Early in May 1947, a United States Geological Survey field party of five was flown by ski plane to the headwaters of the Utukok River in northwestern Alaska, about 200 miles southwest of Barrow. Three 18–foot canvas boats of a special folding design were taken in along with enough equipment for four months. Food caches had been flown in to six localities on the 200–mile–long river a short time before the group landed. When the “break–up” came late in May the party started down the river working out the geology of the area from a series of 18 camps which were established before reaching the Arctic Ocean in August.
During the season 17 archaeological sites were discovered. It is believed that most of these sites are of Eskimo origin and are probably fairly recent. However, an important exception is a well–made Folsom point, announcement of which has been made.
","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.2307/276048","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.M., 1948, Notes on the Archaeology of the Utukok River, Northwestern Alaska: American Antiquity, v. 14, no. 1, p. 62-65, https://doi.org/10.2307/276048.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"65","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Utukok River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.69677734375,\n 68.51214331858073\n ],\n [\n -159.41162109374997,\n 68.51214331858073\n ],\n [\n -159.41162109374997,\n 69.50376519563686\n ],\n [\n -161.69677734375,\n 69.50376519563686\n ],\n [\n -161.69677734375,\n 68.51214331858073\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Raymond M.","contributorId":82760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215633,"text":"70215633 - 1948 - Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T19:50:31.861646","indexId":"70215633","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T14:29:21","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah","docAbstract":"Standard chemical tests and spectroscopic analyses of altered Tertiary lavas that occur above blind ore bodies in the East Tintic district, Utah, have failed to show any evidence of the mineralization in the underlying dolomites. A new technique involving dithizone was used in the field to test ammonium acetate extracts of crushed samples of the lava for soluble heavy metals, with significant results. Concentrations of heavy metals, believed to be chiefly zinc, with some lead and rarely copper (?), were found in pyritized rhyolite above and up-rake from known blind ore bodies, and were lacking in similarly altered rhyolite underlain by barren rocks. An incompletely prospected area of pyritic alteration shows a definite pattern of positive tests and seems worthy of further exploration. The theory and practice of the dithizone method as used in the field is described briefly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.5.384","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., Sokoloff, V., and Morris, H., 1948, Heavy metals in altered rock over blind ore bodies, East Tintic District, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 5, p. 384-399, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.5.384.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"399","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"East Tintic District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 40.58475654701271\n ],\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.58475654701271\n ],\n [\n -112.159423828125,\n 40.27533480732468\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, Thomas Seward","contributorId":17227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"Seward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P.","contributorId":7346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, Hal T.","contributorId":71960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Hal T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70215631,"text":"70215631 - 1948 - Distribution of coastal black-sands in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as mapped from an airplane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T17:50:52.0529","indexId":"70215631","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T14:10:07","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of coastal black-sands in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as mapped from an airplane","docAbstract":"Black-sand beach concentrates are more widely distributed along the beaches of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia than has been recorded heretofore, as shown by a map prepared by airplane reconnaissance. The map shows also that the black sands diminish in abundance northward, that their distribution is in part related to the configuration of the shoreline, and that they are found only on beaches along the open sea.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.6.518","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, V., and Balsley, J.R., 1948, Distribution of coastal black-sands in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as mapped from an airplane: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 6, p. 518-524, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.6.518.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"518","endPage":"524","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379775,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.837158203125,\n 31.024694128525137\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 30.80791068136646\n ],\n [\n -80.83740234375,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -78.22265625,\n 33.63291573870479\n ],\n [\n -75.95947265625,\n 34.97600151317588\n ],\n [\n -77.93701171875,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 32.30570601389429\n ],\n [\n -81.837158203125,\n 31.024694128525137\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, V.E.","contributorId":85161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balsley, James R.","contributorId":10010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70215630,"text":"70215630 - 1948 - The bedding-replacement fluorspar deposits of Spar Valley, Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T19:09:41.13659","indexId":"70215630","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T14:01:23","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The bedding-replacement fluorspar deposits of Spar Valley, Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas","docAbstract":"The Spar Valley fluorspar district in the Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas, is one of the few in the western United States containing bedding-replacement fluorspar deposits. The deposits at Spar Valley resemble the bedding-replacement deposits of the Cave in Rock fluorspar district of southern Illinois. Two distinct deposits, the North and the South ore bodies, are present. The North ore body is larger and has been developed by diamond drilling and mining; the following statements apply chiefly to it.The fluorspar partly replaces a sequence of three sandy limestones interbedded with four calcareous shales in the lower part of the Edwards limestone of Lower Cretaceous age. The fluoritized beds, which dip 40 degrees SW in conformity with underlying limestone, are overlain by thick impermeable gouge along a bedding-plane fault dipping slightly more than 40 degrees SW. The high-grade beds were derived from the sandy limestones, and the low-grade beds, which contain as much as 28 percent of CaF 2 , were formed from the calcareous shales. The selectiveness of replacement by the fluorine-bearing solutions, due to differences in the chemical composition, texture, and degree of brecciation of the original rock, resulted in bedding-replacement deposits of variable fluorite content.A reduction in volume, which accompanied the replacement, led to the development of many cavities. During the later stages of fluoritization these cavities were lined with fluorite crystals, early fluorite grains were coated and interstices between them were filled, and fluorite veins were formed in the ore beds and the underlying dense limestone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.6.509","usgsCitation":"Gillerman, E., 1948, The bedding-replacement fluorspar deposits of Spar Valley, Eagle Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 6, p. 509-517, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.6.509.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"517","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Hudspeth","otherGeospatial":"Eagle 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Elliot","contributorId":35741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillerman","given":"Elliot","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215629,"text":"70215629 - 1948 - Ground-water investigations in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T18:59:38.907332","indexId":"70215629","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T13:54:10","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water investigations in the United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.7.547","usgsCitation":"Sayre, A., 1948, Ground-water investigations in the United States: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 7, p. 547-552, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.7.547.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayre, A.N.","contributorId":84339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayre","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215628,"text":"70215628 - 1948 - A sensitive field test for heavy metals in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-26T18:53:18.257784","indexId":"70215628","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T13:45:34","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sensitive field test for heavy metals in water","docAbstract":"A semiquantitative colorimetric analytical method using dithizone to detect traces of heavy metals in natural water is described. Although reagents of exceptional purity are required, only simple equipment is needed and the test can be made in a few minutes in the field. A combined mixed color and mono color technique makes the test suitable for a wide range of concentrations. The test is very sensitive; as little as 0.01 part per million of either copper, lead, zinc or any combination of the three metals can be detected readily.The dithizone test permits rapid field identification of drainage elements which contain significant concentrations of heavy metals. An example is given showing how the test can be used to trace the heavy metal content of a drainage system back to its source. It is possible that, under favorable conditions, the field test may facilitate prospecting by detecting metals discharged by the weathering of hidden ore bodies. However, until the method receives further investigation, it would be premature to predict its value.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.8.675","usgsCitation":"Huff, L.C., 1948, A sensitive field test for heavy metals in water: Economic Geology, v. 43, no. 8, p. 675-684, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.8.675.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"675","endPage":"684","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Gilpin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.6743,39.93],[-105.6089,39.9302],[-105.4968,39.9298],[-105.4728,39.9302],[-105.4638,39.9292],[-105.4584,39.9297],[-105.4398,39.9364],[-105.4362,39.9364],[-105.4296,39.9327],[-105.426,39.9318],[-105.4212,39.9309],[-105.3966,39.9326],[-105.3968,39.9117],[-105.3958,39.8827],[-105.3939,39.8251],[-105.3945,39.7499],[-105.4035,39.7499],[-105.4101,39.7486],[-105.4143,39.7459],[-105.4185,39.745],[-105.4203,39.7454],[-105.4215,39.7482],[-105.4239,39.7518],[-105.4262,39.7527],[-105.4274,39.7532],[-105.4424,39.7528],[-105.4454,39.7528],[-105.4609,39.7551],[-105.4759,39.7566],[-105.4854,39.7566],[-105.4932,39.7584],[-105.4992,39.7603],[-105.5081,39.7631],[-105.5207,39.7654],[-105.532,39.7681],[-105.5392,39.7718],[-105.5434,39.7759],[-105.5445,39.78],[-105.5451,39.7818],[-105.5457,39.785],[-105.554,39.7909],[-105.5743,39.8018],[-105.5755,39.8036],[-105.5755,39.8109],[-105.576,39.8186],[-105.5778,39.8209],[-105.579,39.8213],[-105.5814,39.8213],[-105.5892,39.8177],[-105.5922,39.8159],[-105.597,39.8164],[-105.6,39.8182],[-105.603,39.8196],[-105.6119,39.8223],[-105.6191,39.8255],[-105.6239,39.8301],[-105.6274,39.8346],[-105.6298,39.8396],[-105.6334,39.8419],[-105.6471,39.846],[-105.6531,39.8474],[-105.6597,39.8474],[-105.6651,39.8465],[-105.6723,39.8461],[-105.6795,39.8466],[-105.6849,39.8484],[-105.6884,39.8507],[-105.6908,39.8548],[-105.6926,39.8634],[-105.6955,39.8734],[-105.6961,39.8783],[-105.6955,39.8861],[-105.6955,39.8892],[-105.6925,39.8933],[-105.6895,39.8978],[-105.6864,39.9064],[-105.684,39.91],[-105.6804,39.9141],[-105.6798,39.9182],[-105.6779,39.9241],[-105.6743,39.93]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Gilpin\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","volume":"43","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, Lyman C.","contributorId":47440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70215627,"text":"70215627 - 1948 - Geology and ground water of the Casablanca Basin, Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T16:14:57.539396","indexId":"70215627","displayToPublicDate":"1948-10-26T13:32:37","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and ground water of the Casablanca Basin, Chile","docAbstract":"\"In the uplands the Cretaceous granodiorite and granite contain water in the weathered zones, and in joints and fractures. These yield small supplies of good water to springs and to shallow domestic and stock wells. The alluvial fill of the lowlands contains a zone of saturation that is sustained by infiltration from rainfall and from the runoff of the uplands.... Where present in the zone of saturation, the coarse-grained members of the alluvial fill yield moderate to large supplies of good water to wells.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.43.8.661","usgsCitation":"Taylor, G.C., 1948, Geology and ground water of the Casablanca Basin, Chile: Economic Geology, v. 73, no. 8, p. 661-674, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.43.8.661.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"661","endPage":"674","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379771,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Casablanca Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n -34.25267611710151\n ],\n [\n -69.71923828125,\n -34.25267611710151\n ],\n [\n -69.71923828125,\n -32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n -32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n -34.25267611710151\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, G. C. Jr.","contributorId":21628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37935,"text":"37935 - 1948 - Fall and winter food habits of deer in northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-17T12:59:37","indexId":"37935","displayToPublicDate":"1948-08-01T12:58:33","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"310","title":"Fall and winter food habits of deer in northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Aldous, S.E., and Smith, C.F., 1948, Fall and winter food habits of deer in northeastern Minnesota (Reissued with minor revisions from Wildlife Leaflet BS-137 (1939).): Wildlife Leaflet 310, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Northeastern Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.76,45.97 ], [ -94.76,49.38 ], [ -89.49,49.38 ], [ -89.49,45.97 ], [ -94.76,45.97 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Reissued with minor revisions from Wildlife Leaflet BS-137 (1939).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5904e4b0b290850f876c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aldous, Shaler Eugene","contributorId":46142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldous","given":"Shaler","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Clarence F.","contributorId":52494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Clarence","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220088,"text":"5220088 - 1948 - Mammals of northwestern Texas found in barn owl pellets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:41:39.13212","indexId":"5220088","displayToPublicDate":"1948-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mammals of northwestern Texas found in barn owl pellets","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/29.3.291","usgsCitation":"Stickel, W.H., and Stickel, L.F., 1948, Mammals of northwestern Texas found in barn owl pellets: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 29, no. 3, p. 291-293, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/29.3.291.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193947,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"northwestern Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.88210473588288,\n 36.496620494967274\n ],\n [\n -103.13223794808076,\n 32.17633358411486\n ],\n [\n -106.37849080666292,\n 31.960727067795723\n ],\n [\n -106.0163015346867,\n 30.963205181377162\n ],\n [\n -103.58264425709902,\n 30.45945622851727\n ],\n [\n -99.6733394326306,\n 30.665411640751643\n ],\n [\n -99.6733394326306,\n 36.42083437177783\n ],\n [\n -102.88210473588288,\n 36.496620494967274\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, William H.","contributorId":178252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stickel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, Lucille F.","contributorId":76598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"Lucille","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185550,"text":"70185550 - 1948 - Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T14:27:43","indexId":"70185550","displayToPublicDate":"1948-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":138,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid","docAbstract":"The publication of the non-equilibrium formula in 1935 in a paper by Theis marked the opening of a new era in the analysis and understanding of the hydraulics of percolating ground waters. Through the past decade 9 an ever-increasing number of engineers and geologists have become familiar-with the application of this formula to practical problems of ground-water flow and have tested it in the field, against precise observations, under controlled conditions. Although the highly idealized aquifer assumed for the derivation of this formula is not of widespread occurrence in the field, we gain increasing confidence in the use of the Theis method as our backlog of proven data accumulates until we now look askance at test data which do not conform to this theory. In many cases, careful study of these anomalous data will reveal the means for estimating the degree or manner in which an observed aquifer diverges from the idealized aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","usgsCitation":"Ferris, J.G., 1948, Ground water hydraulics as a geophysical aid: Technical Report 1, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-TR01_302969_7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df19e4b05ec79911d213","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferris, John G.","contributorId":14251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferris","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010891,"text":"70010891 - 1948 - Newly discovered outcrops of the Cannonball formation in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-11T17:34:47.644641","indexId":"70010891","displayToPublicDate":"1948-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Newly discovered outcrops of the Cannonball formation in North Dakota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.107.2789.624","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Brown, R., and Lemke, R.W., 1948, Newly discovered outcrops of the Cannonball formation in North Dakota: Science, v. 107, no. 2789, p. 624-625, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.107.2789.624.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"624","endPage":"625","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.09359665768046,\n 49.03208459228799\n ],\n [\n -104.09359665768046,\n 45.94346419852732\n ],\n [\n -96.7868729243204,\n 45.91627472570747\n ],\n [\n -96.7925318616973,\n 47.541835605708854\n ],\n [\n -97.03370785785947,\n 48.12161041774661\n ],\n [\n -97.03979782732624,\n 48.97551491686278\n ],\n [\n -104.09359665768046,\n 49.03208459228799\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"2789","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6628e4b0c8380cd72d36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R.W.","contributorId":63085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemke, R. W.","contributorId":92319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220009,"text":"70220009 - 1948 - Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T18:00:29.823768","indexId":"70220009","displayToPublicDate":"1948-06-01T12:56:33","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California","docAbstract":"The batholith of Southern and Lower California is exposed continuously from near Riverside, California, southward for a distance of about 350 miles. In central Lower California it is covered in part by younger rocks, but discontinuous bodies extend to the southern end of Lower California, and hence the batholith is probably over 1000 miles long. Its width is about 60 miles. A strip across the northern part of the batholith about 70 miles wide has been studied; the western half was mapped in detail, and the eastern half was covered in rapid reconnaissance.
In the area studied the batholith intrudes Triassic sediments and Jurassic(?) volcanic rocks along its western border and Paleozoic sediments along its eastern border. Screens and roof pendants are common within the batholith. The Triassic rocks are mildly metamorphosed in the western part of the area but become progressively more coarsely crystalline toward the east. The Paleozoic rocks are rather coarsely crystalline. The metamorphism in large part preceded the intrusion of the batholith, and only locally was there appreciable contact metamorphism. The batholith and older rocks are overlain by Upper Cretaceous and younger sediments. Small bodies of andesite and basalt are associated with the Tertiary sediments, and small bodies of nepheline basalt of Quaternary age are present in the area. The batholith was intruded in early Upper Cretaceous time.
The batholith in the area studied was emplaced by over 20 separate injections. Most of the resulting rock types are found in only one or a few small bodies which are confined to a small area. In the area studied in detail (Pl. 1) five types are present in many large, widely separated bodies, making up about 88 per cent of the area underlain by the batholith. In the eastern half of the batholith three more widespread types are present. In the western half of the body the rocks range fro a gabbro to granite, but in the eastern half several tonalites constitute nearly the whole of the mass. The gabbro is composed of many related rocks. Some have hornblende, some pyroxene; in some the plagioclase is anorthite, in others it is as sodic as andesine-Iabradorite. Some of the tonalites contain abundant inclusions that have been almost completely reworked by the magma and have been softened and stretched into thin discs. These inclusions are well oriented and near the contacts with older rocks they parallel the contacts, but elsewhere they strike about N. 30° W. and dip steeply to the east. One tonalite, whose feldspar is andesine, has scattered crystals with cores of bytownite, and has well-crystallized hornblende with cores of pale uralitic hornblende and remnants of augite. Hornblende and biotite are the predominant mafic minerals of the tonalites and granodiorites. The iron content of the mafic minerals of the gabbros is moderate, and it increases as the rocks become richer in silica. The norms and the modes are shown on a variation diagram (Figs. 11, 12). The chemical analyses of the rocks fall near smooth variation curves (Fig. 4).
The general strike of the structures of the area have been about N. 30° W. from Paleozoic to the present time. The Paleozoic and Triassic sediments, the orientation of the inclusions and other structures of the batholith, the elongation of the batholith and the mountain ranges, and the strike of the major faults are in about the same direction. In the batholith and the older sediments the dips are steep to the east.
The batholith must have been emplaced by stoping and not by forceful injection. Calculations show that the cooling of a large batholith is chiefly through the roof and not through the walls. Crystallization to a depth of 3 kilometers takes place in about half a million years. The different rocks of the batholith were formed from the intermediate gabbro by crystal differentiation and assimilation in depth.
In early Upper Cretaceous time diastrophism folded the older rocks and formed, in depth, a strip of gabbroic magma about 1000 miles long. A small amount of this magma was intruded nearly to the surface. The deep magma differentiated quietly until its upper part attained the composition of a tonalite. Earth movements then occurred at least five times in rapid succession and caused the injection of the different tonalites. Some of these carry abundant inclusions, indicating a widespread shattering of the wall rock shortly before final emplacement. From time to time local movements caused the injections of the different granodiorites. When the deep-seated magma reached the composition of a light-colored granodiorite, widespread diastrophism moved the main granodiorite upward. Further local movement caused the emplacement of the many local granodiorites and granites.
","language":"English","publisher":"1948","doi":"10.1130/MEM29-p1","usgsCitation":"Larsen, E.S., 1948, Batholith and associated rocks of Corona, Elsinore, and San Luis Rey quadrangles southern California: GSA Memoirs, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM29-p1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385170,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 32.62087018318113\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1948-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Esper S. Jr.","contributorId":39029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Esper","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220099,"text":"5220099 - 1948 - The trap line as a measure of small mammal populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T17:02:10.960914","indexId":"5220099","displayToPublicDate":"1948-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The trap line as a measure of small mammal populations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3796410","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L.F., 1948, The trap line as a measure of small mammal populations: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 12, no. 2, p. 153-161, https://doi.org/10.2307/3796410.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Research Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.81918661570765,\n 39.082735291635174\n ],\n [\n -76.81918661570765,\n 39.0178259212\n ],\n [\n -76.74290575245861,\n 39.0178259212\n ],\n [\n -76.74290575245861,\n 39.082735291635174\n ],\n [\n -76.81918661570765,\n 39.082735291635174\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634cbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, Lucille F.","contributorId":76598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"Lucille","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220673,"text":"5220673 - 1948 - Muskrat investigations on the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, 1941-1945","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T16:44:26.558565","indexId":"5220673","displayToPublicDate":"1948-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Muskrat investigations on the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, 1941-1945","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3796414","usgsCitation":"Dozier, H.L., Markely, M., and Llewellyn, L.M., 1948, Muskrat investigations on the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, 1941-1945: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 12, no. 2, p. 177-190, https://doi.org/10.2307/3796414.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.1134972391852,\n 38.440294876739785\n ],\n [\n -76.1134972391852,\n 38.387662830315975\n ],\n [\n -76.03760829829778,\n 38.387662830315975\n ],\n [\n -76.03760829829778,\n 38.440294876739785\n ],\n [\n -76.1134972391852,\n 38.440294876739785\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dozier, Herbert L.","contributorId":75449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dozier","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markely, M.H.","contributorId":80768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markely","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Llewellyn, L. M.","contributorId":104998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Llewellyn","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":37928,"text":"37928 - 1948 - Big-game inventory of the United States, 1946","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-21T09:58:57","indexId":"37928","displayToPublicDate":"1948-03-01T09:57:40","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"303","title":"Big-game inventory of the United States, 1946","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in Section of Wildlife Investigations on Public Lands, Division of Wildlife Research.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research, 1948, Big-game inventory of the United States, 1946 (Reissued from Wildlife Leaflet BS-122 (1939).): Wildlife Leaflet 303, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290529,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Reissued from Wildlife Leaflet BS-122 (1939).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4f60e4b0b290850f2a8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","contributorId":128226,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","id":529775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37927,"text":"37927 - 1948 - Feeding and caring for squirrels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-21T09:55:12","indexId":"37927","displayToPublicDate":"1948-02-01T09:54:35","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"302","title":"Feeding and caring for squirrels","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Prepared in the Section of Wild Fur Animal Investigations, Division of Wildlife Research.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1948, Feeding and caring for squirrels: Wildlife Leaflet 302, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5929e4b0b290850f88d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":529774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048590,"text":"tem63 - 1948 - Experimental drilling in Chattanooga shale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-04T13:56:54","indexId":"tem63","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T16:11:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"63","title":"Experimental drilling in Chattanooga shale","docAbstract":"Information on which specifications were originally drawn for drilling the Chattanooga shale was obtained largely from the TVA, whose geologists and driller laid great stress on the difficulties of maintaining circulation in their ho;es. The stated that the shale itself was not particularly difficult to core, the trouble being in the overburden. They did not use deep casing, depending on cementing to hold the holes open. On this basis, the Survey's specifications called for mid casing only, it being assumed that solid rock would be encountered at relatively shallow depths. This belief was borne out by examination of such road cuts and other exposures as were available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem63","usgsCitation":"Brown, A., 1948, Experimental drilling in Chattanooga shale: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 63, Report: 3 p.; 5 Plates: 17.77 x 20.74 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem63.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p.; 5 Plates: 17.77 x 20.74 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"6","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278391,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":283289,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0063/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":283290,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0063/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":283288,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0063/report.pdf"},{"id":283291,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0063/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":283292,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0063/plate-5.pdf"},{"id":283293,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0063/plate-6.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.6134,34.9829 ], [ -86.6134,36.656 ], [ -84.7011,36.656 ], [ -84.7011,34.9829 ], [ -86.6134,34.9829 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"526a4170e4b0c0d229f9f671","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Andrew","contributorId":64233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048446,"text":"tem56 - 1948 - Monazite in concentrations from Idaho placer operations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-04T13:43:17","indexId":"tem56","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T14:24:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"56","title":"Monazite in concentrations from Idaho placer operations","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1947 the Atomic Energy Commission informally requested the Geological Survey collect sampled of concentrates from Idaho placer operations that might be useful for experimental study of monazite recovery. Some fourteen active gold-dredging operations were examined and sampled by Fred M. Chase during August and September 1947.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem56","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1948, Monazite in concentrations from Idaho placer operations: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 56, Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 21.55 x 33.56 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem56.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 21.55 x 33.56 inches","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278149,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":283252,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0056/report.pdf"},{"id":283251,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0056/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Lambert conformal conic projection","datum":"North American datum","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,49.0 ], [ -111.0,49.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52455765e4b0b3d37307e189"} ,{"id":70268048,"text":"70268048 - 1948 - The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association - 1948","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70268048,"text":"70268048 - 1948 - The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association - 1948","indexId":"70268048","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"title":"The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association - 1948"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70246900,"text":"70246900 - 1925 - The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association","indexId":"70246900","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"title":"The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70246900,"text":"70246900 - 1925 - The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association","indexId":"70246900","publicationYear":"1925","noYear":false,"title":"The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-20T15:47:08.893294","indexId":"70268048","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T13:03:41","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"The volcano letter: A weekly news leaflet of the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association - 1948","docAbstract":"The Volcano Letter was an informal publication issued at irregular intervals by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) during the years 1925 to 1955. Individual issues contain information on volcanic activity, volcano research, and volcano monitoring in Hawaii. Information on volcanic activity at other locations is also occasionally included.
The Volcano Letter was published by HVO through multiple changes in administration, including the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association (1925 to 1932), the U.S. Geological Survey (1932 to 1935), the Department of the Interior (1935 to 1938), and the University of Hawai‘i (1938 to 1955). Issues 1-262 were published weekly from January 1, 1925, to January 2, 1930, and consisted of a single page of text. Issues 263-384, also published weekly, from January 9, 1930, to May 5, 1932, were generally longer—four pages— and provided more detail on volcanic activity, including photographs, maps, and plots. Weekly issues 385-387, published May 12-26, 1932, were a single page of text due to budget reductions brought on by the Great Depression. Budget restrictions reduced the publishing frequency to monthly for issues 388-428, covering the period of June 1932 to October 1935; these issues were generally shorter, 1-2 pages, and sometimes featured figures. From November 1935 to July 1938, issues 429-461 remained monthly but increased in length (generally eight pages) and featured figures frequently. Issues 462-530, published over the period of August 1938 to December 1955, varied in length from 2-15 pages, but were published quarterly, rather than monthly.
Six of the Volcano Letters are misnumbered:
Jan. 21, 1926 number is 55 though it should 56
July 29, 1926 number is 82 though it should be 83
Feb. 16, 1928 number is 161 though it should be 164
May 31, 1928 number is 197 though it should be 179
Nov. 29, 1928 number is 204 though it should be 205
A preliminary investigation of the geology of the ridge north-\nwest of the lower end of Eklutna Lake was made in the period\nJune 11-18, 1947, by the writer, assisted by L. A. Hale. The\npurpose of this study was to obtain geological information bearing\non the feasibility of constructing a tunnel through this ridge as\npart of a hydroelectric power development under consideration by\nthe city of Anchorage.
\nSeveral traverses were made up each side of the ridge in a\nbelt judged to include the most logical routes for the proposed\ntunnel. For the purpose of localizing the study two tentative\nroutes were selected, of which one would require the shortest possible\nlength of tunnel, and tho other would be somewhat longer but would\nplace the lower portal of the tunnel at a location considered to\nbe the most favorable for the construction of the penstock and\npower plant. The first route extends northwestward from tho most\nwesterly embayment on the north shore of the lake to the canyon\nabout half a wile east of Pioneer Creek (see map) . The second\nroute extends from tho same point in the lake to the nearest\npoint on the steep slope southwest of the mouth of Goat Creek.\nThe distance along the first route from the lake shore (elevation\n862 feet) to the 800-foot contour on the north side of the ridge is 4.3 miles. The distance between corresponding points along the\nsecond route is 4.5 miles. The length of the tunnel would exceed\nthese distances by amounts depending on the elevation and grade at\nwhich the tunnel is constructed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4811","usgsCitation":"Barnes, F., 1948, Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-11, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4811.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287143,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0011/report.pdf"},{"id":287144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0011/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -149.333333,61.416667 ], [ -149.333333,61.583333 ], [ -149.166667,61.583333 ], [ -149.166667,61.416667 ], [ -149.333333,61.416667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53749073e4b0870f4d23cfd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, F.F.","contributorId":87198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048752,"text":"tem73 - 1948 - Preliminary notes on distribution of uranium in the Florida pebble phosphate field and suggestions for studying and sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:34:40","indexId":"tem73","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T09:13:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73","title":"Preliminary notes on distribution of uranium in the Florida pebble phosphate field and suggestions for studying and sampling","docAbstract":"The accompanying map and sections show examples of the present state of information about the occurrence of the \"Leached\" uranium-bearing bed in the Florida pebble phosphate district. The dashed lines on the map define, as closely as present data permit, the limit of the area in which this bed contains significant amounts of uranium. The figures next to localities on the map indicate first, the thickness of the bed in feet; and second the uranium content in thousandths of percent. For example, the figures 16-10 next to the TVA localities in Secs. 9 and 10, T. 32 S., R. 26 E. indicate 16 feet at 0.010 percent uranium. A \"0\" by a locality indicates either that the uranium content is less than 0.001 percent or less than the concentration in the underlying phosphate beds (matrix of the miners) or that the leached bed is not present.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem73","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1948, Preliminary notes on distribution of uranium in the Florida pebble phosphate field and suggestions for studying and sampling: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 73, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem73.","productDescription":"20 p.","numberOfPages":"20","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":282971,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0073/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.1629,27.0925 ], [ -82.1629,28.258 ], [ -80.9673,28.258 ], [ -80.9673,27.0925 ], [ -82.1629,27.0925 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5274cd80e4b089748f072442","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013829,"text":"1013829 - 1948 - The value of certain drugs, especially sulfa drugs, in the treatment of furunculosis in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T16:51:32.089324","indexId":"1013829","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The value of certain drugs, especially sulfa drugs, in the treatment of furunculosis in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis","docAbstract":"Furunculosis of salmonoid fishes is a dread epizootic disease caused by a general infection by Bacterium salmonicida.
In this experiment, treatment was tried with sulfonamides and another drug, “furacin” or “2–20–99” (new drug). The four treatments first used were: (1) sulfamerazine, (2) sulfathiazole, and (3) furacin, each administered by being mixed with the food; and (4) furacin added to the water of the troughs.
For assignment of treatments, the troughs containing fingerling brook trout, approximately 8 months old and running 30 to the pound, were grouped in four blocks of five troughs–three blocks of fingerlings with furunculosis, and one block of fingerlings of similar age and size but free from this disease. In each block, one trough received no medication. The various treatments were assigned to troughs by random selection. The block of healthy fish was to test for possible serious ill effects from any of the treatments, and was located some distance from the infected fish.
Treatments were begun August 30, 1945, and those involving sulfamerazine and sulfathiazole were continued through 25 days. The furacin treatments, less promising than the sulfonamide treatments, were replaced by sulfanilamide and sulfadiazine, each in the food, on the sixteenth day.
Furacin in the water was not beneficial but furacin in the food had some helpful effect. Results with sulfanilamide and sulfadiazine were not encouraging. Sulfathiazole seems to have been more beneficial than furacin, but decidedly less effective than sulfamerazine.
The improvement with sulfamerazine was impressive. Mortality dropped rapidly within a few days, generally was light after a week, and within 2 weeks almost completely stopped. Through 25 days, the loss was 17 percent, as compared with 50 percent among the infected lots not receiving medication.
The data indicate that 8 grams of sulfamerazine per day per 100 pounds of fish is sufficient, and that a considerably lower dose is at least beneficial.
Until further information is available, 8 grams of sulfamerazine per day per 100 pounds of fish, to be continued for at least 6 days after mortality stops, is recommended.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[186:TVOCDE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gutsell, J., 1948, The value of certain drugs, especially sulfa drugs, in the treatment of furunculosis in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 75, no. 1, p. 186-199, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[186:TVOCDE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"186","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131551,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f10d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutsell, J.S.","contributorId":25523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutsell","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2149,"text":"wsp1048 - 1948 - Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T20:30:56.743928","indexId":"wsp1048","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1048","title":"Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40","docAbstract":"The Boise River project is a highly developed agricultural area comprising some \n520 square miles of valley and bench lands in southwestern Idaho. Water for \nirrigation is obtained from the Boise River and its tributaries which are regulated \nby storage in Arrow Rock and Deer Flat reservoirs. Distribution of water to the \nfarms is effected by 27 principal canals and several small farm laterals which \ndivert directly from the river. The- New York Canal, which is the largest, not \nonly supplies water to smaller canals and farm laterals, but also is used to fill \nDeer Flat Reservoir near Nampa from which water is furnished to farms in the \nlower valley. During the past 15 years maintenance costs in a number of those \ncanals have increased due to deposition of sediment in them and in the river \nchannel itself below the mouth of Moore Creek.
\nInterest in determining the runoff and sediment loads from certain areas in the \nBoise River drainage basin led to an investigation by the Flood Control Coordinating \nCommittee of the Department of Agriculture. Measurements of daily \ndischarge and sediments loads were made by the Geological Survey at 13 stations \nin the drainage basin during the 18-month period ended June 30, 1940. The \nstations were on streams in areas having different kinds of vegetative cover and \nsubjected to different kinds of land-use practice. Data obtained during the investigation \nfurnish a basis for certain comparisons of runoff and sediment loads \nfrom several areas arid for several periods of time.
\nRunoff measured at stations on the. Boise River near Twin Springs and on \nMoore Creek near Arrow Rock was smaller during 1939 than during 1940 and was \nbelow the average annual runoff for the period of available record. Runoff \nmeasured at the other stations on the project also was smaller during 1939 than \nduring 1940 and probably did not exceed the average for the previous 25 years.
\nThe sediment loads measured during the spring runoff in 1939 were smaller \nat most stations than those measured during the spring runoff in 1940. At those \nstations where the flow was not affected, or only slightly affected, by upstream \ndiversions or by placer-mining operations, the largest sadiment loads per unit of \ndrainage area were measured in Grouse Creek during both 1939 and 1940, amounting \nto 3,460 and 2,490 tons per square mile, respectively, and the smallest loads \nper unit of drainage area were measured in Bannock Creek during 1939 and in the \nBoise River near Twin Springs during 1940, amounting to 14 and 83 tons per \nsquare mile, respectively.
\nSize anaylses of a large number of samples of suspended and deposited \nsediments give an indication of the origin of sediments carried past some of the \nstations. The analyses show that most of the sediment measured at the five \nstations in the Moore Creek drainages basin above Idaho City consisted largely of \ncoarse material. They show, also, that the sediment measured at the station on \nMoore Creek above Thorn Creek consisted almost entirely of fine material during \npractically the entire period of the investigation. Most of the coarse material passing \nthe stations above Idaho City probably was retained behind the dikes or in \nthe pools usually formed by tailings from dredging operations in the placer-mining \narea below Idaho City, and much of the fine material measured at the station \non Moore Creek above Thorn Creek probably was contributed by placer-mining \nactivity. During the years when the spring runoff is greater than that measured \nduring 1939 and 1940, it is probable that the dikes and pools will be less effective \nin retaining coarse sediments within the placered area.
\nRecords of sediment loads measured in the New York Canal indicate that a \nnegligible amount of sediment was deposited there during 1939, but that in 1940 \nfrom 10 to 15 percent of the total load at the gaging station consisted of coarse \nsediment which was later deposited on the canal bottom. Most of the fine material \nwas doubtless carried through the canal and eventually deposited in diversion \nditches and on farm land. Because the sediment carried past the station on Moore \nCreek above Thorn Creek consisted almost entirely of fine material, it is probable, \nthat a considerable part of the coarse sediment carried in the New York Canal \nduring the 1940 spring runoff period was scoured from the large bed of deposited \nmaterial in the Boise River above Diversion- Dam, and that the remainder came \nfrom Grimes Creek. Arrow Rock Reservoir was not sluiced during the investigation, \nand it is therefore unlikely that any of the coarse sediment in the New York \nCanal came from the Boise River above Moore Creek during 1939 and 1940.
\nThe average dry weight of 71 samples of deposited sediments collected from \nseveral parts of the Boise River drainage basin is about 90 pounds per cubic \nfoot. The average specific gravity of 77 samples of deposited sediments is 2.57.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Flood Control Coordinating Committee, United States Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., and Benedict, P.C., 1948, Discharge and sediment loads in the Boise River drainage basin, Idaho 1939-40: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1048, v, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1048.","productDescription":"v, 150 p.","numberOfPages":"165","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414574,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24198.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27759,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise River drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 43.273\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 44.075\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 44.075\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 43.273\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 43.273\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aaaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, Paul Charles","contributorId":32135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000213,"text":"1000213 - 1948 - Standardization of methods of expressing lengths and weights of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:39:07","indexId":"1000213","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standardization of methods of expressing lengths and weights of fish","docAbstract":"Fishery workers in the United States and Canada are unable to think readily in terms of the metric system of weights and measurements. Even long experience does not make it possible to form a clear idea as to the actual size of fish for which lengths and weights are given in metric units, without first converting to the English system. A more general adoption of the English system of weights and measurements in fishery work is recommended. The use of English units exclusively is suggested for articles of a popular or semi-popular nature, but in more formal publications the key information, at least, should be recorded in both systems. In highly technical papers metric units alone may prove satisfactory. Agreement is also lacking as to which length measurement of fish is suited best for uniform adoption. The total length is recommended here for the reason that it is the only measurement that includes all of the fish. This length is defined as the distance from the tip of the head (jaws closed) to the tip of the tail with the lobes compressed so as to give the maximum possible measurement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[157:SOMOEL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., 1948, Standardization of methods of expressing lengths and weights of fish: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 75, p. 157-164, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[157:SOMOEL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"164","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e47fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000453,"text":"1000453 - 1948 - Turbidity as a factor in the decline of Great Lakes fishes with special reference to Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:25:37","indexId":"1000453","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbidity as a factor in the decline of Great Lakes fishes with special reference to Lake Erie","docAbstract":"Fish live and thrive in water with turbidities that range above 400 p.p.m. and average 200 p.p.m. The waters of the Great Lakes usually are clear except in Lake Erie where the turbidities of the inshore areas averaged 37 p.p.m.; the turbidities of the offshore waters averaged less. Lake Erie waters were no clearer 50 years ago than they are now. In fact, the turbidity values are less now than they were in the earlier years; the annual average of the inshore waters dropped from 44 p.p.m. before 1930 to 32 p.p.m. in 1930 and later, and the April-May values decreased from 72 p.p.m. to 46 p.p.m. Any general decline in the Lake Erie fishes cannot be attributed to increased turbidities. Furthermore, these turbidities averaged well below 100 p.p.m. and, therefore, were too low to affect fishes adversely.
\nTurbidity in the open waters of Lake Erie is primarily the result of wave action induced by winds. River discharge is a minor factor even in the western end of the lake. Other probable factors are plankton, the eastward movement of the water mass, currents, seiches, and possibly bacteria. Wave action is undoubtedly the dominant agency in soil erosion along the shores of all of the Great Lakes.
\nNo evidence exists that fluctuations in the abundance of zooplankton, the basic food of fishes, and of the fishes themselves are positively correlated in Lake Erie or that the plankton crop in this lake is ever in short supply. On the contrary, all available evidence shows that Lake Erie is comparatively rich in plankton and that the western end in spite of its turbidity is richer than the eastern. Some factor other than turbidity dominates the basic productivity of western Lake Erie.
\nWith respect to turbidity Lake Erie has not become less suitable for fishes. This conclusion also receives support from the study of the fishes themselves. It was demonstrated that the growth of the western Lake Erie fishes compared very favorably with that of fishes in the other Great Lakes or similar waters.
\nIt was shown further that the known occurrence of relatively strong year classes in this lake was not consistently associated with low turbidities and conversely that the known low turbidities of the Lake Erie waters were not always accompanied by large year classes. Also, contrary to the “turbidity theory,” certain clean-water varieties, such as the walleye, have increased tremendously in recent years in Lake Erie, whereas the supposedly turbid-water forms, such as the sauger, have decreased in abundance. Reference was made to Doan's work, wherein he attempted to show correlation between turbidity and abundance for several species of Lake Erie fish but failed to do so except for the sauger where he reported a positive correlation. With respect to the productivity of fishes Lake Erie ranks first among the Great Lakes, and the western end in spite of its greater turbidity surpasses the eastern. As judged by certain accepted standards of water suitability, Lake Erie ranks high, and the western end again surpasses the eastern. Finally, it was pointed out that fishes which inhabit the clear waters of the Great Lakes declined as well as those which live in the more turbid waters and that turbidity, therefore, cannot be a factor in the depletion of all Great Lakes fishes. Furthermore, the reduction in abundance repeatedly has been associated with increased fishing intensity.
\nAll of the evidence indicates, then, that soil erosion on farms and the turbidity of the water were not major factors, if operative at all, in the decline of Great Lakes fishes and that they did not make Lake Erie unsuitable for fish life.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[281:TAAFIT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1948, Turbidity as a factor in the decline of Great Lakes fishes with special reference to Lake Erie: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 75, no. 1, p. 281-322, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[281:TAAFIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"322","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}