This report reviews the occurrence and distribution of manmade organic compounds in the surface waters of the United States. On the basis of their aqueous solubilities, nonionic organic compounds partition themselves between water, dissolved organic matter, particulate organic matter, and the lipid reservoirs of aquatic organisms. Ionized organic compounds can be absorbed to sediments, thereby reducing their aqueous concentrations. Transformation processes of photolysis, hydrolysis, biodegradation, and volatilization can attenuate organic compounds, and attenuation rate commonly follow a first-order kinetic process.
\nEight groups of manmade organic compounds are discussed:
\n1. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides,
\n2. Carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides,
\n3. Herbicides,
\n4. Phenols,
\n5. Halogenated aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
\n6. Phthalate esters,
\n7. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and
\n8. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
\nFor each compound group, data pertaining to use, production, and properties are presented and discussed. Processes that influence that the environmental fate of each group, as determined primarily through laboratory studies, are reviewed, and important fate processes are identified. Environmental concentrations of compounds from each group in water, biota, and sediment are given to demonstrate representative values for comparison to concentrations determined during ongoing research. Finally, where sufficient data exist, regional and temporal contamination trends in the United States are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87209","usgsCitation":"Smith, J., Witkowski, P.J., and Fusillo, T.V., 1987, Manmade organic compounds in the surface waters of the United States: a review of current understanding: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-209, x, 182 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87209.","productDescription":"x, 182 p.","numberOfPages":"193","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288254,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288253,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0209/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James A.","contributorId":68718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Witkowski, Patrick J.","contributorId":60904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witkowski","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fusillo, Thomas V.","contributorId":106097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fusillo","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28016,"text":"wri854051 - 1987 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the northern part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York, in 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri854051","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4051","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the northern part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York, in 1980","docAbstract":"This report presents geohydrologic and water quality data from the northern part of the Town of Oyster Bay, in the north-shore area of Long Island. The groundwater reservoir underlying the area consists of clay, silt, sand, and gravel layers that form six geohydrologic units; from bottom to top: the Lloyd aquifer, Raritan clay, Magothy aquifer, Port Washington aquifer, Port Washington confining unit, and the upper glacial aquifer. Crystalline bedrock underlies the Lloyd aquifer and forms the base of the groundwater system. The regional drought of 1962-67 caused groundwater levels to decline as much as 16 feet, but the water table altitude in 1980 equaled or exceeded predrought levels. Water levels measured in wells screened in the lower part of the Magothy aquifer and in the Lloyd aquifer throughout much of the area are still below those measured before the drought but are recovering. Groundwater in some areas contains nitrates, volatile organic compounds, and chloride in concentrations that exceed New York State drinking-water standards. Contamination is limited largely to the upper glacial aquifer and upper part of the Magothy aquifer. Saltwater has been reported in some wells along the shore but probably represents a natural condition rather than saltwater encroachment due to excessive pumping. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854051","usgsCitation":"Kilburn, C., and Krulikas, R., 1987, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the northern part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York, in 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4051, v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854051.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56843,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4051/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56844,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4051/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56845,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4051/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56846,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4051/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56847,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4051/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56848,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4051/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56849,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62565d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilburn, Chabot","contributorId":83499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilburn","given":"Chabot","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krulikas, R.K.","contributorId":81102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krulikas","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29125,"text":"wri874246 - 1987 - Hydrogeologic characteristics of the Lee Acres Landfill Area, San Juan County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri874246","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4246","title":"Hydrogeologic characteristics of the Lee Acres Landfill Area, San Juan County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Identification of the presence of volatile organic compounds in liquid-waste lagoons in New Mexico at the Lee Acres landfill, beneath a refinery south of the landfill, and in nearby residential wells has led to an hydrologic investigation of the area. The alluvium underlying an arroyo adjacent to the landfill mostly consists of fine to coarse quartz sand with some silt, gravel, and clay zones. Thickness of the alluvium measured in 12 drill holes ranged from 13.7 to 61.5 ft. A seismic survey indicates that buried channels are incised as much as 26 ft into the bedrock surface in some areas. The depth to water in seven piezometers ranged from 26.6 to 34.9 ft. The configuration of the water table in the alluvium indicates that groundwater flow is controlled by unidentified recharge north of the landfill, recharge from a pond southeast of the landfill, discharge to pumping wells, discharge to the alluvium of the San Juan River south of the study area, and hydraulic conductivity of the alluvial material. There also may be additional recharge to or discharge from the underlying Nacimiento Formation and recharge from runoff in the arroyo. Terrain-conductivity measurements indicate that the water in the alluvium southwest of the landfill may be more conductive than water in the underlying sandstone. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874246","usgsCitation":"Peter, K.D., Williams, R.A., and King, K.W., 1987, Hydrogeologic characteristics of the Lee Acres Landfill Area, San Juan County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4246, v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874246.","productDescription":"v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57995,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628c15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peter, K. D.","contributorId":94319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"King, K. W.","contributorId":105729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":34586,"text":"b1632 - 1987 - Resources of low-volatile bituminous coal and semianthracite in west-central Arkansas, 1978","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:20","indexId":"b1632","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1632","title":"Resources of low-volatile bituminous coal and semianthracite in west-central Arkansas, 1978","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/b1632","usgsCitation":"Haley, B.R., 1987, Resources of low-volatile bituminous coal and semianthracite in west-central Arkansas, 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1632, iii, 54 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1632.","productDescription":"iii, 54 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1632/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62483,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1632/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62484,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1632/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628d42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haley, Boyd Raymond","contributorId":75915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haley","given":"Boyd","email":"","middleInitial":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26824,"text":"wri864173 - 1987 - Geohydrologic reconnaissance of a ground-water contamination problem in the Argonne Road area near Spokane, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri864173","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4173","title":"Geohydrologic reconnaissance of a ground-water contamination problem in the Argonne Road area near Spokane, Washington","docAbstract":"Three domestic wells that withdraw groundwater from an alluvium-filled trough cut into granite were found to be contaminated with the organic solvents tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1 ,2-trans-dichloroethene. The suspected source of contamination is a nearby septic-tank sludge disposal area. There is concern that the affected aquifer is tributary to the Spokane aquifer, which has been accorded ' sole source ' status by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Preliminary estimates suggest that groundwater in the area is moving toward the Spokane aquifer and that the transit time may range from 2.5 to 25 years. Because of longitudinal dispersion, however, the plume of contaminants may move at a faster rate than the ambient groundwater and may arrive at given destinations more quickly than calculated above. A literature search has indicated that the dissolved solute phase of the contaminants will not be significantly affected by sorption, volatilization, chemical activity, or biodegradation. Because of the preliminary nature of the investigation, many questions relating to the extent of contamination remain unanswered. A list of suggested additional studies to answer those questions and to refine and confirm the findings of this investigation is presented. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864173","usgsCitation":"Dion, N.P., 1987, Geohydrologic reconnaissance of a ground-water contamination problem in the Argonne Road area near Spokane, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4173, v, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864173.","productDescription":"v, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55705,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8e23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206939,"text":"70206939 - 1987 - Geochemistry of high-silica peralkaline rhyolites, Naivasha, Kenya rift valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T06:38:23","indexId":"70206939","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T19:46:01","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of high-silica peralkaline rhyolites, Naivasha, Kenya rift valley","docAbstract":"The Recent (<15000 y) volcanic complex of southwest Naivasha, Kenya, consists of mildly peralkaline (comenditic) rhyolite domes, lava flows, air fall pumices, and lake sediments, with minor, peripheral, basalts and hawaiites. The comendites are either aphyric or sparsely porphyritic, few samples containing >5 per cent phenocrysts. Phenocryst minerals are quartz-sanidine-ferrohedenbergite-fayalite-titanomagnetite-ilmenite-riebeckite-arfvedsonite-aenigmatite-biotite-zircon. Ferrohedenbergite and zircon are restricted to less peralkaline, and amphibole, aenigmatite, and biotite to more peralkaline, rocks.The comendites show unusually strong enrichment in Cs, F, Hf, Nb, Rb, REE, Ta, Th, U, Y, Zn, and Zr, and extreme depletion in Mg, Ca, Ba, Co, and Sr. REE patterns are moderately LREE-enriched, with large, negative Eu anomalies. Values of LIL/HFS element ratios, such as Th/Ta and Rb/Zr, are unusually high for peralkaline rhyolites, and are consistent with a substantial crustal component in the comendites. Parameters such as LREE/HREE and Zr/Nb ratios indicate that the Naivasha rhyolites represent several pulses of closely related, but subtly different, magmas. Sanidine/glass partition coefficients for Ba, Pb, Rb, Sr, U, and the REE are presented for one specimen.Major and trace element modelling, and feldspar-rock relationships, show that closed system crystal fractionation cannot alone account for the overall compositional variations in the comendites. A model involving partial melting of variable crustal source rocks and migration of dissolved volatile-metal complexes may be appropriate at Naivasha. © 1987 Oxford University Press.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press ","doi":"10.1093/petrology/28.6.979","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, R., Davies, G., Bliss, C., Leat, P., Bailey, D., and Smith, R., 1987, Geochemistry of high-silica peralkaline rhyolites, Naivasha, Kenya rift valley: Journal of Petrology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 979-1008, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/28.6.979.","productDescription":"30 p. ","startPage":"979","endPage":"1008","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[37.7669,-3.67712],[37.69869,-3.09699],[34.07262,-1.05982],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, R.","contributorId":92402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davies, G.R.","contributorId":220957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davies","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bliss, C.M.","contributorId":220958,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bliss","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leat, P.T.","contributorId":54511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leat","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bailey, D.K.","contributorId":36201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, R.L.","contributorId":47422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185945,"text":"70185945 - 1987 - Discussion of \"Volatilization rates of organic chemicals of public health concern\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:46:38","indexId":"70185945","displayToPublicDate":"1987-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of \"Volatilization rates of organic chemicals of public health concern\"","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1987)113:5(1171)","usgsCitation":"Rathburn, R., and Tai, D.Y., 1987, Discussion of \"Volatilization rates of organic chemicals of public health concern\": Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 113, no. 5, p. 1171-1173, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1987)113:5(1171).","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"1171","endPage":"1173","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc821e4b02ff32c685756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathburn, R.E.","contributorId":47444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathburn","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185538,"text":"70185538 - 1987 - Selective transport of hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone due to aqueous and vapor phase partitioning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T17:24:09","indexId":"70185538","displayToPublicDate":"1987-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selective transport of hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone due to aqueous and vapor phase partitioning","docAbstract":"Long-term groundwater contamination can result from vapors and solutes emanating from organic liquids spilled in the unsaturated zone. The mathematical modeling analysis presented in this paper demonstrates for gasoline-range hydrocarbons, and other volatile organics commonly spilled, that diffusive transport in the unsaturated zone is a significant transport mechanism which can cause aqueous and vapor plumes to spread away from the immiscible liquid source, resulting in increasing groundwater contaminating potential. An analytical solution to a one-dimensional version of the transport model allows for the definition of a retardation coefficient which is dependent on phase-partitioning coefficients and moisture content. Significant differences in migration rates should be anticipated between hydrocarbons. A numerical solution was developed for a radially symmetric version of the model defining transport for a multiconstituent contaminant like gasoline. Differences in anticipated migration rates between aromatic and nonaromatic hydrocarbons was clearly demonstrated. A simulation based on the composition of an actual gasoline revealed that aromatic constituents, although constituting a fraction of the initial gasoline composition, completely defined the groundwater contaminating potential. This potential changes in time as constituents are selectively removed from the unsaturated zone. Further, the groundwater contaminating potential is quite sensitive to the ground surface boundary characterization.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i010p01926","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., 1987, Selective transport of hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone due to aqueous and vapor phase partitioning: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 10, p. 1926-1938, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i010p01926.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"1926","endPage":"1938","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df0ae4b05ec79911d1dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175478,"text":"ofr87109C - 1987 - Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70175478,"text":"ofr87109C - 1987 - Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","indexId":"ofr87109C","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":12346,"text":"ofr87109 - 1987 - U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination; proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","indexId":"ofr87109","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination; proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":12346,"text":"ofr87109 - 1987 - U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination; proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","indexId":"ofr87109","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination; proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:08:39","indexId":"ofr87109C","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-27T16:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-109","chapter":"C","title":"Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","docAbstract":"On August 20, 1979, a pipeline break in a remote area near Bemidji, Minn. (fig. C-l), resulted in the release of 1.5x105 L (liters) of crude oil. Although about 1.1x105 L were removed from the site as part of the cleanup, some crude oil infiltrated the ground and percolated to the water table. The spill occurred in the recharge area of a local flow system that discharges to a small lake 300 m (meters) downgradient (Hult, 1984).
\nThe aquifer is a pitted and dissected outwash plain underlain at a depth of about 20 m by low-permeability till. Crude oil is floating on the water table about 8 m below land surface and has migrated about 20 m as a separate fluid phase. Soluble petroleum derivatives have dissolved in and are moving with ground water. Volatile constituents are migrating through the unsaturated zone by diffusion.
\nThe abstracts presented in this chapter provide an overview of ongoing efforts to combine the results of interdependent, interdisciplinary research into the comprehensive understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that will be needed to develop predictive models of contaminant mobilization, transport, and fate.
\nFranzi investigates the relationship between depositional and post-depositional processes and the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the aquifer. Post-depositional subsidence and collapse caused by melting of stagnant ice has created significant geomorphic and hydrogeologic structures. Miller describes a preliminary ground-water flow and chemical-transport model used to assess the effect of these hydrologic discontinuities, estimate aquifer properties, and to guide continuing field work.
\nAbstracts by Siegel, Bennett, and Berndt describe studies of dissolved inorganic constituents and parameters done to characterize the geochemical environments in and around the site. An anoxic zone, probably plume shaped, extends downgradient of the oil pool and into an oxic zone that surrounds the contamination. Carbonate minerals are actively dissolving in the oxic spray zone upgradient of the oil pool where oil is being mineralized, whereas quartz is dissolving underneath the oil by organic-acid complexation.
\nSelective leaching experiments show that fractionation of metals is also occurring where the aquifer matrix is contaminated. Morphological analysis of quartz sand grains clearly show unusual rock-water interactions are occurring in the anaerobic contaminant zone. Preliminary analysis indicates the possibility of an organic/quartz interaction that is significantly increasing the mobility of silica through the system.
\nPredictions of the evolution and ultimate geometry of contaminant plumes resulting from spills require quantitative descriptions of the rate of mass transfer from the organic fluid to ground water. Pfannkuch presents laboratory and field work that describe how the the rate of oil dissolution, and therefore the strength of the contaminant source, is controlled by fluctuations in ground-water velocity and water-table fluctuations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tallahassee, FL","doi":"10.3133/ofr87109C","usgsCitation":"Hult, M.F., 1987, Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87109C.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57aef346e4b0fc09faae03dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hult, Marc F.","contributorId":18344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014181,"text":"70014181 - 1987 - Volatilization, transport and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in high temperature gases at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:49:10.560562","indexId":"70014181","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatilization, transport and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in high temperature gases at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Condensates, silica tube sublimates and incrustations were sampled from 500–800°C fumaroles and lava samples were collected at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia in Jan.–Feb., 1984. With respect to the magma, Merapi gases are enriched by factors greater than 105 in Se, Re, Bi and Cd; 104–105 in Au, Br, In, Pb and W; 103–104 in Mo, Cl, Cs, S, Sn and Ag; 102–103 in As, Zn, F and Rb; and 1–102 in Cu, K, Na, Sb, Ni, Ga, V, Fe, Mn and Li. The fumaroles are transporting more than 106 grams/day (
With decreasing temperature (800-500°C) there were five sublimate zones found in silica tubes: 1) cristobalite and magnetite (first deposition of Si, Fe and Al); 2) K-Ca sulfate, acmite, halite, sylvite and pyrite (maximum deposition of Cl, Na, K, Si, S, Fe, Mo, Br, Al, Rb, Cs, Mn, W, P, Ca, Re, Ag, Au and Co); 3) aphthitalite (K-Na sulfate), sphalerite, galena and Cs-K. sulfate (maximum deposition of Zn, Bi, Cd, Se and In; higher deposition of Pb and Sn); 4) Pb-K chloride and Na-K-Fe sulfate (maximum deposition of Pb, Sn and Cu); and 5) Zn, Cu and K-Pb sulfates (maximum deposition of Pb, Sn, Ti, As and Sb).
The incrustations surrounding the fumaroles are also chemically zoned. Bi, Cd, Pb, W, Mo, Zn, Cu, K, Na, V, Fe and Mn are concentrated most in or very close to the vent as expected with cooling, atmospheric contamination and dispersion. The highly volatile elements Br, Cl, As and Sb are transported primarily away from high temperature vents. Ba, Si, P, Al, Ca and Cr are derived from wall rock reactions.
Incomplete degassing of shallow magma at 915°C is the origin of most of the elements in the Merapi volcanic gas, although it is partly contaminated by particles or wall rock reactions. The metals are transported predominantly as chloride species. As the gas cools in the fumarolic environment, it becomes saturated with sublimate phases that fractionate from the gas in the order of their equilibrium saturation temperatures. Devolatilization of a cooling batholith could transport enough acids and metals to a hydrothermal system to play a significant role in forming an ore deposit. However, sublimation from a high temperature, high velocity carrier gas is not efficient enough to form a large ore deposit. Re, Se, Cd and Bi could be used as supporting evidence for magmatic fluid transport in an ore deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90258-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Symonds, R., Rose, W.I., Reed, M., Lichte, F., and Finnegan, D., 1987, Volatilization, transport and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in high temperature gases at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 8, p. 2083-2101, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90258-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2083","endPage":"2101","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2d0e4b08c986b32ada6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symonds, R.B.","contributorId":31011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, M.H.","contributorId":91606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finnegan, David L.","contributorId":80410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"David L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014226,"text":"70014226 - 1987 - The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014226","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2660,"text":"Marine Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels","docAbstract":"Undescribed hydrocarbon-seep mussels were collected from the Louisiana Slope, Gulf of Mexico, during March 1986, and the ultrastructure of their gills was examined and compared to Bathymodiolus thermophilus, a mussel collected from the deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the Gala??pagos Rift in March 1985. These closely related mytilids both contain abundant symbiotic bacteria in their gills. However, the bacteria from the two species are distinctly different in both morphology and biochemistry, and are housed differently within the gills of the two mussels. The symbionts from the seep mussel are larger than the symbionts from B. thermophilus and, unlike the latter, contain stacked intracytoplasmic membranes. In the seep mussel three or fewer symbionts appear to be contained in each host-cell vacuole, while in B. thermophilus there are often more than twenty bacteria visible in a single section through a vacuole. The methanotrophic nature of the seep-mussel symbionts was confirmed in 14C-methane uptake experiments by the appearance of label in both CO2 and acid-stable, non-volatile, organic compounds after a 3 h incubation of isolated gill tissue. Furthermore, methane consumption was correlated with methanol dehydrogenase activity in isolated gill tissue. Activity of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase and 14CO2 assimilation studies indicate the presence of either a second type of symbiont or contaminating bacteria on the gills of freshly captured seep mussels. A reevaluation of the nutrition of the symbionts in B. thermophilus indicates that while the major symbiont is not a methanotroph, its status as a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph, as has been suggested previously, is far from proven. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00394838","issn":"00253162","usgsCitation":"Fisher, C., Childress, J., Oremland, R., and Bidigare, R., 1987, The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels: Marine Biology, v. 96, no. 1, p. 59-71, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00394838.","startPage":"59","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205680,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394838"},{"id":226075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacfae4b08c986b3238bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, C.R.","contributorId":86120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Childress, J.J.","contributorId":40350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childress","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bidigare, R.R.","contributorId":13757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidigare","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014782,"text":"70014782 - 1987 - Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-24T18:08:41.189022","indexId":"70014782","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge","docAbstract":"Sulfide samples obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey's DSRV Alvin dives on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge closely resemble those from the same area described by Koski et al. (1984). Major minerals include sphalerite, wurtzite, pyrite, marcasite, isocubanite, anhydrite, and chalcopyrite. Equilibrium, if attained at all, during deposition of most sulfides was a transient event over a few tens of micrometers at most and was perturbed by rapid temperature and compositional changes of the circulating fluid. Two new minerals were found: one, a hydrated Zn, Fe hydroxy-chlorosulfate, and the other, a (Mn, Mg, Fe) hydroxide or hydroxy-hydrate. Both were formed at relatively low temperatures. Lizardite, starkeyite, and anatase were found for the first time in such an environment. Sulfide geothermometry involving the system Cu-Fe-S indicates a vent temperature of <328°C for one sample. Fluid inclusion studies on crystals from the same vicinity of the same sample give pressure-corrected homogenization temperatures of 268° and 285°C. Ice-melting temperatures on inclusions from the same sample are about −2.8°C, indicating that the equivalent salinity of the trapped fluid is about 50% greater than that of seawater. Volatile concentrations from vesicle-free basalt glass from the vent field are about 0.013 wt % CO2 and 0.16 wt % H2O. CO2 contents in these samples yield an entrapment depth of 2200 m of seawater, which is the depth from which the samples were collected.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB11p11373","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brett, R., Evans, H.T., Gibson, E., Hedenquist, J., Wandless, M., and Sommer, M., 1987, Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B11, p. 11373-11379, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11373.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"11373","endPage":"11379","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5aa8e4b0c8380cd6f027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brett, R.","contributorId":106632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brett","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibson, E.K. Jr.","contributorId":108256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"E.K.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hedenquist, J.W.","contributorId":88093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedenquist","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wandless, M.-V.","contributorId":54611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"M.-V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sommer, M.A.","contributorId":20074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommer","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014769,"text":"70014769 - 1987 - Isolation of nonvolatile, organic solutes from natural waters by zeotrophic distillation of water from N,N-dimethylformamide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T19:49:26","indexId":"70014769","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation of nonvolatile, organic solutes from natural waters by zeotrophic distillation of water from N,N-dimethylformamide","docAbstract":"Nonvolatile, organic solutes that comprise the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in saline waters were isolated by removal of the water by distillation from a N,N-dimethylformamideformic acid-acetonitrile mixture. Salts isolated with the DOC were removed by crystallization of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate from the solvent mixture, removal of silicic acid by acidification and precipitation, removal of boric acid by methylation and volatilization, and removal of phosphate by zinc acetate precipitation. Chemical alteration of the organic solutes was minimized during evaporative concentration steps by careful control of acid concentrations in the solvent mixture and was minimized during drying by conversion of the samples to pyridinium and sodium salts. Recoveries of various hydrophilic organic standards from aqueous salt solutions and recoveries of natural organic solutes from various water samples varied from 60 to 100%. Losses of organic solutes during the isolation procedure were nonselective and related to the number of salt- and precipitate-washing cycles in the procedure.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00136a013","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Brown, P., and Stiles, E., 1987, Isolation of nonvolatile, organic solutes from natural waters by zeotrophic distillation of water from N,N-dimethylformamide: Analytical Chemistry, v. 59, no. 9, p. 1313-1319, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00136a013.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1313","endPage":"1319","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f53e4b0c8380cd64446","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, P.A.","contributorId":73245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stiles, E.A.","contributorId":42353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiles","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014741,"text":"70014741 - 1987 - Vapor pressures and gas-film coefficients for ketones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:48:10","indexId":"70014741","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vapor pressures and gas-film coefficients for ketones","docAbstract":"Comparison of handbook vapor pressures for seven ketones with more recent literature data showed large differences for four of the ketones. Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of these ketones from water determined by two different methods were in reasonable agreement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(87)90110-X","issn":"00456535","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1987, Vapor pressures and gas-film coefficients for ketones: Chemosphere, v. 16, no. 1, p. 69-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(87)90110-X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc11de4b08c986b32a455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015137,"text":"70015137 - 1987 - Use of stable sulphur isotopes to monitor directly the behaviour of sulphur in coal during thermal desulphurization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T14:32:18.678084","indexId":"70015137","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of stable sulphur isotopes to monitor directly the behaviour of sulphur in coal during thermal desulphurization","docAbstract":"A method has been developed using stable sulphur isotope analyses to monitor the behaviour of sulphur forms in a coal during thermal desulphurization. In this method, the natural stable isotopic composition of the pyritic and organic sulphur in coal is used as a tracer to follow their mobility during the desulphurization process. This tracer method is based on the fact that the isotopic compositions of pyritic and organic sulphur are significantly different in some coals. Isotopic results of pyrolysis experiments at temperatures ranging from 350 to 750 °C indicate that the sulphur released with the volatiles is predominantly organic sulphur. The pyritic sulphur is evolved in significant quantities only when pyrolysis temperatures exceed 500 °C. The presence of pyrite seems to have no effect on the amount of organic sulphur evolved during pyrolysis. The chemical and isotopic mass balances achieved from three different samples of the Herrin (No. 6) coal of the Illinois Basin demonstrate that this stable isotope tracer method is quantitative. The main disadvantage of this tracing technique is that not all coals contain isotopically distinct organic and pyritic sulphur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(87)90279-1","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Liu, C., Hackley, K.C., and Coleman, D., 1987, Use of stable sulphur isotopes to monitor directly the behaviour of sulphur in coal during thermal desulphurization: Fuel, v. 66, no. 5, p. 683-687, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(87)90279-1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"687","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Illinois Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.27144928716201,\n 38.60305869986621\n ],\n [\n -90.45066879752478,\n 38.29277228028596\n ],\n [\n -90.41194425757176,\n 38.16293372622866\n ],\n [\n -89.91105868920808,\n 37.82080659904655\n ],\n [\n -89.55396382728463,\n 37.64515824204081\n ],\n [\n -89.47259699498952,\n 37.410978884666775\n ],\n [\n -89.53592846391598,\n 37.2697836186758\n ],\n [\n -89.36738817017493,\n 37.01006929426862\n ],\n [\n -89.11554721551357,\n 36.961784732412525\n ],\n [\n -88.7733609228988,\n 36.491220455916164\n ],\n [\n -88.01478133142086,\n 36.479834296927905\n ],\n [\n -88.00435223528557,\n 36.64742983433709\n ],\n [\n -86.42058532366875,\n 36.62920462011948\n ],\n [\n -85.31032723467905,\n 37.4928629806557\n ],\n [\n -85.28929401639584,\n 39.30183242245553\n ],\n [\n -86.48179062880018,\n 40.42988795707279\n ],\n [\n -87.74630346698888,\n 41.22898391747165\n ],\n [\n -90.68333150742507,\n 41.635156082831514\n ],\n [\n -90.86627449234567,\n 41.53462538015802\n ],\n [\n -91.33539546766019,\n 41.46361800891549\n ],\n [\n -91.27403775540142,\n 41.18367787355726\n ],\n [\n -91.05555084323231,\n 41.05698878430175\n ],\n [\n -91.24359980839517,\n 40.69474132956927\n ],\n [\n -91.56075017453219,\n 40.55600598163156\n ],\n [\n -91.50441979195972,\n 40.40050406673393\n ],\n [\n -91.68548903280015,\n 40.14280962061983\n ],\n [\n -91.3396590235946,\n 39.52675746160685\n ],\n [\n -90.80088197618306,\n 39.17726964844053\n ],\n [\n -90.64987338407866,\n 38.7652155042382\n ],\n [\n -90.36226829856167,\n 38.876215447778065\n ],\n [\n -90.20273301560013,\n 38.78457136953267\n ],\n [\n -90.27144928716201,\n 38.60305869986621\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf88e4b08c986b329bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Chao-Li","contributorId":42361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Chao-Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, D.D.","contributorId":93198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014150,"text":"70014150 - 1987 - Compositional evidence regarding the origins of rims on Semarkona chondrules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:02:23.697188","indexId":"70014150","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional evidence regarding the origins of rims on Semarkona chondrules","docAbstract":"The compositions of the interiors and abraded surfaces of 7 chondrules from Semarkona (LL3.0) were measured by neutron activation analysis. For nonvolatile elements, the lithophile and siderophile element abundance patterns in the surfaces are generally similar to those in the corresponding interiors. Siderophile and chalcophile concentrations are much higher in the surfaces, whereas lithophile concentrations are similar in both fractions. Most of the similarities in lithophile patterns and some of the similarities in siderophile patterns between surfaces and interiors may reflect incomplete separation of the fractions in the laboratory, but for 3 or 4 chondrules the siderophile resemblance is inherent, implying that the surface and interior metal formed from a single precursor assemblage. Metal and sulfide-rich chondrule rims probably formed when droplets of these phases that migrated to the chondrule surface during melting were reheated and incorporated into matrix-like material that had accreted onto the surface. The moderately-volatile to volatile elements K, As and Zn tend to be enriched in the surfaces compared with other elements of similar mineral affinity; both enrichments and depletions are observed for other moderately volatile elements. A small fraction of chondrules experienced fractional evaporation while they were molten.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90373-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., and Wasson, J.T., 1987, Compositional evidence regarding the origins of rims on Semarkona chondrules: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 11, p. 3003-3011, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90373-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3003","endPage":"3011","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225940,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f937e4b0c8380cd4d4d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wasson, J. T.","contributorId":99269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wasson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29770,"text":"wri874098 - 1987 - Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T20:28:43.324863","indexId":"wri874098","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4098","title":"Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The effects of human activity on the water resources of a 207-square-mile area of eastern Chester County was evaluated. The most serious consequence of urbanization is the contamination of ground water by volatile organic compounds, which were detected in 39 percent of the 70 wells sampled. As many as nine compounds were found in one water sample, and the concentration of total volatile organic compounds was as high as 17,400 ug/L (micrograms per liter). In the Chester Valley, volatile organic compounds are moving down the hydraulic gradient caused by quarry dewatering. Movement through the quarries reduces concentrations of these compounds and removes most of them. Phenol was detected in 28 percent of 54 wells sampled, with concentrations up to 7 ug/L.\r\n\r\n Metals, except for iron and manganese, and other trace constituents generally are not a water-quality problem. However, ground water in an area in Chester Valley has been contaminated by concentrations of boron as high as 20,000 ug/L and lithium as high as 13,000 ug/L. The ground water discharges to Valley Creek, where concentrations of boron are as high as 130 ug/L and lithium as high as 800 ug/L.\r\n\r\n Concentrations of chloride as high as 2,100 mg/L (milligrams per liter) were found in a well at a former highway salt storage site. Wells completed in carbonate rock downgradient from the Pennsylvania Turnpike had chloride concentrations as high as 350 mg/L. \r\n\r\n The base-neutral organic compounds bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and the pesticides alachlor, aldrian, diazanon, DDD, DDT, dieldrin, methyl parathion, picloram, and 2,4-D were detected in a few water samples in low concentrations, However, these organic compounds do not present a widespread water-quality problem. Neither acid organic compounds nor polychlorinated napthalenes (PCN) were detected in ground water. \r\n\r\n The growth of public water and sewer systems has resulted in a significant interbasin transfer of water. Estimates for 1984 range from a net loss of 630 million gallons in the Valley Creek basin to a net gain of 783 million gallons in the Chester Creek basin. The quantity of wastewater discharged from treatment plants generally correlates well with the altitude of the water table and poorly with water use or precipitation, indicating substantial ground-water infiltration. Estimated ground-water infiltration to the West Goshen treatment plant for 1980-84 was 0.8 cubic feet per square mile, or 10 percent of the long-term average flow of Chester Creek. Estimated ground-water infiltration to the Valley Forge sewer system was as high as 4.9 million gallons per day. \r\n\r\n Dewatering operations at two active quarries in Chester Valley have lowered water levels locally and increased the range of the fluctuation of the local water table. The spread of the cones of depression caused by quarry pumping is limited by geologic and hydrologic controls. Pumping of high-capacity wells in Chester Valley has caused small local cones of depression and may have caused some reaches of Valley Creek or its tributaries to lose water. \r\n\r\n One of the greatest effects of human activity on the surface-water system has been the accumulation of organic compounds, particularly PCB and pesticides, on stream-bottom material. PCB, DDE, and dieldrin were found in bottom material from all eight streams sampled. \r\n\r\n Land-use changes in 10 selected subbasins were quantified and related to stream-benthic invertebrate diversity index. from 1970-80, the diversity index increased at all sites. Subbasins that had a greater change in land use had a greater increase in diversity index. The increase may be due to the banning of certain pesticides such as DDT, a decreasing use of pesticides in urbanizing subbasins, or flushing or burial of older pesticide-contaminated sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874098","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., 1987, Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4098, Report: viii, 131 p.; 2 Plates: 36.43 x 35.29 inches and 29.23 x 18.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874098.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 131 p.; 2 Plates: 36.43 x 35.29 inches and 29.23 x 18.83 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415467,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58569,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.2917,\n 40.243\n ],\n [\n -75.8667,\n 40.243\n ],\n [\n -75.8667,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.2917,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.2917,\n 40.243\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62542f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014128,"text":"70014128 - 1987 - Valles Marineris, Mars: Wet debris flows and ground ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T11:45:24","indexId":"70014128","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Valles Marineris, Mars: Wet debris flows and ground ice","docAbstract":"Detailed study of the Valles Marineris equatorial troughs suggests that the landslides in that area contained water and probably were gigantic wet debris flows: one landslide complex generated a channel that has several bends and extends for 250 km. Further support for water or ice in debris masses includes rounded flow lobes and transport of some slide masses in the direction of the local topographic slope. Differences in speed and emplacement efficiency between Martian and terrestrial landslides can be attributed to the entrainment of volatiles on Mars, but they can also be explained by other mechanisms. Support that the wall rock contained water comes from the following observations: (1) the water within the landslide debris must have been derived from wall rock; (2) debris appears to have been transported through tributary canyons; (3) locally, channels emerged from the canyons; (4) the wall rock apprarently disintegrated and flowed easily; and (5) fault zones within the troughs are unusually resistant to erosion. The study further suggests that, in the equatorial region of Mars, material below depths of 400-800 m was not desiccated during the time of landslide activity (within the last billion years of Martian history). Therefore the Martian ground-water or groundice reservoir, if not a relic from ancient times, must have been replenished.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(87)90183-7","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., 1987, Valles Marineris, Mars: Wet debris flows and ground ice: Icarus, v. 72, no. 2, p. 411-429, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90183-7.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc106e4b08c986b32a415","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014696,"text":"70014696 - 1987 - Volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:49:28","indexId":"70014696","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water","docAbstract":"Overall mass-transfer coefficients for the volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water were measured simultaneously with the oxygen absorption coefficient in a laboratory stirred tank. Coefficients were measured as a function of mixing conditions in the water for two windspeeds. The ethylene dibromide mass-transfer coefficient depended on windspeed; the ethylene dibromide liquid-film coefficient did not, in agreement with theory. A constant relation existed between the liquid-film coefficients for ethylene dibromide and oxygen.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00157a004","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1987, Volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 248-252, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00157a004.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cee4b08c986b32ad9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014690,"text":"70014690 - 1987 - The inventory and distribution of water on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-20T20:47:39","indexId":"70014690","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":661,"text":"Advances in Space Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The inventory and distribution of water on Mars","docAbstract":"Terrain softening, fretted channels, debris flows, and closed depressions indicate that at least the upper 2 km of the cratered uplands at high latitudes (>30??) contain ice in amounts that exceed the porosity, estimated to be 10-20 percent. Theoretical studies, and lack of these features in the cratered uplands at low latitudes, suggest that the upper 1 km of the uplands at low latitudes is ice poor. However, valley networks indicate that water was present near the surface early in the planet's history, although in amounts smaller than at high latitudes. On the basis of these observations, the entire upper 1 km, planet-wide is estimated to have contained 75-125 meters of water at the end of heavy bombardment. From the volume of water needed to cut the circum-Chryse channels, and assuming uniform planet-wide distribution of water, the deep megaregolith is estimated to have contained at least 350 meters of water at the end of heavy bombardment, thereby giving a total minimum inventory of 425-475 meters planet-wide. Most of the water lost from the low latitude uplands by diffusion and in cutting the valley networks is now believed to be in the polar layered terrains. Most of the water involved in cutting the outflow channels is in the low-lying northern plains where a variety of features that have been attributed to ground ice is present. Since the end of heavy bombardment, a large fraction of the planet's surface has been overplated with water-poor volcanics, of which we have samples in the SNC meteorites. The younger volcanics have reacted extensively with the old volatile-rich basement. Part of the 10-20 bars of CO2 and 0.1 to 0.3 bars of N2 outgassed with the water was lost during heavy bombardment by impact erosion of the atmosphere and other processes. The remaining was fixed carbonates and nitrates and folded deep into the megaregolith during heavy bombardment. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Space Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0273-1177(87)90359-0","issn":"02731177","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., 1987, The inventory and distribution of water on Mars: Advances in Space Research, v. 7, no. 5, p. 85-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(87)90359-0.","startPage":"85","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267874,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(87)90359-0"}],"volume":"7","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad5de4b08c986b323b7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014260,"text":"70014260 - 1987 - Conodont color and textural alteration: An index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T01:11:38.036502","indexId":"70014260","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conodont color and textural alteration: An index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration","docAbstract":"Experimental and field data are used to extend the utility of conodonts as semi-quantitative thermal indices into the regimes of regional and contact metamorphism, as well as hydrothermal alteration. An Arrhenius plot of data from induced conodont color alteration by pyrolysis in air at 1 atm was used to generate the geologic temperatures for conodont color-alteration indices (CAI) above 300 °C, that is, for CAI values of 5½ through 8. Such CAI values occur in very low- to medium-grade, regionally metamorphosed, contact-metamorphosed, and hydrothermally altered rocks. The uniformity or variability of CAI values within a sample, together with conodont texture, can help to distinguish grades and environments of metamorphism, particularly in metacarbonate sequences. Induced CAI by pyrolysis in a water-methane mixture at ½ kbar results in retardation of CAI and in a disparate mixture of both low and high CAI values within each experimental sample. In this system, color-alteration processes, above a CAI of 2 to 3, seem to change from predominantly carbonization to predominantly loss of organic matter, presumably by oxidation and volatilization of oxides. These experiments approximate the type of CAI mixture characteristically found in conodonts recovered from hydrothermally altered rocks. These data indicate that CAI values of 6 to 8 cannot be used to assess precise temperatures of hydrothermally altered rocks but may serve as useful indicators of potential mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<471:CCATAA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rejebian, V., Harris, A., and Huebner, J., 1987, Conodont color and textural alteration: An index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, no. 4, p. 471-479, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<471:CCATAA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"479","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9d1e4b0c8380cd4d7c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rejebian, V.A.","contributorId":15352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rejebian","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huebner, J.S.","contributorId":41422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebner","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015239,"text":"70015239 - 1987 - Petrologic characteristics of the 1982 and pre-1982 eruptive products of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T12:05:48.624767","indexId":"70015239","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1762,"text":"Geofisica Internacional","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrologic characteristics of the 1982 and pre-1982 eruptive products of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico","docAbstract":"Studies on a suite of rocks from this volcano indicate that the juvenile materials of the 1982 and pre-1982 eruptions of the volcano have essentially the same mineralogy and chemistry. Data suggest that chemical composition changed little over the 0.3 m.y. sample period. Modally, plagioclase is the dominant phenocryst, followed by amphibole, clinopyroxene and minor phases including anhydrite. Plagioclase phenocrysts show complex zoning: the anorthite-rich zones are probably the result of changing volatile P on the magma and may reflect the changes in the volcano's magma reservoir in response to repetitive, explosive eruptive activity.-R.E.S.","language":"English","publisher":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México","doi":"10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1987.26.1.1190","usgsCitation":"McGee, J.J., Tilling, R., and Duffield, W.A., 1987, Petrologic characteristics of the 1982 and pre-1982 eruptive products of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: Geofisica Internacional, v. 26, no. 1, p. 85-108, https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1987.26.1.1190.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480110,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1987.26.1.1190","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224296,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Chiapas","otherGeospatial":"El Chichon volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.24815730528658,\n 17.377994091402513\n ],\n [\n -93.24815730528658,\n 17.343344973263143\n ],\n [\n -93.20883616891248,\n 17.343344973263143\n ],\n [\n -93.20883616891248,\n 17.377994091402513\n ],\n [\n -93.24815730528658,\n 17.377994091402513\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7810e4b0c8380cd78611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, J. J.","contributorId":92271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015155,"text":"70015155 - 1987 - FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015155","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES.","docAbstract":"The loss of professional experience and expertise in the domain of the earth sciences may prove to be one of the most serious outcomes of the boom-and-bust cyclic nature of the volatile energy and mining industries. Promising new applications of powerful computer systems, known as 'expert systems' or 'knowledge-based systems', are predicted for use in the earth sciences. These systems have the potential capability to capture and preserve the invaluable knowledge bases essential to the evaluation of the Nation's energy and mineral resources.","largerWorkTitle":"Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - 1987 SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium.","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Soc of Petroleum Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"USA SPE 16294, Richardson, TX, USA","usgsCitation":"Miller, B., 1987, FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES., in Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE, Dallas, TX, USA, p. 85-92.","startPage":"85","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e86e4b0c8380cd534d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, B.M.","contributorId":73232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223835,"text":"5223835 - 1986 - Chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (Canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:55:57.648398","indexId":"5223835","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:01","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2205,"text":"Journal of Chemical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (Canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones","title":"Chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (Canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones","docAbstract":"The volatile components of castrated male and ovariectomized female wolf urine were investigated and correlated with the administration of testosterone or estradiol and progesterone. The results indicate that testosterone induces in the castrated male the formation of some compounds typically associated with the intact male, while reducing the levels of some compounds associated with castrated male and female. The production of some of the “male” compounds was also induced in the ovariectomized female, although at lower levels. Changes in hormone levels during treatment of females are reflected in the composition of the urinary volatiles. Consequently, many of these compounds could be used to communicate gender as well as reproductive status.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01045612","usgsCitation":"Raymer, J., Wiesler, D., Novotny, M., Asa, C., Seal, U., and Mech, L., 1986, Chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (Canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones: Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 297-314, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01045612.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymer, J.","contributorId":94003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiesler, D.","contributorId":43072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiesler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Novotny, M.","contributorId":27970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novotny","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Asa, C.","contributorId":64761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asa","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}