since then, mcr-1 was found in other human and animal populations, including wild gulls. Because gulls could disseminate the mcr-1 gene, we conducted an experiment to assess whether gulls are readily colonized with mcr-1 positive E. coli, their shedding patterns, transmission among conspecifics, and environmental deposition. Shedding of mcr-1 E. coli by small gull flocks followed a lognormal curve and gulls shed one strain >101 log10 CFU/g in their feces for 16.4 days, which persisted in the environment for 29.3 days. 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National Water Quality Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 413
Reston, VA 20191-0002
Ecological communities are controlled by multiple, interacting abiotic and biotic factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of species. These processes jointly determine resource availability, resource competition, and ultimately species richness. For many terrestrial ecosystems in dryland climates, soil water availability is the most frequent limiting resource for plant species. We used field sampling coupled with process‐based soil water balance modeling to explore the relative importance of multiple macroclimatic, ecohydrological, and biotic variables on plant species and functional type richness at the landscape scale in dryland plant communities.
Dryland plant communities dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ) that span climatic and elevational gradients in Wyoming, USA.
We quantified species richness at 1,000 m2 and used multiple regression to determine whether mean climatic conditions, multiple metrics of soil moisture from a soil water balance model (SOILWAT2), soil physical and chemical properties, and shrub stand structure (biotic) variables were related to species and functional type richness.
Species richness varied between 16 and 54 across sites. We found that species and functional type richness were related to both macroclimate and ecohydrology, but ecohydrology explained slightly more variation than climate. Biotic variables were always secondary to macroclimate and ecohydrology in our models. Variance partitioning revealed that large portions of variability in species (~54%), forb (~47%), and grass (~40%) richness were explained by ecohydrological variables.
Our results highlight the importance of the spatial and temporal distribution of soil water for dryland plant species richness and suggest that documenting the ways in which climate, vegetation, and soil properties interact to determine soil water availability is critical for understanding biodiversity patterns in dryland plant communities. This work has relevance for other mid‐latitude, shrub‐dominated dryland plant communities where soil water availability strongly influences ecosystem structure and function.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jvs.12874","usgsCitation":"Jordan, S., Palmquist, K.A., Bradford, J., and Lauenroth, W.K., 2020, Soil water availability shapes species richness in mid-latitude shrub steppe plant communities: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 31, no. 4, p. 646-657, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12874.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"657","ipdsId":"IP-101810","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jordan, Samuel E. 0000-0001-6074-3330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-3330","contributorId":228826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jordan","given":"Samuel E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmquist, Kyle A.","contributorId":169517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palmquist","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradford, John B. 0000-0001-9257-6303","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-6303","contributorId":219257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"John B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lauenroth, William K.","contributorId":80982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lauenroth","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":792151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70215559,"text":"70215559 - 2020 - Probabilistic categorical groundwater salinity mapping from airborne electromagnetic data adjacent to California’s Lost Hills and Belridge oil fields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-23T14:06:56.145727","indexId":"70215559","displayToPublicDate":"2020-03-10T09:01:37","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probabilistic categorical groundwater salinity mapping from airborne electromagnetic data adjacent to California’s Lost Hills and Belridge oil fields","docAbstract":"Growing water stress has led to emerging interest in protecting fresh and brackish groundwater as a potential supplement to water supplies and raised questions about factors that could affect the future quality of fresh and brackish aquifers. Limited well infrastructure, particularly in regions where elevated salinity has led to limited historical groundwater development, hinders traditional mapping of salinity distributions through groundwater sampling. This paper presents a quantitative salinity mapping approach of the upper 300 m using high‐resolution, regionally comprehensive resistivity models derived from Bayesian inversion of an airborne electromagnetic survey adjacent to the Lost Hills and Belridge oil fields in the southwestern San Joaquin Valley of California. Using local water quality observations as an interpretational foundation, a probabilistic approach yields maps of fresh, saline, and brackish groundwater while quantifying joint uncertainty inherited from the geophysical data and interpretational relations. Saline and fresh regions are mapped with relatively high confidence in many locations, while areas of lower confidence, particularly at depth, can be mapped as their most probable salinity category while reflecting the relative uncertainty in the interpretation. These maps identify a stratified salinity structure, where saline water commonly occurs in the surficial aquifer overlying fresher groundwater in the Tulare aquifer, separated by regional confining clay layers. Downgradient of unlined surface water diversions, recharge of imported surface water results in relatively fresh groundwater throughout the depth of investigation.
For ~500 Martian solar days (sols), the Mars Science Laboratory team explored Vera Rubin ridge (VRR), a topographic feature on the northwest slope of Aeolis Mons. Here we review the sedimentary facies and stratigraphy observed during sols 1,800–2,300, covering more than 100 m of stratigraphic thickness. Curiosity's traverse includes two transects across the ridge, which enables investigation of lateral variability over a distance of ~300 m. Three informally named stratigraphic members of the Murray formation are described: Blunts Point, Pettegrove Point, and Jura, with the latter two exposed on VRR. The Blunts Point member, exposed just below the ridge, is characterized by a recessive, fine-grained facies that exhibits extensive planar lamination and is crosscut by abundant curvi-planar veins. The Pettegrove Point member is more resistant, fine-grained, thinly planar laminated, and contains a higher abundance of diagenetic concretions. Conformable above the Pettegrove Point member is the Jura member, which is also fine-grained and parallel stratified, but is marked by a distinct step in topography, which coincides with localized meter-scale inclined strata, a thinly and thickly laminated facies, and occasional crystal molds. All members record low-energy lacustrine deposition, consistent with prior observations of the Murray formation. Uncommon outcrops of low-angle stratification suggest possible subaqueous currents, and steeply inclined beds may be the result of slumping. Collectively, the rocks exposed at VRR provide additional evidence for a long-lived lacustrine environment (in excess of 106 years via comparison to terrestrial records of sedimentation), which extends our understanding of the duration of habitable conditions in Gale crater.