Digital computer processing of 12 wavelength bands of visible and reflective infrared scanner data has resulted in successful automatic computer mapping of eight terrain units in a Yellowstone National Park test site. Target areas in the scene were selected for training the computer. Statistical parameters of radiance such as mean, standard deviation, divergence, and covariance were computed for each category of material. These data were used in the computer program to determine which channels are most useful for recognition of all object categories studied, and to actually classify all the unknown data points into the known categories.
The following terrain types have been mapped with greater than 80 percent accuracy in a 12-square-mile area with 1,800 feet of relief: bedrock exposures, talus, vegetated rock rubble, glacial kame terrace, glacial till, forest, bog, and water, and shadows. In addition, shadows of clouds and cliffs are depicted.
In addition, studies were made of the effectiveness of the proposed Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) data channels as compared to the computer-selected best four channels in the automatic recognition and mapping of the same terrain types based on simulations, using the same set of data.
These simulations resulted in maps whose accuracies were only a few percent less than that using the best set of four channels; they indicate that the ERTS data channels are likely to be successful for terrain analysis of a wide variety of categories encompassing a broad range of spectral reflectance.
These studies also indicate that, for a broad range of terrain categories, many' combinations of 3 or 11 channels of data would be satisfactory. We need worry about careful selection of specific wavelength bands only if there is a specific category being sought.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70267","usgsCitation":"Post, A.S., 1970, Glaciers of the Central Chilean Andes and their importance to the water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-267, Report: 5 p.; 1 Plate: 25.33 x 62.47 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70267.","productDescription":"Report: 5 p.; 1 Plate: 25.33 x 62.47 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148469,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0267/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":498309,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0267/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":498308,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0267/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Central Chilean Andes","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674e7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Post, Austin S.","contributorId":93503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"Austin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24480,"text":"ofr70290 - 1970 - Tidal relations along the intracoastal waterway, Broward County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr70290","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-290","title":"Tidal relations along the intracoastal waterway, Broward County, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr70290","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schneider, J., 1970, Tidal relations along the intracoastal waterway, Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-290, iii, 17 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70290.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b769","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, J.J.","contributorId":60679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16044,"text":"ofr70309 - 1970 - Gold resource potential of the Denali bench gravels, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16044,"text":"ofr70309 - 1970 - Gold resource potential of the Denali bench gravels, Alaska","indexId":"ofr70309","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Gold resource potential of the Denali bench gravels, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39568,"text":"pp700D - 1970 - Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D","indexId":"pp700D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39568,"text":"pp700D - 1970 - Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D","indexId":"pp700D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geological Survey research 1970, Chapter D"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:09","indexId":"ofr70309","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-309","title":"Gold resource potential of the Denali bench gravels, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr70309","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.E., 1970, Gold resource potential of the Denali bench gravels, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-309, 19 p. :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70309.","productDescription":"19 p. :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111686,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10874","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":148477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Thomas E.","contributorId":57871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13324,"text":"ofr70101 - 1970 - Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr70101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-101","title":"Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"Analysis of 88 samples from the Shublik formation on Fire Creek, Mt. Michelson Quadrangle, Alaska, are presented in tabular form. The results include the determination of elements by semiquantitative spectrographic analysis, phosphate by X-ray fluorescence, carbon dioxide by acid decomposable carbonate, total carbon by induction furnace, carbonate carbon by conversion using the conversion factor of 0.2727 for amount of carbon in carbon dioxide, and organic carbon by difference. \r\n\r\nA seven- cycle semilogarithmic chart presents the data graphically and illustrates the range, mode, and mean for some of the elements. The chart shows, also, the approximate concentration of the same elements in rocks similar to the black shale and limestone of the Shublik Formation. \r\n\r\nEach sample represents 5 feet of section and is composed of rock chips taken at 1 - foot intervals. The samples are keyed into a stratigraphic column of the formation. \r\n\r\nRocks of the Shublik Formation contain anomalously high concentrations of some of the elements. These same elements might be expected to be high in some of the petroleum from northern Alaska if the Shublik Formation is a source for this petroleum. Several of the stratigraphic intervals may represent, also, a low-grade phosphate deposit.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr70101","usgsCitation":"Detterman, R.L., 1970, Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-101, 4 sheets, ill., folded map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70101.","productDescription":"4 sheets, ill., folded map ;27 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These deposits overlie the probable extensions of the main veins as them are projected northward from the central part of the district. The anomalous area is underlain by the Jefferson Formation, which is the most favorable host rock for mineral deposits in the district, and by quartz diorite and granodiorite of the Gilmore stock. 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The Precambian rocks of the district are steeply dipping and highly folded and faulted. They are divided into three major units: (1) older metavolcanic rocks, (2) metasedimentary rocks, and (3) younger metavolcanic rocks. Massive sulfide-type deposits show stratigraphic control and are found in metasedimentary rocks and in the younger metavolcanic rocks. There appears to be a close genetic relationship between the sulfide deposits and volcanism. Deposits containing copper, zinc, gold, and silver are indicated by geologic mapping and by shallow diamond drill holes in two of the ancient mine localities. The ore estimate for the district is 2.55 million short tons computed to depths that range from 79 to 150 meters. It seems probable that deeper drilling of the indicated deposits and drilling of other outlined target areas would add substantially to the ore reserves.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70350","usgsCitation":"Van Alstine, R.E., 1970, Geologic map of the Poncha Springs SE quadrangle, Chaffee County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-350, 1 Plate: 33.04 x 33.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70350.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 33.04 x 33.69 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399853,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0350/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":171820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0350/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":397080,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8529.htm"}],"scale":"20000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Chaffee County","otherGeospatial":"Poncha Springs SE quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -106.125,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -106.125,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 38.375\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 38.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6915d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Alstine, R. E.","contributorId":61495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Alstine","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":56064,"text":"ofr70344 - 1970 - Compilation of hydrologic data, Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas, 1968","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T15:25:35","indexId":"ofr70344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-344","title":"Compilation of hydrologic data, Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas, 1968","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70344","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Compilation of hydrologic data, Escondido Creek, San Antonio River basin, Texas, 1968: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-344, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70344.","productDescription":"73 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9e4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35432,"text":"b1312J - 1970 - Preliminary geologic investigations in the Kanuti River region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:50","indexId":"b1312J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1312","chapter":"J","title":"Preliminary geologic investigations in the Kanuti River region, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S.Govt.Print.Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1312J","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P., 1970, Preliminary geologic investigations in the Kanuti River region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1312, 10 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1312J.","productDescription":"10 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":96922,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1312j/report.pdf","size":"725","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1312j/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William Wallace Jr.","contributorId":72346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":214622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22351,"text":"ofr7011 - 1970 - A proposed streamflow data program for South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-13T08:59:04","indexId":"ofr7011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-11","title":"A proposed streamflow data program for South Carolina","docAbstract":"An evaluation of the available streamflow data in South Carolina was made to provide guidelines for planning future surface-water data programs. The basic elements in the evaluation procedure were (1) establishment of objectives and goals of the program, (2) examination and analysis of all available data to determine which goals have already been met, (3) consideration of alternate methods of meeting the remaining goals, and (4) identification of elements that should be included in the future program.
Four categories of data form the framework of program design. They are: current-purpose data, planning and design data, data to define long-term trends, and stream environment data. An accuracy goal for planning and design data of an equivalent of 25 years of record was specified for principal streams and an equivalent of 10 years of record was specified for minor streams. It was found that many of the goals could be met by generalizing data for gaged basins by regression analysis. Appropriate changes could be made in the present data program based on this fact.
A streamflow data program based on the guidelines developed in this study is proposed for the future.
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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ad4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armbruster, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":37707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbruster","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55998,"text":"ofr70134 - 1970 - Water resources of the Little River basin, north-central Louisiana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55998,"text":"ofr70134 - 1970 - Water resources of the Little River basin, north-central Louisiana","indexId":"ofr70134","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the Little River basin, north-central Louisiana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1425,"text":"wsp1989 - 1973 - Water resources of the Little River basin, Louisiana","indexId":"wsp1989","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the Little River basin, Louisiana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1425,"text":"wsp1989 - 1973 - Water resources of the Little River basin, Louisiana","indexId":"wsp1989","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the Little River basin, Louisiana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:07","indexId":"ofr70134","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-134","title":"Water resources of the Little River basin, north-central Louisiana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr70134","usgsCitation":"Gaydos, M., Rogers, J., and Smith, R., 1970, Water resources of the Little River basin, north-central Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-134, 253 p., 22 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70134.","productDescription":"253 p., 22 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0487","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaydos, M.W.","contributorId":35714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, J.E.","contributorId":61401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R.P.","contributorId":105283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23863,"text":"ofr71199 - 1970 - Hydrobiological characteristics of Shark River estuary, Everglades National Park, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr71199","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-199","title":"Hydrobiological characteristics of Shark River estuary, Everglades National Park, Florida","docAbstract":"Water quality in the Shark River estuary was strongly influenced by seasonal patterns of rainfall, water level and temperature. During the rainy season (summer and early fall) the salinity in the 20-mile long estuary ranged from that of fresh water to half that of sea water while concentrations of dissolved oxygen were low, 2-5 milligrams per liter (mg/l) presumably because, among other factors, microbial activity and respiration were accelerated by high temperatures (30-33 degrees C). During the dry season (late fall through spring) the salinity ranged from 18 grams per liter (g/l) in the headwaters to 36 g/l at the Gulf during a dry year such as 1967 and from 1 to 25 g/l during a wet year such as 1969. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen increased from 2-3 mg/l in the summer of 1967 to 4-7 mg/l in the winter of 1968, and temperature decreased from an average of about 30 degrees C in summer to 20 degrees C in winter. Water level declined 5 to 10 decimeters in the headwaters during the dry season, and salinity and tidal action increased. Large amounts of submerged vegetation died in some headwater creeks at the end of the dry season, presumably killed by salinities above 3 g/l. The decaying organic matter and the decrease in photosynthesis resulted in low dissolved oxygen (1-2 mg/l). Fish died at this time probably as a result of the low dissolved oxygen.\r\n\r\nTrace elements, heavy metals and insecticides occurred in the waters of the estuary in concentrations below those indicated as harmful for aquatic life by current standards established by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (1968). The insecticides detected were concentrated in sediment and in various organisms.\r\n\r\nThe patterns of distribution of planktonic and small nektonic animals in the estuary were related to salinity. Copepods (Arcatia tonsa, Labidocera aestiva, Pseudodiaptomus coronatus), cumaceans (Cyclaspis sp.), chaetognaths (Sagitta hispida), bay anchovies (Anchoa mitchilli), and scaled sardines (Harengula pensacolae) were the dominant animals collected in the higher salinities (10-25 g/l) near the mouth of the estuary. Amphipods (Corophium sp. and Grandidierella sp.), mysids (Mysidopsis almyra and Gastrosaccus dissimilis), crab larvae, and the young anchovies, sardines, and related fish were the dominant forms in the brackish water (1-10 g/l) of the mid-estuary. The presence of large numbers of juvenile and young animals and young animals indicated the importance of these brackish waters as nursery grounds. Aquatic insects, cyclopoid copepods (Macrocyclops sp.), cladocerans, mysids (Taphromysis bowmani), ostracods (Cypridopsis sp. ), fresh-water prawns (Palaemonetes paludosus), and various marshfish were dominant in the ?fresh? headwaters.\r\n\r\nThe amount of plant detritus collected in the estuary averaged about ten times that of the zooplankton. The estimated mean wet-weight of the zooplankton was 65 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m?) and ranged from 1 to 173 mg/m?, with the smallest amounts occurring in the ?fresh? headwaters.\r\n\r\nNekton, consisting of small fish and prawns, ranged from 3 to 214 mg/m? in weight and had a mean of 30 mg/m?. Largest catches were made in the headwaters at the end of the dry season, where the weight of the standing crop increased more than 15 times during the sampling period. The small fish and prawns, which were concentrated in the headwaters at the water level dropped, served as a rich source of food for predatory marine fish and birds.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr71199","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McPherson, B.F., 1970, Hydrobiological characteristics of Shark River estuary, Everglades National Park, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-199, 113 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71199.","productDescription":"113 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1590,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/71-199/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db6297ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McPherson, B. F.","contributorId":62983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}