Hawaii, the largest island in the Hawaiian group, is 93 miles long, 76 miles wide, and covers 4,030 square miles. Mauna Loa Volcano is 13,680 feet high and Mauna Kea is 13,784 feet high. Plate 1 shows the geology, wells, springs, and water-development tunnels. Plate 2 is a map and description of points of geologic interest along the main highways. Plate 3 (same sheet as plate 2) shows highways and points of geologic interest in Hawaii National Park area. The volcanic terms used in the report are defined.
\nHawaii was built by five volcanoes. All the rocks are volcanic, except for minor amounts of sedimentary rock derived from them. Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes erupt often; Hualalai Volcano last erupted in 1801; Mauna Kea has had Recent but no historic eruptions; Kohala Mountain has long been extinct.
\nKohala Mountain constitutes the northern end of the island. It is built largely of rocks of the Pololu volcanic series which are dominantly olivine basalt with a few thin intercalated beds of vitric basaltic ash. After the eruption of this series, Kohala Volcano was deeply eroded on the windward (northeastern) side, and a deep soil formed on its other slopes. Later, oligoclase andesite and trachyte lava flows, named the Hawi volcanic series, were erupted. They rest on soil at the top of the Pololu series, and lie in the valleys cut into the Pololu lavas on the windward slope. Both the Pololu and Hawi volcanics were erupted from three rift zones trending N. 35° W., S. 65° E., and S. 50° W. from the summit of the mountain. The rift zones are marked at the surface by rows or cinder cones, and beneath the surface by innumerable dikes. A caldera occupied the summit of the mountain at the beginning of the eruption of the Hawi lavas, and for a time confined the flows. It was gradually filled and the lava escaped northeastward into the large valleys. Some of the caldera faults can still be traced. A shallow graben indents the summit now.
\nSouth of Kohala Mountain lies the much larger volcano of Mauna Kea. The early rocks of Mauna Kea constitute the Hamakua volcanic series. The lower member of this series consists chiefly of olivine basalt flows with intercalated thin beds of vitric basaltic ash. The olivine basalt of the lower member changes gradationally into the upper member, in which basalt and olivine basalt arc still abundant, but andesite also is present. Lavas of the upper member interfinger with Hawi lavas of Kohala Mountain. The Hamakua volcanic series is mantled with Pahala ash 5 to 20 feet thick, above which lie the rocks of the Laupahoehoe volcanic series. Locally the two series are separated by erosional unconformity, The Laupahoehoe lavas are dominantly andesite. The andesites erupted after the last glacial epoch are mapped separately on plate 1. The Laupahoehoe volcanic series, and probably also the Hamakua volcanic series, were erupted principally from three rift zones, trending west, northeast and south-southeast from the summit of the mountain. The upper slopes are studded with many large cinder cones, lying principally along the rift zones. Late in its geologic history, Mauna Kea was capped by a small glacier, presumably contemporaneous with the Wisconsin stage of glaciation in North America, which left conspicuous terminal, lateral, and ground moraines. Deposits exposed in canyons on the southern slope, formerly believed to be of glacial origin, are now believed to be volcanic explosion breccias.
\nThe main bulk of Hualalai Volcano is built of basalts of the Hualalai volcanic series. One flow of andesite has been found. The cinder and spatter cones lie principally along three rift zones which trend northwest, north, and southeast from the summit. On the northern slope of Hualalai Volcano lies the large trachyte pumice cone of Puu Waawaa, and its thick flow of trachyte. These are grouped together as the Waawaa volcanics. They are partly buried by later basalts from both Hualalai and Mauna Loa. The last eruption of Hualalai Volcano, in 1800–1801, produced olivine basalt.
\nThe earliest exposed rocks of Mauna Loa comprise the Ninole volcanic series. Several beds of altered vitric ash are intercalated with the lavas. Following eruption of the Ninole series, a long period or quiescence occurred, during which deep amphitheater-headed valleys were cut. This was followed by the eruption of the Kahuku volcanic series, consisting mostly of lavas with some thin beds of ash. The Rahuku series is overlain by the Pahala ash, which overlies also the Hilina volcanic series on Kilauea, the Hamakua volcanic series on Mauna Kea, and the Hawi volcanic series on Kohala, providing a rough datum for correlation of the lavas of the four mountains. Deposition of the Pahala ash was followed on Mauna Loa by eruption of the Kau volcanic series, which has continued until the present time. The historic and flaws of the Kau series are mapped separately on plate 1. The historic eruptions and volcanic activity of Mauna Loa are briefly described. The western and southern slopes of Mauna Loa are cut by normal faults along which the lower flanks of the mountain have slipped seaward.
\nThe Kau volcanic series and presumably also the Kahuku and Ninole volcanic series were erupted principally from vents along two rift zones which extend northeast and southwest from the summit caldera. The lavas of all three series are preponderantly olivine basalt. Many of the lavas contain small amounts of hypersthene.
\nThe Pahala ash on the northeastern and eastern slopes of Mauna Loa was derived largely from Mauna Kea. West and south of Kilauea Caldera, however, it was derived principally from Kilauea. Minor amounts were contributed by eruptions of Mauna Loa. It is a vitric basaltic ash, now generally altered to palagonite.
\nThe earliest exposed lavas and thin intercalated ash beds of Kilauea Volcano comprise the Hilina volcanic series. These are capped by the Pahala ash, which in turn, is overlain by the lavas and thin ash beds of the Puna volcanic series. The volcanics of both series were erupted along two rift zones, one extending southwestward from Kilauea Caldera, and the other extending southeastward for 5 miles and then bending sharply east by north. The lavas of both series are very largely olivine basalt. A few flows contain hypersthene. Augite phenocrysts are common in Mauna Loa lavas, but rare in those of Kilauea, indicating that crystallization has not progressed as far in the magma chamber of Kilauea Volcano as in that of Mauna Loa. Eruption of the Puna volcanic series has continued until the present time, the historic flows being separated from the prehistoric ones on plate 1. The historic eruptions and volcanic activity of Kilauea are briefly described.
\nKilauea Volcano originated on the southern slope of Mauna Loa where faults intersected the Eastern Fundamental Fissure of the Hawaiian Archipelago. The southern flank of Kilauea is cut by normal faults, along which the southern part is sliding seaward.
The volcanoes of the island of Hawaii are believed to have started their activity in the Tertiary period. The great erosional period which followed deposition of the Pololu and Ninole volcanic series is placed near the end of the Pliocene. The Hilina and Hamakua volcanic series were probably erupted in the late Pliocene and earlier Pleistocene. The Hawi volcanic series and the Waawaa volcanics are probably early or middle Pleistocene in age. The main period of deposition of the Pahala ash was probably late in the middle Pleistocene or early in the upper Pleistocene. The Laupahoehoe volcanic series is late Pleistocene and Recent in age, most of the flows antedating the Wisconsin glaciation. The Hualalai volcanic series probably extends from Tertiary to historic time, and the Kau and Puna volcanic series from late Pleistocene to the present. A chapter is devoted to the petrography of the rocks in which are listed all reliable chemical rock analyses.
The rocks of the island are highly permeable. Most of the rainfall sinks quickly into the ground. Perennial streams are present only on the windward slopes of Kohala Mountain and Mauna Kea. Most of the water sinks rapidly to the basal water table, where it floats on salt water according to the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. Basal water escapes in springs at or near sea level all along the coast. Only a very small proportion of it is recovered in wells. Along the windward coasts the basal water is of good quality and large supplies await development. Along the leeward coasts most of the basal water is brackish.
\nIn Kohala Mountain, much water is perched on ash beds in the Pololu volcanic series and on ash and soil at the base of the Hawi volcanic series. It escapes in perched springs in the big valleys and along the windward sea cliff and is recovered in tunnels. Along the windward slope of Mauna Keu, small amounts of water are perched by ash beds and dense lava flows in the Hamakua volcanic series. Small perched springs issue from these structures and water is recovered by tunnels. In the Kau District ash beds perch considerable water, which is recovered by many tunnels. On the southern slope of Mauna Kea small springs are perched by beds of hill wash.
Dikes in the rift zones are relatively impermeable, but enclose masses of permeable rock. Water is confined at high level in the interdike compartments in Kohala Mountain, and probably in the other volcanoes. It escapes in high-level springs in the deep valleys on Kohala Mountain; some of it is recovered by tunnels.
It is estimated that an average of about 13,085 million gallons of water a day falls as rain over the whole island. Of this only about 2.5 percent is visibly discharged from wells, tunnels, and springs. Large supplies of basal groundwater await development. Projects for development of additional water for the city of Hilo and the Kona District are described.
\nChemical analyses of water, water supplies of towns and villages, descriptions of wells, springs, and tunnels, and discharge records of numerous springs and tunnels are given in tabulated form.
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A.","contributorId":52273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"Gordon A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":584091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160866,"text":"70160866 - 1946 - Geology of the Hawaiian islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T08:57:00","indexId":"70160866","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Geology of the Hawaiian islands","docAbstract":"A brief summary of the geography, climate, and geomorphology is given. Streams develop slowly after the extinction of a volcano because of the high permeability of the rock. Once established they cut rapidly because of the steep slopes and fractured condition of the rock. Stream erosion varies enormously on different slopes of the same mountain due to the great differences in rainfall and to other causes. Six reasons are given for the development of amphitheater-headed valleys. Marine erosion has formed cliffs as much as 1,000 feet high on the leeward side and 3,000 feet high on the windward side of some of the domes. The islands have undergone a complex series of emergences and submergences leaving marine fossiliferous limestone up to 1,070 feet above sea level and valleys drowned more than 1,200 feet. Twelve terrace levels are recognized. Some are definitely eustatic.
A synopsis is given of the present knowledge of the geology of each volcanic mountain, as well as a table of the rock units, and geologic maps of all major islands. The volcanoes pass through four major phases between birth and extinction and are built around one minor and two major rift zones. The volcanoes began their history above sea level in the Tertiary. Most of them became dormant either before or during the early Quaternary. Activity was renewed in the late Quaternary. Mauna Kea was glaciated in the late Pleistocene. The character of each islet in the archipelago is tabulated.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3795806","usgsCitation":"Martin, A.C., Gensch, R., and Brown, C., 1946, Alternative methods in upland gamebird food analysis: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 10, no. 1, p. 8-12, https://doi.org/10.2307/3795806.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193713,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6873be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, A. C.","contributorId":33754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gensch, R.H.","contributorId":34216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gensch","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, C.P.","contributorId":7377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220062,"text":"5220062 - 1946 - Nutrient content of some winter foods of ruffed grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T16:19:47.535875","indexId":"5220062","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient content of some winter foods of ruffed grouse","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3795807","usgsCitation":"Treichler, R., Stow, R., and Nelson, A., 1946, Nutrient content of some winter foods of ruffed grouse: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 10, no. 1, p. 12-17, https://doi.org/10.2307/3795807.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193564,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"George Washington National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.98974978315269,\n 37.33805395616942\n ],\n [\n -79.98974978315269,\n 37.33258304692977\n ],\n [\n -79.98249087569981,\n 37.33258304692977\n ],\n [\n -79.98249087569981,\n 37.33805395616942\n ],\n [\n -79.98974978315269,\n 37.33805395616942\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6967ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Treichler, R.","contributorId":98410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treichler","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stow, R.W.","contributorId":69255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, A.L.","contributorId":92366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010900,"text":"70010900 - 1946 - Advisory Committee on Scientific Personnel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T16:51:48.686881","indexId":"70010900","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Advisory Committee on Scientific Personnel","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.103.2676.437","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Trytten, M.H., Bennett, R.D., Condon, E.U., Dyer, R.E., Fracker, S.B., Heaton, K.L., Nolan, T.B., and Pollock, R., 1946, Advisory Committee on Scientific Personnel: Science, v. 103, no. 2676, p. 437-437, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.103.2676.437.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"437","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221410,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"2676","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e70ce4b0c8380cd47802","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trytten, M. H.","contributorId":57595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trytten","given":"M.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, R. D.","contributorId":84503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"R.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Condon, E. U.","contributorId":73749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condon","given":"E.","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dyer, R. E.","contributorId":96825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyer","given":"R.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fracker, S. B.","contributorId":88878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fracker","given":"S.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Heaton, K. L.","contributorId":104220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heaton","given":"K.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nolan, T. B.","contributorId":71610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"T.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pollock, Randy","contributorId":49105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"Randy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70195377,"text":"70195377 - 1946 - An outbreak of pasteurellosis in wild ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T12:22:40","indexId":"70195377","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An outbreak of pasteurellosis in wild ducks","docAbstract":"A report was received by Merovka that a large number of wild ducks had been found dead on a small lake located about 15 miles southwest of Dimmitt, Castro County, Texas. The area was visited by Merovka and U.S. Game Agent Boone, who found and picked up 307 dead ducks, nearly all mallards and pintails. The farmer on whose land the birds were found stated that tot he best of his knowledge and belief the birds had all perished on Feb. 27, 1944. Field examination of the birds indicated that they had died at approximately that time. Only 1 sick bird was observed during the field investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association","usgsCitation":"Quortrup, E.R., Queen, F., and Merovka, L., 1946, An outbreak of pasteurellosis in wild ducks: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 153, no. 827, p. 94-103.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351472,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Castro County","city":"Dimmitt","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-102.1727,34.7475],[-101.9959,34.7479],[-101.9963,34.3099],[-102.0909,34.3096],[-102.5255,34.3114],[-102.5269,34.7467],[-102.1727,34.7475]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Castro\",\"state\":\"TX\"}}]}","volume":"153","issue":"827","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff6d84e4b0da30c1bfe56a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quortrup, E. R.","contributorId":81201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quortrup","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Queen, F.B.","contributorId":80299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Queen","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merovka, L.J.","contributorId":107711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merovka","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39700,"text":"pp209 - 1946 - The Ajo mining district, Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55601,"text":"ofr4623 - 1946 - The Ajo mining district, Arizona","indexId":"ofr4623","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"title":"The Ajo mining district, Arizona"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39700,"text":"pp209 - 1946 - The Ajo mining district, Arizona","indexId":"pp209","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"title":"The Ajo mining district, Arizona"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T21:08:02.446625","indexId":"pp209","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"209","title":"The Ajo mining district, Arizona","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp209","usgsCitation":"Gilluly, J., 1946, The Ajo mining district, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 209, Report: vii, 112 p.; 12 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp209.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 112 p.; 12 Plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":113721,"rank":13,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-supplement.pdf","text":"Supplement","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113716,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-23_revised.pdf","text":"Plate 23 Revised","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113715,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-23.pdf","text":"Plate 23","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":410577,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-19.pdf","text":"Plate 19","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113720,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-27.pdf","text":"Plate 27","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113718,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-25.pdf","text":"Plate 25","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113717,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-24.pdf","text":"Plate 24","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113719,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-26.pdf","text":"Plate 26","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113711,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113714,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-22.pdf","text":"Plate 22","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113713,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-21_a.pdf","text":"Plate 21-A","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113712,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0209/plate-20.pdf","text":"Plate 20","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Pima County","otherGeospatial":"Ajo quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 32.25\n ],\n [\n -112.75,\n 32.25\n ],\n [\n -112.75,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 32.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68348c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilluly, James","contributorId":51743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilluly","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014365,"text":"1014365 - 1946 - Relative toxicity of suspension and oil formulations of DDT to native fishes in Back Creek, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-20T17:16:30.849908","indexId":"1014365","displayToPublicDate":"1946-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1946","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative toxicity of suspension and oil formulations of DDT to native fishes in Back Creek, West Virginia","docAbstract":"On July 23, 1947, a 1‐mile section of Back Creek, treated the previous year with a DDT suspension with little damage to fish, was re‐treated with an oil spray at the same rate (1 pound per acre). The oil spray killed about six times as many fish as the suspension formula.
Fish began dying within 3 to 4 hours after treatment, whereas several days elapsed before mortality began with the suspension formula in 1946. In addition to larger numbers of the minnow species, some adult game fish were killed. Losses of fish were not as great below the sprayed section as when a suspension formula was used, probably because a good part of the DDT was drifted ashore by breezes or by water currents.
Some species of fish such as bluntnose minnows (Hyborhynchus notatus), chub suckers (Erimyzon oblongus), and pickerel (Esox niger), although numerous, were relatively unaffected. Considerable mortality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) occurred in liveboxes placed in the sprayed section, particularly at the lower stations. Largemouth bass nearly 4 inches long survived at a station where 54.0 percent of the 2‐inch bass were killed. This fact supplied some positive evidence that fish of larger size are better able to withstand DDT.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1946)76[315:RTOSAO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Surber, E.W., and Friddle, D., 1946, Relative toxicity of suspension and oil formulations of DDT to native fishes in Back Creek, West Virginia: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 76, no. 1, p. 315-321, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1946)76[315:RTOSAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Back Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.03921528231609,\n 39.538029077609565\n ],\n [\n -78.11283624532287,\n 39.45130567821232\n ],\n [\n -78.06613358912531,\n 39.443127078833356\n ],\n [\n -78.01636452119267,\n 39.53614729677449\n ],\n [\n -78.03921528231609,\n 39.538029077609565\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bfef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Surber, E. W.","contributorId":8794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Surber","given":"E.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friddle, D.D.","contributorId":90246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friddle","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198526,"text":"70198526 - 1945 - Industrial limestones and dolomites in Virginia: northern and central parts of the Shenandoah Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T16:49:43","indexId":"70198526","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T16:47:16","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Industrial limestones and dolomites in Virginia: northern and central parts of the Shenandoah Valley","docAbstract":"The area described in this report includes the northern and central parts of Shenandoah Valley in Virginia extending from the West Virginia line southwestward to the vicinity of Greenville, Augusta County. It contains extensive deposits of high-calcium limestone averaging more than 97 per cent calcium carbonate. The Mosheim limestone, composed largely of high-calcium limestone, is the important \"quarry rock\" of the area. Other formations containing high-calcium limestone include locally a part of the Lenoir, the upper part of the Chambersburg in the western belts of Shenandoah County, and relatively thin units in the Beekmantown along the eastern side of the Massanutten Mountain syncline north of Rockingham County. Some of the thickest deposits of high-calcium limestone near railroads are in Frederick, Shenandoah, Rockingham, and Augusta counties.
Extensive exposures of the Tomstown (Shady) dolomite, containing more than 42 per cent magnesium carbonate, occur in the eastern part df Clarke County. Locally near the North Mountain fault in parts of Shenandoah and Rockingham counties, 80 feet or more of brecciated dolomite in the Elbrook formation contains about 43.5 per cent magnesium
carbonate and generally less than 2 per cent silica. Most of the sampled dolomite units in the Elbrook, Conococheague, and Beekmantown formations contain less than 40 per cent magnesium carbonate.
Special study was made of the carbonate rocks suitable for chemical use and favorably located near railroads. Limestones, containing less than 95 per cent calcium carbonate, were studied locally in some detail. Descriptions of the belts of industrial limestone and dolomite are supplemented by geologic maps and sections, and chemical analyses.
","largerWorkTitle":"Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin","publisher":"Virginia Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Charlottesville, VA","usgsCitation":"Edmundson, R., 1945, Industrial limestones and dolomites in Virginia: northern and central parts of the Shenandoah Valley, v. 65, 195 p.","productDescription":"195 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":356223,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/BUL_65.pdf","text":"Document"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah Valley","volume":"65","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edmundson, R.S.","contributorId":206778,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edmundson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178707,"text":"70178707 - 1945 - The Ogden Valley artesian reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-09T11:30:45","indexId":"70178707","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"The Ogden Valley artesian reservoir","docAbstract":"Ogden Valley, in Weber County, Utah, contains an artesian reservoir from which the city of Ogden obtains all except a small part of its municipal water supply. A detailed investigation of the ground-water resources of Ogden Valley, and particularly of this artesian reservoir, was made by the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the city of Ogden between 1932 and 1934, and the results of this investigation have been reported by Leggette and Taylor.1 The present paper, which might be termed a sequel to that report, is based on data collected during those years, augmented by records that have been obtained (1935-1940) by the Geological Survey as part of a State-wide project in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer. The conclusions drawn from the study of these records and presented in detail in the following pages are as follows: (1) The artesian reservoir is filled to capacity nearly every year during the spring run-off from melting snow; (2) after the annual freshet, the recharge to the reservoir is insufficient to balance the discharge from artesian wells, which ordinarily is at a maximum during the summer; the reservoir is depleted and is not filled again until the following spring; (3) during the periods when the artesian reservoir is not full the rate of recharge is more or less proportional to the inflow to the valley by streams, except that rain on the recharge area may be of sufficient intensity to contribute some water by infiltration and deep penetration; and (4) the artesian reservoir thus serves to store water that would otherwise be lost to Great Salt Lake in the excess spring overflow, and available records indicate that water used by increased draft from wells would be replenished in normal years by increased recharge during the spring freshet.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., 1945, The Ogden Valley artesian reservoir: Technical Publication 2, 37 p.","productDescription":"37 p.","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":331475,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/w920/w9200081.pdf"},{"id":331474,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-4-070"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Weber County","otherGeospatial":"Ogden Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.84562683105469,\n 41.25148375190403\n ],\n [\n -111.74606323242188,\n 41.23134745732574\n ],\n [\n -111.74400329589844,\n 41.29276955352782\n ],\n [\n -111.80992126464844,\n 41.313918406594375\n ],\n [\n -111.84906005859375,\n 41.29586493605656\n ],\n [\n -111.84562683105469,\n 41.25148375190403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58468af0e4b04fc80e5236e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70160494,"text":"70160494 - 1945 - Columnaris as a disease of cold-water fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T08:17:39","indexId":"70160494","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3623,"text":"Transactions of the American Entomological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Columnaris as a disease of cold-water fishes","docAbstract":"A natural outbreak of columnaris disease among wild adult and hatchery-reared fingerling salmon in the State of Washington is described. The disease is identified by the recovery of the causative organism, Bacillus columnaris Davis, which may be readily identified by its characteristic action in forming columns on the surfaces of infected material held in a water mount on a microscope slide. The gross lesions vary in appearance according to the particular organ affected but are formed, essentially, by the progressive necrosis and disintegration of the tissues. The tissues primarily affected are skin, body musculature, and the gills. Cultivation of the causative organism in tryptone solutions is recorded. Controlled, laboratory-induced infections indicate that among the cold-water fishes, columnaris disease is of little consequence to fingerlings at water temperatures below 55° F., but becomes highly pathogenic at temperatures in excess of 70° F. Between these temperature thresholds, the degree and severity of the infection is markedly influenced by factors adverse to the host. No effective control measures have been found.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1943)73[32:CAADOC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"American Fisheries Society, 1945, Columnaris as a disease of cold-water fishes: Transactions of the American Entomological Society, v. 73, no. 1, p. 32-36, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1943)73[32:CAADOC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312571,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -117.00439453125,\n 46.46813299215554\n ],\n [\n -116.8505859375,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -119.0478515625,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -120.52001953124999,\n 45.69083283645816\n ],\n [\n -122.10205078125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -122.49755859375,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -123.11279296875001,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -123.99169921875,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 46.875213396722685\n ],\n [\n -124.8486328125,\n 48.38544219115483\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 48.25394114463431\n ],\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 48.42920055556841\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.79239019646406\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 49.05227025601607\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 48.951366470947725\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567930c2e4b0da412f4fb541"} ,{"id":70047940,"text":"70047940 - 1945 - Geologic and structure contour map of the Clay Basin gas field and vicinity, Daggett County, Utah, and Sweetwater County, Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55572,"text":"ofr4536 - 1945 - Geologic and structure contour map of the Clay Basin gas field","indexId":"ofr4536","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic and structure contour map of the Clay Basin gas field"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047940,"text":"70047940 - 1945 - Geologic and structure contour map of the Clay Basin gas field and vicinity, Daggett County, Utah, and Sweetwater County, Wyoming","indexId":"70047940","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic and structure contour map of the Clay Basin gas field and vicinity, Daggett County, Utah, and Sweetwater County, Wyoming"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-30T14:34:35","indexId":"70047940","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:31:00","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":364,"text":"General Mineral Resource Map","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Geologic and structure contour map of the Clay Basin gas field and vicinity, Daggett County, Utah, and Sweetwater County, Wyoming","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70047940","usgsCitation":"Dobbin, C.E., and Davison, R., 1945, Geologic and structure contour map of the Clay Basin gas field and vicinity, Daggett County, Utah, and Sweetwater County, Wyoming: General Mineral Resource Map, Map: 1 Sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/70047940.","productDescription":"Map: 1 Sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277206,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah;Wyoming","county":"Daggett County;Sweetwater County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.053,36.9979 ], [ -114.053,45.0059 ], [ -104.0522,45.0059 ], [ -104.0522,36.9979 ], [ -114.053,36.9979 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5221bee3e4b001cbb8a34eee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dobbin, C. E.","contributorId":32581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobbin","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davison, Robert","contributorId":99875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davison","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047939,"text":"70047939 - 1945 - Geologic and structure map of the Little Buffalo Basin oil and gas field and vicinity, Park and Hot Springs Counties, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-30T14:29:02","indexId":"70047939","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T14:26:00","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":364,"text":"General Mineral Resource Map","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Geologic and structure map of the Little Buffalo Basin oil and gas field and vicinity, Park and Hot Springs Counties, Wyoming","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70047939","usgsCitation":"Stipp, T., and French, H., 1945, Geologic and structure map of the Little Buffalo Basin oil and gas field and vicinity, Park and Hot Springs Counties, Wyoming: General Mineral Resource Map, Map: 1 Sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/70047939.","productDescription":"Map: 1 Sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":277205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"31680","country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0569,40.9947 ], [ -111.0569,45.0059 ], [ -104.0522,45.0059 ], [ -104.0522,40.9947 ], [ -111.0569,40.9947 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5221bee4e4b001cbb8a34ef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stipp, T.F.","contributorId":104472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stipp","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"French, H.F.","contributorId":95550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040233,"text":"70040233 - 1945 - Record of wells in Suffolk County, N.Y., Supplement 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70040233","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:55:05","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-9","title":"Record of wells in Suffolk County, N.Y., Supplement 1","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Roberts, C., and Brashears, M., 1945, Record of wells in Suffolk County, N.Y., Supplement 1: Bulletin GW-9, 155 p.; 1 Plate.","productDescription":"155 p.; 1 Plate","numberOfPages":"155","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,40.4800 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a27be4b0e8fec6cdb60a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, C.M.","contributorId":75107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brashears, M.L. Jr.","contributorId":23212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brashears","given":"M.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039172,"text":"70039172 - 1945 - Press releases, preliminary maps, and preliminary reports released by the Geologic Branch and Alaskan Branch between January 1, 1938 and January 1, 1945","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-24T01:01:47","indexId":"70039172","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T13:06:33","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":351,"text":"Circular","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"1945","title":"Press releases, preliminary maps, and preliminary reports released by the Geologic Branch and Alaskan Branch between January 1, 1938 and January 1, 1945","docAbstract":"This pamphlet contains a complete list of all maps and reports issued by the Geologic Branch and Alaskan Branch of the Geological Survey whose release was announced by press notice during the period between January 1, 1938 and January 1, 1945. The Geologic Branch material was compiled by Lois S. Kent, and the Alaskan Branch material by R. P. Kerocher. It is expected that similar lists will be published annually hereafter. These reports and maps are the results of work carried out by Survey geologists on mineral deposits in the United States, Alaska, and Cuba during the war and the years immediately preceding the war. They were released in preliminary form as rapidly as possible in this period to avoid the delays necessarily attendant upon formal publication and to make the information contained in them promptly available to property owners and mine operators concerned with the production of strategic and critical mineral commodities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70039172","usgsCitation":"Kent, L.S., and Keroher, R., 1945, Press releases, preliminary maps, and preliminary reports released by the Geologic Branch and Alaskan Branch between January 1, 1938 and January 1, 1945: Circular 1945, ii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039172.","productDescription":"ii, 72 p.","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[{"id":303,"text":"Geological Branch and Alaskan Branch","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261328,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039172/report.pdf"},{"id":261329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039172/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States;Cuba","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173,19.716666666666665 ], [ 173,71.83333333333333 ], [ -66.95,71.83333333333333 ], [ -66.95,19.716666666666665 ], [ 173,19.716666666666665 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b56e4b0c8380cd7e209","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, Lois S. 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","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Jacob, C.E., 1945, Correlation of ground-water levels and precipitation on Long Island, New York: Bulletin GW-14, 24 p.","productDescription":"24 p.","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.992919921875,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -73.42163085937499,\n 40.543026009955014\n ],\n [\n -72.476806640625,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -71.7791748046875,\n 41.054501963290505\n ],\n [\n -72.21313476562499,\n 41.19105625669688\n ],\n [\n -72.6361083984375,\n 41.025499378313754\n ],\n [\n -73.157958984375,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -73.6907958984375,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -73.927001953125,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -74.0313720703125,\n 40.718119379753446\n ],\n [\n -74.0313720703125,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -73.992919921875,\n 40.54720023441049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d9cbd1e4b07a5aecdeea0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacob, C. 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Recently the 'inbreeding theory' as a possible explanation of cycles in game populations was given careful consideration by a group of wildlife experts and geneticists. Scott's symposium (1944) consisting of comments received from eight authorities revealed unanimity in a decision that inbreeding is not the causative factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4079699","usgsCitation":"Nestler, R.B., and Nelson, A., 1945, Inbreeding among pen-reared quail: The Auk, v. 62, no. 2, p. 217-222, https://doi.org/10.2307/4079699.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"222","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4079699","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":193783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nestler, R. 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It is delivered to the earth absolutely free, not in accordance with man-made specifications or orders but at the caprice of the elements. Hence man to realize fully the benefits of this incomparable and recurring resource must have full knowledge of its erratic occurrence before ways and means may be devised for putting water to beneficial use and for preventing it from doing harm. Water facts are essential for the effective and efficient utility of water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ofr45110","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1945, Water facts for Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 45-110, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr45110.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287133,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1945/0110/report.pdf"},{"id":287134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1945/0110/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0025,33.6158 ], [ -103.0025,37.0023 ], [ -94.4307,37.0023 ], [ -94.4307,33.6158 ], [ -103.0025,33.6158 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628dea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55535,"text":"ofr4524 - 1945 - Water utilization in the Nooksack River, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T10:43:00","indexId":"ofr4524","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"45-24","title":"Water utilization in the Nooksack River, Washington","docAbstract":"The primary purpose of the investigation of the water resources\nof the Nooksack River was land classification. The\nNooksack basin lies largely within the Mt. Baker National Forest\nand a considerable area of public lands will be involved\nin any plan for the ultimate development of its water power.\nSurveys on a scale of 1:24,000 and 1:31,680 were made from the\nmouth of the Nooksack River upstream to include such stretches\nof ell streams in the basin as appear to have sufficient flow\nand head or storage possibilities to attract future power development.\nA dam site on the main stream and one on South Fork\nwere mapped on a scale of 400 feet to the inch. A dam site on\nthe main stream near Deming was mapped in 1938 by the U.S. Engineers.\nAreas within the basin not covered by these surveys\nare largely shown on quadrangle maps, The lower basin has been\nmapped on a scale of one inch to the mile, and the upper basin\non a scale of one quarter inch to the mile (Mt. Baker district).\nThese surveys and a brief record of discharge on the principal \nstreams of the basin together with a general reconnaissance\nform the basis of this report. It outlines roughly a plan of\ndevelopment showing the potential power of the Nooksack River\nand its tributaries, and considers briefly the problems of flood\ncontrol and irrigation within the basin.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr4524","usgsCitation":"Helland, R., 1945, Water utilization in the Nooksack River, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 45-24, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4524.","productDescription":"86 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287119,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1945/0024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":287118,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1945/0024/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Nooksock River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681db8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helland, R.O.","contributorId":72458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helland","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71981,"text":"tei2 - 1945 - Preliminary report on methods of analysis for very small percentages of uranium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T14:30:10","indexId":"tei2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1945","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"Preliminary report on methods of analysis for very small percentages of uranium","docAbstract":"Procedures are presented in detail of two methods for the determination of very small percentages of uranium (down to 0.0028). The methods are applicable to a wide variety of materials. Notes on the methods and confirmatory experiments are also given.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei2","usgsCitation":"Foster, N., Grimaldi, F.S., and Stevens, R., 1945, Preliminary report on methods of analysis for very small percentages of uranium: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 2, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei2.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":285575,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0002/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ca63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, N.D.","contributorId":55915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"N.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grimaldi, F. 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