The origin of fine carbonate muds in deep parts of the Black Sea has been explained in various ways, but details of how the carbonate was formed are poorly understood. We have studied samples containing fine carbonate from cores obtained during the cruise of Atlantis II (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) to the Black Sea in April and May 1969. Examination of the light-coloured bands and darker bands by scanning electron micrographs and light microscopy shows that Holocene coccoliths are the overwhelmingly dominant constituents in the light bands, whereas Cretaceous and Eocene coccoliths are important components of the carbonate in the darker matrix.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/226156a0","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., King, S.A., Horn, M.K., and Manheim, F.T., 1970, Geological significance of coccoliths in fine-grained carbonate bands of postglacial Black Sea sediments: Nature, v. 226, p. 156-158, https://doi.org/10.1038/226156a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Black Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 27.531738281249996,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n 41.748046875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n 41.748046875,\n 47.73932336136857\n ],\n [\n 27.531738281249996,\n 47.73932336136857\n ],\n [\n 27.531738281249996,\n 40.56389453066509\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"226","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":30980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Stanley A.","contributorId":220947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horn, Michael K.","contributorId":220948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horn","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010139,"text":"70010139 - 1970 - Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-02T23:02:55.008936","indexId":"70010139","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon","docAbstract":"Seismic signals recorded from impacts of missiles at the White Sands Missile Range are radically different from the signal recorded from the Apollo 12 lunar module impact. This implies that lunar structure to depths of at least 10 to 20 kilometers is quite different from the typical structure of the earth's crust. Results obtained from this study can be used to predict seismic wave amplitudes from future man-made lunar impacts. Seismic energy and crater dimensions from impacts are compared with measurements from chemical explosions.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.168.3928.242","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Latham, G., McDonald, W., and Moore, H., 1970, Missile impacts as sources of seismic energy on the moon: Science, v. 168, no. 3928, p. 242-245, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3928.242.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands Missile Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.52199247688944,\n 32.39839652364729\n ],\n [\n -106.52199247688944,\n 32.356679726581476\n ],\n [\n -106.4532342753507,\n 32.356679726581476\n ],\n [\n -106.4532342753507,\n 32.39839652364729\n ],\n [\n -106.52199247688944,\n 32.39839652364729\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"168","issue":"3928","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b51e4b0c8380cd6f4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Latham, G.V.","contributorId":8844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latham","given":"G.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, W.G.","contributorId":65985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220651,"text":"5220651 - 1970 - Age determination of raccoons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:25:59.133834","indexId":"5220651","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age determination of raccoons","docAbstract":"Age criteria, based on 61 skulls and eye lenses from 103 known-age captives, are described for separating raccoons (Procyon lotor) into eight age-classes as follows: young-of-the-year, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-7, > 7 years. Criteria studied were eye lens nitrogen, cranial suture closure, tooth wear and incisor cementum layers. Lens nitrogen increased rapidly up to 12 months of age, but at much reduced rate thereafter. Total lens nitrogen was useful only in separating young-of-the-year from adults. The closure sequence for five cranial sutures accurately divided the total known-age sample of males into seven groups, and the adults into five groups. The tooth wear criteria divided the known-age sample into five relative age groups, but aging of individuals by this method was inaccurate. Histological sectioning of known-age teeth was the best method of observing layering in the cementum tissue. The technique of basing estimation of age on cementum ring counts, although subjective, was accurate for aging individuals through their fourth year but tended to underestimate the age of animals over 4 years old. However, suture closure or tooth wear can be used to identify males over 4 years old. In field studies, technical difficulties limit the utility of age estimation by cementum layers. Maximum root thickness of the lower canine was accurate in determining the sex of individuals from 5 months to at least 48 months of age.
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G.A.","contributorId":50850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grau","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanderson, G.C.","contributorId":65573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanderson","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, J.P.","contributorId":23657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70120908,"text":"70120908 - 1970 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T14:39:34","indexId":"70120908","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T12:55:19","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 3","docAbstract":"Eleven samples of fluids which had been squeezed on board ship, and four, packaged sediment samples were received in our laboratories. As in Leg 2, the volumes of fluid available were scanty and did not permit multiple determinations of constituents in many of the samples; in Hole 21 the fluid available sufficed only for refractometer readings (a few tenths of a milliliter). Therefore, analytical scatter is again responsible for partially obscuring variations (and constancy) in the conservative constituents such as sodium. However, on the whole the results confirm the features which appeared in Legs 1 and 2. Central oceanic sediments display a remarkable constancy in total salinity, chlorinity and sodium concentration to the greatest depths and ages yet penetrated in the project drillings. Variations attributable to postburial reactions do occur in the remaining major ions, but they usually show little systematic trend with depth--with the exception of potassium, which will be discussed later.
\nMethods remain similar to those employed for Leg 2; the detailed techniques are now being prepared for submission, but a brief description may be obtained from the previous Leg reports (Manheim and Sayles, 1969; Chan and Manheim, 1970). Results from four unsqueezed samples are not complete and, therefore, do not appear here.
","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., Chan, K., Kerr, D., and Sunda, W., 1970, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 3: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 3, p. 663-666, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"663","endPage":"666","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.3.121.1970","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":292433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -45.0,-35.0 ], [ -45.0,15.0 ], [ 0.0,15.0 ], [ 0.0,-35.0 ], [ -45.0,-35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f25fe6e4b0333418718928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chan, K.M.","contributorId":95399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chan","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kerr, D.","contributorId":88280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sunda, W.","contributorId":73925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sunda","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226486,"text":"70226486 - 1970 - Faulting in the Burro Mountain area, California Coast Ranges, and its relation to the Nacimiento fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T16:54:06.59152","indexId":"70226486","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T10:42:54","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faulting in the Burro Mountain area, California Coast Ranges, and its relation to the Nacimiento fault","docAbstract":"The northwest-striking Nacimiento fault, in the southern Coast Ranges of California, has generally been regarded as the boundary between two major structural blocks: the Nacimiento block to the southwest, in which the basement rocks belong to the Franciscan Formation (Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous), and the Salinian block to the northeast, in which the basement rocks are granitic and high-grade metamorphic. It has been found, however, that in the Burro Mountain area of the southern Santa Lucia Range, the “Nacimiento” fault of Jennings (1959) is nearly vertical and is within the Nacimiento block. In this area, the Franciscan Formation crops out northeast of the “Nacimiento” fault through windows in an older, low-angle thrust fault that brings the Asuncion Group of Taliaferro (1943) (Upper Cretaceous) over the Franciscan Formation. The fault boundary between the Nacimiento and the Salinian blocks must therefore lie farther to the northeast, where it may be buried beneath the Asuncion Group and younger strata. This conclusion is supported by Hanna's recent aeromagnetic work (1969).
Studies of fresh carbonate host rocks and unoxidized gold ores of the Carlin mine indicate that gold, quartz, barite, pyrite, and other sulfides were introduced into the Roberts Mountains Formation by acid hydrothermal solutions. Laboratory investigations on the carbonaceous materials in the host rocks and ores and studies of reactions between carbonaceous materials and gold-bearing solutions show that the rocks contain: (1) An activated carbon component capable of adsorbing gold chloride or gold cyanide complexes from solution; (2) A mixture of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons usually associated with the activated carbon components; and (3) An organic acid, similar to \"humic acid,\" containing functional groups capable of interacting with gold complexes to form gold organic compounds. Although the exact structure of the gold organic compound(s) is not known, the most attractive possibility is chelation, where ligands such as N, S, or O in organic acids would easily displace the chloride ion from aurous chloride complexes and form stable gold chelates. Subsequent oxidation of the gold organic compounds destroys the organic component and leads to the formation of metallic gold. The relative amounts and types of carbonaceous materials are of principal importance in determining the chemical state and amount of gold deposited in carbonaceous limestone, although such factors as temperature, pH, and the oxidation state of the system are also involved.Although most of the gold ores at the Carlin mine are in the Silurian Roberts Mountains Formation and are at least several hundred feet stratigraphically below the Roberts Mountains thrust fault, disseminated replacement-type gold deposits could form in the lower-plate Devonian limestones (designated the Popovich Formation at the Carlin mine) and in carbonate and shale units of the upper-plate Ordovician Vinini Formation. In a structural setting that would provide satisfactory channels for movement of gold-bearing solutions, physical characteristics and chemical and mineralogical compositions, including the presence of organic materials, indicate that all three formations are favorable for replacement and deposition of gold.
As a start toward needed classifications of hydrogeologic settings, a type of setting is described. The setting includes areas where soluble materials are exposed to considerable recharge from precipitation and where both the topographic relief and permeability are inappreciable. Typical areas of this setting are (1) the Black Belt of the Coastal Plain of Alabama and Mississippi, underlain by chalk of the Selma Group, and (2) a 25-sq-mi area near Harrisburg, Cabarrus County, North Carolina, underlain by gabbro in the Piedmont province.
Hydrologic conditions that may be inferred and that are easily discernible from this type of setting include: excessive evapotranspiration, low water-table gradient, water table near land surface, thin soils, ground-water movement being almost inappreciable, and the zone of movement being almost limited to a thin zone that includes the contact between the soil and rock, inappreciable ground-water discharge to streams leading, in turn, to a low base flow in streams, low drainage density, and subsurface water relatively high in dissolved mineral matter.
Evaluation of the hydrogeologic setting described leads inductively into the undeveloped field of comparative hydrology, which represents a quick useful means of discerning the significance of processes and principles in particular environments. The setting reveals the significance of solution by subsurface water in developing some plains. Comparative hydrology, using the described setting and typical karst settings as examples, allows an advanced analysis of some pertinent factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1243:CHAEOI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"LeGrand, H.E., 1970, Comparative hydrogeology: An example of its use: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1243-1248, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1243:CHAEOI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1243","endPage":"1248","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina","city":"Harrisburg","otherGeospatial":"Black Belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.06709715666095\n ],\n [\n -80.28533935546875,\n 35.06709715666095\n ],\n [\n -80.28533935546875,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -80.90469360351562,\n 35.06709715666095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -89.132080078125,\n 32.14771106595571\n ],\n [\n -85.341796875,\n 32.11980111179328\n ],\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 33.293803558346596\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 35.0120020431607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeGrand, Harry E.","contributorId":35824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70219892,"text":"70219892 - 1970 - Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-16T11:23:51.765336","indexId":"70219892","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T06:17:35","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends","docAbstract":"A much fuller understanding of the Green River oil shale and its organic chemistry will emerge when the geologists, paleontologists, organic chemists, biologists, paleolimnologists, and biogeochemists, who are now working on it, integrate their findings with those of the others.
We know from the geology, paleontology, and paleolimnology that the biologic progenitors of the organic substance in the Green River oil shale could only have been microscopic algae, and other micro-organisms, that grew and accumulated in the central parts of large, shallow lakes that existed under a subtropical climate. The only nonlacustrine organic components were wind-blown, or water borne, pollens and waxy spores. These, however, made up a large and important part of the organic-rich sediment. The geology of the Green River Formation shows that as the algal and pollen-rich sediment was buried deeper and deeper, progressively more of its pore water and dissolved constituents were expressed. Static pressures may have reached as much as 210 kg cm−2, and the ambient temperature rose, with depth, to somewhere within the range between 90° and 125° C. Beneath the ancient lakes a tectonically quiescent environment persisted for tens of millions of years after their organic sediments had been deeply buried.
The organic material of the Green River oil shale can be divided into three fractions—a small bitumen fraction that is extractable with common organic solvents, a major fraction called koerogen that consists of insoluble pyrobitumens, and a somewhat smaller inert fraction that is neither soluble nor does it yield oil on pyrolysis. As all three fractions originated in the same algal, pollen-rich sediment, an explanation for their marked differences must be sought in their geochemical history or from a study of the modern analogues of their progenitors. The components of the bitumen fraction consisted of “biological markers” that were inherited from the Eocene plants and animals in which they originally formed. Diagenesis has changed these hydrogen-rich compounds, but not enough to obscure their provenance. Kerogen presumably became insoluble because its hydrogen-rich components polymerized. My speculation is that the inert fraction was derived from a polyphenolic substance produced in the original algal ooze by “non-enzymatic browning.”
Only three Classes of non-marine algae need be considered as progenitors of the Green River oil shale; the Xanthophyceae, the Chlorophyceae, and the Cyanophyceae. Only the Cyanophyceae (the blue-green algae) meet the biologic and paleontologic requirements to have served as the dominant precursors of the Green River oil shale. Several other oil shales clearly were derived from the Xanthophyceae, specifically Botryococcus.
The blue-green algal ooze now forming, and accumulating, in Mud Lake, Florida, has been studied biologically and chemically as a possible present-day analogue of the Green River oil shale precursor. In this small lake we have established the fact that a bacterial inhibitor is produced, which inhibits decay of the algae and thereby permits the accumulation of energy-rich organic compounds. We infer that a similar indigenous inhibitor must have acted in the Eocene lakes to permit them to become the huge energy sinks they were.
Studies of the organic chemistry of living blue-green algae show that they contain appreciable percentages of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and very large percentages of proteins. These promising, energy-rich compounds could serve as source materials for potential conversion into oil shale in the geologic future. Certain marine anaerobic bacteria convert fatty acids into aliphatic hydrocarbons. Fresh-water obligate anaerobes should be investigated to see if they also convert fatty acids into hydrocarbons. The part played by aquatic animals that live in, or on, freshwater algal ooze in synthesizing hydrocarbons has not been investigated, but deserves attention.
Pollen grains, of course, must be considered an important precursor of hydrocarbons produced on pyrolysis. They contain far higher percentages of long chain hydrocarbons and alcohols than most plant materials.
The major problem ahead is to account for the progressive hydrogenation and subsequent polymerization of the relatively oxygen-rich constituents of algae such as the polysaccharides, amino acids, ammo sugars, and fatty acids into the insoluble pyrobitumens that constitute, particularly, the kerogen fraction of the Green River oil shale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[985:GROSOO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., 1970, Green River oil shale—concept of origin extended: An interdisciplinary problem being attacked from both ends: GSA Bulletin, v. 81, no. 4, p. 985-1000, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[985:GROSOO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"985","endPage":"1000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Green River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -109.9072265625,\n 40.97989806962013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W. H.","contributorId":102452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014287,"text":"1014287 - 1970 - Unusual pathogenicity of a common metacercaria of fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-02T16:37:07.476989","indexId":"1014287","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unusual pathogenicity of a common metacercaria of fish","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-6.2.109","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., and Hutcheson, J., 1970, Unusual pathogenicity of a common metacercaria of fish: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 6, no. 2, p. 109-109, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.2.109.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"109","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488688,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.2.109","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eb8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, G. L.","contributorId":70713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutcheson, J.A.","contributorId":21914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutcheson","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003245,"text":"1003245 - 1970 - Control of pH in MS-222 anesthetic solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T16:08:33.586824","indexId":"1003245","displayToPublicDate":"1970-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Control of pH in MS-222 anesthetic solutions","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1970)32[100:COPIMA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.L., and Harman, P.D., 1970, Control of pH in MS-222 anesthetic solutions: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 32, no. 2, p. 100-100, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1970)32[100:COPIMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b18b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, John L.","contributorId":86293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harman, Paul D.","contributorId":51695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010286,"text":"70010286 - 1970 - Mission to martian satellites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T15:16:48.890333","indexId":"70010286","displayToPublicDate":"1970-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mission to martian satellites","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3926.1758","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Milton, D., 1970, Mission to martian satellites: Science, v. 167, no. 3926, p. 1758-1758, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3926.1758.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1758","endPage":"1758","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"167","issue":"3926","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b52e4b0c8380cd6f4bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milton, D.J.","contributorId":44121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226768,"text":"70226768 - 1970 - Free-iron and -manganese oxide content of reference clays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T14:57:05.670343","indexId":"70226768","displayToPublicDate":"1970-03-01T08:45:17","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Free-iron and -manganese oxide content of reference clays","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","doi":"10.1097/00010694-197003000-00004","usgsCitation":"Anderson, B.J., and Jenne, E., 1970, Free-iron and -manganese oxide content of reference clays: Soil Science, v. 109, no. 3, p. 163-169, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197003000-00004.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, B. J.","contributorId":269969,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenne, E. A.","contributorId":45716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226789,"text":"70226789 - 1970 - Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T14:01:39.79253","indexId":"70226789","displayToPublicDate":"1970-03-01T07:53:01","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits","docAbstract":"Observations of icebergs in a modern glacial marine environment indicate that ancient rocks that received iceberg-rafted material should contain: (1) local concentrations of stones that originated when icebergs overturned, and (2) small pellets of till that were originally sediment filling the spaces between clear ice crystals.
The till pellets are especially significant in identifying an ancient glacial setting because they originate through a process unique to glaciers—the flow-and recrystallization-induced segregation of originally disseminated fine sediment. Thus when freed by melting and deposited by iceberg rafting, the pellets would reliably indicate the presence of glacial ice in an ancient environment. In the Gowganda Formation, a Precambrian glacial deposit, strata that contain outsized, presumably iceberg-rafted stones also contain abundant small flattened clasts of unsorted graywacke interpreted as the lithified counterparts of the till pellets observed on modern icebergs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[891:OOIRIG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ovenshine, A.T., 1970, Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 3, p. 891-894, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[891:OOIRIG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"891","endPage":"894","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392788,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -138.6639404296875,\n 59.12240677261356\n ],\n [\n -138.3233642578125,\n 59.01794033995248\n ],\n [\n -138.0157470703125,\n 58.86774474539531\n ],\n [\n -138.0377197265625,\n 58.74540696858028\n ],\n [\n -137.17529296875,\n 58.36427519285588\n ],\n [\n -136.9610595703125,\n 58.344100629556614\n ],\n [\n -136.658935546875,\n 58.1793925460941\n ],\n [\n -136.47216796875,\n 58.274843152138224\n ],\n [\n -136.3238525390625,\n 58.286395482881034\n ],\n [\n -135.9503173828125,\n 58.370037236925526\n ],\n [\n -135.7086181640625,\n 58.38731772556939\n ],\n [\n -135.6317138671875,\n 58.41609973381432\n ],\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 58.3844382319306\n ],\n [\n -135.472412109375,\n 58.47933745805812\n ],\n [\n -135.2911376953125,\n 58.49082301741562\n ],\n [\n -135.384521484375,\n 58.63979389935778\n ],\n [\n -135.50537109375,\n 58.66551303038583\n ],\n [\n -135.4833984375,\n 58.70833614572296\n ],\n [\n -135.7305908203125,\n 58.736855668150234\n ],\n [\n -135.6866455078125,\n 58.77389612171181\n ],\n [\n -135.714111328125,\n 58.8108971187029\n ],\n [\n -135.516357421875,\n 58.884780849473636\n ],\n [\n -135.560302734375,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -135.538330078125,\n 58.96983560365735\n ],\n [\n -135.692138671875,\n 59.04338035575868\n ],\n [\n -135.670166015625,\n 59.11394836022265\n ],\n [\n -135.8184814453125,\n 59.1393173344809\n ],\n [\n -136.0107421875,\n 59.22936606822124\n ],\n [\n -136.1260986328125,\n 59.20968817840924\n ],\n [\n -136.4666748046875,\n 59.29955167361263\n ],\n [\n -136.4996337890625,\n 59.271494782025684\n ],\n [\n -136.593017578125,\n 59.178742850970224\n ],\n [\n -136.8292236328125,\n 59.16748305369258\n ],\n [\n -137.274169921875,\n 59.00945615147479\n ],\n [\n -137.449951171875,\n 58.91031927906603\n ],\n [\n -137.5323486328125,\n 58.91031927906603\n ],\n [\n -137.5048828125,\n 58.983991031797785\n ],\n [\n -137.6202392578125,\n 59.24903261427968\n ],\n [\n -138.06518554687497,\n 59.45903485454137\n ],\n [\n -138.076171875,\n 59.40036514079251\n ],\n [\n -138.240966796875,\n 59.380785961506966\n ],\n [\n -138.2958984375,\n 59.34439461630004\n ],\n [\n -138.2135009765625,\n 59.22093407615045\n ],\n [\n -138.1201171875,\n 59.21812294905908\n ],\n [\n -138.109130859375,\n 59.17029835064482\n ],\n [\n -138.175048828125,\n 59.17592824927136\n ],\n [\n -138.33984375,\n 59.19843857520702\n ],\n [\n -138.54858398437497,\n 59.19281238381205\n ],\n [\n -138.6639404296875,\n 59.12240677261356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ovenshine, A. Thomas","contributorId":28989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ovenshine","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010207,"text":"70010207 - 1970 - Magnetic particles extracted from manganese nodules: Suggested origin from stony and iron meteorites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T15:20:47.233259","indexId":"70010207","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic particles extracted from manganese nodules: Suggested origin from stony and iron meteorites","docAbstract":"On the basis of x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe data, spherical and ellipsoidal particles extracted from manganese nodules were divided into three groups. Group I particles are believed to be derived from iron meteorites, and Group II particles from stony meteorites. Group III particles are believed to be volcanic in origin.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3920.982","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., 1970, Magnetic particles extracted from manganese nodules: Suggested origin from stony and iron meteorites: Science, v. 167, no. 3920, p. 982-984, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3920.982.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"982","endPage":"984","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"3920","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b7be4b0c8380cd69592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175874,"text":"70175874 - 1970 - Operators manual for proportional frequency controller","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:48:14","indexId":"70175874","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-03T14:15:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Operators manual for proportional frequency controller","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., and Beverage, J., 1970, Operators manual for proportional frequency controller, 42 p.","productDescription":"42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82de1e4b03fd6b7da397a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beverage, J.P.","contributorId":44120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beverage","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226578,"text":"70226578 - 1970 - Distribution of the Toquima-Table Head (Middle Ordovician Whiterock) Faunal Realm in the Northern Hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T21:13:15.282755","indexId":"70226578","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T14:30:13","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of the Toquima-Table Head (Middle Ordovician Whiterock) Faunal Realm in the Northern Hemisphere","docAbstract":"Discovery of a Whiterock trilobite assemblage in the Albany Mudstone, Girvan District, southwestern Scotland, led to an assessment of the distribution of Middle Ordovician brachiopod and trilobite faunas previously assigned to the White-rock Stage of Cooper (1956).
These faunas lie within a belt designated as the Toquima-Table Head Faunal Realm. This realm is closely related to the position of the transition from miogeosynclmal to eugeosynclinal facies, presumed to indicate the position of Ordovician continental margins. In Middle Ordovician time North America, parts of Ireland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and northeastern Asia may have constituted a single continental mass.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[393:DOTTHM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.J., and Ingham, J.K., 1970, Distribution of the Toquima-Table Head (Middle Ordovician Whiterock) Faunal Realm in the Northern Hemisphere: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 2, p. 393-408, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[393:DOTTHM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"408","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392201,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Scotland, United Kingdom","county":"Ayrshire County","otherGeospatial":"Doularg Hill, Stinchar Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -4.743003845214844,\n 55.186316598005845\n ],\n [\n -4.710559844970703,\n 55.186316598005845\n ],\n [\n -4.710559844970703,\n 55.198883518024026\n ],\n [\n -4.743003845214844,\n 55.198883518024026\n ],\n [\n -4.743003845214844,\n 55.186316598005845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Reuben James Jr.","contributorId":36911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Reuben","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingham, J. Keith","contributorId":269540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ingham","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[{"id":35549,"text":"Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":827398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210548,"text":"70210548 - 1970 - Environmental conditions and resources of southwestern Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-31T14:00:08.89592","indexId":"70210548","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T13:38:43","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Environmental conditions and resources of southwestern Mississippi","docAbstract":"The impending phase-out of Saturn V testing by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration at the Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) necessitates consideration of possible alternative uses for the Facility and surrounding region. To make a rapid and up-to-date study of pertinent environmental factors in that region, remote sensing techniques and data were used by discipline specialists in the U. S. Geological Survey, scientists in other Bureaus of the Department of the Interior and other agencies, and the Project Coordinator. Full cooperation was received from officials, planners, and business executives in Mississippi, as well as timely assistance from NASA Headquarters, the Manned Spacecraft Center/Houston, and the MTF staff.
Results from a multi-sensor equipped RB-57F high altitude overflight on February 17, 1970, and a simultaneous helicopter overflight were compared with existing photographs, maps, reports, and locally collected field data to complete this report rapidly as a Geographic Applications Project of the EROS Program, U. S. Department of the Interior. Pertinent background materials, including a comprehensive, annotated bibliography of existing studies of the area, are attached. This report considers 19 potential uses of the MTF equipment, staff, and property in relation to 16 environmental factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210548","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Environmental conditions and resources of southwestern Mississippi, Report: v, 58 p.; 3 Plates: 27.66 x 27.81 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70210548.","productDescription":"Report: v, 58 p.; 3 Plates: 27.66 x 27.81 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401315,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":396808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70605.htm"},{"id":396809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":401316,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/plate-1-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1-1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401317,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/plate-1-2.pdf","text":"Plate 1-2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401318,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210548/plate-1-3.pdf","text":"Plate 1-3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.68414306640625,\n 30.172437324514103\n ],\n [\n -89.32708740234375,\n 30.172437324514103\n ],\n [\n -89.32708740234375,\n 30.484183951487754\n ],\n [\n -89.68414306640625,\n 30.484183951487754\n ],\n [\n -89.68414306640625,\n 30.172437324514103\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":147999,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":837387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226575,"text":"70226575 - 1970 - Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T19:42:43.808914","indexId":"70226575","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T13:31:57","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"title":"Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana","docAbstract":"The northern part of the disturbed belt in Montana is a northwesterly trending zone of closely spaced westerly dipping thrust faults, many folds, and some longitudinal normal faults and transverse faults. The theory of vertical uplift that results in gravitational gliding is a reasonable explanation of the origin of the disturbed belt of northwestern Montana.
The outcropping sedimentary rocks range in age from Precambrian (Belt Supergroup) to Tertiary. All Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic stratigraphic rock units thin markedly to the east. Westernmost Montana was a slowly subsiding geosynclme during Precambrian (Belt) sedimentation and a miogeosyncline during much of Paleozoic sedimentation. The miogeosynclinal area was uplifted into a highland during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and sediment from the highland was deposited in a basin to the east. Periodic uplift and erosion continued through Cretaceous and very early Tertiary. I believe that a décollement was established, in the easterly tilted sediments, and the mass moved eastward under the influence of gravity across the small Mesozoic basin. The décollement migrated upsection to the east. East of the slide mass the rocks were folded, marking the east edge of the northern part of the disturbed belt in Montana. This edge was probably controlled by the erosional edge of the Precambrian (Belt) rocks and the west side of the craton. Additional uplift continued to produce sliding that piled one fault block upon another. The minimum amount of shortening of this upper part of the crust by thrust faulting and folding computed along one line of section is more than 29 miles. The amount of uplift to the west very likely exceeded 45,000 ft during the period from very Late Cretaceous to late Eocene. The main décollement was under an overburden of as much as 25,000 ft of strata—a thickness that would probably permit abnormal fluid pressures to develop in mudstone. The slope of the strata and glide surface by the end of uplift may have been as much as 8.5°.
Large Basin-and-Range-type normal faults developed, after thrusting, between the area of maximum uplift and the thrust fault belt. The westernmost of these faults formed the graben and horsts in the Rocky Mountain trench. The total amount of displacement of the normal faults along one line of section is about 43,000 ft. The total thickness of strata eroded from the area of maximum uplift is about 45,000 ft.
The theory of vertical uplift and gravitational sliding may also be applicable to the disturbed belt in Alberta and British Columbia. The disturbed belt, Rocky Mountain trench, and areas of uplift are continuous from northwestern Montana to northern British Columbia. Much of the geologic history of western Alberta and eastern British Columbia is like that of northwestern Montana.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mudge, M., 1970, Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana, v. 81, no. 2, p. 377-392, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"392","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.103515625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -116.12548828124999,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -115.68603515624999,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -115.90576171874999,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -114.3896484375,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 46.543749602738565\n ],\n [\n -113.35693359375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -116.103515625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","tableOfContents":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mudge, Melville R.","contributorId":72370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mudge","given":"Melville R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37690,"text":"37690 - 1970 - Wildlife imported into the United States in 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T11:44:16","indexId":"37690","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T11:43:31","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"491","title":"Wildlife imported into the United States in 1969","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in the Branch of Permits, Division of Management and Enforcement, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1970, Wildlife imported into the United States in 1969 (Revises Wildlife Leaflet 480 (1968).): Wildlife Leaflet 491, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","temporalStart":"1969-01-01","temporalEnd":"1969-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290697,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises Wildlife Leaflet 480 (1968).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffc7f0e4b0824b2d17447e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","contributorId":128149,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","id":529667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227167,"text":"70227167 - 1970 - Physical characteristics of the lunar regolith determined from surveyor television observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T17:27:07.028613","indexId":"70227167","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T11:19:46","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9973,"text":"Radio Science","onlineIssn":"1944-799X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical characteristics of the lunar regolith determined from surveyor television observations","docAbstract":"The new data on the physical characteristics of the lunar surface derived from the Surveyor pictures can be fitted to a simple ballistic model for the origin and development of the lunar regolith. At a given locality, the size-frequency distributions of craters on the lunar surface can be represented by two functions: Small craters follow a steady-state distribution of the form F = ΦCμ, where F is the cumulative number of craters with a diameter ≥ c, c is the diameter of the craters, Φ and μ have the steady-state values Φ = 1010·9, and μ = −2.00 at all five Surveyor landing sites. Larger craters are represented by the function F = χcλ, where λ < μ, and χ varies from one landing site to another. The solution for c at the intersection of F = χcλ with F = Φcμ, designated as cs, is the upper limiting crater diameter for the steady-state distribution. The value of cs is a function of the age of the surface on which the regolith has formed. The thickness of the lunar regolith may be estimated from a variety of observational data. The estimated thickness of the regolith at a given Surveyor landing site is bracketed by the original depths of (1) the smallest blocky-rimmed craters that cut through the regolith and excavate coherent material beneath, and (2) the largest, sharp, raised-rim craters without blocks that have been excavated wholly within the slightly cohesive material that forms the regolith. Other direct estimates of the thickness of the regolith are the inferred original depth of the largest craters believed to have been formed by drainage of the regolith material into subregolith fissures and, at the Surveyor-7 site, the depth at which the surface sampler instrument encountered coherent material. The thickest regolith was found at the Surveyor-6 site, where it is estimated to be more than 10 meters thick, and the thinnest was found at the Surveyor-7 site, where it is estimated to be 2 to 15 cm thick. Particle counts from sample areas at each of the Surveyor landing sites show an approximately linear relationship between the log of the cumulative particle counts and the log of the particle size. A power function of the form N = KDλ (where N is the cumulative number of particles with diameter equal to or larger than D, and D is the diameter of particles) can be fitted to the data at each site. The size-frequency distribution of resolvable fragments at the Surveyor 3, 5, and 6 landing sites was found to be the same, within errors of estimation, but at the Surveyor 1 and 7 sites coarse fragments are more numerous. Considering all five sites, we found a strong inverse correlation between the abundance of coarse blocks and the thickness of the regolith. The coarsest fragments are most abundant at the sites with the thinnest regolith.
Measurements of ground motion generated by nuclear explosions in Nevada were made for 37 locations near San Francisco Bay, California. The results were compared with the San Francisco 1906 earthquake intensities and the strong-motion recordings of the San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957. The recordings show marked amplitude variations which are related consistently to the geologic setting of the recording site. For sites underlain by a layer of younger bay mud or artificial fill, maximum horizontal ground velocities generally increased with thickness of the layer and were as much as ten times greater than those recorded on nearby bedrock. The maximum vertical velocities for these sites were between 1 and 3.5 times greater. Spectral amplification curves clearly define a “dominant ground period” of about 1 second for sites underlain by younger bay mud. For sites underlain by older, more consolidated sediments, no clearly defined “dominant ground period” was found. Maximum ground velocities for the older bay sediment sites were about twice those recorded on bedrock.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0600010029","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., 1970, Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 60, no. 1, p. 29-61, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0600010029.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"61","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/60/1/29/101559/Effects-of-local-geology-on-ground-motion-near-San"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.37258911132812,\n 37.31447530414411\n ],\n [\n -121.81434631347655,\n 37.31447530414411\n ],\n [\n -121.81434631347655,\n 37.575603207605845\n ],\n [\n -122.37258911132812,\n 37.575603207605845\n ],\n [\n -122.37258911132812,\n 37.31447530414411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226767,"text":"70226767 - 1970 - Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T14:42:25.323858","indexId":"70226767","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T08:34:40","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith","docAbstract":"A study of 193 chemical analyses of plutonic rocks from 132 localities in the central Sierra Nevada shows convincingly that K2O decreases systematically westward and suggests that Fe2O3 and TiO2 may also decrease westward and that FeO, MgO, and CaO may increase. The ratio K2O/SiO2 obviously decreases westward across six of eight provisionally established sequences of granitic rocks. Plots of analyses of rocks from each sequence form discrete fields that are strongly elongate toward zero K2O at 40 to 45 percent SiO2. The boundaries between fields on these plots and between fields on plots of normative minerals on triangular diagrams are sharp. Compositional trends within sequences are different than the compositional changes that take place across the batholith—rocks in the western Sierra Nevada probably are not compositionally identical with rocks that are present at depth beneath the eastern Sierra Nevada.
Progressive decrease of K2O in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic country rocks westward across the batholith is consistent with the anatectic model for its origin. However, it also is consistent with the hypothesis developed to explain chemical patterns in volcanic island arcs—that K2O increases toward continental land masses because of increasing depth of magma generation along landward-dipping seismic (Benioff) zones. The seismic-zone hypothesis encounters several difficulties, but it cannot be ruled out.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[409:VOMCCA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bateman, P.C., and Dodge, F.C., 1970, Variations of major chemical constituents across the central Sierra Nevada batholith: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 2, p. 409-420, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[409:VOMCCA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"420","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -117.674560546875,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -117.674560546875,\n 37.95286091815649\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 37.95286091815649\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 36.677230602346214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bateman, P. C.","contributorId":27851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodge, F. C. W.","contributorId":18755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226504,"text":"70226504 - 1970 - Petrogenesis of mylonites of high metamorphic grade in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-22T13:57:28.692636","indexId":"70226504","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T07:50:32","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis of mylonites of high metamorphic grade in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California","docAbstract":"A fairly continuous, narrow belt of mylonite gneisses extends approximately 60 miles across southern California and crops out prominently at Coyote Mountain, near Borrego Springs, San Diego County. At Coyote Mountain, both prebatholithic rocks and igneous rocks lithologically similar to rocks from the nearby southern California batholith have been deformed in the mylonite zone—a deformation that is the last plutonic event recorded in the rocks. Petrographic evidence within these mylonites at Coyote Mountain indicates that sillimamte-K feldspar-muscovite-quartz assemblages remained stable or recrystallized (or both) during mylonitization. In addition, a maximum “set” temperature of 580° C, inferred from the MgCO3 content of calcite in deformed dolomite marbles, was determined. The physical conditions probable at the metamorphic peak accompanying mylonitization are: P-T conditions inferred from experimentally studied systems, T = 580° to 660° C and Pxotai = PH, O(?) = 3.4 to 7.0 kb; high H2O activity, as indicated by the continued stability of muscovite at such high temperatures. Mylonitization within this belt may be related to a rise of magma to higher crustal levels from within the southern California batholith.
Sedimentary volumes are of prime interest in many fields of geology: as measures of erosional rates, of geochemical balance, and recently, with the virtual demonstration of continental drift, as measures of movement of the continental and oceanic plates.
The Basement Map of the United States, published by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1968, provides a partial basis for an improved estimate of the volume of Phanerozoic rock in the center, minous United States. The map requires correction for this purpose, because all metamorphic rocks of whatever age have been classed as basement. We have, therefore, attempted to allow for the metamorphic rocks of Phanerozoic age. We have made estimates of volumes for areas not controlled by contours on this map and have used such offshore data as we have been able to assemble from the literature in order to extend our estimates to include offshore sediments reasonably attributable to erosion from the area of the contiguous United States.
Our results are as follows:
We consider this estimate to be within 10 percent of the true volume. Of it, we estimate about 3.2 ×106km3 to be volcanic rock, not representing erosion of pre-existing rock. The remaining 56.8 × 106km3, rounded to 57 × 106km3, we consider products of continental denudation.
This volume is so large, representing, as it does, only 5.3 percent of the continental surface of the earth and only a sixth of recognizable geologic time, that it appears to invalidate schemes of geochemical balance such as those of Clarke, Goldschmidt, and others. These students assume that the salt in the sea is a measure of the amount of some “average igneous rock” that has been eroded during the whole of geologic time to produce some “average sedimentary rock.” Instead, our result points strongly toward the hypothesis of Livingstone, Gregor, Earth, and others that the oceanic salt is merely the cyclic salt not yet returned to the continents in a continuing cycle.
Assuming that this volume was derived from erosion of the contiguous United States—an assumption that we recognize as invalid in detail, though not seriously in error—we obtain an ostensible average rate of Phanerozoic erosion of about 10 m/ m.y., about a sixth of the present rate. But inasmuch as present erosion is attacking a surface that exposes about 76 percent sedimentary rocks and only 24 percent igneous, most of its product is recycled rather than first-cycle sediment. An analysis of the broad features of the paleo-geography of the country indicates that a similar disproportion between first-cycle and recycled sediment has been characteristic of nearly all the Phanerozoic. The ostensible erosion rate is therefore spurious, and it is likely that the average erosion rate durin g the Phanerozoic was more than half that of the present, and perhaps was nearly or quite equal to it.
The great disparity in volumes of sediment offshore in the Atlantic and Pacific—in a ratio of more than 5 to 1—is consonant with expectations if the continent has been moving westward and over-riding the Pacific Basin on a Benioff fault system activated at the beginning of the Mesozoic, though now dormant.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[353:SVATS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gilluly, J., Reed, J.C., and Cady, W., 1970, Sedimentary volumes and their significance: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 2, p. 353-375, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[353:SVATS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"375","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392040,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 32.509761735919426\n ],\n [\n -115.00488281250001,\n 32.36140331527543\n ],\n [\n -111.357421875,\n 31.16580958786196\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -108.1494140625,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -105.29296874999999,\n 30.56226095049944\n ],\n [\n -104.765625,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -103.18359375,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -102.4365234375,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -101.513671875,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.391869671769022\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -97.42675781249999,\n 27.21555620902969\n ],\n [\n -96.1962890625,\n 28.420391085674304\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 28.9600886880068\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -86.66015624999999,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -85.25390625,\n 29.57345707301757\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 24.84656534821976\n ],\n [\n -80.1123046875,\n 25.20494115356912\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -81.2548828125,\n 31.728167146023935\n ],\n [\n -76.46484375,\n 34.70549341022544\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 35.67514743608467\n ],\n [\n -75.8056640625,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -74.091796875,\n 40.413496049701955\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -70.13671875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -66.884765625,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -67.763671875,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -67.8076171875,\n 47.368594345213374\n ],\n [\n -69.3896484375,\n 47.54687159892238\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -71.54296874999999,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 45.120052841530544\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 48.19538740833338\n ],\n [\n -91.49414062499999,\n 48.19538740833338\n ],\n [\n -92.5048828125,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -94.7900390625,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 49.468124067331644\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.8936153614802\n ],\n [\n -123.3984375,\n 48.31242790407178\n ],\n [\n -124.98046874999999,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -124.1455078125,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -125.0244140625,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -118.125,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 32.509761735919426\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilluly, James","contributorId":51743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilluly","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, John C. Jr.","contributorId":223980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cady, Wallace M.","contributorId":146958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cady","given":"Wallace M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226554,"text":"70226554 - 1970 - Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-24T13:50:13.258481","indexId":"70226554","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T07:38:44","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1946,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuclear methods applied to uranium geochemistry","docAbstract":"