Niihau lies 171/2 miles southwest of Kauai. Its area is 72 square miles, and its highest point has an altitude of 1,281 feet. The population is about 180, chiefly Hawaiians. The annual rainfall at Kiekie, the ranch headquarters, generally ranges between 18 and 26 inches. The chief industries are the raising of sheep and cattle and production of honey. The island is privately owned.
The main mass of the island is composed of a deeply weathered remnant of a basalt dome of Tertiary age, cut by a dike complex trending NE-SW. These Tertiary rocks are herein named the Paniau volcanic series. The central vent lay about 2 miles out to sea to the east of the present island. The dome, after deep gulches were cut into it by stream erosion and it was cliffed all around by the sea, was partly submerged. During Pleistocene time a broad wave-cut platform on the north, west, and south sides was built above sea level and widened by the eruption of lavas and tuffs, from 9 vents now visible and other vents now buried, to form a low coastal plain. These Pleistocene volcanic rocks are named the Kiekie volcanic series. Ash from Lehua Island, a Pleistocene tuff cone, has been drifted into duties on the north end of Niihau. Lithified dunes that extend below sea level, and the small outcrops of emerged fossiliferous limestone above sea level, indicate the plus 100-foot, minus 60-foot, plus 25-foot, and plus 5-foot eustatic stands of the sea correlative with changes in the volume of the polar ice caps and concurrent changes in the configuration of ocean basins.
Calcareous dune and beach deposits, short stretches of nullipore reef and beach rock, and playa and alluvial deposits constitute the Recent rocks.
No perennial streams exist on the island but about a dozen playa lakes, fresh or brackish during rainy weather, lie on the plain. The domestic water supply is rain caught from roofs. Only three wells on the island yield water with less than 25 grains of salt per gallon (260 parts per million of chloride). Typically, water holes for stock are about 15 feet across, 5 feet deep, and 8 feet wide. They have been dug in the lowlands where the depth to water is usually less than 5 feet. Forty-six dug wells and water holes exist, the water of some of which has become too salty for stock. Two or three deep wells were drilled 500 to 1,000 feet below sea level, but they encountered salty water. Three wells, not yet used, have been excavated in the Tertiary basalts. One of them has an infiltration tunnel at the bottom. Two seeps perched on vitric tuff beds more than 500 feet above sea level carry large quantities of salt leached from spray that falls on their recharge areas. Several sites are recommended for developing additional water for stock. The island, however, will always be short of domestic water because of aridity, unfavorable geologic structures, continuous deposition of salt spray, and abundant authigenic salts in the lake beds.
Among the lavas of the Paniau volcanic series, of Tertiary age, olivine basalts probably predominate but ordinary basalts are abundant. Picrite-basalt of the primitive type, containing abundant olivine phenocrysts, also occurs. Andesites are probably present but are rare. Most of the lavas of the Kiekie volcanic series, of Pleistocene age, are olivine basalt, but one is transitional between olivine basalt and picrite-basalt. In many of the Pleistocene lavas the late-crystallized augite is titanian. A single occurrence of melilite-nepheline basalt has been reported. Chemical analyses of five rocks are listed.
The island of Molokai is the fifth largest of the Hawaiian Islands, with an area of 250 square miles. It lies 25 miles southeast of Oahu, and 8.5 miles northwest of Maui. It consists of two principal parts, each a major volcanic mountain. East Molokai rises to 4,970 feet altitude. It is built largely of basaltic lavas, with a thin cap of andesites and a little trachyte. The volcanic rocks of East Molokai are named the East Molokai volcanic series, the basaltic part being separated as the lower member of the series, and the andesites and trachytes as the upper member. Large cinder cones and bulbous domes are associated with the lavas of the upper member. Thin beds of ash are present locally in both members. The lavas of the lower member are cut by innumerable dikes lying in two major rift zones trending eastward and northwestward. A large caldera, more than 4 miles long, and a smaller pit 0.8 mile across existed near the summit of the volcano. The rocks formed in and under the caldera are separated on plate 1 as the caldera complex. Stream erosion has cut large amphitheater-headed valleys into the northern coast of East Molokai, exposing the dikes and the caldera complex.
West Molokai is lower than East Molokai, rising to 1,380 feet altitude. It was built by basaltic lavas erupted along rift zones trending southwestward and northwestward. Many of the flows were unusually fluid. The volcanic rocks of West Molokai Volcano are named the West Molokai volcanic series. Along its eastern side, the mountain is broken by a series of faults along which its eastern edge has been dropped downward. West Molokai Volcano became extinct earlier than East Molokai Volcano, and its flank is partly buried beneath lavas of East Molokai.
Both volcanic mountains were built upward from the sea floor probably during Tertiary time. Following the close of volcanic activity stream erosion cut large canyons on East Molokai, but accomplished much less on drier West Molokai. Marine erosion attacked both parts of the island, producing high sea-cliffs on the windward coast. In late Tertiary or early Pleistocene time the island was submerged to a level at least 560 feet above the present shore line, then reemerged. Later shifts of sea level, probably partly resulting from Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation, ranged from 300 feet below to 100 feet or more above present sea level. Marine deposits on the southern slope extend to an altitude of at least 200 feet. Eruption of the Kalaupapa basalt built a small lava cone at the foot of the northern cliff, forming Kalaupapa peninsula; and a small submarine eruption off the eastern end of Molokai built the Mokuhooniki tuff cone, the fragments of which now form Hooniki and Kanaha Islands. Deposition of marine and fluviatile sediments has built a series of narrow flats close to sea-level along the southern coast.
Nearly the entire island is underlain, close to sea level, by ground water of the basal zone of saturation. Beneath West Molokai, the Hoolehua Plain between West and East Molokai, and the southern coastal area of East Molokai, the basal water is brackish. Beneath much of East Molokai, fresh basal water is obtainable. Small amounts of fresh water are perched at high levels in East Molokai by thin poorly permeable ash beds. Fresh water is confined at high levels in permeable compartments between poorly permeable dikes in the rift zones of East Molokai, and can be developed by tunnels. Projects to bring the abundant surface and ground water of the large wind ward valleys to the Hoolehua Plain are described. Future developments are suggested. All wells and water-development tunnels are described in tables.
Summary and Recommendations
\n1. Eklutna Lake and Eklutna Creek lie in a wide, deep, glaciated, trough-like valley. Downstream from the lake, this valley is partially filled with unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits.
\n2. Eklutna Lake dam site, located about 400 feet below the lake outlet, is suitable for a low dam of flexible, earth-embankment type. Adequate control of the stream can be obtained by raising the lake level about 50 feet to altitude 910 feet, which will provide hold-over storage from wet years to dry years. Such a structure will have a crest length of about 1,950 feet.
\nA. Bedrock is probably 200 to 475 feet below stream bed at the proposed axis. The dam will rest on glacial deposits of till, clay, sand and gravel, and on deposits of lake-shore and alluvial fan gravels.
\nB. Geologic conditions in the area of the right abutment, as yet imperfectly known, may make necessary a long, deep cutoff extending for an unknown distance beyond the north end of the dam.
\nC. A foundation exploration program is recommended that includes deepening test pit No. 1 and drill hole No. 2, and drilling 11 new holes. It is suggested that one drill hold near the center of the valley be taken to bedrock to give a complete picture of the fill materials underlying the foundation.
3. Delivery of water from the forebay of the reservoir to the powerhouse eight miles downvalley by means of a conduit is regarded as infeasible because: difficult terrain of the route will require earthwork more extensive than the volume of the dam; the route is subject to land slides, and will require expensive maintenance; it is more or less completely exposed to adverse winter conditions that may engender icing conditions; and it is easily subject to sabotage. It is recommended that the water be taken to the powerhouse through a rock tunnel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Great Falls, MT","doi":"10.3133/ofr4813","usgsCitation":"Bateman, A., 1947, Reconnaissance report on geology of Eklutna Lake dam site and conduit route near Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-13, Report: 82 p.; Figures 2-5, 7: 25.34 x 13.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4813.","productDescription":"Report: 82 p.; Figures 2-5, 7: 25.34 x 13.48 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"100","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289627,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-2.pdf"},{"id":289628,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-4.pdf"},{"id":289630,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-3.pdf"},{"id":289631,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-5.pdf"},{"id":289632,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/figure-7.pdf"},{"id":289633,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0013/report.pdf"},{"id":289634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153.3142,58.984 ], [ -153.3142,62.0035 ], [ -147.9858,62.0035 ], [ -147.9858,58.984 ], [ -153.3142,58.984 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7804e4b0abf75cf2c7ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bateman, A. F. Jr.","contributorId":24411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"A. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23271,"text":"ofr4735 - 1947 - Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T22:00:18.049331","indexId":"ofr4735","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-35","title":"Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"United States Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4735","usgsCitation":"Halpenny, L., Cushman, R., and Hem, J., 1947, Ground-water resources and problems of the Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-35, Report: 22 p.; 2 Plates: 11.31 x 10.61 inches and 10.93 x 10.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4735.","productDescription":"Report: 22 p.; 2 Plates: 11.31 x 10.61 inches and 10.93 x 10.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110356,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52751.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52751"},{"id":52558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52557,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52556,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Cactus Flat-Artesia area, San Simon Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.87250637164715\n ],\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.66850780723142\n ],\n [\n -109.65433945991649,\n 32.66850780723142\n ],\n [\n -109.65433945991649,\n 32.87250637164715\n ],\n [\n -109.79574731487958,\n 32.87250637164715\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa0e4b07f02db661d60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halpenny, Leonard C.","contributorId":91898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halpenny","given":"Leonard C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushman, Robert L.","contributorId":22751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"Robert L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194715,"text":"70194715 - 1947 - Specimens of type faces used in reproducing topographic and geologic maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T10:23:57","indexId":"70194715","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Specimens of type faces used in reproducing topographic and geologic maps","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70194715","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1947, Specimens of type faces used in reproducing topographic and geologic maps, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70194715.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70194715/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":349980,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70194715/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a615f0fe4b06e28e9c260ee"} ,{"id":70164442,"text":"70164442 - 1947 - Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:28:01","indexId":"70164442","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943","docAbstract":"The mortality that nearly exterminated the huge stocks of smelt in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942–1943 appears to have originated in central Lake Huron in the Saginaw Bay area in late September or early October 1942. The mortality spread rapidly northward reaching the Drummond Island area about the latter part of October and the St. Ignace region of the Straits of Mackinac near the end of the month. In the latter part of October smelt died also in the Canadian waters of Lake Huron including North Channel and Georgian Bay but exact details as to time and course are lacking. There is some evidence that the epidemic had not reached the Ontario shore of central Lake Huron by late May 1943. Spreading through northern Lake Michigan the mortality had penetrated as far south as Grand Traverse Bay by November 19 and as far west as Point Aux Barques, Michigan, by November 26, 1942. Smelt were reported to be dying in Lake Charlevoix, Michigan, in early February 1943, and in Green Bay toward the middle of that month. The mortality did not reach Crystal Lake where in contrast to Lake Charlevoix a dam barred the passage of fish from Lake Michigan. At the time of the 1943 spring spawning run (April) only a few scattered survivors remained from the vast populations.
\nAfter consideration of possible causes, it was concluded that the mortality could be explained only as resulting from a communicable disease (bacteria or virus). This explanation alone is in harmony with the following facts: the mortality was progressive, spreading from one area into adjacent areas over a period of at least 4 1/2 months and under a great diversity of habitat conditions; only smelt were affected but within the species death overtook fish of all sizes from 2 inches on and all ages of both sexes, mature and immature; the mortality penetrated Lake Charlevoix where the passage of fish to and from Lake Michigan was possible but did not reach Crystal Lake where the passage from Lake Michigan was barred by a dam; the epidemic did not reach other inland lakes where free and easy access from the Great Lakes was impossible nor did it extend to Lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario.
\nConsidered at first as a nuisance and a threat to the native fishes of the Great Lakes, the smelt ultimately became a fish of primary importance to commercial fishermen, sportsmen, and others. In Green Bay, the center of the commercial fishery, smelt became the dominant commercial species, yielding more than 4 million pounds in some years. Almost all of the commercial production was from nets set under the ice. The take by amateurs and others who dipped smelt from streams during the spawning run was even greater, amounting to as much as 5 1/2 million pounds in a single year in the State of Michigan alone (the yield in Wisconsin may have been nearly as great).
\nThe mortality of smelt was a severe blow to the nation's war-time food-production program. It is estimated that in 1943, in which year elaborate preparations had been made for the efficient utilization of the spawning-run production, the mortality reduced the output of smelt by about 13 million pounds. The total loss through the present (1946) season can be set in the neighborhood of 50 million pounds.
\nThe first indication of a recovery of the smelt came in 1945 when a small amount was produced commercially in Green Bay and numerous light runs occurred in streams tributary to Lakes Huron and Michigan. The general level of abundance in 1945, however, is believed to have been less than 10 per cent of that of “pre-mortality” years. Such information as is available for 1946 suggests considerable further improvement in this year. Given good survival of young, it is anticipated that a large rise in the abundance of smelt can occur in 1947 and that by 1948 or 1949 the size of the populations should no longer be influenced by the number of spawners available in preceding years.
\nThe smelt from the Escanaba area of Green Bay were without exception significantly longer and heavier in 1944 and 1945 than were fish of corresponding age captured in the same region in 1941. Furthermore, three of four comparisons indicated significantly greater size in 1945 than in 1944. This improvement in growth rate is believed to have been associated with the reduction in the smelt population brought about by the 1942–1943 mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1947, Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-1943: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 310-337, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b48454e4b0cc799980531b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2000874,"text":"2000874 - 1947 - Studies of the protozoan parasites of freshwater fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T18:08:02","indexId":"2000874","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1664,"text":"Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of the protozoan parasites of freshwater fishes","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Davis, H., 1947, Studies of the protozoan parasites of freshwater fishes: Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, v. 51, no. 1, 29 p.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352109,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/51-1/511toc.html"},{"id":352110,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/51-1/davis.pdf"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, H.S.","contributorId":81445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010877,"text":"70010877 - 1947 - The sensitized luminescence of manganese-activated calcite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:18","indexId":"70010877","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2171,"text":"Journal of Applied Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The sensitized luminescence of manganese-activated calcite","docAbstract":"Synthetic manganese-activated calcites are shown to be practically inert to ultraviolet excitation in the range 2000-3500A, while they are luminescent under cathode-ray excitation. The incorporation of small amounts of an auxiliary impurity along with the manganese produces the strong response to ultraviolet radiation hitherto ascribed to CaCO3:Mn itself. Three such impurities have been studied: lead, thallium, and cerium. The first two induce excitation in the neighborhood of the mercury resonance line, while the cerium introduces a response principally to longer wave ultraviolet. The strong response to 2537A excitation shown by some natural calcites is likewise found to be due to the presence of lead along with the manganese, rather than to the manganese alone. The data do not warrant ascribing the longer wave-length ultraviolet-excited luminescence of all natural calcites to the action of an auxiliary impurity. The essential identity of the cathode-ray excited luminescence spectra of CaCO 3:Mn, CaCO3: (Pb+Mn), CaCO3:(Tl+Mn), and CaCO3:(Ce+Mn) with the 2537A-excited spectra of the latter three is evidence that the luminescent center in all cases is the manganese ion or the MnO6 group. It is shown that a \"cascade\" mechanism for the action of the auxiliary impurities, lead, thallium, and cerium, is incorrect; and that the phenomenon must be considered as a case of sensitized luminescence. Owing to the nature of cathode-ray excitation, the manganese activator can be excited by this agent even in the absence of a second impurity. For optical excitation, however, an absorption band for the ultraviolet must be established by building into the CaCO3:Mn a second impurity or \"sensitizer.\".","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1063/1.1697831","issn":"00214922","usgsCitation":"Schulman, J., Evans, L., Ginther, R., and Murata, K.J., 1947, The sensitized luminescence of manganese-activated calcite: Journal of Applied Physics, v. 18, no. 8, p. 732-739, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1697831.","startPage":"732","endPage":"739","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480446,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1697831","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204894,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1697831"},{"id":218889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb00de4b08c986b324bc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulman, J.H.","contributorId":9126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulman","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, L.W.","contributorId":76999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ginther, R.J.","contributorId":23390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginther","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010876,"text":"70010876 - 1947 - The polished rocks of Cornudas Mountain, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-22T17:04:10.110596","indexId":"70010876","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The polished rocks of Cornudas Mountain, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.105.2716.65","usgsCitation":"Lang, W., 1947, The polished rocks of Cornudas Mountain, New Mexico: Science, v. 105, no. 2716, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.105.2716.65.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"65","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Cornudas Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.69534301757812,\n 32.00283549540514\n ],\n [\n -105.44334411621094,\n 32.00283549540514\n ],\n [\n -105.44334411621094,\n 32.13084982308751\n ],\n [\n -105.69534301757812,\n 32.13084982308751\n ],\n [\n -105.69534301757812,\n 32.00283549540514\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"2716","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baea2e4b08c986b32422c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lang, Walter B.","contributorId":27507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"Walter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000175,"text":"1000175 - 1947 - Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T13:29:44","indexId":"1000175","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"From May to November, inclusive, the kiyis of southern Lake Michigan (north to and including localities off Kewaunee, Wisconsin, and Frankfort, Michigan) characteristically inhabit depths of more than 50 fathoms, although small numbers commonly are taken in shallower water (as shallow as 20 29 fathoms). There is evidence that the occasional penetration of relatively large numbers of kiyis into depths of less than 50 fathoms in this area is the result of exceptional hydrographic conditions involving the disturbance of considerable masses of water.
\nIn northern Lake Michigan the scattered lifts made in the region south of Manistique, Michigan, from June to September indicated kiyis to be abundant at depths from 40 to 69 fathoms (no lifts from shallower or deeper water). In northeastern Lake Michigan (Manitou, Fox, and Beaver Islands and the region between these islands and the east shore) kiyis were lacking in all lifts from 20–39 fathoms and were scarce at greater depths (three to four times as abundant, however, at 50–69 fathoms as at 40–49 fathoms).
\nThe consistency with which kiyis remain in water deeper than 40 or 50 fathoms is difficult to explain on the basis of a preference for cold water (about 4°C.). Water of temperatures only a fraction of a degree warmer than that in the region occupied by most kiyis extended up to depths of less than 30 fathoms. Possibly the bathymetric distribution of the kiyi is related to that of its principal food organisms. It was suggested also that the deeper-water habitat may enable the kiyi to avoid strong currents and that an aversion for currents may account for the scarcity of the species in the hydro-graphically complex northeastern area. Other possible factors are chemical conditions of the water or a preference of kiyis for great pressure and darkness.
\nThe abundance of kiyis appeared to be more or less uniform throughout the great central basins of Lake Michigan, except as related to depths of water. The scarcity of this species in the island region of northeastern Lake Michigan provided the only certain example of a regional difference in abundance.
\nThe survey of 1930–1932 yielded 89 new locality records for the kiyi in Lake Michigan. These localities, together with those reported previously by Koelz (1929), have been charted in Figure 1.
\nAlthough the gonads of certain apparently aberrant individuals may ripen as early as mid-July and considerable pre-spawning development of the organs may occur in August, there is no evidence of significant spawning activities of kiyis in southern Lake Michigan before the latter part of September. Spawning continues through at least the first week or two in November and possibly longer. The peak of spawning activity seems to occur in the latter half of October and in early November.
\nThe depth of water on known spawning grounds (all in southern Lake Michigan) was 57.5 to 84 fathoms. There is evidence that the kiyi may spawn in more than 90 fathoms. Spawning appears to be widespread throughout waters of suitable depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[143:DAASSA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., and Deason, H.J., 1947, Distribution, abundance, and spawning season and grounds of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, p. 143-165, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[143:DAASSA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"165","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d9d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000136,"text":"1000136 - 1947 - Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T11:02:01","indexId":"1000136","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Ages were determined and individual growth histories were calculated from the examination and measurement of the scales of 1,649 kiyis captured at seven localities in Lake Michigan in 1931 and 1932. The numbers of individuals employed for the investigation of other phases of the life history (such as length-frequency distributions, length-weight relationship, and sex ratio) varied according to the amount of data available or required. Age-group IV was dominant in the 1931 collections from Racine, Port Washington, and Kewaunee, Wisconsin, and age-group V dominated the 1932 samples from the Fox Islands and from three localities southward of Manistique, Michigan. A trend was noticeable toward an increase in average age from south to north. Among the explanations suggested for the observed differences in age composition were: Variation with latitude in the natural span of life; differences in fishing intensity; fluctuations in the strength of year classes (to account possibly for the shift in the dominant age group from 1931 to 1932). The oldest male kiyi belonged to the VII group and the oldest female was a member of the X group. The possible distorting effects of such factors as gear selection traceable to differences in the mesh sizes of nets fished in 1931 and 1932, selection by nets on the basis of the condition (K) of the fish, and local variations in fishing intensity and hence in the selective destruction of rapidly growing individuals in the fishery were held to be sufficiently great to render doubtful the significance of most of the observed local differences in growth rate. Kiyis from all samples were combined to determine the general growth in length. The growth in weight of the Fox Islands fish, however, was considered separately as these fish were consistently lighter than kiyis of corresponding length from other localities. The Lake Michigan kiyi grows slowly, with the females growing slightly more rapidly than the males. The grand average calculated lengths indicated, for example, that the females did not attain a total length of 10 inches until the fifth year of life or the males until the sixth. Similarly, the calculated weight of 4 ounces was not reached until the fifth or sixth year (with the actual time varying with sex and locality). The season's growth of the kiyi probably begins sometime in May and most or all of the growth is completed by the end of August. The calculated lengths of the age groups exhibited large discrepancies that differed from “Lee's phenomenon” as ordinarily observed in that the data for the later rather than the earlier years of life were affected most severely. Chief among the factors held responsible for these discrepancies were gear selection and the selective destruction of the more rapidly growing individuals in the fishery. Errors inherent in the (direct-proportion) method of computing growth from scale measurements were considered to have been unimportant. The Lake Michigan kiyi exhibits growth compensation–the tendency for the smaller of the young fish to have the more rapid growth in the later years of life. Comparisons with the average lengths and weights of the age groups of the Lake Ontario kiyi given by Pritchard (1931) indicated the Lake Michigan fish to be the larger at the earlier ages (age-groups II and III) and the smaller at the later ages (age-groups IV to VI). The length-frequency distributions of the age groups exhibited extensive overlap. As many as eight age groups were represented in a single centimeter interval of length. The length frequencies and average lengths of all fish collected, arranged according to the mesh sizes of the gill nets by which they were captured, revealed that the selective action of these nets in the taking of kiyis was much more obvious in the numbers of fish in the catch than in their average size. As an illustration, in 1930–1931, the 2 3/4-inch mesh nets took fish that were only 0.1 inch longer than those in 2 1/2-inch meshes but captured less than one fourth as many. Gill nets fished in northern Lake Michigan in 1932 captured kiyis that averaged 0.2 to 0.4 inch longer than those taken in the same meshes in southern Lake Michigan in 1930–1931. Because of the more slender form of kiyis from the northeastern island region of Lake Michigan, data on the general length weight relationship were compiled separately for fish of that area and for those of the great central basins of the lake. In both regions the weight increased to a power slightly greater than the cube of the length. Available information on condition indicated that the coefficient (K) was higher in August and early September than in May, June, and July. Condition declined from early September to October and early November–the latter period the time of most active spawning. Spawning itself was accompanied by an additional loss of about 12 per cent of the body weight of females and of somewhat less than 2 per cent of the weight of males. Analysis of the variations of K within a group that was homogeneous with respect to age, sex, maturity, and time of collection revealed that a net of a particular mesh size tends to take the heavier of the shorter fish and the lighter of the longer fish within its range of effectiveness. Among fish of the same length the values of K tended to increase with increase in the mesh size of the nets employed for their capture. Practically all fish in the samples were mature (only 11 immature in more than 6,000). These “immature” fish were probably “non-functional” since all of them approached or exceeded the average length of the mature kiyis. Females were strongly predominant in the collections at all seasons but were relatively more plentiful during the summer (90 per cent of the total) than during the spawning period (75 per cent). Possible factors contributing to this predominance of females and to the change in the sex ratio at the spawning season were discussed. A decrease in the relative abundance of males with increase in age appears to be characteristic of the kiyi. This decrease indicates a differential mortality of th sexes (greater relative destruction of males in the spawning period when they are unusually abundant or a greater natural mortality rate for the males). Current fishery regulations on mesh size and closed seasons afford the kiyi good protection but offer no guarantee against depletion from too intensive fishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Deason, H.J., and Hile, R., 1947, Age and growth of the kiyi, Leucichthys kiyi Koelz, in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 88-142, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266919,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[88:AAGOTK]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":131762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68973e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046396,"text":"70046396 - 1947 - Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T16:05:00","indexId":"70046396","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":376,"text":"Pacific Geological Surveys","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"508","title":"Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946","docAbstract":"In in the early morning of Dec. 21, 1946, a great destructive earthquake occurred in southern-western Japan. According to the seismogram obtained in our university, the earthquake motion began at Tokyo from 4 h 20 m 10.4 s on Dec. 21, 1946. The maximum amplitude of NS, EW, and up-down components of the earthquake motion at Tokyo was 12.0 mm, 14.0 mm and 3.0 mm respectively, while the initial motion was composed of 80 μ south, 67 μ west and 20 μ down movements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Geological Surveys","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan?","doi":"10.3133/70046396","usgsCitation":"Nagata, T., 1947, Outline of geophysical investigations on the great earthquake in the south-west Japan on Dec. 21, 1946: Pacific Geological Surveys 508, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70046396.","productDescription":"81 p.","numberOfPages":"82","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274611,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70046396/report.pdf"},{"id":273579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70046396/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 128.58,29.80 ], [ 128.58,40.21 ], [ 142.91,40.21 ], [ 142.91,29.80 ], [ 128.58,29.80 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b846ebe4b03203c522b20c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagata, Takeshi","contributorId":100725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagata","given":"Takeshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000452,"text":"1000452 - 1947 - Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in the Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-43","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T17:05:41.886638","indexId":"1000452","displayToPublicDate":"1947-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in the Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-43","docAbstract":"The mortality that nearly exterminated the huge stocks of smelt in Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942–1943 appears to have originated in central Lake Huron in the Saginaw Bay area in late September or early October 1942. The mortality spread rapidly northward reaching the Drummond Island area about the latter part of October and the St. Ignace region of the Straits of Mackinac near the end of the month. In the latter part of October smelt died also in the Canadian waters of Lake Huron including North Channel and Georgian Bay but exact details as to time and course are lacking. There is some evidence that the epidemic had not reached the Ontario shore of central Lake Huron by late May 1943. Spreading through northern Lake Michigan the mortality had penetrated as far south as Grand Traverse Bay by November 19 and as far west as Point Aux Barques, Michigan, by November 26, 1942. Smelt were reported to be dying in Lake Charlevoix, Michigan, in early February 1943, and in Green Bay toward the middle of that month. The mortality did not reach Crystal Lake where in contrast to Lake Charlevoix a dam barred the passage of fish from Lake Michigan. At the time of the 1943 spring spawning run (April) only a few scattered survivors remained from the vast populations.
After consideration of possible causes, it was concluded that the mortality could be explained only as resulting from a communicable disease (bacteria or virus). This explanation alone is in harmony with the following facts: the mortality was progressive, spreading from one area into adjacent areas over a period of at least 4 1/2 months and under a great diversity of habitat conditions; only smelt were affected but within the species death overtook fish of all sizes from 2 inches on and all ages of both sexes, mature and immature; the mortality penetrated Lake Charlevoix where the passage of fish to and from Lake Michigan was possible but did not reach Crystal Lake where the passage from Lake Michigan was barred by a dam; the epidemic did not reach other inland lakes where free and easy access from the Great Lakes was impossible nor did it extend to Lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario.
Considered at first as a nuisance and a threat to the native fishes of the Great Lakes, the smelt ultimately became a fish of primary importance to commercial fishermen, sportsmen, and others. In Green Bay, the center of the commercial fishery, smelt became the dominant commercial species, yielding more than 4 million pounds in some years. Almost all of the commercial production was from nets set under the ice. The take by amateurs and others who dipped smelt from streams during the spawning run was even greater, amounting to as much as 5 1/2 million pounds in a single year in the State of Michigan alone (the yield in Wisconsin may have been nearly as great).
The mortality of smelt was a severe blow to the nation's war‐time food‐production program. It is estimated that in 1943, in which year elaborate preparations had been made for the efficient utilization of the spawning‐run production, the mortality reduced the output of smelt by about 13 million pounds. The total loss through the present (1946) season can be set in the neighborhood of 50 million pounds.
The first indication of a recovery of the smelt came in 1945 when a small amount was produced commercially in Green Bay and numerous light runs occurred in streams tributary to Lakes Huron and Michigan. The general level of abundance in 1945, however, is believed to have been less than 10 per cent of that of “pre‐mortality” years. Such information as is available for 1946 suggests considerable further improvement in this year. Given good survival of young, it is anticipated that a large rise in the abundance of smelt can occur in 1947 and that by 1948 or 1949 the size of the populations should no longer be influenced by the number of spawners available in preceding years.
The smelt from the Escanaba area of Green Bay were without exception significantly longer and heavier in 1944 and 1945 than were fish of corresponding age captured in the same region in 1941. Furthermore, three of four comparisons indicated significantly greater size in 1945 than in 1944. This improvement in growth rate is believed to have been associated with the reduction in the smelt population brought about by the 1942–1943 mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1947, Mortality of smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), in the Lakes Huron and Michigan during the fall and winter of 1942-43: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 74, no. 1, p. 310-337, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1944)74[310:MOSOMM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"337","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron, Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.03164123781633,\n 46.11737170689469\n ],\n [\n -88.72778534473579,\n 44.01041580808922\n ],\n [\n -87.93802021760128,\n 41.596888547126724\n ],\n [\n -86.94780559176624,\n 41.45246550640046\n ],\n [\n -86.03176390385137,\n 41.92385950362656\n ],\n [\n -86.09335361240689,\n 44.3402697663723\n ],\n [\n -84.704881657178,\n 45.49806914873613\n ],\n [\n -83.70584941702258,\n 45.250104673321985\n ],\n [\n -84.22858417910234,\n 43.645755705859244\n ],\n [\n -82.40701372351333,\n 42.917727001319875\n ],\n [\n -81.63191064564697,\n 43.09096293500792\n ],\n [\n -81.228674161158,\n 44.498157103563344\n ],\n [\n -79.844600035558,\n 44.36212303401899\n ],\n [\n -79.56048693155812,\n 45.02267714542673\n ],\n [\n -80.37827208274413,\n 45.9649997709854\n ],\n [\n -82.03179382977311,\n 46.40752157556918\n ],\n [\n -83.90979168502984,\n 46.44624525684242\n ],\n [\n -87.03164123781633,\n 46.11737170689469\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b478e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160869,"text":"70160869 - 1947 - Bibliography of the geology and water resources of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T08:57:58","indexId":"70160869","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Bibliography of the geology and water resources of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Shenandoah Valley, the formation names Stones River, Mosheim, Lenoir, Holston, Whitesburg, and Athens have been used without adequate evidence. Detailed study shows that the so-called Athens and Whitesburg, as developed near Harrisonburg, are laterally continuous with the greater part of the Chambersburg limestone, which is supposed to be younger than the Athens. The newly discovered relations of these formations affect the classification of the Middle Ordovician in much of the northern Appalachian region. The present study has been high-lighted by the discovery that Cryptophragmus antiquatus, widely regarded as a valid guide to the lower Black River, ranges through several hundred feet of beds, possibly as high as lower Trenton. In the Shenandoah Valley, this fossil is most abundant near the top of the Chambersburg, which is supposed to be late Black River or early Trenton.
In the proposed reclassification, the lower Middle Ordovician is divided into six time-stratigraphic units, in ascending order: the New Market limestone, Whistle Creek limestone, Lincolnshire limestone, Edinburg formation, Oranda formation, and Collierstown limestone. The Edinburg embraces two equivalent facies: one of cobbly limestone (Lantz Mills facies) which is mainly developed in the northern and western parts of the Shenandoah Valley; and a relatively thicker body of black limestone and shale (Liberty Hall facies) which is typically developed in the Harrison-burg-Staunton area. In the western part of Shenandoah County, the topmost division of the Edinburg formation is composed of light-gray calcilutite and calcarenite, named the St. Luke limestone member. The rusty-brown granular limestones just below Butts' Athens in the Harrisonburg-Staunton-Lexington area are here named the Botetourt limestone member of the Edinburg formation.
At least part of the New Market limestone is linked with a part of the New York Chazy and type Lenoir, but the Lincolnshire seems to be post-Chazy. All the succeeding beds, comprising the greater part of the lower Middle Ordovician succession, are Black River or Trenton.
","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cooper, B., and Cooper, G., 1946, Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 57, no. 1, p. 35-113, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[35:LMOSOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"79 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356210,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, B.N.","contributorId":206781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, G.A.","contributorId":31807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180156,"text":"70180156 - 1946 - Ground-water level fluctuations in Utah, 1936-45","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T16:00:32.855529","indexId":"70180156","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5276,"text":"Utah State Engineer Biennial Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"25","title":"Ground-water level fluctuations in Utah, 1936-45","docAbstract":"Ground-water investigations in Utah by the Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior have been in progress since 1935, in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer. This cooperative work includes (1) determination of the fluctuations of water level in most of the developed ground-water areas in the state, based upon measurements which are tabulated and published annually by the Geological Survey; and (2) detailed investigations of specific ground-water areas to determine source, movement, disposal, quantity and quality of the ground water, and to show the relation of present development to the maximum economic development of which those areas are capable. Such detailed investigations have been completed during the past decade for areas in Iron, Millard, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Weber Counties, and are referred to in discussion subsequently. Similar investigations are now in progress in other areas in Davis, Iron, and Weber Counties.
The users of wells for irrigation in Pavant Valley, particularly in the Flowell district, have long been cognizant of their utter dependency upon ground water for livelihood, and were among the first in the State to make an organized effort to conserve supplies by prevention of waste. Since passage of the State ground-water law in 1935, the State Engineer has not approved applications for new wells in the areas of most concentrated development, and has deferred adjudication of existing water rights until adequate data concerning the ground-water resources become available. The investigation of ground-water resources in Pavant Valley was suggested by the State Engineer and constitutes one of a series that are being made in the important groundwater basins of Utah by the Federal Geological Survey in cooperation with the State Engineer. The investigation was under the general supervision of Oscar E. Meinzer, geologist in charge of the ground-water division of the Federal Geological Survey. H. E. Thomas, in charge of groundwater investigations in Utah, returned from military service overseas in time to assist in the completion of the manuscript, and edited the report.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Dennis, P., Maxey, G.B., and Thomas, H.E., 1946, Ground water in Pavant Valley: Technical Publication 3, 96 p. .","productDescription":"96 p. ","numberOfPages":"102","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-080"},{"id":331481,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w9200082.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Millard County","otherGeospatial":"Pavant Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 38.68443777679761\n ],\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -111.983642578125,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -111.983642578125,\n 38.68443777679761\n ],\n [\n -112.664794921875,\n 38.68443777679761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58468aefe4b04fc80e5236e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennis, P. E.","contributorId":118921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennis","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maxey, G. B.","contributorId":76458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178709,"text":"70178709 - 1946 - Ground water in Tooele Valley, Tooele County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T16:42:05","indexId":"70178709","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Ground water in Tooele Valley, Tooele County, Utah","docAbstract":"Tooele Valley is a typical basin of the Basin and Range Province located about 30 miles southwest of Salt Lake City. It is roughly 15 miles long and 10 miles wide and has a population of about 7,000. Bordered on the west by the Stansbury Range, on the east by the Oquirrh Range, and on the south by South Mountain, it opens northward to Great Salt Lake. The bordering mountain ranges are formed by Paleozoic rocks ranging in age from Lower Cambrian to Pennsylvanian but with the Ordovician and Silurian periods unrepresented. There is no sedimentary record of the interval between Pennsylvanian and Tertiary times, and the Tertiary, Quaternary, and Recent sediments are of continental origin. These continental deposits play the dominant role in the ground-water hydrology of the basin, and were mapped and studied in detail. Pleistocene sediments are of major importance because they form the surface rock over most of the area, and give rise to conditions which yield water by artesian flow in the lower part of the valley.
The development of the present land forms in this area began with the folding of Paleozoic and probably Mesozoic sediments during the Laramide revolution. The cycle of highland erosion and lowland deposition thus initiated has continued through recurrent uplift along Basin-Range faults to the present day. The principal physiographic subdivisions of the valley were developed as a result of the Basin-Range faulting, which began early in the Tertiary and has continued to Recent times.
There are about 1,100 wells in Tooele Valley, about 90 per cent of which yield or have yielded water by artesian flow. Most of them are located in the lower part of the valley below an altitude of 4,400 feet. These wells and many of the springs derive their water from the unconsolidated Quaternary sediments, which include discontinuous, lenticular and commonly elongated bodies of sand, clay, gravel, and boulders of alluvial origin alternating and inter-fingered with lacustrine beds of the same materials which are more regularly stratified and better assorted. The larger springs are intimately related to the bedding planes and faults in the bedrock and alluvial formations. The well assorted sands and gravels deposited along the shore lines of Lake Bonneville are important as recharge areas for the artesian reservoir.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Twenty-fifth biennial report of the State Engineer to the Governor of Utah: 1944-1946","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1946, Ground water in Tooele Valley, Tooele County, Utah: Technical Publication 4, 148 p.","productDescription":"148 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"148","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333875,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-369","text":"Utah State Engineer's 25th Biennial Report (larger work)"},{"id":331484,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w9200083.pdf"},{"id":331483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-100"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Tooele County","otherGeospatial":"Tooele Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 40.37584377696013\n ],\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 40.94048973170136\n ],\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.94048973170136\n ],\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.37584377696013\n ],\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 40.37584377696013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58468aefe4b04fc80e5236df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H. 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Not only have numerous technical developments of the past few decades involved new uses for these commodities, but during the recent period of emergency these and other uses were greatly expanded. The attendant rapid increases in demand and a heavy dependence on foreign sources of supply soon confirmed the need for a careful appraisal of domestic resources of the minor pegmatite minerals. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70046721","usgsCitation":"Dobbin, C.E., and Miller, J., 1946, Geologic and structure contour map of Garland and Byron anticlines, Big Horn and Park Counties, Wyoming: General Mineral Resources Map, Map: 1 Sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046721.","productDescription":"Map: 1 Sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274305,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Big Horn County, Park County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0569,43.8012 ], [ -111.0569,45.0059 ], [ -107.1436,45.0059 ], [ -107.1436,43.8012 ], [ -111.0569,43.8012 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ceb060e4b044272b8e8921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dobbin, C. 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The main body of the manuscript and appendices A, B, and C, completed in March 1942, contain statistics through the year 1939. Since that time, records for the years 1940-1942 have become available. Because these additional data did not alter any of the conclusions of the manuscript but actually strengthened them, it was not deemed justifiable to expend the considerable amount of time and money that would be required to revise the study. The 1940-1942 records are therefore presented in appendix D. From a relatively high production in the earlier years of the period, 1879 to 1942, the yield of whitefish declined to a lower level about which the catch fluctuated until the late 1920's and early 1930's when a general increase in production occurred. This recent increase was higher and the subsequent decline more severe in the Michigan waters of Lake Huron than in other areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., Hile, R., and Jobes, F.W., 1946, The whitefish fishery of Lakes Huron and Michigan with special reference to the deep-trap-net fishery: Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, v. 50, p. 297-394.","productDescription":"ii, 98 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"394","numberOfPages":"97","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260123,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/50-1/501toc.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":352108,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/FishBull/50-1/vanoosten.pdf"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron, Lake Michigan","volume":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1dee4b08c986b32546f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jobes, Frank W.","contributorId":6004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobes","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70040234,"text":"70040234 - 1946 - Record of wells in Nassau County, N.Y., Supplement 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70040234","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:05:25","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-10","title":"Record of wells in Nassau County, N.Y., Supplement 1","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Roberts, C., and Brashears, M., 1946, Record of wells in Nassau County, N.Y., Supplement 1: Bulletin GW-10, 191 p.; 1 Plate.","productDescription":"191 p.; 1 Plate","numberOfPages":"191","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,40.4800 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a278e4b0e8fec6cdb5fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, C.M.","contributorId":75107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brashears, M.L. 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The listed reports embody the results of some of the work done by Survey geologists on mineral deposits in the United States, Alaska, Brazil, and Liberia. 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