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","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[53:FOARLT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Surber, E.W., 1948, Fertilization of a recreational lake to control submerged plants: Effects of fertilization program upon bathing, boating, fishing: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 10, no. 2, p. 53-58, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1948)10[53:FOARLT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Surber, E. W.","contributorId":8794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Surber","given":"E.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179961,"text":"70179961 - 1948 - Flood of August 1942 in the Ontonagon River basin, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T14:10:22","indexId":"70179961","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Flood of August 1942 in the Ontonagon River basin, Michigan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210415","usgsCitation":"Dana, S.W., 1948, Correlation of geophysical and geological data from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4: Geological Investigations, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska 23, Report: 10 p.; 2 Figures: 29.91 x 22.53 inches and 17.34 x 10.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210415.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 2 Figures: 29.91 x 22.53 inches and 17.34 x 10.23 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74606.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210415/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401097,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210415/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401095,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210415/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401096,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210415/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -145,\n 71.4\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 71.4\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 68\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dana, S. W.","contributorId":13311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dana","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":836311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160500,"text":"70160500 - 1947 - Disease control in hatchery fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T12:07:49","indexId":"70160500","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":29,"text":"Fishery Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"subseriesTitle":"222","title":"Disease control in hatchery fish","docAbstract":"A direct method for controlling diseases among hatchery fish has long been sought as an alternative to the earlier technique of hand dipping. A simple, practical, effective method of direct pond treatment not only obviates all need for handling fish weakened by disease, but it would materially reduce the time and effort required by hatcherymen in keeping diseases under control. Furthermore, a direct pond treatment could be used for routine prophylaxis to eradicate diseases during their incipient stages--long before their presence becomes apparent.
\nSeveral methods for applying direct pond treatments in coldwater-fish culture have been proposed. Kingsbury and Embody (1932) developed a technique for applying disinfectants directly to the inflowing water of a pond. Later, Fish (1939) advocated a method involving the recirculation of a disinfecting solution through a fish pond. For various reasons, neither of these methods proved to be an effective answer to the problem of controlling hatchery diseases and neither became widely adopted.
\nThe method described herein has been extensively tested, both in the laboratory and at the producing hatchery, over a period of several years. Once familiarity with the details of application have been mastered, th8 reduction in effort required to treat fish is amazing. For example, two men have treated 20 large ponds containing several million fish, in one morning with no significant increase in mortality of the fish, whereas a crew of eight men required a full day to treat a single similar pond by hand dipping the fish with a subsequent loss approximating 50 percent of the stock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., 1947, Disease control in hatchery fish: Fishery Leaflet, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312584,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://spo.nwr.noaa.gov/fisheryleaflets.htm"},{"id":312583,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/Fishery%20Leaflets/leaflet222.pdf","text":"pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930c4e4b0da412f4fb54a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. 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P.","contributorId":89958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haff, J.C.","contributorId":16502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haff","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rominger, J.R.","contributorId":39680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rominger","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040235,"text":"70040235 - 1947 - Record of wells in Queens County, N.Y., Supplement 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70040235","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:12:27","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-11","title":"Record of wells in Queens County, N.Y., Supplement 1","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","usgsCitation":"Roberts, C., and Jaster, M.C., 1947, Record of wells in Queens County, N.Y., Supplement 1: Bulletin GW-11, 123 p.; 1 Plate.","productDescription":"123 p.; 1 Plate","numberOfPages":"123","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,40.4800 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a27be4b0e8fec6cdb606","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, C.M.","contributorId":75107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jaster, M. C.","contributorId":67577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaster","given":"M.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222502,"text":"5222502 - 1947 - Preliminary map showing the United States breeding distribution of the black skimmer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:49","indexId":"5222502","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":935,"text":"Audubon Field Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary map showing the United States breeding distribution of the black skimmer","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Audubon Field Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1947, Preliminary map showing the United States breeding distribution of the black skimmer: Audubon Field Notes, v. 1, no. 3.","productDescription":"134","startPage":"134","numberOfPages":"134","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222545,"text":"5222545 - 1947 - Christmas bird counts -1946. Port Tobacco (Charles Co.), Md","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:40","indexId":"5222545","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2687,"text":"Maryland Birdlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Christmas bird counts -1946. Port Tobacco (Charles Co.), Md","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maryland Birdlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Allen, D., Gabrielson, I., Nelson, A., Stewart, R.E., and Uhler, F., 1947, Christmas bird counts -1946. Port Tobacco (Charles Co.), Md: Maryland Birdlife, v. 3, no. 1, p. 2-3.","productDescription":"2-3","startPage":"2","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e255c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, D.L.","contributorId":28324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gabrielson, I.N.","contributorId":31849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabrielson","given":"I.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, A.L.","contributorId":92366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, R. 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Bowie, Md: Maryland Birdlife, v. 3, no. 1.","productDescription":"1","startPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e251b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, D.L.","contributorId":28324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, M.M.","contributorId":70087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ediger, E.","contributorId":59144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ediger","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldman, L.C.","contributorId":86457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelson, A.L.","contributorId":92366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stewart, R. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Fishel, V., 1947, Methods used in ground-water investigations in Kansas: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 58, no. 12, p. 1273-1273.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1273","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326969,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82dd2e4b03fd6b7da3827","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishel, V.C.","contributorId":6126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175656,"text":"70175656 - 1947 - Methods used in estimating the groundwater supply in the Wichita, Kansas well-field area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T14:37:56","indexId":"70175656","displayToPublicDate":"1999-07-15T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods used in estimating the groundwater supply in the Wichita, Kansas well-field area","docAbstract":"This paper presents the methods used in studying the groundwater hydrology of an area in Harvey and Sedgwick Counties, Kansas, from which the city of Wichita derives its water supply. A summary of the data available for study is presented and several hydrologic factors are evaluated. The relationship between groundwater levels and precipitation is shown, and recharge is estimated. The effect of pumping on water levels is shown graphically, and the quantity of water withdrawn from storage is estimated from several water-table contour maps. The data are analyzed and the quantity of water available for pumping is estimated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR028i001p00120","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.C., and Lohman, S.W., 1947, Methods used in estimating the groundwater supply in the Wichita, Kansas well-field area: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 28, no. 1, p. 120-131, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR028i001p00120.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58b52e4b03bcb0104bc21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Charles C.","contributorId":107367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lohman, Stanley William","contributorId":53361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohman","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047463,"text":"70047463 - 1947 - Instructions for flood frequency compilations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-05T13:37:29","indexId":"70047463","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T15:49:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Instructions for flood frequency compilations","docAbstract":"These instructions are designed to facilitate work in this field, but are not to be considered as final and complete. They will be revised as needed to incorporate new ideas and experience gained in this field. For that reason, if use is planned any great period after the date shown on the cover, write the Chief Hydraulic Engineer for advice as to changes. Comments are always welcome.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Branch","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.?","doi":"10.3133/70047463","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Branch, 1947, Instructions for flood frequency compilations (Revised April 1947), 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047463.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047463.jpg"},{"id":278739,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047463/report.pdf"}],"edition":"Revised April 1947","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52021ae7e4b0e21cafa49c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Branch","contributorId":127944,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Branch","id":535574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55540,"text":"ofr4732 - 1947 - Grande Ronde water diversion discussed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-14T13:26:21","indexId":"ofr4732","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-32","title":"Grande Ronde water diversion discussed","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4732","usgsCitation":"Helland, R., 1947, Grande Ronde water diversion discussed: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-32, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4732.","productDescription":"66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287141,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0032/report.pdf"},{"id":287142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0032/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Grande Ronde Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.960388,45.310622 ], [ -117.960388,45.326314 ], [ -117.928373,45.326314 ], [ -117.928373,45.310622 ], [ -117.960388,45.310622 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helland, R.O.","contributorId":72458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helland","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55539,"text":"ofr4712 - 1947 - Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:04:03","indexId":"ofr4712","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-12","title":"Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37","docAbstract":"The present report comprises brief descriptions of geologic features at 19 potential dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins in western Oregon. The topography of these site and of the corresponding reservoir site was mapped in 1934-36 under an allocation of funds, by the Public Works Administration for river-utilization surveys by the Conservation Branch of the United States Geological Survey. The field program in Oregon has been under the immediate charge of R. O. Helland.
\nThe 19 dam sites are distributed as follows: three on the Nehalem River, on the west or Pacific slope of the Oregon Coast range; four on Little Butte Creek and two on Evans Creek, tributaries of the Rogue River in the eastern part of the Klamath Mountains; four on the South and Middle Santiam Rivers, tributaries of the Willamette River from the west slope of the Cascade mountains; and six on tributaries of the Willamette River from the east slope of the Coast Range.
\nExcept in the Evans Creek basin, all the rocks in the districts that were studied are of comparatively late geological age. They include volcanic rocks, crystalline rocks of several types, marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks, and recent stream deposits.
\nThe study of geologic features has sought to estimate the bearing power and water-tightness of the rocks at each dam site, also to place rather broad limits on the type of dam for which the respective sites seem best suited. It was not considered necessary to study the corresponding reservoir sites in detail for excessive leakage appears to be unlikely. Except at three of the four site in the Santiam River basin, no test pits have been dug nor exploratory holes drilled, so that geologic features have been interpreted wholly from natural outcrops and from highway and railroad cuts. Because these outcrops and cuts are few, many problems related to the construction and maintenance of dams can not be answered at the this time and all critical features of the sites should be thoroughly explored by test pits and drilled holes before any dam is designed. This applied especially to sites in the Nehalem and Willamette River basins where commonly the cover of timber and brush is dense and the rocks are rather deeply weathered.
\nOn the Middle Santiam and South Santiam Rivers, the Cascadia, Greenpeter, and Sweet Home sits have been studies intensively by the United States Engineer Department, whose work included exploration by diamond-drill holes and test pits. Their conclusions as to geologic features are given in a report by McKitrick and have been reviewed by the writer. Data from this source have been used freely in the discussion of the respective sites in this report.
\nThe probability of destructive earthquakes in the region appears to be small but is not negligible. Prudence suggests that any high dam should embody features to assure stability against moderately strong earth motions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4712","usgsCitation":"Piper, A.M., 1947, Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-12, Report: 111 p.; 10 plates: 10.24 x 7.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4712.","productDescription":"Report: 111 p.; 10 plates: 10.24 x 7.98 inches","numberOfPages":"124","temporalStart":"1935-01-01","temporalEnd":"1937-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289620,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289609,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-1.pdf"},{"id":289611,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-3.pdf"},{"id":289613,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-4.pdf"},{"id":289614,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-5.pdf"},{"id":289615,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-b-1.pdf"},{"id":289608,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/report.pdf"},{"id":289612,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-2.pdf"},{"id":289616,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-c-1.pdf"},{"id":289617,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-c-2.pdf"},{"id":289618,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-d.pdf"},{"id":289619,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-unnumbered.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.261389,44.48366 ], [ -123.261389,44.754742 ], [ -123.071457,44.754742 ], [ -123.071457,44.48366 ], [ -123.261389,44.48366 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, A. M.","contributorId":102865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55592,"text":"ofr4717 - 1947 - Mining districts in the Carson Sink region, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-30T15:59:14","indexId":"ofr4717","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-17","title":"Mining districts in the Carson Sink region, Nevada","docAbstract":"The region lies in an area of primarily sedimentary rocks which are principally Mesozoic and are tilted, folded, and faulted and cut by granular intrusives, and flooded by Tertiary lavas as shown on Figure 4. The Mesozoic sediments were strongly folded and invaded by granular intrusives at or about the time of the intrusion of the great Sierra Nevada batholith. The rocks are exposed chiefly in the mountain ranges and hills.
The mountain ranges are mostly fault ranges with much of their structure monoclinical. Faulting in many instances has been prominent since the deposition of the Tertiary lavas and continues down to the present, as shown by fresh scarps and recent earthquake disturbances in the Stillwater and Augusta ranges and in general along the flaks of the various ranges by the tilted attitude of the lava flows and lake beds, and by the older lavas in general being tilted at steeper angles than the overlying lake beds. The faulting may be normal or overthrust.
The faulting shown in the various mining districts as Fairview and Wonder may be regarded as indicating that of the region in general.
In some parts of the region faulting is so young that it is still shown in the topographic forms as by trunctated gulches in the east base of the Stillwater range in Dixie Valley.
As the writer in the present work had but small opportunity to examine the rocks excepting in the various mining districts many of which are located far apart, the accompanying geologic map (Fig. 4) is largely compiled from earlier reports of various authors in order to here present a geologic picture of the region. The portion to the north of Latitude 39°30’ is largely adapted from the 40th Parallel Survey and that to the south of the 39th parallel form the papers and reports by Buwalda, Clark, Merriam, Hill, Spurr, and the unpublished work of H. G. Ferguson of the U. S. Geological Survey on the Hawthorne and Tonopah quadrangles.
The only known gypsum deposits in Alaska are on northeastern Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska, at Iyoukeen Cove (fig. 1). The area first developed and for a time worked by the Pacific Coast Gypsum Co. is approximately 1 mile upstream from the mouth of Gypsum Creek at an elevation of about 70 feet (fig. 2). The second deposit, known as the Gypsum-Camel property, is on tidewater 12 miles northeast of the mouth of Gypsum Creek (fig. 2). Iyoukeen Cove is about 35 air miles southwest of Juneau and is on both the mail-boat and the airline routes between Juneau and Sitka.
The two deposits were examined by a Geological Survey party during the summer of 1946. Topographic and geologic maps were made of the vicinity of both deposits (figs. 2 and 3). Accessible underground workings at the Gypsum-Camel property also were mapped,
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4720","usgsCitation":"Flint, G.W., and Cobb, E.H., 1947, Preliminary report on the gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chicagof Island, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-20, Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 18.63 x 19.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4720.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 18.63 x 19.38 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":428098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0020/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428097,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0020/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0020/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chicagof Island, southeastern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.49179591669778,\n 58.14130089377099\n ],\n [\n -136.49179591669778,\n 57.43028598659512\n ],\n [\n -134.66569345458902,\n 57.43028598659512\n ],\n [\n -134.66569345458902,\n 58.14130089377099\n ],\n [\n -136.49179591669778,\n 58.14130089377099\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c82e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, George W. Jr.","contributorId":16085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobb, Edward Huntington","contributorId":25916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Huntington","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55590,"text":"ofr4724 - 1947 - Aeromagnetic map of parts of Crawford, Washington, and St. Francois Counties, Missouri, showing total intensity anomalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"ofr4724","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-24","title":"Aeromagnetic map of parts of Crawford, Washington, and St. Francois Counties, Missouri, showing total intensity anomalies","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4724","usgsCitation":"Keller, F., and Henderson, J.R., 1947, Aeromagnetic map of parts of Crawford, Washington, and St. Francois Counties, Missouri, showing total intensity anomalies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-24, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4724.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6977b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, F. Jr.","contributorId":52256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, J. R.","contributorId":78705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55591,"text":"ofr4725 - 1947 - Aeromagnetic map of part of Tri-State mining district, showing total intensity anomalies","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55591,"text":"ofr4725 - 1947 - Aeromagnetic map of part of Tri-State mining district, showing total intensity anomalies","indexId":"ofr4725","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of Tri-State mining district, showing total intensity anomalies"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":63660,"text":"gp427 - 1963 - Aeromagnetic map of part of the Tri-State mining district, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma","indexId":"gp427","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of the Tri-State mining district, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":63660,"text":"gp427 - 1963 - Aeromagnetic map of part of the Tri-State mining district, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma","indexId":"gp427","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of the Tri-State mining district, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"ofr4725","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-25","title":"Aeromagnetic map of part of Tri-State mining district, showing total intensity anomalies","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4725","usgsCitation":"Keller, F., and Henderson, J.R., 1947, Aeromagnetic map of part of Tri-State mining district, showing total intensity anomalies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-25, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4725.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, F. Jr.","contributorId":52256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, J. R.","contributorId":78705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55597,"text":"ofr4721 - 1947 - The Spar fluorspar prospect, Mineral County, Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55597,"text":"ofr4721 - 1947 - The Spar fluorspar prospect, Mineral County, Montana","indexId":"ofr4721","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"The Spar fluorspar prospect, Mineral County, Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35646,"text":"b955E - 1950 - Fluorspar prospects of Montana","indexId":"b955E","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Fluorspar prospects of Montana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35646,"text":"b955E - 1950 - Fluorspar prospects of Montana","indexId":"b955E","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"title":"Fluorspar prospects of Montana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"ofr4721","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-21","title":"The Spar fluorspar prospect, Mineral County, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4721","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., 1947, The Spar fluorspar prospect, Mineral County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-21, 8 p.; 3 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4721.","productDescription":"8 p.; 3 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a8ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, C. P.","contributorId":91545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55579,"text":"ofr4729 - 1947 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55579,"text":"ofr4729 - 1947 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr4729","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35649,"text":"b997 - 1953 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"b997","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35649,"text":"b997 - 1953 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"b997","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr4729","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-29","title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4729","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., 1947, The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-29, 136 p. :ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4729.","productDescription":"136 p. :ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, C. P.","contributorId":91545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55599,"text":"ofr4715 - 1947 - Copper deposits of a part of the Helvetia mining district, Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55599,"text":"ofr4715 - 1947 - Copper deposits of a part of the Helvetia mining district, Arizona","indexId":"ofr4715","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Copper deposits of a part of the Helvetia mining district, Arizona"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47343,"text":"b1027F - 1955 - Copper deposits of part of Helvetia mining district, Pima County, Arizona","indexId":"b1027F","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Copper deposits of part of Helvetia mining district, Pima County, Arizona"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":47343,"text":"b1027F - 1955 - Copper deposits of part of Helvetia mining district, Pima County, Arizona","indexId":"b1027F","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Copper deposits of part of Helvetia mining district, Pima County, Arizona"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:55","indexId":"ofr4715","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-15","title":"Copper deposits of a part of the Helvetia mining district, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4715","usgsCitation":"Creasey, S., and Quick, G., 1947, Copper deposits of a part of the Helvetia mining district, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-15, 35 p.; 5 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4715.","productDescription":"35 p.; 5 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6861cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Creasey, S.C.","contributorId":36109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creasey","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quick, G.L.","contributorId":102126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55583,"text":"ofr4727A - 1947 - Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:15:23","indexId":"ofr4727A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-27","chapter":"A","title":"Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground","docAbstract":"Recently developed new methods of stabilization of weak grounds (e.g. the silicate treatment) are based on injection of chemical solutions into the ground. Such methods are applicable accordingly only to the kinds of ground that have the coefficient of filtration higher than 2 meters per 24 hours and permit penetration of the chemical solutions under pressure. This limit, however, as it is shown by our experience in construction, excludes a numerous and an important class of grounds, stabilization of which is indispensable in many instances. For example, digging of trenches and pits in clayey, silty, or sandy ground shows that all these types act like typical \"floaters\" (sluds? -S) in the presence of the ground water pressure. There were several instances in the canalization of the city of Moskow where the laying of trenches below the ground water level has led to extreme difficulties with clayey and silty ground.
\nSimilar examples could be cited in mining, engineering hydrology, and railroad construction. For these reasons, the development of methods of stabilizing such difficult types of ground has become an urgent problem of our day.
\nIn 1936, the author began his investigations, at the ground Stabilization Laboratory of VODGEO Institute, with direct electrical current as the means of stabilization of grounds. Experiments had shown that a large number of clayey types, following passage of direct electrical current, undergoes a transformation of its physico-chemical properties. It was established that the (apparent -S) density of the ground is substantially increased in consequence of the application of direct electrical current. The ground loses also its capacity to swell and to soften in water. Later, after a more detailed study of the physico-chemical mechanism of the electrical stabilization, it became possible to develop the method so as to make it applicable to sandy and silty as well as to clayey ground. By this time (1941, S.), the method has already been tested in the field, was found satisfactory, and is being introduced into construction practice.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4727A","usgsCitation":"Rzhanitzin, B., and Sokoloff, V., 1947, Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-27, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4727A.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289623,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0027-A/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rzhanitzin, B.A.","contributorId":16921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rzhanitzin","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P. (translator)","contributorId":18773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55584,"text":"ofr4727B - 1947 - Electrochemical stabilization as a means of preventing ground failure in railroads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:19:44","indexId":"ofr4727B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-27","chapter":"B","title":"Electrochemical stabilization as a means of preventing ground failure in railroads","docAbstract":"Laboratory and field data on electrochemical stabilization of clays, by three Russian authors, are here presented in translation. Abstracts of the Russian papers were published in May 1947 issue of the Engineering News Record (pp. 100-101). There exists also a small body of literature, in German and English, dealing with the electrochemical stabilization and related subjects. Elements of the electrochemical process were patented by Casagrande in Germany, shortly before the last war.
\nResults of the Russians and of others, including the German patent, appear to be sound and interesting accordingly. Mechanism of the electrochemical stabilization, however, appears to be surmised rather than established. Unless the mechanism of such stabilization is understood in detail, little progress may be expected in field applications of the electrochemical method.
\nElectroosmosis, a poorly reversible coagulation of the soil colloids, and introduction of exchangeable aluminum into the clay complex have been given credit for the ground-stabilizing effects of direct electrical current. Much remains to be done, as the reader may see, in developing further the theory of the method. A critical study is indicated, in this connection, by agencies or individuals qualified and equipped for basic research in soil physics. Optimum schedules for field treatments need be ascertained with particular care, to suit any given kind of material and environment. A wide range of variation in such schedules, is most certainly to be encountered in dealing with materials as diverse in their composition and properties as are clays. Any generalization on relationships between soil, electrolytes, moisture, and current could be premature if based on the Russian work alone.
\nStabilization of ground is a major engineering geologic problem of national interest. Needless to say, perhaps, that failures are to be expected, in laboratory and in the field, in this as well as in any other kind of research. To minimize probabilities of such failures, it may be recommended that investigators develop the electrochemical stabilization problem not merely against the relatively narrow background of soil mechanics, but with a certain feeling for geology, mineralogy, pedology, soil physics, and soil chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4727B","usgsCitation":"Solntzev, D., Sorkov, V., and Sokoloff, V., 1947, Electrochemical stabilization as a means of preventing ground failure in railroads: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-27, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4727B.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289625,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0027-B/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606de9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solntzev, D.I.","contributorId":64565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solntzev","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorkov, V.S.","contributorId":31678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorkov","given":"V.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P. (translator)","contributorId":18773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55581,"text":"ofr4728 - 1947 - Preliminary reports and maps released by Geological Survey","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55581,"text":"ofr4728 - 1947 - Preliminary reports and maps released by Geological Survey","indexId":"ofr4728","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary reports and maps released by Geological Survey"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64359,"text":"gp255 - 1961 - Aeromagnetic map of the Richland quadrangle, Lebanon and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania","indexId":"gp255","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Richland quadrangle, Lebanon and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":64359,"text":"gp255 - 1961 - Aeromagnetic map of the Richland quadrangle, Lebanon and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania","indexId":"gp255","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Richland quadrangle, Lebanon and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr4728","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-28","title":"Preliminary reports and maps released by Geological Survey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4728","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1947, Preliminary reports and maps released by Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-28, 2 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4728.","productDescription":"2 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b46c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55568,"text":"ofr4719 - 1947 - A third Kevin-Sunburst map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:55","indexId":"ofr4719","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-19","title":"A third Kevin-Sunburst map","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4719","usgsCitation":"Erdmann, C.E., Gist, J., and Nordquist, J., 1947, A third Kevin-Sunburst map: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-19, 2 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4719.","productDescription":"2 sheets","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":88046,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0019/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":88047,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0019/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a565a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erdmann, C. E.","contributorId":87122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdmann","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gist, J.T.","contributorId":44224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gist","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordquist, J.W.","contributorId":83191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordquist","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}