{"pageNumber":"641","pageRowStart":"16000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46677,"records":[{"id":70032219,"text":"70032219 - 2012 - Geophysical investigations of geology and structure at the Martis Creek Dam, Truckee, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T16:58:12","indexId":"70032219","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical investigations of geology and structure at the Martis Creek Dam, Truckee, California","docAbstract":"A recent evaluation of Martis Creek Dam highlighted the potential for dam failure due to either seepage or an earthquake on nearby faults. In 1972, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed this earthen dam, located within the Truckee Basin to the north of Lake Tahoe, CA for water storage and flood control. Past attempts to raise the level of the Martis Creek Reservoir to its design level have been aborted due to seepage at locations downstream, along the west dam abutment, and at the base of the spillway. In response to these concerns, the U.S. Geological Survey has undertaken a comprehensive suite of geophysical investigations aimed at understanding the interplay between geologic structure, seepage patterns, and reservoir and groundwater levels. This paper concerns the geologic structure surrounding Martis Creek Dam and emphasizes the importance of a regional-scale understanding to the interpretation of engineering-scale geophysical data. Our studies reveal a thick package of sedimentary deposits interbedded with Plio-Pleistocene volcanic flows; both the deposits and the flows are covered by glacial outwash. Magnetic field data, seismic tomography models, and seismic reflections are used to determine the distribution and chronology of the volcanic flows. Previous estimates of depth to basement (or the thickness of the interbedded deposits) was 100 m. Magnetotelluric soundings suggest that electrically resistive bedrock may be up to 2500 m deep. Both the Polaris Fault, identified outside of the study area using airborne LiDAR, and the previously unnamed Martis Creek Fault, have been mapped through the dam area using ground and airborne geophysics. Finally, as determined by direct-current resistivity imaging, time-domain electromagnetic sounding, and seismic refraction, the paleotopography of the interface between the sedimentary deposits and the overlying glacial outwash plays a principal role both in controlling groundwater flow and in the distribution of the observed seepage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.11.002","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Bedrosian, P.A., Burton, B., Powers, M., Minsley, B., Phillips, J., and Hunter, L.E., 2012, Geophysical investigations of geology and structure at the Martis Creek Dam, Truckee, California: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 77, p. 7-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.11.002.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214727,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.11.002"},{"id":242477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Truckee","otherGeospatial":"Martis Creek Dam","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42.0 ], [ -114.1,42.0 ], [ -114.1,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2832e4b0c8380cd59f0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedrosian, P. A.","contributorId":100109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, B.L.","contributorId":93983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powers, M.H.","contributorId":40352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Minsley, B. J.","contributorId":52107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minsley","given":"B. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hunter, L. E.","contributorId":100207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035654,"text":"70035654 - 2012 - Recent paleorecords document rising mercury contamination in Lake Tanganyika","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-16T21:20:59.329352","indexId":"70035654","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent paleorecords document rising mercury contamination in Lake Tanganyika","docAbstract":"Recent Lake Tanganyika Hg deposition records were derived using 14C and excess 210Pb geochronometers in sediment cores collected from two contrasting depositional environments: the Kalya Platform, located mid-lake and more removed from watershed impacts, and the Nyasanga/Kahama River delta region, located close to the lake’s shoreline north of Kigoma. At the Kalya Platform area, pre-industrial Hg concentrations are 23 ± 0.2 ng/g, increasing to 74 ng/g in modern surface sediment, and the Hg accumulation rate has increased from 1.0 to 7.2 μg/m2/a from pre-industrial to present, which overall represents a 6-fold increase in Hg concentration and accumulation. At the Nyasanga/Kahama delta region, pre-industrial Hg concentrations are 20 ± 3 ng/g, increasing to 46 ng/g in surface sediment. Mercury accumulation rate has increased from 30 to 70 μg/m2/a at this site, representing a 2–3-fold increase in Hg concentration and accumulation. There is a lack of correlation between charcoal abundance and Hg accumulation rate in the sediment cores, demonstrating that local biomass burning has little relationship with the observed Hg concentration or Hg accumulation rates. Examined using a sediment focusing-corrected mass accumulation rate approach, the cores have similar anthropogenic atmospheric Hg deposition profiles, suggesting that after accounting for background sediment concentrations the source of accumulating Hg is predominantly atmospheric in origin. In summary, the data document an increase of Hg flux to the Lake Tanganyika ecosystem that is consistent with increasing watershed sediment delivery with background-level Hg contamination, and regional as well as global increases in atmospheric Hg deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.005","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Conaway, C.H., Swarzenski, P.W., and Cohen, A., 2012, Recent paleorecords document rising mercury contamination in Lake Tanganyika: Applied Geochemistry, v. 27, no. 1, p. 352-359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.005.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"359","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216486,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.005"}],"country":"United States","county":"Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Burundi, and Zambia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Tanganyika","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 28.872070312500004,\n -3.2063329870791315\n ],\n [\n 28.872070312500004,\n -5.98760689165826\n ],\n [\n 30.344238281249996,\n -8.646195681181904\n ],\n [\n 31.09130859375,\n -9.123792057073972\n ],\n [\n 31.61865234375,\n -8.885071663468981\n ],\n [\n 29.487304687499996,\n -3.118576216781991\n ],\n [\n 28.872070312500004,\n -3.2063329870791315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9630e4b0c8380cd81e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conaway, Christopher H. 0000-0002-0991-033X cconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-033X","contributorId":5074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Christopher","email":"cconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter W. 0000-0003-0116-0578 pswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":1070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","email":"pswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cohen, A.S.","contributorId":19313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032249,"text":"70032249 - 2012 - Geometry and subsidence history of the Dead Sea basin: A case for fluid-induced mid-crustal shear zone?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-04T14:04:20.924152","indexId":"70032249","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geometry and subsidence history of the Dead Sea basin: A case for fluid-induced mid-crustal shear zone?","docAbstract":"Pull‐apart basins are narrow zones of crustal extension bounded by strike‐slip faults that can serve as analogs to the early stages of crustal rifting. We use seismic tomography, 2‐D ray tracing, gravity modeling, and subsidence analysis to study crustal extension of the Dead Sea basin (DSB), a large and long‐lived pull‐apart basin along the Dead Sea transform (DST). The basin gradually shallows southward for 50 km from the only significant transverse normal fault. Stratigraphic relationships there indicate basin elongation with time. The basin is deepest (8–8.5 km) and widest (∼15 km) under the Lisan about 40 km north of the transverse fault. Farther north, basin depth is ambiguous, but is 3 km deep immediately north of the lake. The underlying pre‐basin sedimentary layer thickens gradually from 2 to 3 km under the southern edge of the DSB to 3–4 km under the northern end of the lake and 5–6 km farther north. Crystalline basement is ∼11 km deep under the deepest part of the basin. The upper crust under the basin has lowerPwave velocity than in the surrounding regions, which is interpreted to reflect elevated pore fluids there. Within data resolution, the lower crust below ∼18 km and the Moho are not affected by basin development. The subsidence rate was several hundreds of m/m.y. since the development of the DST ∼17 Ma, similar to other basins along the DST, but subsidence rate has accelerated by an order of magnitude during the Pleistocene, which allowed the accumulation of 4 km of sediment. We propose that the rapid subsidence and perhaps elongation of the DSB are due to the development of inter‐connected mid‐crustal ductile shear zones caused by alteration of feldspar to muscovite in the presence of pore fluids. This alteration resulted in a significant strength decrease and viscous creep. We propose a similar cause to the enigmatic rapid subsidence of the North Sea at the onset the North Atlantic mantle plume. Thus, we propose that aqueous fluid flux into a slowly extending continental crust can cause rapid basin subsidence that may be erroneously interpreted as an increased rate of tectonic activity.
Measurements of in-situ magnetic susceptibility were compiled from mainly Precambrian crystalline basement rocks beneath the Colorado Plateau and ranges in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. The susceptibility meter used measures about 30 cm3 of rock and measures variations in the modal distribution of magnetic minerals that form a minor component volumetrically in these coarsely crystalline granitic to granodioritic rocks. Recent measurements include 50–150 measurements on each outcrop, and show that the distribution of magnetic susceptibilities is highly variable, multimodal and strongly non-Gaussian. Although the distribution of magnetic susceptibility is well known to be multifractal, the small number of data points at an outcrop precludes calculation of the multifractal spectrum by conventional methods. Instead, a brute force approach was adopted using multiplicative cascade models to fit the outcrop scale variability of magnetic minerals. Model segment proportion and length parameters resulted in 26 676 models to span parameter space. Distributions at each outcrop were normalized to unity magnetic susceptibility and added to compare all data for a rock body accounting for variations in petrology and alteration. Once the best-fitting model was found, the equation relating the segment proportion and length parameters was solved numerically to yield the multifractal spectrum estimate. For the best fits, the relative density (the proportion divided by the segment length) of one segment tends to be dominant and the other two densities are smaller and nearly equal. No other consistent relationships between the best fit parameters were identified. The multifractal spectrum estimates appear to distinguish between metamorphic gneiss sites and sites on plutons, even if the plutons have been metamorphosed. In particular, rocks that have undergone multiple tectonic events tend to have a larger range of scaling exponents.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/npg-19-635-2012","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., 2012, Multifractal model of magnetic susceptibility distributions in some igneous rocks: Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, v. 19, p. 635-642, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-19-635-2012.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"635","endPage":"642","ipdsId":"IP-042313","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-19-635-2012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":342945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536eafe4b062508e3c7abb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, Mark E. 0000-0002-2910-2321 mgetting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-2321","contributorId":602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark","email":"mgetting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70193081,"text":"70193081 - 2012 - Impact of wildfire and slope aspect on soil temperature in a mountainous environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T13:57:36","indexId":"70193081","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of wildfire and slope aspect on soil temperature in a mountainous environment","docAbstract":"Soil temperature changes after landscape disturbance impact hydrology, ecology, and geomorphology. This study used field measurements to examine wildfire and aspect effects on soil temperatures. Combustion of the litter and duff layers on north-facing slopes removed pre-fire aspect-driven soil temperature controls.
Wildfire is one of the most significant disturbances in mountainous landscapes and can affect soil temperature, which can in turn impact ecologic and geomorphologic processes. This study measured the temperature in near-surface soil (i.e., top 30 cm) during the first summer after a wildfire. In mountainous environments, aspect can also affect soil temperature, so north- vs. south-facing aspects were compared using a fully factorial experimental design to explore the effects of both wildfire and aspect on soil temperature. The data showed major wildfire impacts on soil temperatures on north-facing aspects (unburned ∼4–5°C cooler, on average) but little impact on south-facing aspects. Differences in soil temperatures between north-facing and south-facing unburned aspects (north ∼5°C cooler, on average) were also observed. The data led to the conclusion that, for this field site during the summer period, the forest canopy and litter and duff layers on north-facing slopes (when unburned) substantially decreased mean soil temperatures and temperature variability. The sparse trees on south-facing slopes caused little to no difference in soil temperatures following wildfire in south-facing soils for unburned compared with burned conditions. The results indicate that wildfire can reduce or even remove aspect impacts on soil temperature by combusting the forest canopy and litter and duff layers, which then homogenizes soil temperatures across the landscape.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2012.0017","usgsCitation":"Ebel, B.A., 2012, Impact of wildfire and slope aspect on soil temperature in a mountainous environment: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 11, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2012.0017.","ipdsId":"IP-091909","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07f145e4b09af898c8cdb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70043480,"text":"70043480 - 2012 - Experimental and environmental factors affect spurious detection of ecological thresholds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T13:38:17","indexId":"70043480","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental and environmental factors affect spurious detection of ecological thresholds","docAbstract":"Threshold detection methods are increasingly popular for assessing nonlinear responses to environmental change, but their statistical performance remains poorly understood. We simulated linear change in stream benthic macroinvertebrate communities and evaluated the performance of commonly used threshold detection methods based on model fitting (piecewise quantile regression [PQR]), data partitioning (nonparametric change point analysis [NCPA]), and a hybrid approach (significant zero crossings [SiZer]). We demonstrated that false detection of ecological thresholds (type I errors) and inferences on threshold locations are influenced by sample size, rate of linear change, and frequency of observations across the environmental gradient (i.e., sample-environment distribution, SED). However, the relative importance of these factors varied among statistical methods and between inference types. False detection rates were influenced primarily by user-selected parameters for PQR (τ) and SiZer (bandwidth) and secondarily by sample size (for PQR) and SED (for SiZer). In contrast, the location of reported thresholds was influenced primarily by SED. Bootstrapped confidence intervals for NCPA threshold locations revealed strong correspondence to SED. We conclude that the choice of statistical methods for threshold detection should be matched to experimental and environmental constraints to minimize false detection rates and avoid spurious inferences regarding threshold location.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ESA (Ecological Society of America)","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","doi":"10.1890/11-0516.1","usgsCitation":"Daily, J., Hitt, N.P., Smith, D., and Snyder, C.D., 2012, Experimental and environmental factors affect spurious detection of ecological thresholds: Ecology, v. 93, no. 1, p. 17-23, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0516.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"7","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-026563","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0516.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":268714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268713,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-0516.1"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5135d076e4b03b8ec4025b45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daily, Jonathan P. jdaily@usgs.gov","contributorId":40484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daily","given":"Jonathan P.","email":"jdaily@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hitt, Nathaniel P. 0000-0002-1046-4568 nhitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-4568","contributorId":4435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nhitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, David 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":1989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snyder, Craig D. 0000-0002-3448-597X csnyder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":2568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","email":"csnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70045110,"text":"70045110 - 2012 - Grizzly Valley fault system, Sierra Valley, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-20T14:36:39","indexId":"70045110","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Grizzly Valley fault system, Sierra Valley, CA","docAbstract":"The Grizzly Valley fault system (GVFS) strikes northwestward across Sierra Valley, California and is part of a network of active, dextral strike-slip faults in the northern Walker Lane (Figure 1). To investigate Quaternary motion across the GVFS, we analyzed high-resolution (0.25 m) airborne LiDAR data (Figure 2) in combination with six, high-resolution, P-wave, seismic-reflection profiles [Gold and others, 2012]. The 0.5- to 2.0-km-long seismic-reflection profiles were sited orthogonal to suspected tectonic lineaments identified from previous mapping and our analysis of airborne LiDAR data. To image the upper 400–700 m of subsurface stratigraphy of Sierra Valley (Figure 3), we used a 230-kg accelerated weight drop source. Geophone spacing ranged from 2 to 5 m and shots were co-located with the geophones. The profiles reveal a highly reflective, deformed basal marker that we interpret to be the top of Tertiary volcanic rocks, overlain by a 120- to 300-m-thick suite of subhorizontal reflectors we interpret as Plio-Pleistocene lacustrine deposits. Three profiles image the principle active trace of the GVFS, which is a steeply dipping fault zone that offsets the volcanic rocks and the basin fill (Figures 4 & 5).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Guidebook: neotectonics of the Lake Tahoe and Carson and Sierra Valleys, F.O.P. 2012","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Friends of the Pleistocene","usgsCitation":"Gold, R., Stephenson, W., Odum, J., Briggs, R., Crone, A., and Angster, S., 2012, Grizzly Valley fault system, Sierra Valley, CA, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041007","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sierra Valley","otherGeospatial":"Grizzly Valley Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.50491333007811,\n 39.58134870630412\n ],\n [\n -120.50491333007811,\n 39.8739115680129\n ],\n [\n -120.02014160156249,\n 39.8739115680129\n ],\n [\n -120.02014160156249,\n 39.58134870630412\n ],\n [\n -120.50491333007811,\n 39.58134870630412\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51975162e4b09a9cb58d5ee9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gold, Ryan","contributorId":97400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, William","contributorId":38804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, Jack","contributorId":34798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Rich","contributorId":62903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Rich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crone, Anthony","contributorId":20624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Angster, Steve","contributorId":106779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angster","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70042461,"text":"70042461 - 2012 - Appendix A: other methods for estimating trends of Arctic birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T11:18:45","indexId":"70042461","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Appendix A: other methods for estimating trends of Arctic birds","docAbstract":"The Arctic PRISM was designed to determine shorebird population size and trend. During an extensive peer review of PRISM, some reviewers suggested that measuring demographic rates or monitoring shorebirds on migration would be more appropriate than estimating population size on the breeding grounds. However, each method has its own limitations. For demographic monitoring, an unbiased estimate based on a large sample of first-year survivorship would be extremely difficult for shorebirds in the arctic because the needed sample size would be unobtainable (in Canada at least) and the level of effort that would need to be expended (both financial and human resource-wise) would far exceed that of the current Arctic PRISM methodology. For migration monitoring, issues such as changes in use of monitored to non-monitored sites, residency times, and detection rates introduce bias that has not yet been resolved. While we believe demographic and migration monitoring are very valuable and are already components of the PRISM approach (e.g., Tier 2 sites focus on the collection of demographic data), we do not believe that either is likely to achieve the PRISM accuracy target of an 80% power to detect a 50% decline.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic shorebirds in North America: a decade of monitoring","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Brown, S., Morrison, R., and Smith, P., 2012, Appendix A: other methods for estimating trends of Arctic birds, chap. of Arctic shorebirds in North America: a decade of monitoring, v. 44, p. 245-251.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025683","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297339,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520273108"}],"volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4d8ee4b0b290850f18e4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":509163,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, Victoria","contributorId":90185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"Victoria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509164,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Stephen","contributorId":40096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, R.I. Guy","contributorId":52003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"R.I. Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Paul A.","contributorId":73477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Paul A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032262,"text":"70032262 - 2012 - Nonlinear effects of group size on the success of wolves hunting elk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-03T19:37:07.184022","indexId":"70032262","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":981,"text":"Behavioral Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlinear effects of group size on the success of wolves hunting elk","docAbstract":"Despite the popular view that social predators live in groups because group hunting facilitates prey capture, the apparent tendency for hunting success to peak at small group sizes suggests that the formation of large groups is unrelated to prey capture. Few empirical studies, however, have tested for nonlinear relationships between hunting success and group size, and none have demonstrated why success trails off after peaking. Here, we use a unique dataset of observations of individually known wolves (Canis lupus) hunting elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park to show that the relationship between success and group size is indeed nonlinear and that individuals withholding effort (free riding) is why success does not increase across large group sizes. Beyond 4 wolves, hunting success leveled off, and individual performance (a measure of effort) decreased for reasons unrelated to interference from inept hunters, individual age, or size. But performance did drop faster among wolves with an incentive to hold back, i.e., nonbreeders with no dependent offspring, those performing dangerous predatory tasks, i.e., grabbing and restraining prey, and those in groups of proficient hunters. These results suggest that decreasing performance was free riding and that was why success leveled off in groups with >4 wolves that had superficially appeared to be cooperating. This is the first direct evidence that nonlinear trends in group hunting success reflect a switch from cooperation to free riding. It also highlights how hunting success per se is unlikely to promote formation and maintenance of large groups.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1093/beheco/arr159","issn":"10452249","usgsCitation":"MacNulty, D., Smith, D., Mech, L.D., Vucetich, J., and Packer, C., 2012, Nonlinear effects of group size on the success of wolves hunting elk: Behavioral Ecology, v. 23, no. 1, p. 75-82, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr159.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474823,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr159","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":242644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214888,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr159"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -109.64355468749999,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -109.64355468749999,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 43.96119063892024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6783e4b0c8380cd7337f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacNulty, D.R.","contributorId":7661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacNulty","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D.W.","contributorId":24726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":435321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vucetich, J.A.","contributorId":36098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vucetich","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Packer, C.","contributorId":45532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70043839,"text":"70043839 - 2012 - Molecular characterization and comparison of shale oils generated by different pyrolysis methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-26T15:17:11","indexId":"70043839","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1506,"text":"Energy & Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular characterization and comparison of shale oils generated by different pyrolysis methods","docAbstract":"Shale oils generated using different laboratory pyrolysis methods have been studied using standard oil characterization methods as well as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric photoionization (APPI) to assess differences in molecular composition. The pyrolysis oils were generated from samples of the Mahogany zone oil shale of the Eocene Green River Formation collected from outcrops in the Piceance Basin, Colorado, using three pyrolysis systems under conditions relevant to surface and in situ retorting approaches. Significant variations were observed in the shale oils, particularly the degree of conjugation of the constituent molecules and the distribution of nitrogen-containing compound classes. Comparison of FT-ICR MS results to other oil characteristics, such as specific gravity; saturate, aromatic, resin, asphaltene (SARA) distribution; and carbon number distribution determined by gas chromatography, indicated correspondence between higher average double bond equivalence (DBE) values and increasing asphaltene content. The results show that, based on the shale oil DBE distributions, highly conjugated species are enriched in samples produced under low pressure, high temperature conditions, and under high pressure, moderate temperature conditions in the presence of water. We also report, for the first time in any petroleum-like substance, the presence of N4 class compounds based on FT-ICR MS data. Using double bond equivalence and carbon number distributions, structures for the N4 class and other nitrogen-containing compounds are proposed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Energy & Fuels","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/ef201517a","usgsCitation":"Birdwell, J.E., Jin, J.M., and Kim, S., 2012, Molecular characterization and comparison of shale oils generated by different pyrolysis methods: Energy & Fuels, v. 26, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201517a.","numberOfPages":"32","ipdsId":"IP-033210","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268411,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268410,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef201517a"}],"volume":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6808e4b0b29085101c5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Birdwell, Justin E. 0000-0001-8263-1452 jbirdwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-1452","contributorId":3302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdwell","given":"Justin","email":"jbirdwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jin, Jang Mi","contributorId":28877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jin","given":"Jang","email":"","middleInitial":"Mi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kim, Sunghwan","contributorId":108376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Sunghwan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70043333,"text":"70043333 - 2012 - Old groundwater in parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Maryland, USA: Evidence from radiocarbon, chlorine-36 and helium-4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:43:23","indexId":"70043333","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Old groundwater in parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Maryland, USA: Evidence from radiocarbon, chlorine-36 and helium-4","docAbstract":"Apparent groundwater ages along two flow paths in the upper Patapsco aquifer of the Maryland Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA, were estimated using 14C, 36Cl and 4He data. Most of the ages range from modern to about 500 ka, with one sample at 117 km downgradient from the recharge area dated by radiogenic 4He accumulation at more than one Ma. Last glacial maximum (LGM) water was located about 20 km downgradient on the northern flow path, where the radiocarbon age was 21.5 ka, paleorecharge temperatures were 0.5–1.5 °C (a maximum cooling of about 12 °C relative to the modern mean annual temperature of 13 °C), and Cl–, Cl/Br, and stable isotopes of water were minimum. Low recharge temperatures (typically 5–7 °C) indicate that recharge occurred predominantly during glacial periods when coastal heads were lowest due to low sea-level stand. Flow velocities averaged about 1.0 m a–1 in upgradient parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer and decreased from 0.13 to 0.04 m a–1 at 40 and 80 km further downgradient, respectively. This study demonstrates that most water in the upper Patapsco aquifer is non-renewable on human timescales under natural gradients, thus highlighting the importance of effective water-supply management to prolong the resource.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-012-0871-1","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Eggleston, J.R., Raffensperger, J.P., Hunt, A.G., Casile, G.C., and Andreasen, D.C., 2012, Old groundwater in parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Maryland, USA: Evidence from radiocarbon, chlorine-36 and helium-4: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 20, no. 7, p. 1269-1294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0871-1.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1269","endPage":"1294","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036422","costCenters":[{"id":146,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Eastern Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Anne Arundel","city":"Baltimore","volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c3a0e4b01197b08e9cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eggleston, John R. 0000-0001-6633-3041 jegglest@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3041","contributorId":3068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"John","email":"jegglest@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, Andrew G. 0000-0002-3810-8610 ahunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-8610","contributorId":1582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Andrew","email":"ahunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casile, Gerolamo C. jcasile@usgs.gov","contributorId":4007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casile","given":"Gerolamo","email":"jcasile@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Andreasen, D. C.","contributorId":32565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70173757,"text":"70173757 - 2012 - Spatio-temporal variation in male white-tailed deer harvest rates in Pennsylvania: Implications for estimating abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T12:28:25","indexId":"70173757","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatio-temporal variation in male white-tailed deer harvest rates in Pennsylvania: Implications for estimating abundance","docAbstract":"The performance of 2 popular methods that use age-at-harvest data to estimate abundance of white-tailed deer is contingent on assumptions about variation in estimates of subadult (1.5 yr old) and adult (≥2.5 yr old) male harvest rates. Auxiliary data (e.g., estimates of survival or harvest rates from radiocollared animals) can be used to relax some assumptions, but unless these population parameters exhibit limited temporal or spatial variation, these auxiliary data may not improve accuracy. Unfortunately maintaining sufficient sample sizes of radiocollared deer for parameter estimation in every wildlife management unit (WMU) is not feasible for most state agencies. We monitored the fates of 397 subadult and 225 adult male white-tailed deer across 4 WMUs from 2002 to 2008 using radio telemetry. We investigated spatial and temporal variation in harvest rates and investigated covariates related to the patterns observed. We found that most variation in harvest rates was explained spatially and that adult harvest rates (0.36–0.69) were more variable among study areas than subadult harvest rates (0.26–0.42). We found that hunter effort during the archery and firearms season best explained variation in harvest rates of adult males among WMUs, whereas hunter effort during only the firearms season best explained harvest rates for subadult males. From a population estimation perspective, it is advantageous that most variation was spatial and explained by a readily obtained covariate (hunter effort). However, harvest rates may vary if hunting regulations or hunter behavior change, requiring additional field studies to obtain accurate estimates of harvest rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.249","usgsCitation":"Norton, A.S., Diefenbach, D.R., Wallingford, B.D., and Rosenberry, C.S., 2012, Spatio-temporal variation in male white-tailed deer harvest rates in Pennsylvania: Implications for estimating abundance: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 76, no. 1, p. 136-143, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.249.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"143","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025517","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Armstrong County, Centre County, Clearfield County, Clinton County, Cumberland County, Juniata County, Perry 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D.","contributorId":171632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wallingford","given":"Bret","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenberry, Christopher S.","contributorId":171633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70044174,"text":"70044174 - 2012 - Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility for the Guadalupian Series GSSPs (Middle Permian) in Guadalupe Mountains National Park and adjacent areas in West Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-22T10:44:52","indexId":"70044174","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1791,"text":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility for the Guadalupian Series GSSPs (Middle Permian) in Guadalupe Mountains National Park and adjacent areas in West Texas","docAbstract":"Here we establish a magnetostratigraphy susceptibility zonation for the three Middle Permian Global boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) that have recently been defined, located in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, West Texas, USA. These GSSPs, all within the Middle Permian Guadalupian Series, define (1) the base of the Roadian Stage (base of the Guadalupian Series), (2) the base of the Wordian Stage and (3) the base of the Capitanian Stage. Data from two additional stratigraphic successions in the region, equivalent in age to the Kungurian–Roadian and Wordian–Capitanian boundary intervals, are also reported. Based on low-field, mass specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurements of 706 closely spaced samples from these stratigraphic sections and time-series analysis of one of these sections, we (1) define the magnetostratigraphy susceptibility zonation for the three Guadalupian Series Global boundary Stratotype Sections and Points; (2) demonstrate that χ datasets provide a proxy for climate cyclicity; (3) give quantitative estimates of the time it took for some of these sediments to accumulate; (4) give the rates at which sediments were accumulated; (5) allow more precise correlation to equivalent sections in the region; (6) identify anomalous stratigraphic horizons; and (7) give estimates for timing and duration of geological events within sections.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1144/SP373.1","usgsCitation":"Wardlaw, B.R., Ellwood, B.B., Lambert, L.L., Tomkin, J.H., Bell, G.L., and Nestell, G.P., 2012, Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility for the Guadalupian Series GSSPs (Middle Permian) in Guadalupe Mountains National Park and adjacent areas in West Texas: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 373, p. 21-21, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP373.1.","startPage":"21","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"1","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034315","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271338,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP373.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"373","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51765beae4b0f989f99e00fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellwood, Brooks B.","contributorId":44814,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellwood","given":"Brooks","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lambert, Lance L.","contributorId":9550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tomkin, Jonathan H.","contributorId":85860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomkin","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bell, Gordon L.","contributorId":69639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nestell, Galina P.","contributorId":22651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nestell","given":"Galina","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12734,"text":"University of Texas at Arlington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70035366,"text":"70035366 - 2012 - Monitoring on Xi'an ground fissures deformation with TerraSAR-X data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:56","indexId":"70035366","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3798,"text":"Wuhan Daxue Xuebao (Xinxi Kexue Ban)/Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring on Xi'an ground fissures deformation with TerraSAR-X data","docAbstract":"Owing to the fine resolution of TerraSAR-X data provided since 2007, this paper applied 6 TerraSAR data (strip mode) during 3rd Dec. 2009 to 23rd Mar. 2010 to detect and monitor the active fissures over Xi'an region. Three themes have been designed for high precision detection and monitoring of Xi'an-Chang'an fissures, as small baseline subsets (SBAS) to test the atmospheric effects of differential interferograms pair stepwise, 2-pass differential interferogram with very short baseline perpendicular to generate the whole deformation map with 44 days interval, and finally, corner reflector (CR) technique was used to closely monitor the relative deformation time series between two CRs settled crossing two ground fissures. Results showed that TerraSAR data are a good choice for small-scale ground fissures detection and monitoring, while special considerations should be taken for their great temporal and baseline decorrelation. Secondly, ground fissures in Xi'an were mostly detected at the joint section of stable and deformable regions. Lastly, CR-InSAR had potential ability to monitor relative deformation crossing fissures with millimeter precision.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wuhan Daxue Xuebao (Xinxi Kexue Ban)/Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"Chinese","issn":"16718860","usgsCitation":"Zhao, C., Zhang, Q., Zhu, W., and Lu, Z., 2012, Monitoring on Xi'an ground fissures deformation with TerraSAR-X data: Wuhan Daxue Xuebao (Xinxi Kexue Ban)/Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, v. 37, no. 1, p. 81-85.","startPage":"81","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5dd0e4b0c8380cd705f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhao, C.","contributorId":14655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhao","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Q.","contributorId":84163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhu, W.","contributorId":27686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70032250,"text":"70032250 - 2012 - Geostatistical modeling of the gas emission zone and its in-place gas content for Pittsburgh-seam mines using sequential Gaussian simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T12:39:12","indexId":"70032250","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geostatistical modeling of the gas emission zone and its in-place gas content for Pittsburgh-seam mines using sequential Gaussian simulation","docAbstract":"Determination of the size of the gas emission zone, the locations of gas sources within, and especially the amount of gas retained in those zones is one of the most important steps for designing a successful methane control strategy and an efficient ventilation system in longwall coal mining. The formation of the gas emission zone and the potential amount of gas-in-place (GIP) that might be available for migration into a mine are factors of local geology and rock properties that usually show spatial variability in continuity and may also show geometric anisotropy. Geostatistical methods are used here for modeling and prediction of gas amounts and for assessing their associated uncertainty in gas emission zones of longwall mines for methane control.
This study used core data obtained from 276 vertical exploration boreholes drilled from the surface to the bottom of the Pittsburgh coal seam in a mining district in the Northern Appalachian basin. After identifying important coal and non-coal layers for the gas emission zone, univariate statistical and semivariogram analyses were conducted for data from different formations to define the distribution and continuity of various attributes. Sequential simulations performed stochastic assessment of these attributes, such as gas content, strata thickness, and strata displacement. These analyses were followed by calculations of gas-in-place and their uncertainties in the Pittsburgh seam caved zone and fractured zone of longwall mines in this mining district. Grid blanking was used to isolate the volume over the actual panels from the entire modeled district and to calculate gas amounts that were directly related to the emissions in longwall mines.
Results indicated that gas-in-place in the Pittsburgh seam, in the caved zone and in the fractured zone, as well as displacements in major rock units, showed spatial correlations that could be modeled and estimated using geostatistical methods. This study showed that GIP volumes may change up to 3 MMscf per acre and, in a multi-panel district, may total 9 Bcf of methane within the gas emission zone. Therefore, ventilation and gas capture systems should be designed accordingly. In addition, rock displacements within the gas emission zone are spatially distributed. From an engineering and practical point of view, spatial distributions of GIP and distributions of rock displacements should be correlated with in-mine emissions and gob gas venthole productions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2011.10.010","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Karacan, C.O., Olea, R., and Goodman, G., 2012, Geostatistical modeling of the gas emission zone and its in-place gas content for Pittsburgh-seam mines using sequential Gaussian simulation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 90-91, p. 50-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2011.10.010.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"50","endPage":"71","ipdsId":"IP-031033","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474676,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4589251","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214664,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2011.10.010"}],"volume":"90-91","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28b3e4b0c8380cd5a320","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karacan, Cevat O. 0000-0002-0947-8241","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-8241","contributorId":67742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karacan","given":"Cevat","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":435243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":435241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodman, G.","contributorId":29233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodman","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70042820,"text":"70042820 - 2012 - Physical setting and natural sources of exposure to carcinogenic trace elements and radionuclides in Lahontan Valley, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T16:00:08","indexId":"70042820","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1219,"text":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical setting and natural sources of exposure to carcinogenic trace elements and radionuclides in Lahontan Valley, Nevada","docAbstract":"In Lahontan Valley, Nevada, arsenic, cobalt, tungsten, uranium, radon, and polonium-210 are carcinogens that occur naturally in sediments and groundwater. Arsenic and cobalt are principally derived from erosion of volcanic rocks in the local mountains and tungsten and uranium are derived from erosion of granitic rocks in headwater reaches of the Carson River. Radon and 210Po originate from radioactive decay of uranium in the sediments. Arsenic, aluminum, cobalt, iron, and manganese concentrations in household dust suggest it is derived from the local soils. Excess zinc and chromium in the dust are probably derived from the vacuum cleaner used to collect the dust, or household sources such as the furnace. Some samples have more than 5 times more cobalt in the dust than in the local soil, but whether the source of the excess cobalt is anthropogenic or natural cannot be determined with the available data. Cobalt concentrations are low in groundwater, but arsenic, uranium, radon, and 210Po concentrations often exceed human-health standards, and sometime greatly exceed them. Exposure to radon and its decay products in drinking water can vary significantly depending on when during the day that the water is consumed. Although the data suggests there have been no long term changes in groundwater chemistry that corresponds to the Lahontan Valley leukemia cluster, the occurrence of the very unusual leukemia cluster in an area with numerous 210Po and arsenic contaminated wells is striking, particularly in conjunction with the exceptionally high levels of urinary tungsten in Lahontan Valley residents. Additional research is needed on potential exposure pathways involving food or inhalation, and on synergistic effects of mixtures of these natural contaminants on susceptibility to development of leukemia.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemico-Biological Interactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.cbi.2011.04.004","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., 2012, Physical setting and natural sources of exposure to carcinogenic trace elements and radionuclides in Lahontan Valley, Nevada: Chemico-Biological Interactions, v. 196, no. 3, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2011.04.004.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"8","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023222","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269183,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2011.04.004"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lahontan Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.127414,39.463302 ], [ -119.127414,39.766719 ], [ -118.724621,39.766719 ], [ -118.724621,39.463302 ], [ -119.127414,39.463302 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"196","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51404e8ae4b089809dbf44b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, Ralph L.","contributorId":13609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70044132,"text":"70044132 - 2012 - Digital outcrop model of stratigraphy and breccias of the southern Franklin Mountains, El Paso, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-11T18:41:20.076485","indexId":"70044132","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":606,"text":"AAPG Memoir","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital outcrop model of stratigraphy and breccias of the southern Franklin Mountains, El Paso, Texas","docAbstract":"This chapter reviews and synthesizes the lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and breccia types of the southwestern part of the great American carbonate bank in the southern Franklin Mountains (SFM), El Paso, Texas. Primary stratigraphic units of focus are the Lower Ordovician El Paso and Upper Ordovician Montoya Groups. These groups preserve breccias formed by collapse of a paleocave system. Precambrian and Silurian units are discussed in the context of breccia clast composition and relative timing of breccia emplacement. Specific attention is paid to the juxtaposition of the top-Sauk second-order supersequence unconformity between the El Paso and Montoya Groups and its relationship to breccias above and below it. The unconformity represents a 10-m.y. exposure event that separates Upper and Lower Ordovician carbonates. The top-Sauk exposure has been previously documented as a significant karst horizon across much of North America.
The breccias of the SFM were previously described as the result of collapsed paleocaves that formed during subaerial exposure related to the Sauk-Tippecanoe unconformity. A new approach in this work uses traditional field mapping combined with high-resolution (![\"lt\"](\"http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/memoir98/CHAPTER36/IMAGES/LT.JPG\")
1-m [3.3-ft] point spacing) airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data over 24 km2 (9 mi2) to map breccia and relevant stratal surfaces. Airborne LIDAR data were used to create a digital outcrop model of the SFM from which a detailed (1:2000 scale) geologic map was created. The geologic map includes formation, fault, and breccia contacts. The digital outcrop model was used to interpret three-dimensional spatial relationships of breccia bodies with respect to the current understanding of the tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the SFM. The data presented here are used to discuss potential stratigraphic, temporal, and tectonic controls on the formation of caves within the study area that eventually collapsed to form the breccias currently exposed in outcrop.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The great American carbonate bank: The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/13331521M983516","usgsCitation":"Bellian, J.A., Kerans, C., and Repetski, J.E., 2012, Digital outcrop model of stratigraphy and breccias of the southern Franklin Mountains, El Paso, Texas, chap. of The great American carbonate bank: The geology and economic resources of the Cambrian-Ordovician Sauk megasequence of Laurentia: AAPG Memoir, v. 98, p. 909-939, https://doi.org/10.1306/13331521M983516.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"909","endPage":"939","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042949","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":298191,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/memoir98/CHAPTER36/CHAPTER36.HTM"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"Franklin Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.56944274902344,\n 31.766121200173643\n ],\n [\n -106.56944274902344,\n 31.99875937194732\n ],\n [\n -106.43074035644531,\n 31.99875937194732\n ],\n [\n -106.43074035644531,\n 31.766121200173643\n ],\n [\n -106.56944274902344,\n 31.766121200173643\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516e64d8e4b00154e4368b5b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Derby, James R.","contributorId":68207,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13326,"text":"The University of Tulsa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":509234,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fritz, R.D.","contributorId":113600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritz","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509237,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longacre, S.A.","contributorId":112394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longacre","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509235,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan, W.A.","contributorId":21228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509233,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sternbach, C.A.","contributorId":113505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternbach","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509236,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Bellian, Jerome A.","contributorId":139515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellian","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerans, Charles","contributorId":75838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerans","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":474848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035458,"text":"70035458 - 2012 - Geochemical constraints on adakites of different origins and copper mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-13T20:05:13.127307","indexId":"70035458","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical constraints on adakites of different origins and copper mineralization","docAbstract":"The petrogenesis of adakites holds important clues to the formation of the continental crust and copper ± gold porphyry mineralization. However, it remains highly debated as to whether adakites form by slab melting, by partial melting of the lower continental crust, or by fractional crystallization of normal arc magmas. Here, we show that to form adakitic signature, partial melting of a subducting oceanic slab would require high pressure at depths of >50 km, whereas partial melting of the lower continental crust would require the presence of plagioclase and thus shallower depths and additional water. These two types of adakites can be discriminated using geochemical indexes. Compiled data show that adakites from circum-Pacific regions, which have close affinity to subduction of young hot oceanic plate, can be clearly discriminated from adakites from the Dabie Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau, which have been attributed to partial melting of continental crust, in Sr/Y-versus-La/Yb diagram. Given that oceanic crust has copper concentrations about two times higher than those in the continental crust, whereas the high oxygen fugacity in the subduction environment promotes the release of copper during partial melting, slab melting provides the most efficient mechanism to concentrate copper and gold; slab melts would be more than two times greater in copper (and also gold) concentrations than lower continental crust melts and normal arc magmas. Thus, identification of slab melt adakites is important for predicting exploration targets for copper- and gold-porphyry ore deposits. This explains the close association of ridge subduction with large porphyry copper deposits because ridge subduction is the most favorable place for slab melting.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press Books","doi":"10.1086/662736","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Sun, W., Ling, M., Chung, S., Ding, X., Yang, X., Liang, H., Fan, W., Goldfarb, R., and Yin, Q., 2012, Geochemical constraints on adakites of different origins and copper mineralization: Journal of Geology, v. 120, no. 1, p. 105-120, https://doi.org/10.1086/662736.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215557,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/662736"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Dabie Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 101.513671875,\n 22.43134015636061\n ],\n [\n 108.720703125,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n 107.57812499999999,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n 102.65625,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n 99.49218749999999,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n 99.580078125,\n 25.64152637306577\n ],\n [\n 101.513671875,\n 22.43134015636061\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 107.57812499999999,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n 104.765625,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n 106.171875,\n 33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 112.1484375,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n 114.9609375,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n 114.9609375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n 112.8515625,\n 42.8115217450979\n ],\n [\n 107.57812499999999,\n 40.713955826286046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15f5e4b0c8380cd54fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, W.-D.","contributorId":14658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"W.-D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ling, M.-X.","contributorId":69382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ling","given":"M.-X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chung, S.-L.","contributorId":27697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung","given":"S.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ding, X.","contributorId":49990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yang, X.-Y.","contributorId":9489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"X.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Liang, H.-Y.","contributorId":88576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"H.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fan, W.-M.","contributorId":100217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"W.-M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.","contributorId":43113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Yin, Q.-Z.","contributorId":64056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Q.-Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70148038,"text":"70148038 - 2012 - Parameter estimation method and updating of regional prediction equations for ungaged sites in the desert region of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-06T15:07:31","indexId":"70148038","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Parameter estimation method and updating of regional prediction equations for ungaged sites in the desert region of California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is currently updating at-site flood frequency estimates for USGS streamflow-gaging stations in the desert region of California. The at-site flood-frequency analysis is complicated by short record lengths (less than 20 years is common) and numerous zero flows/low outliers at many sites. Estimates of the three parameters (mean, standard deviation, and skew) required for fitting the log Pearson Type 3 (LP3) distribution are likely to be highly unreliable based on the limited and heavily censored at-site data. In a generalization of the recommendations in Bulletin 17B, a regional analysis was used to develop regional estimates of all three parameters (mean, standard deviation, and skew) of the LP3 distribution. A regional skew value of zero from a previously published report was used with a new estimated mean squared error (MSE) of 0.20. A weighted least squares (WLS) regression method was used to develop both a regional standard deviation and a mean model based on annual peak-discharge data for 33 USGS stations throughout California’s desert region. At-site standard deviation and mean values were determined by using an expected moments algorithm (EMA) method for fitting the LP3 distribution to the logarithms of annual peak-discharge data. Additionally, a multiple Grubbs-Beck (MGB) test, a generalization of the test recommended in Bulletin 17B, was used for detecting multiple potentially influential low outliers in a flood series. The WLS regression found that no basin characteristics could explain the variability of standard deviation. Consequently, a constant regional standard deviation model was selected, resulting in a log-space value of 0.91 with a MSE of 0.03 log units. Yet drainage area was found to be statistically significant at explaining the site-to-site variability in mean. The linear WLS regional mean model based on drainage area had a Pseudo- 2 R of 51 percent and a MSE of 0.32 log units. The regional parameter estimates were then used to develop a set of equations for estimating flows with 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities for ungaged basins. The final equations are functions of drainage area.Average standard errors of prediction for these regression equations range from 214.2 to 856.2 percent.
","conferenceTitle":"World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2012","conferenceDate":"Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States","conferenceLocation":"May 20-24, 2012","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/9780784412312.238","collaboration":"FEMA","usgsCitation":"Barth, N.A., and Veilleux, A.G., 2012, Parameter estimation method and updating of regional prediction equations for ungaged sites in the desert region of California, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2012, May 20-24, 2012, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, p. 2356-2366, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412312.238.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2356","endPage":"2366","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034376","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Desert region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.45458984375,\n 37.89219554724437\n ],\n [\n -117.70751953125,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -117.83935546874999,\n 34.69646117272349\n ],\n [\n -116.619873046875,\n 33.742612777346885\n ],\n [\n -115.78491210937501,\n 32.63012300670739\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -114.49951171875,\n 33.02708758002874\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.05471648804276\n ],\n [\n -114.697265625,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -114.730224609375,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -114.6533203125,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 33.568861182555565\n ],\n [\n -114.510498046875,\n 33.815666308702774\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 33.916013113401696\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 34.03445260967645\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -114.19189453125,\n 34.261756524459805\n ],\n [\n -114.136962890625,\n 34.334364487026306\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -114.554443359375,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -114.63134765625001,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -118.41064453125,\n 37.883524980871336\n ],\n [\n -118.45458984375,\n 37.89219554724437\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563ddd42e4b0831b7d6271f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barth, Nancy A. nabarth@usgs.gov","contributorId":3276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"Nancy","email":"nabarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veilleux, Andrea G. aveilleux@usgs.gov","contributorId":4404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veilleux","given":"Andrea","email":"aveilleux@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70191928,"text":"70191928 - 2012 - Origins of mineral deposits, Belt-Purcell Basin, United States and Canada: An introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-30T16:31:08.376241","indexId":"70191928","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origins of mineral deposits, Belt-Purcell Basin, United States and Canada: An introduction","docAbstract":"The fill of the Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell Basin, which straddles the United States-Canada border within the Rocky Mountains of western North America (Fig. 1), consists of marine and nonmarine clastic and carbonate strata 15 to 20 km thick. Three giant metal-producing ore deposits or districts account for the bulk of the known metal endowment within the bounds of the Belt-Purcell Basin: (1) the syndepositional Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in southern British Columbia (total production: Pb, 8.4 million tonnes [Mt]; Zn, 7.9 Mt; Ag, 0.0093 Mt; Lydon, 2000), (2) the mesothermal Pb-Zn-Ag veins of the Coeur d’Alene district in northern Idaho (total production: Pb, 7.5 Mt; Zn, 3.0 Mt; Ag, 0.052 Mt; Long, 1998; post-1997 data from USGS Annual Minerals Yearbooks), and (3) the Cretaceous porphyry copper deposit and associated polymetallic veins in the Butte district in Montana (total resource: Cu, 35 Mt; Zn, 4.6 Mt; Ag, 0.044 Mt; Long et al., 1998). The Sullivan Mine closed in 2001 after more than 92 years of production. Mining of 26 major vein deposits in the Coeur d’Alene district began in the 1880s and peaked about 1950. Production in the Coeur d’Alene district continues today from the Galena and Lucky Friday Mines (the latter closed for 2012 to refurbish the mile-deep vertical access shaft). Mining at Butte began in 1875, with copper production peaking in 1917. Mining continues today in the eastern upfaulted portion of the Butte porphyry copper deposit at the Continental Mine.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.107.6.1081","usgsCitation":"Box, S.E., Bookstrom, A.A., and Anderson, R.G., 2012, Origins of mineral deposits, Belt-Purcell Basin, United States and Canada: An introduction: Economic Geology, v. 107, no. 6, p. 1081-1088, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.6.1081.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1081","endPage":"1088","ipdsId":"IP-035764","costCenters":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349517,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alberta, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Belt-Purcell Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -111.4892578125,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -111.4892578125,\n 50.62507306341435\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 50.62507306341435\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 45.85941212790755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6105a1e4b06e28e9c25587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Box, Stephen E. 0000-0002-5268-8375 sbox@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-8375","contributorId":1843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"Stephen","email":"sbox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bookstrom, Arthur A. 0000-0003-1336-3364 abookstrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-3364","contributorId":1542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookstrom","given":"Arthur","email":"abookstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":713742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Robert G.","contributorId":197569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":713744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70159358,"text":"70159358 - 2012 - Maximizing the utility of monitoring to the adaptive management of natural resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T15:36:09.17483","indexId":"70159358","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Maximizing the utility of monitoring to the adaptive management of natural resources","docAbstract":"Data collection is an important step in any investigation about the structure or processes related to a natural system. In a purely scientific investigation (experiments, quasi-experiments, observational studies), data collection is part of the scientific method, preceded by the identification of hypotheses and the design of any manipulations of the system to test those hypotheses. Data collection and the manipulations that precede it are ideally designed to maximize the information that is derived from the study. That is, such investigations should be designed for maximum power to evaluate the relative validity of the hypotheses posed. When data collection is intended to inform the management of ecological systems, we call it monitoring. Note that our definition of monitoring encompasses a broader range of data-collection efforts than some alternative definitions – e.g. Chapter 3. The purpose of monitoring as we use the term can vary, from surveillance or “thumb on the pulse” monitoring (see Nichols and Williams 2006), intended to detect changes in a system due to any non-specified source (e.g. the North American Breeding Bird Survey), to very specific and targeted monitoring of the results of specific management actions (e.g. banding and aerial survey efforts related to North American waterfowl harvest management). Although a role of surveillance monitoring is to detect unanticipated changes in a system, the same result is possible from a collection of targeted monitoring programs distributed across the same spatial range (Box 4.1). In the face of limited budgets and many specific management questions, tying monitoring as closely as possible to management needs is warranted (Nichols and Williams 2006). Adaptive resource management (ARM; Walters 1986, Williams 1997, Kendall 2001, Moore and Conroy 2006, McCarthy and Possingham 2007, Conroy et al. 2008a) provides a context and specific purpose for monitoring: to evaluate decisions with respect to achievement of specific management objectives; and to evaluate the relative validity of predictive system models. This latter purpose is analogous to the role of data collection within the scientific method, in a research context.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge; New York","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139022422.007","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W.L., and Moore, C., 2012, Maximizing the utility of monitoring to the adaptive management of natural resources, chap. of Design and analysis of long-term ecological monitoring studies, p. 74-98, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139022422.007.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"98","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-028880","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562a08d8e4b011227bf1fd8a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gitzen, Robert A.","contributorId":75498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gitzen","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578197,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Andrew B.","contributorId":112048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578198,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Millspaugh, Joshua J.","contributorId":11141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millspaugh","given":"Joshua J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578199,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Licht, Daniel S.","contributorId":113213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Licht","given":"Daniel S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578200,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, William L. wkendall@usgs.gov","contributorId":406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"William","email":"wkendall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":578195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Clinton T.","contributorId":9767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Clinton T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70191252,"text":"70191252 - 2012 - Strata-bound Fe-Co-Cu-Au-Bi-Y-REE deposits of the Idaho Cobalt Belt: Multistage hydrothermal mineralization in a magmatic-related iron oxide copper-gold system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-02T16:37:55","indexId":"70191252","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strata-bound Fe-Co-Cu-Au-Bi-Y-REE deposits of the Idaho Cobalt Belt: Multistage hydrothermal mineralization in a magmatic-related iron oxide copper-gold system","docAbstract":"Mineralogical and geochemical studies of strata-bound Fe-Co-Cu-Au-Bi-Y-rare-earth element (REE) deposits of the Idaho cobalt belt in east-central Idaho provide evidence of multistage epigenetic mineralization by magmatic-hydrothermal processes in an iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) system. Deposits of the Idaho cobalt belt comprise three types: (1) strata-bound sulfide lenses in the Blackbird district, which are cobaltite and, less commonly, chalcopyrite rich with locally abundant gold, native bismuth, bismuthinite, xenotime, allanite, monazite, and the Be-rich silicate gadolinite-(Y), with sparse uraninite, stannite, and Bi tellurides, in a gangue of quartz, chlorite, biotite, muscovite, garnet, tourmaline, chloritoid, and/or siderite, with locally abundant fluorapatite or magnetite; (2) discordant tourmalinized breccias in the Blackbird district that in places have concentrations of cobaltite, chalcopyrite, gold, and xenotime; and (3) strata-bound magnetite-rich lenses in the Iron Creek area, which contain cobaltiferous pyrite and locally sparse chalcopyrite or xenotime. Most sulfide-rich deposits in the Blackbird district are enclosed by strata-bound lenses composed mainly of Cl-rich Fe biotite; some deposits have quartz-rich envelopes.
Whole-rock analyses of 48 Co- and/or Cu-rich samples show high concentrations of Au (up to 26.8 ppm), Bi (up to 9.16 wt %), Y (up to 0.83 wt %), ∑REEs (up to 2.56 wt %), Ni (up to 6,780 ppm), and Be (up to 1,180 ppm), with locally elevated U (up to 124 ppm) and Sn (up to 133 ppm); Zn and Pb contents are uniformly low (≤821 and ≤61 ppm, respectively). Varimax factor analysis of bulk compositions of these samples reveals geochemically distinct element groupings that reflect statistical associations of monazite, allanite, and xenotime; biotite and gold; detrital minerals; chalcopyrite and sparse stannite; quartz; and cobaltite with sparse selenides and tellurides. Significantly, Cu is statistically separate from Co and As, consistent with the general lack of abundant chalcopyrite in cobaltite-rich samples.
Paragenetic relations determined by scanning electron microscopy indicate that the earliest Y-REE-Be mineralization preceded deposition of Co, Cu, Au, and Bi. Allanite, xenotime, and gadolinite-(Y) commonly occur as intergrowths with and inclusions in cobaltite; the opposite texture is rare. Monazite, in contrast, forms a poikiloblastic matrix to cobaltite and thin rims on allanite and xenotime, reflecting a later metamorphic paragenesis. Allanite and xenotime also show evidence of late dissolution and reprecipitation, forming discordant rims on older anhedral allanite and xenotime and separate euhedral crystals of each mineral. Textural data suggest extensive deformation of the deposits by folding and shearing, and by pervasive recrystallization, all during Cretaceous metamorphism. Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe U-Pb geochronology by Aleinikoff et al. (2012) supports these paragenetic interpretations, documenting contemporaneous Mesoproterozoic growth of early xenotime and crystallization of megacrystic A-type granite on the northern border of the district. These ages are used together with mineralogical and geochemical data from the present study to support an epigenetic, IOCG model for Fe-Co-Cu-Au-Bi-Y-REE deposits of the Idaho cobalt belt. A sulfide facies variant of IOCG deposits is proposed for the Blackbird district, in which reducing hydrothermal conditions favored deposition of sulfide minerals over iron oxides. This new model includes Mesoproterozoic vein mineralization and related Fe-Cl metasomatism that formed the biotite-rich lenses, a predominantly felsic magmatic source for metals in the deposits, given their local abundance of Y, REEs, and Be, and a major sedimentary component in the hydrothermal fluids based on independent sulfur isotope and boron isotope data for sulfides and ore-related tourmaline, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.107.6.1089","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., 2012, Strata-bound Fe-Co-Cu-Au-Bi-Y-REE deposits of the Idaho Cobalt Belt: Multistage hydrothermal mineralization in a magmatic-related iron oxide copper-gold system: Economic Geology, v. 107, no. 6, p. 1089-1113, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.6.1089.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1113","ipdsId":"IP-030528","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d3502ce4b05fe04cc34d84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70141428,"text":"70141428 - 2012 - Validation of a coupled wave-flow model in a high-energy setting: the mouth of the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T12:54:47","indexId":"70141428","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Validation of a coupled wave-flow model in a high-energy setting: the mouth of the Columbia River","docAbstract":" A monthlong time series of wave, current, salinity, and suspended-sediment measurements was made at five sites on a transect across the Mouth of Columbia River (MCR). These data were used to calibrate and evaluate the performance of a coupled hydrodynamic and wave model for the MCR based on the Delft3D modeling system. The MCR is a dynamic estuary inlet in which tidal currents, river discharge, and wave-driven currents are all important. Model tuning consisted primarily of spatial adjustments to bottom drag coefficients. In combination with (near-) default parameter settings, the MCR model application is able to simulate the dominant features in the tidal flow, salinity and wavefields observed in field measurements. The wave-orbital averaged method for representing the current velocity profile in the wave model is considered the most realistic for the MCR. The hydrodynamic model is particularly effective in reproducing the observed vertical residual and temporal variations in current structure. Density gradients introduce the observed and modeled reversal of the mean flow at the bed and augment mean and peak flow in the upper half of the water column. This implies that sediment transport during calmer summer conditions is controlled by density stratification and is likely net landward due to the reversal of flow near the bed. The correspondence between observed and modeled hydrodynamics makes this application a tool to investigate hydrodynamics and associated sediment transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2012JC008105","usgsCitation":"Elias, E.P., Gelfenbaum, G.R., and van der Westhuysen, A.J., 2012, Validation of a coupled wave-flow model in a high-energy setting: the mouth of the Columbia River: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 117, no. C9, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008105.","productDescription":"21 p.","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042897","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jc008105","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298050,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 46.06560846138691\n ],\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 46.3810438458062\n ],\n [\n -122.8216552734375,\n 46.3810438458062\n ],\n [\n -122.8216552734375,\n 46.06560846138691\n ],\n [\n -124.07958984375001,\n 46.06560846138691\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"117","issue":"C9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54e7173ce4b02d776a66a01d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elias, Edwin P.L.","contributorId":47295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":540763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy R. 0000-0003-1291-6107 ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1291-6107","contributorId":742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","email":"ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van der Westhuysen, Andre J.","contributorId":139312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van der Westhuysen","given":"Andre","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70032476,"text":"70032476 - 2012 - Water utilization of the Cretaceous Mussentuchit Member local vertebrate fauna, Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA: Using oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T17:18:14.687551","indexId":"70032476","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water utilization of the Cretaceous Mussentuchit Member local vertebrate fauna, Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA: Using oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate","docAbstract":"While the oxygen isotopic composition of pedogenic carbonate has successfully been used to address the effects of global climate change on the hydrologic cycle, detailed regional paleohydrologic studies are lacking. Since the hydrologic cycle can vary extensively on local or regional scales due to events such as such as mountain building, and since pedogenic carbonates (calcite) form in a narrow moisture regime, other proxies, such as vertebrate remains, must be used to decipher local versus regional variations in paleohydrology. In this study, the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18Op) of phosphatic remains from a diverse set of vertebrate fossils (fish, turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, and micro-mammals) from the Mussentuchit Member (MM) of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA (Aptian to Cenomanian) are analyzed in order to determine differences among the available water reservoirs and water utilization of each taxon. Calculated changes in water reservoir δ18Ow over time are then used to determine the effects of the incursion of the Western Interior Seaway (WIS) and the Sevier Mountains on paleohydrology during the MM time.
Calculation of δ18Ow from the results of isotopic analysis of phosphate oxygen suggests that turtles and crocodiles serve as another proxy for meteoric water δ18O that can be used as a measure of average local precipitation δ18Ow similar to pedogenic calcite. Pedogenic calcites can be slightly biased toward higher values, however, due to their formation during evaporative conditions. Turtles and crocodiles can be used in place of pedogenic calcite in environments that are not conducive to pedogenic carbonate formation. Remains of fish with rounded tooth morphology have δ18Op values that predict temperatures consistent with other estimates of mean annual temperature for this latitude and time. The δ18Op of ganoid scales and teeth with pointed morphology, however, indicates that these skeletal materials were precipitated from water that is 18O-enriched due to migration to either evaporatively enriched water, or 18O-enriched estuarine waters of the Western Interior Seaway (WIS). Another possibility that cannot be discounted and assuming all morphological remains are from the same taxon, is that the pointed teeth and ganoid scales precipitated at different temperatures than rounded teeth. Mammal and herbivorous dinosaur δ18Op suggests they primarily drank isotopically depleted river water. Co-existence of crocodiles, turtles, and mammals allows for calculation of relative humidity from site to site and these calculations suggest humidity averaged ~ 58% and ranged between ~ 42% and ~ 76%.
The δ18Ow values estimated from semi-aquatic taxa and pedogenic calcite suggest dominance of WIS-derived moisture during their growth. Herbivorous dinosaurs particularly indicate that altitude and catchment effects from the Sevier Mountains are seemingly important for river water δ18Ow in the fall through early spring. These data suggest that temporal changes in the isotopic composition of the MM fauna are produced by the small-scale regressive–transgressive cycles of the WIS.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.10.011","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Suarez, C., Gonzalez, L.A., Ludvigson, G., Cifelli, R., and Tremain, E., 2012, Water utilization of the Cretaceous Mussentuchit Member local vertebrate fauna, Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA: Using oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 313-314, p. 78-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.10.011.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"92","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213662,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.10.011"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Cedar Mountain Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.4512939453125,\n 40.250184183819854\n ],\n [\n -109.0777587890625,\n 40.250184183819854\n ],\n [\n -109.0777587890625,\n 40.79301881008675\n ],\n [\n -109.4512939453125,\n 40.79301881008675\n ],\n [\n -109.4512939453125,\n 40.250184183819854\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"313-314","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bccc4e4b08c986b32dcfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suarez, C.A.","contributorId":80089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suarez","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Luis A.","contributorId":20922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludvigson, G.A.","contributorId":90528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cifelli, R.L.","contributorId":52798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cifelli","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tremain, E.","contributorId":73416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tremain","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":436382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70032499,"text":"70032499 - 2012 - Rapid microsatellite identification from illumina paired-end genomic sequencing in two birds and a snake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T16:46:54.8807","indexId":"70032499","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid microsatellite identification from illumina paired-end genomic sequencing in two birds and a snake","docAbstract":"Identification of microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), can be a time-consuming and costly investment requiring enrichment, cloning, and sequencing of candidate loci. Recently, however, high throughput sequencing (with or without prior enrichment for specific SSR loci) has been utilized to identify SSR loci. The direct “Seq-to-SSR” approach has an advantage over enrichment-based strategies in that it does not require a priori selection of particular motifs, or prior knowledge of genomic SSR content. It has been more expensive per SSR locus recovered, however, particularly for genomes with few SSR loci, such as bird genomes. The longer but relatively more expensive 454 reads have been preferred over less expensive Illumina reads. Here, we use Illumina paired-end sequence data to identify potentially amplifiable SSR loci (PALs) from a snake (the Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus), and directly compare these results to those from 454 data. We also compare the python results to results from Illumina sequencing of two bird genomes (Gunnison Sage-grouse, Centrocercus minimus, and Clark's Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana), which have considerably fewer SSRs than the python. We show that direct Illumina Seq-to-SSR can identify and characterize thousands of potentially amplifiable SSR loci for as little as $10 per sample – a fraction of the cost of 454 sequencing. Given that Illumina Seq-to-SSR is effective, inexpensive, and reliable even for species such as birds that have few SSR loci, it seems that there are now few situations for which prior hybridization is justifiable.
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