The accompanying map shows the amount of acoustic penetration achieved in the sediments of the western Gulf of Maine using a 3.5 kHz echo sounding system and illustrates the pronounced control of topography on sediment distribution. Little or no sub-bottom penetration was observed in areas of sand and gravel on the major banks and ledges. Sonic penetration in the silt- and clay-filled basins was to the acoustic basement and in excess of 40 m where the acoustic basement was beyond instrument range. Stratification and unconformities were observed locally in the penetrable sediments. The fine-grained penetrable sediments in the major basins and near the coastline are inferred to originate from two sources: 1) glaciomarine deposits of mostly rock flour deposited during the retreat of the ice from the western Gulf of Maine, and 2) silt and clay winnowed from the banks and ledges and redeposited in the topographic lows during the Holocene lowering and later rise in sea level. The local unconformities, contacts between stratified and non-stratified sediments, and a shallow sub-bottom reflector observed in Cape Cod Bay may have been formed during the Holocene emergence and submergence of the western Gulf of Maine. Changes in sedimentation rates appear to be related to deglaciation, late-glacial submergence, and Holocene sea level changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70331","usgsCitation":"Tucholke, B.E., Oldale, R.N., and Hollister, C.D., 1970, Accoustical survey of Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays, western Gulf of Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-331, Report: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 26.72 x 53.42 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70331.","productDescription":"Report: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 26.72 x 53.42 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498383,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0331/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":498384,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0331/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149791,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0331/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod Bays, Gulf of 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The floods of December in the Far Western States were the most damaging in the history of the area. Record-breaking discharges occurred in an unusually large area Oregon, northern California, western Nevada and Idaho, end southern Washington. Forty-seven lives were lost, and damage amounted to several hundred million dollars.
Two storms in early March along the Ohio River caused maximum discharges of record on many streams in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana and also high dis- charges in parts of Illinois, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Eighteen lives were lost, and flood damage was about /$100 million.
In September, Hurricane Dora, the first hurricane of record to cross north- eastern Florida from the Atlantic Ocean, caused outstanding floods in northern Florida and southern Georgia. Flood damage exceeded $100 million.
The most severe floods of record in northwestern Montana occurred on both sides of the Continental Divide following heavy rains in early June. Thirty lives were lost, and flood damage was about /$55 million.
About /$6 million damage resulted from severe flooding in a small area in the Papillion Creek basin, in eastern Nebraska, in early June.
In the last half of September, floods from torrential rains in three areas in Texas caused about $1 million damage.
In addition to the floods mentiond above, 21 others of lesser magnitude are considered important enough to be included in this annual summary
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