The Great Lakes Science Center has conducted daytime nearshore bottom trawl surveys of Lake Superior (15-80 m bathymetric depth zone) each spring since 1978 and an offshore survey (>80 m) since 2011 to provide long-term trends of relative abundance and biomass of the fish community. In 2012, 72 nearshore and 34 offshore stations were sampled with a 12-m Yankee bottom trawl.
\nThe 2012 estimate of lake-wide nearshore fish community biomass was 1.14 kg/ha, second lowest in the 35-year survey history, down from 3.63 kg/ha observed in the 2011 survey. Dominant species in the catch, in order of relative biomass, were bloater, rainbow smelt, lake whitefish, pygmy whitefish, and shortjaw cisco. Compared to 2011 levels, biomass of all species decreased. Year-class strengths for the 2011 cisco and bloater cohorts were well below average and ranked as the second weakest year-classes in the past 35 years. Year-class strength of rainbow smelt was the weakest in the survey record, continuing a decline that began in 2008. As in 2011, densities of hatchery lake trout remained near zero in 2012, while densities of wild (lean) lake trout and siscowet lake trout decreased. Proportions of total lake trout density in 2012 that were hatchery, wild, and siscowet were 5, 74, and 21%, respectively.
\nThe 2012 estimate of lake-wide offshore fish community biomass was 6.9 kg/ha, down from 9.0 kg/ha in 2011. Deepwater sculpin, kiyi, and siscowet lake trout represented 98% of the fish caught in terms of both density and biomass. Community composition, number of species collected and densities and biomass for most species were similar to that observed in 2011.
\nDue to ship mechanical failures, nearshore sampling was delayed from mid-May to mid-June to mid-June to late August. The shift to summer sampling when the lake was stratified may have affected our estimates, thus our estimates of status and trends for the nearshore fish community in 2012 are tentative, pending results of future surveys. However, the results of the 2012 survey are comparable with those during 2009 and 2010 when lake-wide fish biomass declined to < 1.40 kg/ha. Declines in prey fish biomass since the late 1990s can be attributed to a combination of increased predation by recovered lake trout populations and infrequent and weak recruitment by the principal prey fishes, cisco and bloater. In turn declines in lake trout biomass since the mid-2000s are likely linked to declines in prey fish biomass. If lean and siscowet lake trout populations in nearshore waters continue to remain at current levels, predation mortality will likely maintain the relatively low prey fish biomass observed in recent years. Alternatively, if lake trout populations show a substantial decline in abundance in upcoming years, prey fish populations may rebound in a fashion reminiscent to what occurred in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. However, this scenario depends on substantial increases in harvest of lake trout, which seems unlikely given that levels of lake trout harvest have been flat or declining in many regions of Lake Superior since 2000.
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2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T11:58:07","indexId":"ds744","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"744","title":"Summary of suspended-sediment concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 2009","docAbstract":"Suspended-sediment concentration data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in San Francisco Bay during water year 2009 (October 1, 2008–September 30, 2009). Optical sensors and water samples were used to monitor suspended-sediment concentration at two sites in Suisun Bay, one site in San Pablo Bay, two sites in Central San Francisco Bay, and one site in South San Francisco Bay. Sensors were positioned at two depths at most sites to help define the vertical variability of suspended sediments. Water samples were collected periodically and analyzed for concentrations of suspended sediment. The results of the analyses were used to calibrate the output of the optical sensors so that a record of suspended-sediment concentrations could be derived. This report presents the data-collection methods used and summarizes, in graphs, the suspended-sediment concentration data collected from October 2008 through September 2009. Calibration curves and plots of the processed data for each sensor also are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds744","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P.A., and Morgan, T., 2012, Summary of suspended-sediment concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 744, viii, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds744.","productDescription":"viii, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"38","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds744.png"},{"id":269441,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/744/"},{"id":269442,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/744/pdf/ds744.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5946,37.4346 ], [ -122.5946,38.0 ], [ -122.0,38.0 ], [ -122.0,37.4346 ], [ -122.5946,37.4346 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51458658e4b0c47b5d322a6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, Paul A. 0000-0002-4796-4734 buchanan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":1018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Paul","email":"buchanan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, Tara L. 0000-0001-5632-5232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5632-5232","contributorId":29124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Tara L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044631,"text":"ds717 - 2012 - Data from a thick unsaturated zone in Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California, 2007--09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T11:45:04","indexId":"ds717","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"717","title":"Data from a thick unsaturated zone in Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California, 2007--09","docAbstract":"Data were collected on the physical properties of unsaturated alluvial deposits, the chemical composition of leachate extracted from unsaturated alluvial deposits, the chemical and isotopic composition of groundwater and unsaturated-zone water, and the chemical composition of unsaturated-zone gas at four monitoring sites in the southwestern part of the Mojave Desert in the town of Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California. The presence of denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria from unsaturated alluvial deposits was evaluated for two of these monitoring sites that underlie unsewered residential development.\n\nFour unsaturated-zone monitoring sites were installed in the Joshua Tree area—two in an unsewered residential development and two adjacent to a proposed artificial-recharge site in an undeveloped area. The two boreholes in residential development areas were installed by using the ODEX air-hammer method. One borehole was drilled through the unsaturated zone to a depth of 541 ft (feet) below land surface; a well screened across the water table was installed. Groundwater was sampled from this well. The second borehole was drilled to a depth of 81 ft below land surface. Drilling procedures, lithologic and geophysical data, construction details, and instrumentation placed in these boreholes are described. Core material was analyzed for water content, bulk density, matric potential, particle size, and water retention. The leachate from over 500 subsamples of cores and cuttings was analyzed for soluble anions, including fluoride, sulfate, bromide, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphate. Groundwater was analyzed for major ions, inorganic compounds, select trace elements, and isotopic composition. Unsaturated-zone water from suction-cup lysimeters was analyzed for major ions, inorganic compounds, select trace elements, and isotopic composition. Unsaturated-zone gas samples were analyzed for argon, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane, nitrous oxide, and carbon monoxide. Drill cuttings were analyzed for denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria.\n\nOne of the boreholes installed adjacent to the Joshua Basin Water District proposed groundwater-recharge facility was installed by using the ODEX air-hammer method and the other was installed by using a 7.875-inch hollow-stem auger. Drilling procedures, lithologic and geophysical data, construction details, and instrumentation placed in these boreholes are described; however, geochemical data were not available at the time of publication.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds717","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Joshua Basin Water District","usgsCitation":"Burgess, M., Izbicki, J., Teague, N., O’Leary, D.R., Clark, D., and Land, M., 2012, Data from a thick unsaturated zone in Joshua Tree, San Bernardino County, California, 2007--09: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 717, vii, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds717.","productDescription":"vii, 103 p.","numberOfPages":"114","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds717.jpg"},{"id":269439,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/717/"},{"id":269440,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/717/pdf/ds717.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","city":"Joshua Tree","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.351526,34.104018 ], [ -116.351526,34.149356 ], [ -116.290866,34.149356 ], [ -116.290866,34.104018 ], [ -116.351526,34.104018 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5145864fe4b0c47b5d322a67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burgess, Matthew","contributorId":17112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgess","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Izbicki, John 0000-0003-0816-4408","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":91905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Teague, Nicholas 0000-0001-5289-1210","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5289-1210","contributorId":20229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teague","given":"Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Leary, David R. 0000-0001-9888-1739 doleary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-1739","contributorId":2143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"David","email":"doleary@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, Dennis","contributorId":40099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70043106,"text":"70043106 - 2012 - Simulating the effect of climate extremes on groundwater flow through a lakebed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T09:48:42","indexId":"70043106","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the effect of climate extremes on groundwater flow through a lakebed","docAbstract":"Groundwater exchanges with lakes resulting from cyclical wet and dry climate extremes maintain lake levels in the environment in ways that are not well understood, in part because they remain difficult to simulate. To better understand the atypical groundwater interactions with lakes caused by climatic extremes, an original conceptual approach is introduced using MODFLOW-2005 and a kinematic-wave approximation to variably saturated flow that allows lake size and position in the basin to change while accurately representing the daily lake volume and three-dimensional variably saturated groundwater flow responses in the basin. Daily groundwater interactions are simulated for a calibrated lake basin in Florida over a decade that included historic wet and dry departures from the average rainfall. The divergent climate extremes subjected nearly 70% of the maximum lakebed area and 75% of the maximum shoreline perimeter to both groundwater inflow and lake leakage. About half of the lakebed area subject to flow reversals also went dry. A flow-through pattern present for 73% of the decade caused net leakage from the lake 80% of the time. Runoff from the saturated lake margin offset the groundwater deficit only about half of that time. A centripetal flow pattern present for 6% of the decade was important for maintaining the lake stage and generated 30% of all net groundwater inflow. Pumping effects superimposed on dry climate extremes induced the least frequent but most cautionary flow pattern with leakage from over 90% of the actual lakebed area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00969.x","usgsCitation":"Virdi, M.L., Lee, T.M., Swancar, A., and Niswonger, R., 2012, Simulating the effect of climate extremes on groundwater flow through a lakebed: Ground Water, v. 51, no. 2, p. 203-218, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00969.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-012958","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271912,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00969.x"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88,5.555555555555556E-4 ], [ -88,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -79,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -79,5.555555555555556E-4 ], [ -88,5.555555555555556E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518a2279e4b061e1bd5334b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virdi, Makhan L.","contributorId":84246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virdi","given":"Makhan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Terrie M. tmlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Terrie","email":"tmlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swancar, Amy aswancar@usgs.gov","contributorId":450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swancar","given":"Amy","email":"aswancar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G.","contributorId":45402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044356,"text":"ofr20121243 - 2012 - The role of the U.S. Geological Survey in Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting in Illinois, 1984-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T13:01:55","indexId":"ofr20121243","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1243","title":"The role of the U.S. Geological Survey in Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting in Illinois, 1984-2010","docAbstract":"The State of Illinois' annual withdrawl from Lake Michigan is limited by a U.S. Supreme Court decree. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is responsible for monitoring flows in the Chicago area waterway system (CAWS) as part of the Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting (LMDA) overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago District. Every five years, the USGS streamgage practices in the CAWS are reviewed by a committee of practicing engineers and academics to ensure that the best engineering practices are implemented in accordance with the U.S. Supreme Court decree and as part of LMDA. This report provides a perspective on the role of the USGS in LMDA from 1984 to 2010 including the responses to the review committees. Six technical review committees have been convened by the U.S. Corps of Engineers to evaluate the key components of LMDA especially the USGS streamgages within the CAWS. Any changes in streamgaging practices at CAWS gaging stations require detailed analysis to ensure the change will not adversely affect the ability of the USGS to accurately monitor flows.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121243","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-Chicago District","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K.K., Duncker, J.J., and Jackson, P., 2012, The role of the U.S. Geological Survey in Lake Michigan Diversion Accounting in Illinois, 1984-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1243, viii, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121243.","productDescription":"viii, 73 p.","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1984-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1243.jpg"},{"id":268706,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1243/"},{"id":268707,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1243/pdf/ofr2012-1243.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.25,41.5 ], [ -88.25,42.25 ], [ -87.5,42.25 ], [ -87.5,41.5 ], [ -88.25,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5135c26be4b03b8ec4025b34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Kevin K. 0000-0003-2703-5994 johnsonk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-5994","contributorId":4220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kevin","email":"johnsonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncker, James J. 0000-0001-5464-7991 jduncker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-7991","contributorId":4316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James","email":"jduncker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, P. Ryan","contributorId":68571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"P. Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044265,"text":"ofr20121274 - 2012 - Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T10:18:17","indexId":"ofr20121274","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1274","title":"Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries","docAbstract":"As part of a larger investigation into potential effects of climate change on estuarine habitats in the Pacific Northwest, we estimated changes in freshwater inputs into four estuaries: Coquille River estuary, South Slough of Coos Bay, and Yaquina Bay in Oregon, and Willapa Bay in Washington. We used the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) to model watershed hydrological processes under current and future climatic conditions. This model allowed us to explore possible shifts in coastal hydrologic regimes at a range of spatial scales. All modeled watersheds are located in rainfall-dominated coastal areas with relatively insignificant base flow inputs, and their areas vary from 74.3 to 2,747.6 square kilometers. The watersheds also vary in mean elevation, ranging from 147 meters in the Willapa to 1,179 meters in the Coquille. The latitudes of watershed centroids range from 43.037 degrees north latitude in the Coquille River estuary to 46.629 degrees north latitude in Willapa Bay. We calibrated model parameters using historical climate grid data downscaled to one-sixteenth of a degree by the Climate Impacts Group, and historical runoff from sub-watersheds or neighboring watersheds. Nash Sutcliffe efficiency values for daily flows in calibration sub-watersheds ranged from 0.71 to 0.89. After calibration, we forced the PRMS models with four North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program climate models: Canadian Regional Climate Model-(National Center for Atmospheric Research) Community Climate System Model version 3, Canadian Regional Climate Model-Canadian Global Climate Model version 3, Hadley Regional Model version 3-Hadley Centre Climate Model version 3, and Regional Climate Model-Canadian Global Climate Model version 3. These are global climate models (GCMs) downscaled with regional climate models that are embedded within the GCMs, and all use the A2 carbon emission scenario developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. With these climate-forcing outputs, we derived the mean change in flow from the period encompassing the 1980s (1971-1995) to the period encompassing the 2050s (2041-2065). Specifically, we calculated percent change in mean monthly flow rate, coefficient of variation, top 5 percent of flow, and 7-day low flow. The trends with the most agreement among climate models and among watersheds were increases in autumn mean monthly flows, especially in October and November, decreases in summer monthly mean flow, and increases in the top 5 percent of flow. We also estimated variance in PRMS outputs owing to parameter uncertainty and the selection of climate model using Latin hypercube sampling. This analysis showed that PRMS low-flow simulations are more uncertain than medium or high flow simulations, and that variation among climate models was a larger source of uncertainty than the hydrological model parameters. These results improve our understanding of how climate change may affect the saltwater-freshwater balance in Pacific Northwest estuaries, with implications for their sensitive ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121274","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Steele, M.O., Chang, H., Reusser, D.A., Brown, C.A., and Jung, I., 2012, Potential climate-induced runoff changes and associated uncertainty in four Pacific Northwest estuaries: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1274, Report: ix, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121274.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1274.jpg"},{"id":268610,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1274/index.html"},{"id":268611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1274/pdf/ofr2012-1274.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.61,41.99 ], [ -124.61,47.26 ], [ -122.0,47.26 ], [ -122.0,41.99 ], [ -124.61,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5131cdf1e4b0140546f53bad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, Madeline O.","contributorId":19048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Madeline","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, Heejun","contributorId":14705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Heejun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reusser, Deborah A. dreusser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reusser","given":"Deborah","email":"dreusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Cheryl A.","contributorId":69284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jung, Il-Won","contributorId":38865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"Il-Won","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70044061,"text":"sir20125228 - 2012 - Organic contaminants, trace and major elements, and nutrients in water and sediment sampled in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T14:33:22","indexId":"sir20125228","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5228","title":"Organic contaminants, trace and major elements, and nutrients in water and sediment sampled in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill","docAbstract":"Beach water and sediment samples were collected along the Gulf of Mexico coast to assess differences in contaminant concentrations before and after landfall of Macondo-1 well oil released into the Gulf of Mexico from the sinking of the British Petroleum Corporation's Deepwater Horizon drilling platform. Samples were collected at 70 coastal sites between May 7 and July 7, 2010, to document baseline, or \"pre-landfall\" conditions. A subset of 48 sites was resampled during October 4 to 14, 2010, after oil had made landfall on the Gulf of Mexico coast, called the \"post-landfall\" sampling period, to determine if actionable concentrations of oil were present along shorelines. Few organic contaminants were detected in water; their detection frequencies generally were low and similar in pre-landfall and post-landfall samples. Only one organic contaminant--toluene--had significantly higher concentrations in post-landfall than pre-landfall water samples. No water samples exceeded any human-health benchmarks, and only one post-landfall water sample exceeded an aquatic-life benchmark--the toxic-unit benchmark for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) mixtures. In sediment, concentrations of 3 parent PAHs and 17 alkylated PAH groups were significantly higher in post-landfall samples than pre-landfall samples. One pre-landfall sample from Texas exceeded the sediment toxic-unit benchmark for PAH mixtures; this site was not sampled during the post-landfall period. Empirical upper screening-value benchmarks for PAHs in sediment were exceeded at 37 percent of post-landfall samples and 22 percent of pre-landfall samples, but there was no significant difference in the proportion of samples exceeding benchmarks between paired pre-landfall and post-landfall samples. Seven sites had the largest concentration differences between post-landfall and pre-landfall samples for 15 alkylated PAHs. Five of these seven sites, located in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, had diagnostic geochemical evidence of Macondo-1 oil in post-landfall sediments and tarballs. For trace and major elements in water, analytical reporting levels for several elements were high and variable. No human-health benchmarks were exceeded, although these were available for only two elements. Aquatic-life benchmarks for trace elements were exceeded in 47 percent of water samples overall. The elements responsible for the most exceedances in post-landfall samples were boron, copper, and manganese. Benchmark exceedances in water could be substantially underestimated because some samples had reporting levels higher than the applicable benchmarks (such as cobalt, copper, lead and zinc) and some elements (such as boron and vanadium) were analyzed in samples from only one sampling period. For trace elements in whole sediment, empirical upper screening-value benchmarks were exceeded in 57 percent of post-landfall samples and 40 percent of pre-landfall samples, but there was no significant difference in the proportion of samples exceeding benchmarks between paired pre-landfall and post-landfall samples. Benchmark exceedance frequencies could be conservatively high because they are based on measurements of total trace-element concentrations in sediment. In the less than 63-micrometer sediment fraction, one or more trace or major elements were anthropogenically enriched relative to national baseline values for U.S. streams for all sediment samples except one. Sixteen percent of sediment samples exceeded upper screening-value benchmarks for, and were enriched in, one or more of the following elements: barium, vanadium, aluminum, manganese, arsenic, chromium, and cobalt. These samples were evenly divided between the sampling periods. Aquatic-life benchmarks were frequently exceeded along the Gulf of Mexico coast by trace elements in both water and sediment and by PAHs in sediment. For the most part, however, significant differences between pre-landfall and post-landfall samples were limited to concentrations of PAHs in sediment. At five sites along the coast, the higher post-landfall concentrations of PAHs were associated with diagnostic geochemical evidence of Deepwater Horizon Macondo-1 oil.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125228","usgsCitation":"Nowell, L.H., Ludtke, A.S., Mueller, D.K., and Scott, J.C., 2012, Organic contaminants, trace and major elements, and nutrients in water and sediment sampled in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5228, Report: x, 96 p.; 5 Tables; 17 Appendices , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125228.","productDescription":"Report: x, 96 p.; 5 Tables; 17 Appendices ","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268297,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5228/pdf/sir20125228_app1_refs.pdf","text":"Appendix 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A.","contributorId":48820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heginbottom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Brown, Jerry","contributorId":344742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Jerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Humlum, Ole","contributorId":344743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humlum","given":"Ole","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Svensson, Harald","contributorId":344744,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Svensson","given":"Harald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Foley, Kevin M. 0000-0003-1013-462X kfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-462X","contributorId":2543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Kevin","email":"kfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":914631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":70043263,"text":"ofr20121264 - 2012 - Coastal circulation and sediment dynamics in Pelekane and Kawaihae Bays, Hawaii--measurements of waves, currents, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and geochronology: November 2010--March 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-09T17:49:05","indexId":"ofr20121264","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1264","title":"Coastal circulation and sediment dynamics in Pelekane and Kawaihae Bays, Hawaii--measurements of waves, currents, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and geochronology: November 2010--March 2011","docAbstract":"Coral reef communities on the Island of Hawaii have been heavily affected by the construction of Kawaihae Harbor in the 1950s and by subsequent changes in land use in the adjacent watershed. Sedimentation and other forms of land-based pollution have led to declines in water quality and coral reef health over the past two decades (Tissot, 1998). Erosion mitigation efforts are underway on land, and there is a need to evaluate the impact of these actions on the adjacent coastal ecosystem. The Kohala Center and Kohala Watershed Partnership was awarded $2.69 million from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Restoration Center as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to stabilize soil and improve land-use practices in the Pelekane Bay watershed. The grant allowed the Kohala Watershed Partnership to implement various upland watershed management activities to reduce land-based sources of pollution into Pelekane Bay. However, a number of questions must be answered in order to: (1) evaluate the effectiveness of the terrestrial watershed remediation efforts; (2) understand the potential of the local marine ecosystem to recover; and (3) understand the potential threat that existing mud deposits in the bay pose to adjacent, relatively pristine coral reef ecosystems. The goal of this experiment was to help address these questions and establish a framework to evaluate the success of the Kohala Watershed Partnership restoration efforts. This research program will also provide resource managers with information relevant to other watershed restoration efforts currently being planned in neighboring watersheds. This project involved an interdisciplinary team of coral reef biologists from the University of Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program, who focused on the impact of sedimentation on the biota of Pelekane Bay, and a team of geologists and oceanographers from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), who focused on the circulation and sediment dynamics in Pelekane and Kawaihae Bays. The initial findings from the USGS research program are described in this report. These measurements support the ongoing studies being conducted as part of the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program’s Pacific Coral Reef Project to better understand the effect of geologic and oceanographic processes on coral reef systems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121264","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., Field, M.E., Presto, M., Swarzenski, P.W., Logan, J., Reiss, T.E., Elfers, T.C., Cochran, S., Torresan, M.E., and Chezar, H., 2012, Coastal circulation and sediment dynamics in Pelekane and Kawaihae Bays, Hawaii--measurements of waves, currents, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and geochronology: November 2010--March 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1264, vi, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121264.","productDescription":"vi, 104 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"111","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-11-01","temporalEnd":"2011-05-01","ipdsId":"IP-038954","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1264.jpg"},{"id":267154,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1264/"},{"id":267155,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1264/pdf/of2012-1264.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Pelekane Bay;Kawaihae Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -178.3,18.9 ], [ -178.3,28.4 ], [ -154.8,28.4 ], [ -154.8,18.9 ], [ -178.3,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51176fe2e4b0893acf3fff94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, Curt D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":77889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"Curt D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Presto, M. Katherine","contributorId":30192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presto","given":"M. Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swarzenski, Peter W. 0000-0003-0116-0578 pswarzen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":1070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"Peter","email":"pswarzen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Logan, Joshua B.","contributorId":34470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Joshua B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reiss, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0388-7076 treiss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0388-7076","contributorId":4149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiss","given":"Thomas","email":"treiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":473260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Elfers, Timothy C. telfers@usgs.gov","contributorId":5977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elfers","given":"Timothy","email":"telfers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":473262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cochran, Susan A.","contributorId":27533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Susan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Torresan, Michael E. mtorresan@usgs.gov","contributorId":4392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torresan","given":"Michael","email":"mtorresan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":473261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Chezar, Hank","contributorId":49835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chezar","given":"Hank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70043235,"text":"ofr20121221 - 2012 - Monitoring of endangered Roanoke logperch (Percina rex) in Smith River upstream from the Philpott Reservoir on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers property near Martinsville, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T12:22:50","indexId":"ofr20121221","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1221","title":"Monitoring of endangered Roanoke logperch (Percina rex) in Smith River upstream from the Philpott Reservoir on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers property near Martinsville, Virginia","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study was to continue annual monitoring of Roanoke logperch (Percina rex), an endangered fish, in the Smith River immediately upstream from Philpott Reservoir. This river reach is owned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), which must ensure that appropriate actions are undertaken to aid in recovery of logperch. Monitoring of fish abundance and habitat conditions provides a means for assessing the species’ status and its responses to USACE management actions. The Roanoke logperch is a large darter (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) endemic to the Roanoke, Dan, and Nottoway River basins of Virginia and North Carolina, where it occupies third- to sixth-order streams containing relatively silt-free substrate (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). Because of its rarity, small range, and vulnerability to siltation, the Roanoke logperch was listed in 1989 as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) (U.S. Federal Register 54:34468-34472). Within the Dan basin, Roanoke logperch have long been known to occupy the Smith River and one of its largest tributaries, Town Creek (Jenkins and Burkhead, 1994). Logperch also recently were discovered in other tributaries of the Dan River, including North Carolina segments of the Mayo River, Cascade Creek, Big Beaver Island Creek, Wolf Island Creek (William Hester, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, personal commun., 2012). Within the Smith River, Roanoke logperch are present both upstream and downstream from Philpott Reservoir, a hydroelectric and water storage project owned and operated by the USACE. Although logperch have not been observed in the reservoir itself, the species is relatively abundant in a free-flowing, ≈ 2.5-km-long segment of Smith River upstream from the reservoir on USACE property (Lahey and Angermeier, 2006). This segment is bounded on the downstream end by the lentic conditions of the reservoir and on the upstream end by White Falls, a natural waterfall that presumably allows fish passage during all but the lowest streamflow (Roberts and Angermeier, 2009). The ESA stipulates that USACE must ensure that its actions do not jeopardize Roanoke logperch and ensure that appropriate actions are taken to aid in the recovery of Roanoke logperch. USACE recognized that additional information was needed to assess compliance with these stipulations, including data on baseline population levels, habitat availability, and potential threats to the species on USACE property. USACE therefore contracted with Virginia Tech (VT) and the U.S. Geological Survey via the Virginia Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit (VCFWRU) to continue ecological monitoring that was initiated in a pilot study in 2005 (Lahey and Angermeier, 2006). The VCFWRU is jointly sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia Tech, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, and Wildlife Management Institute. This final report summarizes results of biological monitoring performed by VT and the VCFWRU in 2011, and compares these data to data collected during 2006–2010 (Roberts and Angermeier, 2011). Where appropriate, a comparison was made to data on Roanoke logperch collected previously in the study reach (Lahey and Angermeier, 2006) and in the upper Roanoke River (Roberts and Angermeier, 2011). This work was performed under the auspices of VT’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocol 11-035-FIW. Specifically, the following objectives were addressed: * Estimate population density of Roanoke logperch on USACE property; * Measure and map by suitability class the distribution of habitat suitable for Roanoke logperch in the project area; * Assess water quality relative to Roanoke logperch habitat in the project area; * Use the data on logperch abundance, habitat suitability, and water quality to test the general validity of correlates of logperch abundance from other locations; * Identify opportunities and threats related to protecting and enhancing Roanoke logperch habitat; and * Provide suggestions on the necessity and scale of future studies and monitoring related to logperch in and near USACE waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District","usgsCitation":"Roberts, J.H., and Angermeier, P.L., 2012, Monitoring of endangered Roanoke logperch (Percina rex) in Smith River upstream from the Philpott Reservoir on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers property near Martinsville, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1221, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121221.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1221.gif"},{"id":267140,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1221/"},{"id":267141,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1221/pdf/ofr2012-1221.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Martinsville","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.904077,36.643805 ], [ -79.904077,36.715337 ], [ -79.826259,36.715337 ], [ -79.826259,36.643805 ], [ -79.904077,36.643805 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5114cd07e4b0ca7af0743ae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, James H.","contributorId":83811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, Paul L. biota@usgs.gov","contributorId":1432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"Paul","email":"biota@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":613,"text":"Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":473206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043117,"text":"sir20125261 - 2012 - Groundwater status and trends for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-15T14:12:20.392543","indexId":"sir20125261","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5261","title":"Groundwater status and trends for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho","docAbstract":"Well information and groundwater-level measurements for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, were compiled from data provided by the U.S. Geological Survey and seven other organizations. From the full set of about 60,000 wells and 450,000 water-level measurements a subset of 761 wells within the aquifers of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) then was used to develop a simple linear groundwater-level trend map for 1968–2009. The mean of the trends was a decline of 1.9 feet per year (ft/yr), with 72 percent of the water levels in wells declining. Rates of declines greater than 1.0 ft/yr were measured in 50 percent of wells, declines greater than 2.0 ft/yr in 38 percent of wells, declines greater than 4.0 ft/yr in 29 percent of wells, and declines greater than 8.0 ft/yr in 4 percent of wells. Water-level data were used to identify groups of wells with similar hydraulic heads and temporal trends to delineate areas of overall similar groundwater conditions. Discontinuities in hydraulic head between well groups were used to help infer the presence of barriers to groundwater flow such as changes in lithology or the occurrence of folds and faults. In areas without flow barriers, dissimilarities in response of well groups over time resulted from the formation of groundwater mounds caused by recharge from irrigation or regions of decline caused by pumping. The areas of focus for this analysis included the Umatilla area, Oregon, and the Palouse Slope/eastern Yakima Fold Belt in the Columbia Basin Ground Water Management Area (GWMA) consisting of Adams, Franklin, Grant, and Lincoln Counties, Washington. In the Umatilla area, water levels from 286 wells were used to identify multiple areas of high hydraulic gradient that indicate vertical and horizontal barriers to groundwater flow. These barriers divide the groundwater-flow system into several compartments with varying degrees of interconnection. Horizontal flow barriers commonly correspond to mapped geologic structure and result in horizontal hydraulic gradients that progressively become steeper from north to south corresponding to an increase in structural complexity that may be impeding recharge from the uplands into the heavily developed areas. Most CRBG aquifers in the Umatilla area are declining and since 1970, cumulative declines range from about 100 to 300 feet. Significant vertical hydraulic gradients are documented for relatively small areas near Umatilla, and since the 1970s, downward vertical gradients in these areas have been increasing as hydraulic heads in the deeper units have declined. The absence of vertical gradients over much of the area may be a consequence of flow through commingling wells that results in the equilibration of the heads between aquifers. On the Palouse Slope in the central GWMA, large groundwater declines occurred during 1968–2009 along a north-south swath in the middle of the region. An analysis of 1,195 wells along major flow paths and through the area of persistent groundwater-level declines indicates that barriers to flow are not as evident in this area as in Umatilla. This is consistent with the geologic interpretation of the Palouse Slope as being a gently folded structure created by voluminous sheet flows of CRBG lavas. Groundwater discharge into the sediment-filled coulees, where the upper aquifers are intersected at land surface by incised canyons, is proposed as an alternative to explain local steepening of the hydraulic gradient along the Palouse Slope previously attributed to the presence of a groundwater dam. Comparison of generalized potentiometric surface maps developed for pre-development conditions and post-2000 conditions indicate that pre-development groundwater flow was from the uplands toward the Columbia and Snake River and that post-2000 flow patterns in the area are controlled by irrigation practices that have resulted in broad regions of elevated or depressed hydraulic head. In some cases, irrigation-related changes in head have reversed groundwater flow directions. Evidence of significant vertical hydraulic gradients exists, although much of the aquifer thickness is affected by commingling of wells. The effect of commingling and its relative contribution to problems related to groundwater-level declines remains unclear.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125261","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program and prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Water Resources Department","usgsCitation":"Burns, E., Snyder, D.T., Haynes, J.V., and Waibel, M.S., 2012, Groundwater status and trends for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5261, Report: viii, 52 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125261.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 52 p.; Data Release","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029168","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267011,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5261.jpg"},{"id":267010,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5261/pdf/sir2012-5261.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":267009,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5261/"},{"id":376359,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q53DOD","text":"Data release","description":"Data Release","linkHelpText":"Wells and water levels used in the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System Study, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington, Oregon, Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.7857,42.0 ], [ -124.7857,49.0 ], [ -111.0,49.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -124.7857,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"511229fbe4b0ebe69d7eb600","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":84802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick R.","affiliations":[{"id":310,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haynes, Jonathan V. 0000-0001-6530-6252 jhaynes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6530-6252","contributorId":3113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhaynes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waibel, Michael S.","contributorId":19984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waibel","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70043059,"text":"sir20125250 - 2012 - Total nitrogen and suspended-sediment loads and identification of suspended-sediment sources in the Laurel Hill Creek watershed, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, water years 2010-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-01T15:24:40","indexId":"sir20125250","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5250","title":"Total nitrogen and suspended-sediment loads and identification of suspended-sediment sources in the Laurel Hill Creek watershed, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, water years 2010-11","docAbstract":"Laurel Hill Creek is a watershed of 125 square miles located mostly in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, with small areas extending into Fayette and Westmoreland Counties. The upper part of the watershed is on the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection 303(d) list of impaired streams because of siltation, nutrients, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the annual sediment load, (2) estimate the annual nitrogen load, and (3) identify the major sources of fine-grained sediment using the sediment-fingerprinting approach. This study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was done in cooperation with the Somerset County Conservation District. Discharge, suspended-sediment, and nutrient data were collected at two streamflow-gaging stations—Laurel Hill Creek near Bakersville, Pa., (station 03079600) and Laurel Hill Creek at Ursina, Pa., (station 03080000)—and one ungaged stream site, Laurel Hill Creek below Laurel Hill Creek Lake at Trent (station 03079655). Concentrations of nutrients generally were low. Concentrations of ammonia were less than 0.2 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and concentrations of phosphorus were less than 0.3 mg/L. Most concentrations of phosphorus were less than the detection limit of 0.02 mg/L. Most water samples had concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite less than 1.0 mg/L. At the Bakersville station, concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 0.63 to 1.3 mg/L in base-flow samples and from 0.57 to 1.5 mg/L in storm composite samples. Median concentrations were 0.88 mg/L in base-flow samples and 1.2 mg/L in storm composite samples. At the Ursina station, concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 0.25 to 0.92 mg/L in base-flow samples; the median concentration was 0.57 mg/L. The estimated total nitrogen load at the Bakersville station was 262 pounds (lb) for 11 months of the 2010 water year (November 2009 to September 2010) and 266 lb for the 2011 water year. Most of the total nitrogen loading was from stormflows. The stormflow load accounted for 76.6 percent of the total load for the 2010 water year and 80.6 percent of the total load for the 2011 water year. The estimated monthly total nitrogen loads were higher during the winter and spring (December through May) than during the summer (June through August). For the Bakersville station, the estimated suspended-sediment load (SSL) was 17,700 tons for 11 months of the 2010 water year (November 2009 to September 2010). The storm beginning January 24, 2010, provided 34.4 percent of the annual SSL, and the storm beginning March 10, 2010, provided 31.9 percent of the annual SSL. Together, these two winter storms provided 66 percent of the annual SSL for the 2010 water year. For the 2011 water year, the estimated annual SSL was 13,500 tons. For the 2011 water year, the SSLs were more evenly divided among storms than for the 2010 water year. Seven of 37 storms with the highest SSLs provided a total of 65.7 percent of the annual SSL for the 2011 water year; each storm provided from 4.6 to 12.3 percent of the annual SSL. The highest cumulative SSL for the 2010 and 2011 water years generally occurred during the late winter. Stormflows with the highest peak discharges generally carried the highest SSL. The sediment-fingerprinting approach was used to quantify sources of fine-grained suspended sediment in the watershed draining to the Laurel Hill Creek near Bakersville streamflow-gaging station. Sediment source samples were collected from five source types: 20 from cropland, 9 from pasture, 18 from forested areas, 20 from unpaved roads, and 23 from streambanks. At the Bakersville station, 10 suspended-sediment samples were collected during 6 storms for sediment-source analysis. Thirty-five tracers from elemental analysis and 4 tracers from stable isotope analysis were used to fingerprint the source of sediment for the 10 storm samples. Statistical analysis determined that cropland and pasture could not be discriminated by the set of tracers and were combined into one source group—agriculture. Stepwise discriminant function analysis determined that 11 tracers best described the 4 sources. An \"unmixing\" model applied to the 11 tracers showed that agricultural land (cropland and pasture) was the major source of sediment, contributing an average of 53 percent of the sediment for the 10 storm samples. Streambanks, unpaved roads, and forest contributions for the 10 storm samples averaged 30, 17, and 0 percent, respectively. Agriculture was the major contributor of sediment during the highest sampled stormflows. The highest stormflows also produced the highest total nitrogen and suspended-sediment loads.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125250","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Somerset County Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Gellis, A., and Galeone, D.G., 2012, Total nitrogen and suspended-sediment loads and identification of suspended-sediment sources in the Laurel Hill Creek watershed, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, water years 2010-11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5250, viii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125250.","productDescription":"viii, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2009-10-01","temporalEnd":"2011-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5250.png"},{"id":266900,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5250/support/sir2012-5250-appendix4.xlsx"},{"id":266901,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5250/support/sir2012-5250-appendix5.xlsx"},{"id":266898,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5250/"},{"id":266899,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5250/support/sir2012-5250.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Fayette;Somerset","city":"Bakersville;Trent;Ursina","otherGeospatial":"Laurel Hill Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.416667,39.8 ], [ -79.416667,40.116667 ], [ -79.116667,40.116667 ], [ -79.116667,39.8 ], [ -79.416667,39.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"510ce3f0e4b0ae2ee50d95ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gellis, Allen C. 0000-0002-3449-2889 agellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-2889","contributorId":1709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"Allen C.","email":"agellis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galeone, Daniel G. 0000-0002-8007-9278 dgaleone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-9278","contributorId":2301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galeone","given":"Daniel","email":"dgaleone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042449,"text":"70042449 - 2012 - Recent and historic sediment dynamics along Difficult Run, a suburban Virginia Piedmont stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T16:19:55.230557","indexId":"70042449","displayToPublicDate":"2013-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent and historic sediment dynamics along Difficult Run, a suburban Virginia Piedmont stream","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment is one of the major concerns regarding the quality of water entering the Chesapeake Bay. Some of the highest suspended-sediment concentrations occur on Piedmont streams, including Difficult Run, a tributary of the Potomac River draining urban and suburban parts of northern Virginia. Accurate information on catchment level sediment budgets is rare and difficult to determine. Further, the sediment trapping portion of sediment budget represents an important ecosystem service that profoundly affects downstream water quality. Our objectives, with special reference to human alterations to the landscape, include the documentation and estimation of floodplain sediment trapping (present and historic) and bank erosion along an urbanized Piedmont stream, the construction of a preliminary sediment balance, and the estimation of legacy sediment and recent development impacts. We used white feldspar markers to measure floodplain sedimentation rates and steel pins to measure erosion rates on floodplains and banks, respectively. Additional data were collected for/from legacy sediment thickness and characteristics, mill pond impacts, stream gaging station records, topographic surveying, and sediment density, texture, and organic content. Data were analyzed using GIS and various statistical programs. Results are interpreted relative to stream equilibrium affected by both post-colonial bottomland sedimentation (legacy) and modern watershed hardening associated with urbanization. Six floodplain/channel sites, from high to low in the watershed, were selected for intensive study. Bank erosion ranges from 0 to 470 kg/m/y and floodplain sedimentation ranges from 18 to 1369 kg/m/y (m refers to meters of stream reach). Upstream reaches are net erosional, while downstream reaches have a distinctly net depositional flux providing a watershed sediment balance of 2184 kg/m/y trapped within the system. The amounts of both deposition and erosion are large and suggest nonequilibrium channel conditions. Both peak discharge and number of peaks above base have substantially increased since the mid-1960s when urbanization of the watershed began. Deposition patterns are most closely correlated with channel gradient, sinuosity, and channel width/floodplain width for recent and historic periods. The substantial amounts of fine grained sediment deposited on the floodplain over the past two centuries or so do not appear to be closely related to historic mill pond presence or location. The floodplain continues to provide the critical ecosystem service of sediment trapping in the face of multiple human alterations. Trends in sediment deposition/erosion may react rapidly to land use practices within the watershed and offer a valuable barometer of the effects of management actions.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.007","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C.R., Noe, G., Schenk, E.R., and Benthem, A.J., 2012, Recent and historic sediment dynamics along Difficult Run, a suburban Virginia Piedmont stream: Geomorphology, v. 180-181, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.007.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-039432","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268541,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265421,"rank":1,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.007"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.293804,38.943012 ], [ -77.293804,38.962448 ], [ -77.287886,38.962448 ], [ -77.287886,38.943012 ], [ -77.293804,38.943012 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"180-181","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51308a98e4b04c194073ae37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noe, Gregory B. 0000-0002-6661-2646 gnoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-2646","contributorId":2332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory","email":"gnoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schenk, Edward R. 0000-0001-6886-5754 eschenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-5754","contributorId":2183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Edward","email":"eschenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benthem, Adam J. 0000-0003-2372-0281 abenthem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-0281","contributorId":2740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benthem","given":"Adam","email":"abenthem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042986,"text":"cir13815 - 2012 - Wildlife and biological resources: Chapter 5 in A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-06T14:51:22","indexId":"cir13815","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1381-5","title":"Wildlife and biological resources: Chapter 5 in A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave","docAbstract":"The creation of Lakes Mead and Mohave drastically changed habitats originally found along their region of the historical Colorado River. While still continuing to provide habitat conditions that support a rich diversity of species within the water, along shorelines, and in adjacent drainage areas, the reservoirs contain organisms that are both native and non-native to the Colorado River drainage (fig. 5-1). The diversity of species within these lakes continues to change with time due to changing habitat conditions, the invasion of non-native species, and extirpations of native species. From the bottom of the food web to the top predators, all organisms within the ecosystem are interconnected in food webs or food-chain networks. As non-native invasive species continue to be introduced into the lakes, alterations to the food web, species competition, and species predation likely will continue to change the ecosystem and populations of native organisms. Following an overview of the food web, this chapter summarizes information on aquatic and aquatic-dependent wildlife at Lakes Mead and Mohave and their relationships within the food web from members of lower trophic levels to the highest: phytoplankton, invertebrates, including zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates; fishes; and birds. The following sections describe the biological diversity, limiting factors, and ecological functions of these groups in Lake Mead, and to a lesser extent, in Lake Mohave.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave (CIR 1381)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13815","collaboration":"This report is Chapter 5 in A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave. For more information, see: Circular 1381","usgsCitation":"Chandra, S., Abella, S.R., Albrecht, B.A., Barnes, J., Engel, E.C., Goodbred, S.L., Holden, P.B., Kegerries, R.B., Jaeger, J., Orsak, E., Rosen, M.R., Sjöberg, J., and Wong, W., 2012, Wildlife and biological resources: Chapter 5 in A synthesis of aquatic science for management of Lakes Mead and Mohave: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1381-5, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13815.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1381_5.jpg"},{"id":266736,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1381/"},{"id":266737,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1381/pdf/circ1381.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Mead National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.92,35.17 ], [ -114.92,36.59 ], [ -113.14,36.59 ], [ -113.14,35.17 ], [ -114.92,35.17 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5108ef7ae4b0d965cd9f22dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chandra, Sudeep","contributorId":33195,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chandra","given":"Sudeep","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":472742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abella, Scott R.","contributorId":103940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abella","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Albrecht, Brandon A.","contributorId":37613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albrecht","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, Joseph G.","contributorId":43646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Joseph G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Engel, E. Cayenne","contributorId":70264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Cayenne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goodbred, Steven L. sgoodbred@usgs.gov","contributorId":497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodbred","given":"Steven","email":"sgoodbred@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":472741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holden, Paul B.","contributorId":48180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holden","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kegerries, Ron B.","contributorId":55302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kegerries","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jaeger, Jef R.","contributorId":52855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Jef R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Orsak, Erik","contributorId":92763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orsak","given":"Erik","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R. 0000-0003-3991-0522 mrosen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0522","contributorId":495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"mrosen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sjöberg, Jon","contributorId":77013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sjöberg","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wong, Wai Hing","contributorId":96977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Wai Hing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ]}