Extending the analysis of branching patterns of the drainage net of rivers, originated by Horton, the relation of average numbers and lengths of tree branches to size of branch was investigated. Size of branch was defined by branch order, or its position in the hierarchy of tributaries. It was found that, as in river drainage nets, there is a definite logarithmic relation between branch order and lengths and numbers. This definite relation is quantitatively comparable, within limits, among river networks, tree branching systems, and several random-walk models in both two and three dimensions. Such a relation appears to be the most probable under the applicable constraints. Moreover the most probable arrangement appears to minimize the total length of all stems in the branching system within other constraints and so, to that extent, achieves a certain efficiency.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Theoretical Biology","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-5193(71)90192-5","issn":"00225193","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1971, Trees and streams: The efficiency of branching patterns: Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 31, no. 2, p. 339-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(71)90192-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7a9e4b08c986b3273f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009788,"text":"70009788 - 1971 - Thermoluminescence of Apollo 12 lunar samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-19T00:37:40.85088","indexId":"70009788","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermoluminescence of Apollo 12 lunar samples","docAbstract":"Thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve and decay characteristics of Apollo 12 fines and soil samples are similar to those from Apollo 11. Interpretation of the results from the core sample is difficult because of inadequate sample, spacing, but it appears that the part of the core below about 8 cm has been undisturbed for about 104 years whereas the part of the core above 10 cm may have been disturbed by recent surface activity. TL in the Apollo 12 samples is about twice that in the Apollo 11 samples, suggesting a lower mean daytime surface temperature of a few degrees at the Apollo 12 site.
Two calcium-magnesium carbonate solid solutions form Holocene travertines and conglomerate cements in fresh water stream channels of the Coast Range of California. Calcite does not yield the {015} diffraction maximum. The {006} diffraction maximum is lacking over most of the range of composition of calcite. Calcite has compositions from CaCO3 to Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3. Dolomite yields both the {006} and {015} diffraction maxima over its entire composition range, Ca0.6Mg0.4CO3 to Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3. The Ca-Mg carbonates form in isotopic equilibrium and thermodynamic disequilibrium from dispersion of Ca2+-rich water into CO32−-rich water within the alluvium. The stable isotope data suggest that all the Mg-rich carbonates are primary precipitates and not a result of Mg-substitution in precursor CaCO3. There is a correlation between δC13 and Mg content of the carbonates which predicts a 5%. fractionation of C13 between dolomite and calcite at sedimentary temperatures. C14 is incorporated in Ca-Mg carbonates forming from C13-poor meteoric waters and C13-rich waters from Cretaceous sediments. C14 ages of the Ca-Mg carbonates are apparent, and cannot be corrected to absolute values. Solution rates of calcite decrease with increasing MgCO3 content; dolomite dissolves slower than any calcite.
New analyses of high-alumina basalts reveal an average nickel content higher than previously indicated. Ni in high-alumina basalts correlates with magnesium in the same way as it does in other basalt types. There is therefore no reason, based on Ni contents, to hypothesize a special origin for high-alumina basalts and it is permissible (based on Ni contents) to form andesites by fractional crystallization from high-alumina basalts.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)81871-7","usgsCitation":"Chao, T.T., and Ball, J., 1971, Determination of nanogram levels of silver in suspended materials of streams retained by a membrane filter with the \"sampling-boat\" technique: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 54, no. 1, p. 166-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)81871-7.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"166","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb7e4b0c8380cd4f35b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010371,"text":"70010371 - 1971 - Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T14:34:40","indexId":"70010371","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico","docAbstract":"Clay beds 1–2 m thick and interbedded with marine limestones probably of early Eocene age are composed of nearly pure mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite. Particle size studies, electron micrographs, X-ray diffraction studies, chemical analyses, cation exchange experiments, DTA, and TGA indicate that clays from three different localities contain roughly equal proportions of randomly interlayered kaolinite and montmorillonite layers. The montmorillonite structural formulas average K0·2Na0·2Ca0·2Mg0·2(Al2·5Fe1·03+Mg0·5)(Al0·75Si7.25)O20+(OH)4−, with a deficiency of structural (OH) in either the montmorillonite or kaolinite layers. Nonexchangeable K+ indicates that a few layers are mica-like. Crystals are mostly round plates 1/10 to 1/20 µ across. The feature most diagnostic of the mixed-layer character is an X-ray reflection near 8 Å after heating at 300°C. The clays are inferred to have developed by weathering of volcanic ash and subsequent erosion and deposition in protected nearshore basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190302","usgsCitation":"Schultz, L., Shepard, A., Blackmon, P., and Starkey, H., 1971, Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 3, p. 137-150, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190302.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"150","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b80e4b0c8380cd6f5c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schultz, L.G.","contributorId":62617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shepard, A.O.","contributorId":32295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"A.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blackmon, P.D.","contributorId":62210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackmon","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Starkey, H.C.","contributorId":88728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starkey","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010399,"text":"70010399 - 1971 - A Pliocene flora and insect fauna from the Bering Strait region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T23:43:27.22454","indexId":"70010399","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Pliocene flora and insect fauna from the Bering Strait region","docAbstract":"A flood-plain forest has been preserved beneath a lava flow that invaded the Inmachuk River Valley in the northern part of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, during the Pliocene Epoch. The fossil flora is of great biogeographic interest because of its position (Fig. 1) in a tundra region about 250 km east of Bering Strait, 75 km south of the Arctic Circle, and 65 km west of the northwestern limit of spruce-birch forest. It provides insight into the history of the development of the circumpolar boreal forest (taiga). A rich arthropod fauna casts light on the phylogeny of several modern insect genera and on the origin of modern tundra faunas. A potassium-argon analysis of the overlying basaltic lava provides our first radiometric age estimate (5.7±0.2 million years) for the Clamgulchian Stage, a Late Tertiary time-stratigraphic unit based on fossil plants and widely recognized in Alaska (Wolfe and Hopkins 1967) and northeastern Siberia.
Craters on Mars and the Moon are alike in that larger craters differ in shape from smaller ones, and older craters differ in shape from younger ones. Smoothed depth-diameter curves for 41 large martian craters photographed by Mariner IV inflect at a crater diameter of 10–20km in a manner similar to curves for lunar craters. Below 10–20km, both depth-diameter curves are linear with a slope of roughly 1.0; above this threshold range, the curves assume a much lower slope. Diminution of lunar crater depth-diameter ratios with age indicates that the shapes of lunar and, by inference, martian craters have changed systematically since formation. Martian craters sampled here are shallower than most pre-Imbrian lunar craters. By analogy with the Moon, martian craters seem both to vary in initial shape according to the energy of the impact that formed them and to have been modified subsequently by endogenic and surface processes. A proposed model for the geologic development of large martian and lunar craters outlines a time- dependent sequence of events. Craters which have undergone rapid isostatic adjustment on the Moon have distinctive morphologies and occur preferentially along mare basin-upland margins.
All carbonates associated with the ultramafic rocks and serpentinites of the western United States are shown by their stable isotope ratios to be of near-surface, low-temperature origin. These include vein materials that have been previously classified as hydrothermal. New laboratory and natural data were obtained on the equilibrium isotope relations between hydromagnesite and water. The origins of travertines in the ultramafic area are easily distinguished on the basis of their stable isotope ratios. The extremely heavy isotope ratios of nesquehonites suggest an intricate evaporating-film mechanism of formation.
This note presents evidence for the natural low temperature crystallization of brucite, and also indicates the possibility of ambient temperature serpentinization.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190509","usgsCitation":"Luce, R.W., 1971, Brucite identified as crystallizing from a natural cold alkaline spring gel: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 5, p. 335-336, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190509.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"336","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f29ee4b0c8380cd4b25e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luce, Robert W.","contributorId":103685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luce","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010383,"text":"70010383 - 1971 - Analytical sensitivities and energies of thermal neutron capture gamma rays II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T23:54:01.884756","indexId":"70010383","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2906,"text":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical sensitivities and energies of thermal neutron capture gamma rays II","docAbstract":"A table of the analytical sensitivities of the principal lines in the thermal neutron capture gamma-ray spectrum from 0 to 3 MeV has been compiled for most of the elements. A tabulation of the full-energy, single-escape, and double-escape peaks has also been made according to energy. The tables are useful for spectral interpretation and calibration.
A useful method for the determination of silver in soil, sediment, and rock samples in geochemical exploration has been developed. The sample is digested with concentrated nitric acid, and the silver extracted with triisooctyl thiophosphate (TOTP) in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) after dilution of the acid digest to approximately 6 M. The extraction of silver into the organic extractant is quantitative and not affected by the nitric acid concentration from 4 M to 8 M, or by different volumes of TOTP-MIBK. The extracted silver is stable and remains in the organic phase up to several days. The silver concentration is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Isla San Cristobal, the most easterly of the Galapagos Islands, consists of two parts: a large volcano constitutes the southwest half of the island and an irregular apron of small cones and flows makes up the northeast half. As some of the younger flows on the flanks of the large volcano are reversely magnetized, the minimum age of the volcano is 0.7 my, which is the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal boundary. The true age is probably several times greater. The cones and flows to the northeast are all normally magnetized. The between-site angular dispersion of virtual poles is 11.3° - a value consistent with mathematical models for the latitude dependence of geomagnetic secular variation.
40Ar/39Ar age spectra were determined for 10 terrestrial rock and mineral samples whose geologic history is known from independent evidence. The spectra for six mineral and whole rock samples, including biotite, feldspar, hornblende, muscovite, and granodiorite, that have experienced post-crystallization heating did not reveal the age of crystallization in any obvious way. Minima in the spectra, however, give reasonable maximum ages for reheating and high-temperature maxima can be interpreted as minimum crystallization ages. High-temperature ages of microcline and albite that have not been reheated are approximately 10% younger than the known crystallization age. Apparently there are no domains in these feldspars that have retained radiogenic40Ar quantitatively. Spectra from two diabase samples that contain significant quantities of excess argon might mistakenly be interpreted as spectra from reheated samples and do not give the age of emplacement. The40Ar/39Ar age spectrum technique may be a potentially valuable tool for the study of geologic areas with complex histories, but the interpretation of age spectra from terrestrial samples seems to be more difficult than suggested by some previous studies.
One-g samples of a montmorillonite, a metabentonite, an illite, two kaolinites, and three halloysites were treated with 50 ml of hydrochloric acid (6⋅45 N, 1:1), acetic acid (4⋅5 N, 1:3), sodium hydroxide (2⋅8 N), sodium chloride solution (pH 6⋅10; Na = 35‰; Cl = 21⋅5‰), and natural sea water (pH 7⋅85; Na = 35⋅5‰; Cl = 21⋅ 5‰) for a 10-day period in stoppered plastic vials. The supernatant solutions were removed from the clay minerals and analyzed for SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O. All the solutions removed some SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 from the samples, but the quantities were small. Sodium hydroxide attacked the kaolin group minerals more strongly than it did montmorillonite, metabentonite, or illite. Halloysite was more strongly attacked by hydrochloric acid than was any of the other experimental minerals. Hydrochloric acid removed iron oxide coatings from soil clay minerals, but acetic acid did not remove them completely. The samples most strongly attacked by HCl and NaOH were examined by X-ray diffraction. Acid treatment did not destroy the structure of the clays, but the halloysite structure was partially destroyed. Sodium hydroxide attacked the halloysite structure, as shown by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. These experiments show that treatment in dilute acids has no harmful effect in the preparation of clays for X-ray diffraction. Acetic acid is preferred to hydrochloric acid for this purpose. Hydrochloric acid cleans clay minerals by removing free iron oxide from the surface; acetic acid is less effective.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190508","usgsCitation":"Carroll, D., and Starkey, H.C., 1971, Reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalies: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 19, no. 5, p. 321-333, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190508.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"333","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a958fe4b0c8380cd81ac5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, Dorothy","contributorId":38534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"Dorothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starkey, Harry C.","contributorId":175349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Starkey","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000259,"text":"1000259 - 1971 - Giant American brook lampreys, Lampetra lamottei, in the upper Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T13:40:43","indexId":"1000259","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Giant American brook lampreys, Lampetra lamottei, in the upper Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Five female American brook lampreys, Lampetra lamottei, collected in lakes Michigan and Huron averaged nearly twice as long and about six times as heavy as American brook lampreys of normal size. Three factors suggested that the giant lampreys may have fed parasitically after metamorphosis: morphological adaptations of the species for parasitic life, their large size, and absence of extremely large ammocetes among a million sampled.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f71-089","usgsCitation":"Manion, P.J., and Purvis, H.A., 1971, Giant American brook lampreys, Lampetra lamottei, in the upper Great Lakes: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 28, no. 4, p. 616-620, https://doi.org/10.1139/f71-089.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"616","endPage":"620","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manion, Patrick J.","contributorId":99080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manion","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Purvis, Harold A.","contributorId":98689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purvis","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003241,"text":"1003241 - 1971 - Fish farmers confronted by chemical registration problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-30T07:48:22","indexId":"1003241","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":715,"text":"American Fish Farmer","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish farmers confronted by chemical registration problem","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fish Farmer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lennon, R.E., 1971, Fish farmers confronted by chemical registration problem: American Fish Farmer, v. 2, no. 7, p. 5-6,16.","productDescription":"pp. 5-6,16","startPage":"5","endPage":"6,16","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f29d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lennon, R. E.","contributorId":37275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lennon","given":"R.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85375,"text":"85375 - 1971 - Myiasis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:02","indexId":"85375","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Myiasis","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Parasitic diseases of wild mammals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Iowa State University Press","publisherLocation":"Ames, IA","usgsCitation":"Capelle, K., 1971, Myiasis, chap. of Parasitic diseases of wild mammals, p. 279-305 [364 pp.].","productDescription":"p. 279-305 [364 pp.]","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4913","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Davis, J.W.","contributorId":64626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504451,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R. C.","contributorId":9755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504450,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Capelle, K.J.","contributorId":19896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capelle","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":96419,"text":"96419 - 1971 - Lizard sampling techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:58","indexId":"96419","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Lizard sampling techniques","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"Rock Valley Misc. Publs.","usgsCitation":"Medica, P., Hoddenbach, G., and Lannom, J., 1971, Lizard sampling techniques, v. 1, 55 p.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"55","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Medica, P.A.","contributorId":77079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoddenbach, G.A.","contributorId":82639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoddenbach","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lannom, J.R. Jr.","contributorId":96624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannom","given":"J.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":96418,"text":"96418 - 1971 - The effects of highways on wildlife, Part II. Terrestrial vertebrates,","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:58","indexId":"96418","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"The effects of highways on wildlife, Part II. Terrestrial vertebrates,","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"Arizona State Highway Dept.","publisherLocation":"Phoenix, AZ","usgsCitation":"Douglas, C.L., and White, L., 1971, The effects of highways on wildlife, Part II. Terrestrial vertebrates,, p. 1-16.","productDescription":"p. 1-16","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, C. L.","contributorId":64586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, L.","contributorId":8035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":85561,"text":"85561 - 1971 - Fishery science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:01","indexId":"85561","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Fishery science","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sport Fishing USA","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Lennon, R.E., 1971, Fishery science, chap. of Sport Fishing USA, 325-335.","productDescription":"325-335","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef461","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Walker, M.J.","contributorId":113708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504525,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lennon, R. E.","contributorId":37275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lennon","given":"R.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":95181,"text":"95181 - 1971 - Bacterial diseases of fishes: Book 2A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:07","indexId":"95181","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Bacterial diseases of fishes: Book 2A","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diseases of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"TFH Publications, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Neptune City, NJ","collaboration":"722/FH","usgsCitation":"Bullock, G.L., Conroy, D.A., and Snieszko, S.F., 1971, Bacterial diseases of fishes: Book 2A.","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64abbc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505355,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Axelrod, H.R.","contributorId":113171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axelrod","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505356,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bullock, G. L.","contributorId":69498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conroy, D. A.","contributorId":102427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000344,"text":"1000344 - 1971 - A basket for washing benthological samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-22T16:05:40","indexId":"1000344","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A basket for washing benthological samples","docAbstract":"Since benthological samples collected with dredges are usually too large to be preserved in toto, a washing method must be employed to reduce the sample volume without losing or damaging the organisms. Traditionally, the sample is washed in a sieve until the volume is small enough for convenient handling or preservation. Most washing procedures are time-consuming and laborious. To save time in washing samples, a washing 'basket' was designed which accomadates a Ponar dredge. The only additional equipment needed to employ the washing basket effectively is a pump that delivers about 8 gallons of water per minute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1971)100<590:ABFWBS>2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Selgeby, J.H., 1971, A basket for washing benthological samples: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 100, no. 3, p. 590-591, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1971)100<590:ABFWBS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"p. 590-591","startPage":"590","endPage":"591","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266267,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1971)100<590:ABFWBS>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"100","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b144c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}