This paper describes new capabilities for operational geomagnetic Disturbance storm time (Dst) index forecasts. We present a data‐driven, deterministic algorithm called Anemomilos for forecasting Dst out to a maximum of 6 days for large, medium, and small storms, depending upon transit time to the Earth. This capability is used for operational satellite management and debris avoidance in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Anemomilos has a 15 min cadence, 1 h time granularity, 144 h prediction window (+6 days), and up to 1 h latency. A new finding is that nearly all flare events above a certain irradiance threshold, occurring within a defined solar longitude/latitude region and having sufficient estimated liftoff velocity of ejected material, will produce a geoeffective Dst perturbation. Three solar observables are used for operational Dst forecasting: flare magnitude, integrated flare irradiance through time, and event location. Magnitude is a proxy for ejecta quantity or mass and, combined with speed derived from the integrated flare irradiance, represents the kinetic energy. Speed is estimated as the line‐of‐sight velocity for events within 45° radial of solar disk center. Storms resulting from high‐speed streams emanating from coronal holes are not modeled or predicted. A new result is that solar disk, not limb, observable features are used for predictive techniques. Comparisons between Anemomilos predicted and measured Dst for every hour over 25 months in three continuous time frames between 2001 (high solar activity), 2005 (low solar activity), and 2012 (rising solar activity) are shown. The Anemomilos operational algorithm was developed for a specific customer use related to thermospheric mass density forecasting. It is an operational space weather technology breakthrough using solar disk observables to predict geomagnetically effective Dst up to several days at 1 h time granularity. Real‐time forecasts are presented at http://sol.spacenvironment.net/~sam_ops/index.html?
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/swe.20094","usgsCitation":"Tobiska, W.K., Knipp, D., Burke, W.J., Bouwer, D., Bailey, J., Odstrcil, D., Hagan, M.P., Gannon, J., and Bowman, B.R., 2013, The Anemomilos prediction methodology for Dst: Space Weather, v. 11, no. 9, p. 490-508, https://doi.org/10.1002/swe.20094.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"490","endPage":"508","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/swe.20094","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10b8c5e4b034bf6a7ecc12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tobiska, W. K.","contributorId":210274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tobiska","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knipp, D.","contributorId":210275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knipp","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burke, W. J.","contributorId":210276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burke","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bouwer, D.","contributorId":210277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouwer","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bailey, J.","contributorId":11981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Odstrcil, D.","contributorId":210278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Odstrcil","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hagan, M. P.","contributorId":210279,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hagan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gannon, J.","contributorId":52869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannon","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bowman, B. R.","contributorId":210280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70046197,"text":"70046197 - 2013 - Predicting vertically-nonsequential wetting patterns with a source-responsive model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-18T10:36:57","indexId":"70046197","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T14:59:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting vertically-nonsequential wetting patterns with a source-responsive model","docAbstract":"Water infiltrating into soil of natural structure often causes wetting patterns that do not develop in an orderly sequence. Because traditional unsaturated flow models represent a water advance that proceeds sequentially, they fail to predict irregular development of water distribution. In the source-responsive model, a diffuse domain (D) represents flow within soil matrix material following traditional formulations, and a source-responsive domain (S), characterized in terms of the capacity for preferential flow and its degree of activation, represents preferential flow as it responds to changing water-source conditions. In this paper we assume water undergoing rapid source-responsive transport at any particular time is of negligibly small volume; it becomes sensible at the time and depth where domain transfer occurs. A first-order transfer term represents abstraction from the S to the D domain which renders the water sensible. In tests with lab and field data, for some cases the model shows good quantitative agreement, and in all cases it captures the characteristic patterns of wetting that proceed nonsequentially in the vertical direction. In these tests we determined the values of the essential characterizing functions by inverse modeling. These functions relate directly to observable soil characteristics, rendering them amenable to evaluation and improvement through hydropedologic development.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Vadose Zone Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/vzj2013.03.0054","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., and Mitchell, L., 2013, Predicting vertically-nonsequential wetting patterns with a source-responsive model: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 12, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.03.0054.","ipdsId":"IP-046019","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278564,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278563,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.03.0054"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5270d909e4b0f7a10664fbe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, Lara","contributorId":36836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Lara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004594,"text":"70004594 - 2013 - Traces in the dark: sedimentary processes and facies gradients in the upper shale member of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-14T14:38:22","indexId":"70004594","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T14:25:55","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Traces in the dark: sedimentary processes and facies gradients in the upper shale member of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Black, organic-rich rocks of the upper shale member of the Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation, a world-class petroleum source rock in the Williston Basin of the United States and Canada, contain a diverse suite of mudstone lithofacies that were deposited in distinct facies belts. The succession consists of three discrete facies associations (FAs). These comprise: 1) siliceous mudstones; 2) quartz- and carbonate-bearing, laminated mudstones; and 3) macrofossil-debris-bearing massive mudstones. These FAs were deposited in three facies belts that reflect proximal to distal relationships in this mudstone system. The macrofossil-debris-bearing massive mudstones (FA 3) occur in the proximal facies belt and contain erosion surfaces, some with overlying conodont and phosphate–lithoclast lag deposits, mudstones with abundant millimeter-scale siltstone laminae showing irregular lateral thickness changes, and shell debris. In the medial facies belt, quartz- and carbonate-bearing, laminated mudstones dominate, exhibiting sub-millimeter-thick siltstone layers with variable lateral thicknesses and localized mudstone ripples. In the distal siliceous mudstone facies belt, radiolarites, radiolarian-bearing mudstones, and quartz- and carbonate-bearing, laminated mudstones dominate. Overall, total organic carbon (TOC) contents range between about 3 and 10 wt %, with a general proximal to distal decrease in TOC content. Abundant evidence of bioturbation exists in all FAs, and the lithological and TOC variations are paralleled by changes in burrowing style and trace-fossil abundance. While two horizontal traces and two types of fecal strings are recognized in the proximal facies belt, only a single horizontal trace fossil and one type of fecal string characterize mudstones in the distal facies belt. Radiolarites intercalated into the most distal mudstones are devoid of traces and fecal strings.
\nBedload transport processes, likely caused by storm-induced turbidity currents, were active across all facies belts. Suspended sediment settling from near the ocean surface, however, most likely played a role in the deposition of some of the mudstones, and was probably responsible for deposition of the radiolarites. The distribution pattern of high-TOC sediments in proximal and lower-TOC deposits in some distal facies is interpreted as a function of higher accumulation rates during radiolarian depositional events leading to a decrease in suspension-derived organic carbon in radiolarite laminae. The presence of burrows in all FAs and nearly all facies in the upper Bakken shale member indicates that dysoxic conditions prevailed during its deposition. This study shows that in intracratonic high-TOC mudstone successions such as the upper Bakken shale member bed-load processes most likely dominated sedimentation, and conditions promoted a thriving infaunal benthic community. As such, deposition of the upper Bakken shale member through dynamic processes in an overall dysoxic environment represents an alternative to conventional anoxic depositional models for world-class source rocks.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.2110/jsr.2013.60","usgsCitation":"Egenhoff, S.O., and Fishman, N.S., 2013, Traces in the dark: sedimentary processes and facies gradients in the upper shale member of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota, U.S.A.: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 83, no. 9, p. 803-824, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2013.60.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"803","endPage":"824","numberOfPages":"22","ipdsId":"IP-027293","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281043,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281040,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2013.60"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Williston Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.41,44.29 ], [ -110.41,50.43 ], [ -95.82,50.43 ], [ -95.82,44.29 ], [ -110.41,44.29 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"83","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7976e4b0b2908510cd4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Egenhoff, Sven O.","contributorId":101171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Egenhoff","given":"Sven","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fishman, Neil S.","contributorId":106464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":350813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112716,"text":"70112716 - 2013 - Ecological prediction with nonlinear multivariate time-frequency functional data models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-22T14:09:39","indexId":"70112716","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T14:03:25","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2151,"text":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological prediction with nonlinear multivariate time-frequency functional data models","docAbstract":"Time-frequency analysis has become a fundamental component of many scientific inquiries. Due to improvements in technology, the amount of high-frequency signals that are collected for ecological and other scientific processes is increasing at a dramatic rate. In order to facilitate the use of these data in ecological prediction, we introduce a class of nonlinear multivariate time-frequency functional models that can identify important features of each signal as well as the interaction of signals corresponding to the response variable of interest. Our methodology is of independent interest and utilizes stochastic search variable selection to improve model selection and performs model averaging to enhance prediction. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach through simulation and by application to predicting spawning success of shovelnose sturgeon in the Lower Missouri River.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13253-013-0142-1","usgsCitation":"Yang, W., Wikle, C.K., Holan, S.H., and Wildhaber, M.L., 2013, Ecological prediction with nonlinear multivariate time-frequency functional data models: Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, v. 18, no. 3, p. 450-474, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13253-013-0142-1.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"474","numberOfPages":"25","ipdsId":"IP-041815","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288700,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13253-013-0142-1"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lower Missouri River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101.36,38.0 ], [ -101.36,44.98 ], [ -89.65,44.98 ], [ -89.65,38.0 ], [ -101.36,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7693e4b0abf75cf2bfab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Wen-Hsi","contributorId":45228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Wen-Hsi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wikle, Christopher K.","contributorId":55680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wikle","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holan, Scott H.","contributorId":15878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holan","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70047803,"text":"70047803 - 2013 - A new laboratory approach to shale analysis using NMR relaxometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-30T10:03:33","indexId":"70047803","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T13:32:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A new laboratory approach to shale analysis using NMR relaxometry","docAbstract":"Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry is a non-invasive technique commonly used to assess hydrogen-bearing fluids in petroleum reservoir rocks. Measurements made using LF-NMR provide information on rock porosity, pore-size distributions, and in some cases, fluid types and saturations (Timur, 1967; Kenyon et al., 1986; Straley et al., 1994; Brown, 2001; Jackson, 2001; Kleinberg, 2001; Hurlimann et al., 2002). Recent improvements in LF-NMR instrument electronics have made it possible to apply methods used to measure pore fluids to assess highly viscous and even solid organic phases within reservoir rocks. T1 and T2 relaxation responses behave very differently in solids and liquids; therefore the relationship between these two modes of relaxation can be used to differentiate organic phases in rock samples or to characterize extracted organic materials. Using T1-T2 correlation data, organic components present in shales, such as kerogen and bitumen, can be examined in laboratory relaxometry measurements. In addition, implementation of a solid-echo pulse sequence to refocus T2 relaxation caused by homonuclear dipolar coupling during correlation measurements allows for improved resolution of solid-phase protons.
\nLF-NMR measurements of T1 and T2 relaxation time distributions were carried out on raw oil shale samples from the Eocene Green River Formation and pyrolyzed samples of these shales processed by hydrous pyrolysis and techniques meant to mimic surface and in-situ retorting. Samples processed using the In Situ Simulator approach ranged from bitumen and early oil generation through to depletion of petroleum generating potential. The standard T1-T2 correlation plots revealed distinct peaks representative of solid- and liquid-like organic phases; results on the pyrolyzed shales reflect changes that occurred during thermal processing. The solid-echo T1 and T2 measurements were used to improve assessment of the solid organic phases, specifically kerogen, thermally degraded kerogen, and char. Integrated peak areas from the LF-NMR results representative of kerogen and bitumen were found to be well correlated with S1 and S2 parameters from Rock-Eval programmed pyrolysis. This study demonstrates that LFNMR relaxometry can provide a wide range of information on shales and other reservoir rocks that goes well beyond porosity and pore-fluid analysis.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August 2013","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.1190/urtec2013-181","usgsCitation":"Washburn, K.E., and Birdwell, J.E., 2013, A new laboratory approach to shale analysis using NMR relaxometry, in Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August 2013, p. 1775-1782, https://doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-181.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1775","endPage":"1782","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-045895","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287656,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-181"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5385b3e5e4b09e18fc023a10","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Baez, Luis","contributorId":111487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baez","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509585,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeney, Ken","contributorId":112969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeney","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509587,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sonnenberg, Steve","contributorId":112354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonnenberg","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509586,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Washburn, Kathryn E.","contributorId":76644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Washburn","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7152,"text":"Weatherford International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":483000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birdwell, Justin E. 0000-0001-8263-1452 jbirdwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-1452","contributorId":3302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdwell","given":"Justin","email":"jbirdwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":482999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048707,"text":"70048707 - 2013 - Crusts: biological","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-10T10:05:43","indexId":"70048707","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Crusts: biological","docAbstract":"Biological soil crusts, a community of cyanobacteria, lichens, mosses, and fungi, are an essential part of dryland ecosystems. They are critical in the stabilization of soils, protecting them from wind and water erosion. Similarly, these soil surface communities also stabilized soils on early Earth, allowing vascular plants to establish. They contribute nitrogen and carbon to otherwise relatively infertile dryland soils, and have a strong influence on hydrologic cycles. Their presence can also influence vascular plant establishment and nutrition.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.05131-9","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., 2013, Crusts: biological, chap. of Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.05131-9.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045245","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278590,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.05131-9"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd538fe4b0b290850f5364","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Elias, Scott A.","contributorId":111874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509622,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046525,"text":"70046525 - 2013 - Increases in flood magnitudes in California under warming climates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-07T14:55:30","indexId":"70046525","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T13:09:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increases in flood magnitudes in California under warming climates","docAbstract":"Downscaled and hydrologically modeled projections from an ensemble of 16 Global Climate Models suggest that flooding may become more intense on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains, the primary source for California’s managed water system. By the end of the 21st century, all 16 climate projections for the high greenhouse-gas emission SRES A2 scenario yield larger floods with return periods ranging 2–50 years for both the Northern Sierra Nevada and Southern Sierra Nevada, regardless of the direction of change in mean precipitation. By end of century, discharges from the Northern Sierra Nevada with 50-year return periods increase by 30–90% depending on climate model, compared to historical values. Corresponding flood flows from the Southern Sierra increase by 50–100%. The increases in simulated 50 year flood flows are larger (at 95% confidence level) than would be expected due to natural variability by as early as 2035 for the SRES A2 scenario.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.07.042","usgsCitation":"Das, T., Maurer, E., Pierce, D.W., Dettinger, M., and Cayah, D.R., 2013, Increases in flood magnitudes in California under warming climates: Journal of Hydrology, v. 501, p. 101-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.07.042.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-046373","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":276757,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.07.042"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,34.0 ], [ -124.0,42.0 ], [ -118.0,42.0 ], [ -118.0,34.0 ], [ -124.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"501","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527cc490e4b0850ea050ce84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Das, Tapash","contributorId":49227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Das","given":"Tapash","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maurer, Edwin P.","contributorId":13129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Edwin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, David W.","contributorId":26953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cayah, Daniel R.","contributorId":74286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayah","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70047805,"text":"70047805 - 2013 - Characterizing tight-gas systems with production data: Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-30T10:05:47","indexId":"70047805","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T13:06:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Characterizing tight-gas systems with production data: Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado","docAbstract":"The study of produced fluids allows comparisons among tight-gas systems. This paper examines gas, oil, and water production data from vertical wells in 23 fields in five Rocky Mountain basins of the United States, mostly from wells completed before the year 2000. Average daily rates of gas, oil, and water production are determined two years and seven years after production begins in order to represent the interval in which gas production declines exponentially. In addition to the daily rates, results are also presented in terms of oil-to-gas and water-to-gas ratios, and in terms of the five-year decline in gas production rates and water-to-gas ratios. No attempt has been made to estimate the ultimate productivity of wells or fields. The ratio of gas production rates after seven years to gas production rates at two years is about one-half, with median ratios falling within a range of 0.4 to 0.6 in 16 fields. Oil-gas ratios show substantial variation among fields, ranging from dry gas (no oil) to wet gas to retrograde conditions. Among wells within fields, the oil-gas ratios vary by a factor of three to thirty, with the exception of the Lance Formation in Jonah and Pinedale fields, where the oil-gas ratios vary by less than a factor of two. One field produces water-free gas and a large fraction of wells in two other fields produce water-free gas, but most fields have water-gas ratios greater than 1 bbl/mmcf—greater than can be attributed to water dissolved in gas in the reservoir— and as high as 100 bbl/mmcf. The median water-gas ratio for fields increases moderately with time, but in individual wells water influx relative to gas is erratic, increasing greatly with time in many wells while remaining constant or decreasing in others.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August 2013","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.1190/urtec2013-086","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., and Santus, S.L., 2013, Characterizing tight-gas systems with production data: Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, in Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August 2013, p. 814-831, https://doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-086.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"814","endPage":"831","numberOfPages":"18","ipdsId":"IP-045388","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287606,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287651,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-086"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;Utah;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.43,36.19 ], [ -112.43,45.0 ], [ -102.02,45.0 ], [ -102.02,36.19 ], [ -112.43,36.19 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5385b3ede4b09e18fc023a34","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Baez, Luis","contributorId":111487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baez","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509591,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeney, Ken","contributorId":112969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeney","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509593,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sonnenberg, Steve","contributorId":112354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonnenberg","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509592,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Philip H. pnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Philip","email":"pnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santus, Stephen L. ssantus@usgs.gov","contributorId":4566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santus","given":"Stephen","email":"ssantus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":483006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048482,"text":"70048482 - 2013 - Comparing approaches to spatially explicit ecosystem service modeling: a case study from the San Pedro River, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-14T13:03:07","indexId":"70048482","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T12:58:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1477,"text":"Ecosystem Services","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing approaches to spatially explicit ecosystem service modeling: a case study from the San Pedro River, Arizona","docAbstract":"Although the number of ecosystem service modeling tools has grown in recent years, quantitative comparative studies of these tools have been lacking. In this study, we applied two leading open-source, spatially explicit ecosystem services modeling tools – Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES) and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) – to the San Pedro River watershed in southeast Arizona, USA, and northern Sonora, Mexico. We modeled locally important services that both modeling systems could address – carbon, water, and scenic viewsheds. We then applied managerially relevant scenarios for urban growth and mesquite management to quantify ecosystem service changes. InVEST and ARIES use different modeling approaches and ecosystem services metrics; for carbon, metrics were more similar and results were more easily comparable than for viewsheds or water. However, findings demonstrate similar gains and losses of ecosystem services and conclusions when comparing effects across our scenarios. Results were more closely aligned for landscape-scale urban-growth scenarios and more divergent for a site-scale mesquite-management scenario. Follow-up studies, including testing in different geographic contexts, can improve our understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of these and other ecosystem services modeling tools as they move closer to readiness for supporting day-to-day resource management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystem Services","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.07.007","usgsCitation":"Bagstad, K.J., Semmens, D.J., and Winthrop, R., 2013, Comparing approaches to spatially explicit ecosystem service modeling: a case study from the San Pedro River, Arizona: Ecosystem Services, v. 5, p. 40-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.07.007.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-039089","costCenters":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281009,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.07.007"}],"country":"Mexico;United States","state":"Arizona;Sonora","otherGeospatial":"San Pedro River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.7871,30.935 ], [ -110.7871,32.9811 ], [ -110.1041,32.9811 ], [ -110.1041,30.935 ], [ -110.7871,30.935 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd51f8e4b0b290850f43c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bagstad, Kenneth J. 0000-0001-8857-5615 kjbagstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-5615","contributorId":3680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagstad","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjbagstad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Semmens, Darius J. 0000-0001-7924-6529 dsemmens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7924-6529","contributorId":1714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semmens","given":"Darius","email":"dsemmens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winthrop, Robert","contributorId":76216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winthrop","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074055,"text":"70074055 - 2013 - Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of organic content in shales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-28T11:56:54","indexId":"70074055","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T11:41:09","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of organic content in shales","docAbstract":"Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry is a non-invasive technique commonly used to assess hydrogen-bearing fluids in petroleum reservoir rocks. Longitudinal T1 and transverse T2 relaxation time measurements made using LF-NMR on conventional reservoir systems provides information on rock porosity, pore size distributions, and fluid types and saturations in some cases. Recent improvements in LF-SNMR instrument electronics have made it possible to apply these methods to assess highly viscous and even solid organic phases within reservoir rocks. T1 and T2 relaxation responses behave very differently in solids and liquids, therefore the relationship between these two modes of relaxation can be used to differentiate organic phases in rock samples or to characterize extracted organic materials. Using T1-T2 correlation data, organic components present in shales, such as kerogen and bitumen, can be examined in laboratory relaxometry measurements. In addition, implementation of a solid-echo pulse sequence to refocus some types of T2 relaxation during correlation measurements allows for improved resolution of solid phase photons.
\nLF-NMR measurements of T1 and T2 relaxation time correlations were carried out on raw oil shale samples from resources around the world. These shales vary widely in mineralogy, total organic carbon (TOC) content and kerogen type. NMR results were correlcated with Leco TOC and geochemical data obtained from Rock-Eval. There is excellent correlation between NMR data and programmed pyrolysis parameters, particularly TOC and S2, and predictive capability is also good. To better understand the NMR response, the 2D NMR spectra were compared to similar NMR measurements made using high-field (HF) NMR equipment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Core Analysts","usgsCitation":"Washburn, K.E., Birdwell, J.E., Seymour, J.D., Kirkland, C., and Vogt, S.J., 2013, Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of organic content in shales, in Proceedings: International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-045577","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287669,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.scaweb.org/symposium_2013_proceedings.shtml"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5387056de4b0aa26cd7b53c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Washburn, Kathryn E.","contributorId":76644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Washburn","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7152,"text":"Weatherford International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":489351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birdwell, Justin E. 0000-0001-8263-1452 jbirdwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-1452","contributorId":3302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdwell","given":"Justin","email":"jbirdwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, Joseph D.","contributorId":59353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirkland, Catherine","contributorId":82616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkland","given":"Catherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vogt, Sarah J.","contributorId":86267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70101103,"text":"70101103 - 2013 - Reverberations on the watery element: A significant tsunamigenic historical earthquake offshore the Carolina coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-10T11:38:22","indexId":"70101103","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T11:34:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reverberations on the watery element: A significant tsunamigenic historical earthquake offshore the Carolina coast","docAbstract":"We investigate an early nineteenth-century earthquake that has\nbeen previously cataloged but not previously investigated in\ndetail or recognized as a significant event. The earthquake\nstruck at approximately 4:30 a.m. LT on 8 January 1817 and\nwas widely felt throughout the southeastern and mid-Atlantic\nUnited States. Around 11:00 a.m. the same day, an eyewitness\ndescribed a 12-inch tide that rose abruptly and agitated boats\non the Delaware River near Philadelphia. We show that the\ntiming of this tide is consistent with the predicted travel time\nfor a tsunami generated by an offshore earthquake 6–7 hours\nearlier. By combining constraints provided by the shaking intensity\ndistribution and the tsunami observation, we conclude\nthat the 1817 earthquake had a magnitude of low- to mid-M 7\nand a location 800–1000 km offshore of South Carolina. Our\nresults suggest that poorly understood offshore source zones\nmight represent a previously unrecognized hazard to the\nsouthern and mid-Atlantic coast. Both observational and modeling\nresults indicate that potential tsunami hazard within\nDelaware Bay merits consideration: the simple geometry of\nthe bay appears to catch and focus tsunami waves. Our preferred\nlocation for the 1817 earthquake is along a diffuse\nnortheast-trending zone defined by instrumentally recorded\nand historical earthquakes. The seismotectonic framework for\nthis region remains enigmatic.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Seismological Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Research Letters","doi":"10.1785/0220120152","usgsCitation":"Hough, S.E., Munsey, J., and Ward, S.N., 2013, Reverberations on the watery element: A significant tsunamigenic historical earthquake offshore the Carolina coast: Seismological Research Letters, v. 84, no. 5, p. 891-898, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220120152.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"891","endPage":"898","ipdsId":"IP-031186","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286177,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286176,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220120152"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"South Carolina Coast","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.5523,32.0993 ], [ -80.5523,34.4427 ], [ -77.4928,34.4427 ], [ -77.4928,32.0993 ], [ -80.5523,32.0993 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"84","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5355955ce4b0120853e8c1b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, Susan E. 0000-0002-5980-2986 hough@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"Susan","email":"hough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munsey, Jeffrey","contributorId":77833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munsey","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, Steven N.","contributorId":9164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171010,"text":"70171010 - 2013 - Evaluation of near-critical overdamping effects in slug-test response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T10:00:25","indexId":"70171010","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of near-critical overdamping effects in slug-test response","docAbstract":"A slug test behaves as a harmonic oscillator, subject to both inertial effects and viscous damping. When viscous and inertial forces are closely balanced, the system is nearly critically damped, and water-level recovery is affected by inertial effects, but does not exhibit oscillation. These effects were investigated by use of type curves, generated both by modification of Kipp's (1985) computer program and by use of the Butler-Zhan (2004) model. Utility of the type curves was verified by re-analysis of the Regina slug test previously analyzed by Kipp. These type curves indicate that near-critical inertial effects result in early-time delayed water-level response followed by merger with, or more rapid recovery than, response for the fully damped case. Because of this early time response, slug tests in the moderately over-damped range are best analyzed using log-log type curves of (1 − H/H0) vs. Tt/![\"inline](\"http://api.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/asset/v1/doi/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6584.2012.01012.x/asset/equation%2Fgwat1012_mu1.gif?l=j6%2BNsqLlmq%2FmQfl1QGCE0TaRAkVTmoGxSAOc7sP4TM8tzsNQHl4l6HUmaFRwikEHj%2FVqSi8TVqIp%0AG7%2FBJIqfj6bnXKtCVPNm\")
. Failure to recognize inertial effects in slug test data could result in an over-estimate of transmissivity, and a too-small estimate of storage coefficient or too-large estimate of well skin. However, application of the widely used but highly empirical Hvorslev (1951) method to analyze both the Regina slug test and type-curve generated data indicate that such analyses provide T values within a factor of 2 of the true value.
A series of CH4 adsorption experiments on natural organic-rich shales, isolated kerogen, clay-rich rocks, and artificially matured Woodford Shale samples were conducted under dry conditions. Our results indicate that physisorption is a dominant process for CH4 sorption, both on organic-rich shales and clay minerals. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the investigated samples is linearly correlated with the CH4 sorption capacity in both organic-rich shales and clay-rich rocks. The presence of organic matter is a primary control on gas adsorption in shale-gas systems, and the gas-sorption capacity is determined by total organic carbon (TOC) content, organic-matter type, and thermal maturity. A large number of nanopores, in the 2–50 nm size range, were created during organic-matter thermal decomposition, and they significantly contributed to the surface area. Consequently, methane-sorption capacity increases with increasing thermal maturity due to the presence of nanopores produced during organic-matter decomposition. Furthermore, CH4 sorption on clay minerals is mainly controlled by the type of clay mineral present. In terms of relative CH4 sorption capacity: montmorillonite ≫ illite – smectite mixed layer > kaolinite > chlorite > illite.
\nThe effect of rock properties (organic matter content, type, maturity, and clay minerals) on CH4 adsorption can be quantified with the heat of adsorption and the standard entropy, which are determined from adsorption isotherms at different temperatures. For clay-mineral rich rocks, the heat of adsorption (q) ranges from 9.4 to 16.6 kJ/mol. These values are considerably smaller than those for CH4 adsorption on kerogen (21.9–28 kJ/mol) and organic-rich shales (15.1–18.4 kJ/mol). The standard entropy (Δs°) ranges from -64.8 to -79.5 J/mol/K for clay minerals, -68.1 to -111.3 J/mol/K for kerogen, and -76.0 to -84.6 J/mol/K for organic-rich shales. The affinity of CH4 molecules for sorption on organic matter is stronger than for most common clay minerals. Thus, it is expected that CH4 molecules may preferentially occupy surface sites on organic matter. However, active sites on clay mineral surfaces are easily blocked by water. As a consequence, organic-rich shales possess a larger CH4-sorption capacity than clay-rich rocks lacking organic matter. The thermodynamic parameters obtained in this study can be incorporated into model predictions of the maximum Langmuir pressure and CH4- sorption capacity of shales under reservoir temperature and pressure conditions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August 2013","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.1190/urtec2013-205","usgsCitation":"Zhang, T., Ellis, G.S., Ruppel, S.C., Milliken, K., Lewan, M., and Sun, X., 2013, Effect of organic matter properties, clay mineral type and thermal maturity on gas adsorption in organic-rich shale systems, in Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August 2013, p. 1996-2001, https://doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-205.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1996","endPage":"2001","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-046242","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287658,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287657,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-205"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53870564e4b0aa26cd7b5392","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Baez, Luis","contributorId":111487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baez","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509346,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeney, Ken","contributorId":112969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeney","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509348,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sonnenberg, Steve","contributorId":112354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonnenberg","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509347,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":107595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S. 0000-0003-4519-3320 gsellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":1058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gsellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruppel, Stephen C.","contributorId":20656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milliken, Kitty","contributorId":44078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milliken","given":"Kitty","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lewan, Mike","contributorId":73112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sun, Xun","contributorId":71104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Xun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70117449,"text":"70117449 - 2013 - Steady rotation of the Cascade arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-02T16:57:59.072912","indexId":"70117449","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T10:11:36","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steady rotation of the Cascade arc","docAbstract":"Displacement of the Miocene Cascade volcanic arc (northwestern North America) from the active arc is in the same sense and at nearly the same rate as the present clockwise block motions calculated from GPS velocities in a North American reference frame. Migration of the ancestral arc over the past 16 m.y. can be explained by clockwise rotation of upper-plate blocks at 1.0°/m.y. over a linear melting source moving westward 1–4.5 km/m.y. due to slab rollback. Block motion and slab rollback are in opposite directions in the northern arc, but both are westerly in the southern extensional arc, where rollback may be enhanced by proximity to the edge of the Juan de Fuca slab. Similarities between post–16 Ma arc migration, paleomagnetic rotation, and modern GPS block motions indicate that the secular block motions from decadal GPS can be used to calculate long-term strain rates and earthquake hazards. Northwest-directed Basin and Range extension of 140 km is predicted behind the southern arc since 16 Ma, and 70 km of shortening is predicted in the northern arc. The GPS rotation poles overlie a high-velocity slab of the Siletzia terrane dangling into the mantle beneath Idaho (United States), which may provide an anchor for the rotations.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G34514.1","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., and McCaffrey, R., 2013, Steady rotation of the Cascade arc: Geology, v. 41, no. 9, p. 1027-1030, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34514.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1027","endPage":"1030","numberOfPages":"4","ipdsId":"IP-042857","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g34514.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":290672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Cascade arc","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -126.41,39.47 ], [ -126.41,51.01 ], [ -116.41,51.01 ], [ -116.41,39.47 ], [ -126.41,39.47 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"41","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f263e4b0bc0bec0a035f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, Ray E. 0000-0002-7796-0160 rwells@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":2692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Ray E.","email":"rwells@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":496001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCaffrey, Robert","contributorId":51207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffrey","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":496002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048814,"text":"70048814 - 2013 - Great Lakes rivermouth ecosystems: scientific synthesis and management implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-07T10:10:57","indexId":"70048814","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T10:07:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Great Lakes rivermouth ecosystems: scientific synthesis and management implications","docAbstract":"At the interface of the Great Lakes and their tributary rivers lies the rivermouths, a class of aquatic ecosystem where lake and lotic processes mix and distinct features emerge. Many rivermouths are the focal point of both human interaction with the Great Lakes and human impacts to the lakes; many cities, ports, and beaches are located in rivermouth ecosystems, and these human pressures often degrade key ecological functions that rivermouths provide. Despite their ecological uniqueness and apparent economic importance, there has been relatively little research on these ecosystems as a class relative to studies on upstream rivers or the open-lake waters. Here we present a synthesis of current knowledge about ecosystem structure and function in Great Lakes rivermouths based on studies in both Laurentian rivermouths, coastal wetlands, and marine estuarine systems. A conceptual model is presented that establishes a common semantic framework for discussing the characteristic spatial features of rivermouths. This model then is used to conceptually link ecosystem structure and function to ecological services provided by rivermouths. This synthesis helps identify the critical gaps in understanding rivermouth ecology. Specifically, additional information is needed on how rivermouths collectively influence the Great Lakes ecosystem, how human alterations influence rivermouth functions, and how ecosystem services provided by rivermouths can be managed to benefit the surrounding socioeconomic networks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2013.06.002","usgsCitation":"Larson, J.H., Trebitz, A., Steinman, A.D., Wiley, M., Carlson Mazur, M., Pebbles, V., Braun, H.A., and Seelbach, P.W., 2013, Great Lakes rivermouth ecosystems: scientific synthesis and management implications: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 39, no. 3, p. 513-524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2013.06.002.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"524","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-038997","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278903,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2013.06.002"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.11,41.4 ], [ -92.11,48.85 ], [ -76.3,48.85 ], [ -76.3,41.4 ], [ -92.11,41.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527cc490e4b0850ea050ce7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, James H. 0000-0002-6414-9758 jhlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-9758","contributorId":4250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"James","email":"jhlarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trebitz, Anett S.","contributorId":24746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trebitz","given":"Anett S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steinman, Alan D.","contributorId":71868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiley, Michael J.","contributorId":30112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carlson Mazur, Martha","contributorId":95786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson Mazur","given":"Martha","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pebbles, Victoria vpebbles@usgs.gov","contributorId":5633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pebbles","given":"Victoria","email":"vpebbles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Braun, Heather A.","contributorId":61325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Seelbach, Paul W. pseelbach@usgs.gov","contributorId":3937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelbach","given":"Paul","email":"pseelbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70048054,"text":"70048054 - 2013 - Melts of garnet lherzolite: experiments, models and comparison to melts of pyroxenite and carbonated lherzolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-10T10:00:24","indexId":"70048054","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T09:52:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Melts of garnet lherzolite: experiments, models and comparison to melts of pyroxenite and carbonated lherzolite","docAbstract":"Phase equilibrium experiments on a compositionally modified olivine leucitite from the Tibetan plateau have been carried out from 2.2 to 2.8 GPa and 1,380–1,480 °C. The experiments-produced liquids multiply saturated with spinel and garnet lherzolite phase assemblages (olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel ± garnet) under nominally anhydrous conditions. These SiO2-undersaturated liquids and published experimental data are utilized to develop a predictive model for garnet lherzolite melting of compositionally variable mantle under anhydrous conditions over the pressure range of 1.9–6 GPa. The model estimates the major element compositions of garnet-saturated melts for a range of mantle lherzolite compositions and predicts the conditions of the spinel to garnet lherzolite phase transition for natural peridotite compositions at above-solidus temperatures and pressures. We compare our predicted garnet lherzolite melts to those of pyroxenite and carbonated lherzolite and develop criteria for distinguishing among melts of these different source types. We also use the model in conjunction with a published predictive model for plagioclase and spinel lherzolite to characterize the differences in major element composition for melts in the plagioclase, spinel and garnet facies and develop tests to distinguish between melts of these three lherzolite facies based on major elements. The model is applied to understand the source materials and conditions of melting for high-K lavas erupted in the Tibetan plateau, basanite–nephelinite lavas erupted early in the evolution of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, as well as younger tholeiitic to alkali lavas from Kilauea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00410-013-0899-9","usgsCitation":"Grove, T., Holbig, E.S., Barr, J.A., Till, C.B., and Krawczynski, M., 2013, Melts of garnet lherzolite: experiments, models and comparison to melts of pyroxenite and carbonated lherzolite: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 166, no. 3, p. 887-910, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0899-9.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"910","numberOfPages":"24","ipdsId":"IP-046062","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103411","text":"External Repository"},{"id":277442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277412,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0899-9"}],"volume":"166","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52303f64e4b04b8e63a2064b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grove, Timothy L.","contributorId":68546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"Timothy L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holbig, Eva S.","contributorId":62511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbig","given":"Eva","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barr, Jay A.","contributorId":95371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Till, Christy B. cbtill@usgs.gov","contributorId":4394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"Christy","email":"cbtill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":483670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krawczynski, Michael J.","contributorId":75425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krawczynski","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70094676,"text":"70094676 - 2013 - Integrated geophysical imaging of a concealed mineral deposit: a case study of the world-class Pebble porphyry deposit in southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-24T09:53:49","indexId":"70094676","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T09:48:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated geophysical imaging of a concealed mineral deposit: a case study of the world-class Pebble porphyry deposit in southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"We combined aeromagnetic, induced polarization, magnetotelluric, and gravity surveys as well as drillhole geologic, alteration, magnetic susceptibility, and density data for exploration and characterization of the Cu-Au-Mo Pebble porphyry deposit. This undeveloped deposit is almost completely concealed by postmineralization sedimentary and volcanic rocks, presenting an exploration challenge. Individual geophysical methods primarily assist regional characterization. Positive chargeability and conductivity anomalies are observed over a broad region surrounding the deposit, likely representing sulfide minerals that accumulated during multiple stages of hydrothermal alteration. The mineralized area occupies only a small part of the chargeability anomaly because sulfide precipitation was not unique to the deposit, and mafic rocks also exhibit strong chargeability. Conductivity anomalies similarly reflect widespread sulfides as well as water-saturated glacial sediments. Mineralogical and magnetic susceptibility data indicate magnetite destruction primarily within the Cu-Au-Mo mineralized area. The magnetic field does not show a corresponding anomaly low but the analytic signal does in areas where the deposit is not covered by postmineralization igneous rocks. The analytic signal shows similar lows over sedimentary rocks outside of the mineralized area, however, and cannot uniquely distinguish the deposit. We find that the intersection of positive chargeability anomalies with analytic signal lows, indicating elevated sulfide concentrations but low magnetite at shallow depths, roughly delineates the deposit where it is covered only by glacial sediments. Neither chargeability highs nor analytic signal lows are present where the deposit is covered by several hundred meters of sedimentary and volcanic rocks, but a 3D resistivity model derived from magnetotelluric data shows a corresponding zone of higher conductivity. Gravity data highlight geologic features within the deposit, including shallow diorite sills that locally contain higher-grade mineralization. The results thus show ways in which an integrated survey approach might be used to distinguish zones of potentially economic mineralization.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/geo2013-0046.1","usgsCitation":"Shah, A.K., Bedrosian, P.A., Anderson, E.D., Kelley, K., and Lang, J., 2013, Integrated geophysical imaging of a concealed mineral deposit: a case study of the world-class Pebble porphyry deposit in southwestern Alaska: Geophysics, v. 78, no. 5, p. 317-328, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0046.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"328","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-043864","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282664,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0046.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kahiltna Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -158.0,59.0 ], [ -158.0,61.0 ], [ -154.0,61.0 ], [ -154.0,59.0 ], [ -158.0,59.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"78","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd62b0e4b0b290850fe596","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X ashah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-081X","contributorId":2297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Anjana","email":"ashah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Eric D. 0000-0002-0138-6166 ericanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-6166","contributorId":1733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Eric","email":"ericanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":57817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lang, James","contributorId":15931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70112447,"text":"70112447 - 2013 - The genetic basis of speciation in the Giliopsis lineage of Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-16T09:54:13","indexId":"70112447","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T09:47:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1890,"text":"Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The genetic basis of speciation in the Giliopsis lineage of Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae)","docAbstract":"One of the most powerful drivers of speciation in plants is pollinator-mediated disruptive selection, which leads to the divergence of floral traits adapted to the morphology and behavior of different pollinators. Despite the widespread importance of this speciation mechanism, its genetic basis has been explored in only a few groups. Here, we characterize the genetic basis of pollinator-mediated divergence of two species in genus Ipomopsis, I. guttata and I. tenuifolia, using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of floral traits and other variable phenotypes. We detected one to six QTLs per trait, with each QTL generally explaining small to modest amounts of the phenotypic variance of a backcross hybrid population. In contrast, flowering time and anthocyanin abundance (a metric of color variation) were controlled by a few QTLs of relatively large effect. QTLs were strongly clustered within linkage groups, with 26 of 37 QTLs localized to six marker-interval ‘hotspots,’ all of which harbored pleiotropic QTLs. In contrast to other studies that have examined the genetic basis of pollinator shifts, our results indicate that, in general, mutations of small to modest effect on phenotype were involved. Thus, the evolutionary transition between the distinct pollination modes of I. guttata and I. tenuifolia likely proceeded incrementally, rather than saltationally.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Heredity","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/hdy.2013.41","usgsCitation":"Nakazato, T., Rieseberg, L.H., and Wood, T.E., 2013, The genetic basis of speciation in the Giliopsis lineage of Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae): Heredity, v. 111, p. 227-237, https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2013.41.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-041128","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2013.41","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":288618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288598,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2013.41"}],"volume":"111","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7869e4b0abf75cf2d447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakazato, Takuya","contributorId":40519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakazato","given":"Takuya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rieseberg, Loren H.","contributorId":26227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieseberg","given":"Loren","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, Troy E. 0000-0002-1533-5714 twood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1533-5714","contributorId":4023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Troy","email":"twood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}