The Ar36 content of densely welded glasses from ash-flow units provides a means by which the amount of air entrapped and subsequently resorbed by the glasses during compaction and welding may be calculated. The amount of air measured in glasses from nine upper Tertiary ash-flow sheets in the western United States ranges from 0.033 to 13 ppm; median is about 1 ppm. These values are very small compared with the total amounts of volatiles which probably were incorporated during welding. The data strongly suggest that large volumes of air are not incorporated by ash flows during their eruption and lateral movement.
Saline water is arbitrarily defined as water containing more than 1000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. Saline ground water is known to underlie about two‐thirds of the 48 states. Locally, aquifers yield saline ground water in profuse quantities, some of which is used by industry, particularly for cooling. Generally, however, saline water has been considered a nuisance. In this report it is dealt with as a resource, especially for the future. Forty chemical types of mineralized ground water were recognized, but sodium chloride dominates the occurrences and is almost the only type found where concentrations exceed about 20,000 mg/l. The occurrence and hydrologic properties of saline water aquifers deserve much more study than they have had. Copyright 1970 by the American Geophysical Union.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR006i005p01454","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Feth, J.H., 1970, Saline groundwater resources of the conterminous United States: Water Resources Research, v. 6, no. 5, p. 1454-1457, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR006i005p01454.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1454","endPage":"1457","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feth, J. H.","contributorId":50495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feth","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220625,"text":"5220625 - 1970 - Determining parameters for populations by using structural models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:13:14.45456","indexId":"5220625","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining parameters for populations by using structural models","docAbstract":"A method for calculating parameters necessary to maintain stable populations is described and the management implications of the method are discussed. This method depends upon knowledge of the population mortality rate schedule, the age at which the species reaches maturity, and recruitment rates or age ratios in the population. Four approaches are presented which yield information about the status of the population: (1) necessary production for a stable population, (2) allowable mortality for a stable population, (3) annual rate of change in population size, and (4) age ratios in the population which yield a stable condition. General formulas for these relationships, and formulas for several special cases, are presented. Tables are also presented showing production required to maintain a stable population with the simpler (more common) mortality and fecundity schedules.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799133","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Overton, W., and Wight, H.M., 1970, Determining parameters for populations by using structural models: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 4, p. 690-703, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799133.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"703","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Overton, W.S.","contributorId":47488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wight, H. M.","contributorId":10497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wight","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010150,"text":"70010150 - 1970 - Brines and interstitial brackish water in drill cores from the deep Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T16:46:16.445095","indexId":"70010150","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brines and interstitial brackish water in drill cores from the deep Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Marked increases in interstitial salinity occur in two drill holes located in the Gulf of Mexico at a water depth of more than 3500 meters. The increases probably arose through diffusion of salt from buried evaporites. In one hole, however, brackish water was encountered on penetrating the oil-permeated cap rock of a salt dome. The phenomenon is attributed to production of fresh water during oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons and decomposition of gypsum to form native sulfur.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.170.3953.57","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Sayles, F., 1970, Brines and interstitial brackish water in drill cores from the deep Gulf of Mexico: Science, v. 170, no. 3953, p. 57-61, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3953.57.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.78387916948623,\n 29.54413740231888\n ],\n [\n -97.43864547128346,\n 27.242578131972927\n ],\n [\n -97.46077793013689,\n 25.961607264239774\n ],\n [\n -81.98918531110581,\n 25.852858348792083\n ],\n [\n -82.27113796673324,\n 28.544243690230644\n ],\n [\n -83.68685304614004,\n 30.179559981046587\n ],\n [\n -85.5275784639827,\n 30.652175207940914\n ],\n [\n -95.78387916948623,\n 29.54413740231888\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"170","issue":"3953","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f283e4b0c8380cd4b1f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220517,"text":"5220517 - 1970 - Woodcock feeding habits as related to summer field usage in central Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:08:17.7057","indexId":"5220517","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Woodcock feeding habits as related to summer field usage in central Maine","docAbstract":"In 1968 and 1969, 60 American woodcock (Philohela minor) were collected before and after alighting on summer fields in central Maine. A comparison of stomach contents from these birds showed that woodcock fed prior to entering fields at dusk. No evidence was found to indicate that any substantial amount of food was eaten by birds remaining on fields throughout the night. In 1968, the availability and abundance of known woodcock foods were measured in 30 soil samples from one field. Few woodcock foods were found in samples located randomly and at flush sites, thus providing no evidence that birds selected sites where soil invertebrates were concentrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799142","usgsCitation":"Krohn, W., 1970, Woodcock feeding habits as related to summer field usage in central Maine: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 4, p. 769-775, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799142.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"769","endPage":"775","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193488,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Penobscot County","otherGeospatial":"central Maine","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-68.8196,46.3958],[-68.6951,46.3951],[-68.6945,46.3818],[-68.5068,46.3831],[-68.4363,46.3819],[-68.436,46.2692],[-68.437,46.0714],[-68.4379,46.043],[-68.4327,46.0352],[-68.4315,45.9519],[-68.4276,45.9445],[-68.4271,45.9313],[-68.4277,45.7803],[-68.4278,45.7684],[-68.4279,45.7597],[-68.4318,45.7597],[-68.4327,45.5796],[-68.4249,45.5763],[-68.4126,45.5726],[-68.2568,45.597],[-68.2587,45.6048],[-68.2547,45.6062],[-68.0479,45.6401],[-67.9938,45.4664],[-67.9547,45.3537],[-67.9663,45.352],[-67.9392,45.2673],[-67.9995,45.2595],[-68.0559,45.2553],[-68.1805,45.2369],[-68.303,45.2216],[-68.27,45.1004],[-68.3968,45.0837],[-68.375,44.9982],[-68.5022,44.9814],[-68.4902,44.9448],[-68.464,44.8361],[-68.446,44.7639],[-68.5335,44.7515],[-68.6081,44.7426],[-68.6171,44.7408],[-68.6242,44.7317],[-68.6475,44.7039],[-68.6911,44.7218],[-68.7137,44.7037],[-68.7265,44.6959],[-68.7298,44.69],[-68.744,44.6608],[-68.7716,44.6641],[-68.7664,44.6759],[-68.7812,44.6787],[-68.785,44.6782],[-68.7857,44.6865],[-68.7927,44.6856],[-68.7946,44.6874],[-68.7979,44.6874],[-68.7985,44.6888],[-68.8024,44.6878],[-68.8158,44.6838],[-68.8184,44.6874],[-68.8223,44.6874],[-68.8389,44.6934],[-68.8364,44.697],[-68.8376,44.702],[-68.8665,44.697],[-68.8659,44.6943],[-68.8717,44.6934],[-68.8961,44.6893],[-68.8967,44.6916],[-68.9038,44.6907],[-69.1157,44.6546],[-69.1272,44.6528],[-69.1837,44.6441],[-69.1979,44.6997],[-69.1986,44.702],[-69.2051,44.7298],[-69.2674,44.7219],[-69.2864,44.8081],[-69.2812,44.8086],[-69.2819,44.8122],[-69.356,45.0736],[-69.3431,45.0755],[-69.3398,45.0755],[-69.2049,45.0936],[-69.1752,45.0982],[-69.0531,45.1147],[-68.9775,45.127],[-68.8566,45.143],[-68.881,45.2247],[-68.8746,45.2261],[-68.7761,45.2401],[-68.8468,45.4902],[-68.8577,45.5267],[-68.9644,45.5126],[-68.952,45.5812],[-68.9507,45.6356],[-68.9597,45.6621],[-68.9408,45.6653],[-68.8255,45.6844],[-68.8229,45.9351],[-68.8212,46.2908],[-68.8196,46.3958]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Penobscot\",\"state\":\"ME\"}}]}","volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfa0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohn, W.B.","contributorId":64355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224846,"text":"5224846 - 1970 - Progress of primary feather molt of adult mourning doves in Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T16:59:49.892939","indexId":"5224846","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progress of primary feather molt of adult mourning doves in Missouri","docAbstract":"The examination of 7,892 adult doves in Missouri between 1953 and 1965 showed that less than 2.5% of adult doves completed their molt before October 1. Adult doves of both sexes began molting their primary feathers during early June in Missouri and lost the last (tenth) primary during the latter half of October. Approximately 140-150 days were required to complete the molt. Thus, early-hatched immatures, which begin their primary molt 25-30 days after hatching, contributed the bulk of the wings with completed molts in September. By correctly classifying September samples of dove wings with a completed molt as young-of-the-year a more accurate young: adult ratio is obtained.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799144","usgsCitation":"Sadler, K., Tomlinson, R.E., and Wight, H.M., 1970, Progress of primary feather molt of adult mourning doves in Missouri: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 4, p. 783-788, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799144.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"783","endPage":"788","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Boone County, Linn County, Livingston County","otherGeospatial":"Fountain Grove Wildlife Management Area, University of Missouri Swine 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K.C.","contributorId":26667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadler","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomlinson, R. E.","contributorId":78830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wight, H. M.","contributorId":10497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wight","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221244,"text":"5221244 - 1970 - Reproduction, growth, and tissue residues of deer fed dieldrin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:04:33.561472","indexId":"5221244","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction, growth, and tissue residues of deer fed dieldrin","docAbstract":"Feeding tests were conducted from January, 1966, to January, 1969, to ascertain the effects of daily ingestions of sublethal amounts of dieldrin on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Groups of deer on 0 ppm dieldrin (controls), 5 ppm, and 25 ppm dieldrin were maintained at these respective levels, as were their progeny. Treated food was readily accepted. Dieldrin intoxication was not observed, and 9 of 10 animals of each group survived 3 years of treatment. No differences in conception or in utero mortality were found between groups. Fawns from dieldrin-fed does were smaller at birth and greater post-partum mortality occurred. Fertility of male progeny was not affected. Growth was slower and remained reduced in dieldrin-treated females which were immature when the study began. Hematologic values and serum protein concentrations were not significantly (P > 0.05) related to treatment. Liver/body weight ratios were significantly (P < 0.05) larger for the 25-ppm-dieldrin group. Pituitary glands were smaller and thyroids were larger in dieldrin-fed deer. Weight gains of fawns were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced 2 of 3 years in dieldrin-treated groups. Placental transfer of dieldrin occurred. Whole milk from does fed 25 ppm dieldrin contained residues of 17 ppm. Residue levels in brain, liver, and thigh muscle tissues showed no evidence of increasing with length of treatment, but showed definite relationships to levels of dieldrin in daily diets. Nursing fawns had higher residues in brain tissues than did older deer on 5 ppm a d 25 ppm dieldrin. Highest brain residues (12.60 and 12.10 ppm, wet weight) occurred in fawns only a few days of age at death. Equilibrium between ingestion and storage or excretion of dieldrin occurred prior to 200 days and continued until nearly 1,100 days. There was no evidence of a sharp decline in residues after a long period of continued dosage. Daily ingestion of 100 and 200 ppm of dieldrin proved fatal to yearling male deer at 27 and 22 days, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799157","usgsCitation":"Murphy, D., and Korschgen, L., 1970, Reproduction, growth, and tissue residues of deer fed dieldrin: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 4, p. 887-903, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799157.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"903","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193481,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, D.A.","contributorId":64748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Korschgen, L.J.","contributorId":29910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226581,"text":"70226581 - 1970 - Earthquake recurrence intervals on the San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T22:02:04.823106","indexId":"70226581","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T15:39:38","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake recurrence intervals on the San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"Possible recurrence intervals between earth- quakes of different magnitude that may be generated along the San Andreas fault are derived by relating long-term offset rates since mid-Tertiary time, displacements, and lengths of breaks recorded for historic earthquakes, and tectonic creep rates.
The recurrence interval for earthquakes of different magnitude at a given point on the fault is believed to follow the relation:
(1) Rx = D/(S - C)
where: Rx = recurrence interval at a point on the fault,
D = displacement accompanying an earthquake of given magnitude (related empirically to Richter magnitude),
S = long-term strain rate (from offset of geo- logic units),
C = tectonic creep rate.
The recurrence interval for earthquakes of different magnitudes for the total length of the fault is then derived by weighting equation (1) according to the number of break lengths in the total length as follows:
(2) Rt = DL/(S - C)Lt
where: Rt = recurrence interval for entire fault,
L = length of break (related empirically to Richter magnitude),
Lt = total length of fault.
Tectonic creep is believed to be related to Richter magnitude, for example, small for segments of the fault characterized by earthquakes of large magnitude, and large for segments characterized by small earthquakes; and equations (1) and (2) can be weighted according to this relationship
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2875:ERIOTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wallace, R.E., 1970, Earthquake recurrence intervals on the San Andreas fault: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 10, p. 2875-2889, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2875:ERIOTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15p.","startPage":"2875","endPage":"2889","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.76074218749999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -124.76074218749999,\n 40.1452892956766\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 33.76088200086917\n ],\n [\n -113.466796875,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -117.59765625,\n 35.209721645221386\n ],\n [\n -124.76074218749999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, Robert E.","contributorId":15570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226169,"text":"70226169 - 1970 - Nickel-bearing iron sulfides in the Onaping Formation, Sudbury Basin, Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T20:52:57.566673","indexId":"70226169","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T14:38:17","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nickel-bearing iron sulfides in the Onaping Formation, Sudbury Basin, Ontario","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.6.728","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., and Larson, R.R., 1970, Nickel-bearing iron sulfides in the Onaping Formation, Sudbury Basin, Ontario: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 6, p. 728-730, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.6.728.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"728","endPage":"730","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391698,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Onaping Formation, Sudbury Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 46.59378768493023\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 46.59378768493023\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 46.7981792512332\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 46.7981792512332\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 46.59378768493023\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, Richard R.","contributorId":268802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":37692,"text":"37692 - 1970 - Fur catch in the United States, 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T12:54:32","indexId":"37692","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T12:53:43","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"493","title":"Fur catch in the United States, 1969","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in the Bird and Mammal Laboratories, Division of Wildlife Research.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 1970, Fur catch in the United States, 1969 (Revises Wildlife Leaflet BS-140 (1939).): Wildlife Leaflet 493, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises Wildlife Leaflet BS-140 (1939).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffc7f0e4b0824b2d17447a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","contributorId":128149,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife","id":529669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226468,"text":"70226468 - 1970 - A progress report: Water conservation by removal of phreatophytes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T16:25:51.973948","indexId":"70226468","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T09:54:47","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A progress report: Water conservation by removal of phreatophytes","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration from the flood plain of a major river depletes the water contributed from upstream areas of the watershed. This depletion can be significant in arid regions where water supplies are inadequate. Phreatophyte control offers a method of reducing the evapotranspiration and thus increases the water available to downstream users. This control is achieved by removing the woody phreatophytes and replacing them with grasses having a lower consumptive use.
Two generations of chert have been observed in the Mississippian Leadville Limestone of west-central Colorado: (1) an early chert inferred to have precipitated from hypersaline marine waters of high pH after those waters seeped into carbonate muds prior to final burial and lithification of the carbonate; and (2) a late chert that appears to have precipitated from ground waters as amorphous silica after initial lithification but prior to or during karst erosion of the formation in Late Mississippian (?) and Early Pennsylvanian time. A third type of microcrystalline quartz, hydrothermal jasperoid, is associated with ore deposits of Laramide age in the Leadville, but it is not discussed here.
Conditions in west-central Colorado at the time that the early cherts formed in the Leadville were probably similar to those associated with the formation of early diagenetic chert in modern sediments, and the early chert in the Leadville is believed to have formed in a manner similar to the modern early cherts.
The silica of the late chert appears to have come from Paleozoic sandstones below the Leadville. It was carried by slightly acid artesian waters into the formation, probably in concentrations of less than 60 ppm SiO2 Super-saturation of amorphous silica occurred within the Leadville and probably was obtained by evaporative concentration at the water-air interface during dry seasons. Dissolution of the limestone by the slightly acid waters may account for the removal of the calcite that is replaced by chert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3033:NAOOEA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Banks, N.G., 1970, Nature and origin of early and late cherts in the Leadville Limestone, Colorado: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 10, p. 3033-3048, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3033:NAOOEA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3033","endPage":"3048","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Leadville","otherGeospatial":"Sawatch Range, White River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.84454345703125,\n 39.49132430037711\n ],\n [\n -107.611083984375,\n 39.48496522541802\n ],\n [\n -106.9683837890625,\n 38.46649284538942\n ],\n [\n -105.75714111328125,\n 38.46434231629165\n ],\n [\n -105.74066162109375,\n 39.35341418045878\n ],\n [\n -107.03704833984375,\n 39.92448212528485\n ],\n [\n -107.84454345703125,\n 39.920269337633975\n ],\n [\n -107.84454345703125,\n 39.49132430037711\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Norman G.","contributorId":89524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013893,"text":"1013893 - 1970 - Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-02T16:26:23.470597","indexId":"1013893","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses","docAbstract":"All trematodes which cause infections and diseases in humans (zoonoses) require snails for their first intermediate host. Some have additional intermediate hosts such as crustaceans, fishes and frogs.
In this paper I have discussed the use of various procedures for controlling snail populations thereby reducing the population of trematodes whose cercariae penetrate the skin of man, or which are acquired by eating raw aquatic vegetation such as watercress, or which cause pathology in fish. Biological, chemical, and physical snail control techniques are discussed. The most promising molluscucides are copper compounds, Bayluscide, biocidal rubber and molluscicidal bait.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-6.4.262","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., 1970, Control methods for snail-borne zoonoses: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 6, no. 4, p. 262-265, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.4.262.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"265","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, G. L.","contributorId":70713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003251,"text":"1003251 - 1970 - Quinaldine and MS-222 as spawning aids for northern pike, muskellunge, and walleyes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T16:12:01.71109","indexId":"1003251","displayToPublicDate":"1970-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quinaldine and MS-222 as spawning aids for northern pike, muskellunge, and walleyes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1970)32[199:QAMASA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Schoettger, R.A., and Steucke, E., 1970, Quinaldine and MS-222 as spawning aids for northern pike, muskellunge, and walleyes: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 32, no. 4, p. 199-201, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1970)32[199:QAMASA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"201","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoettger, Richard A.","contributorId":6801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoettger","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steucke, E.W. Jr.","contributorId":34875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steucke","given":"E.W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205622,"text":"70205622 - 1970 - Nickel-cobalt anomalies in laterite at Jabal Jedair","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-27T15:31:14","indexId":"70205622","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-27T14:58:50","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Nickel-cobalt anomalies in laterite at Jabal Jedair","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources research, 1968-69","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gonzales, L., 1970, Nickel-cobalt anomalies in laterite at Jabal Jedair, chap. of Mineral resources research, 1968-69, p. 24-25.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367789,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonzales, Louis","contributorId":15627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzales","given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205598,"text":"70205598 - 1970 - Eastern margin of the Red Sea and the coastal structures in Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-26T15:16:32","indexId":"70205598","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-26T15:13:27","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eastern margin of the Red Sea and the coastal structures in Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Results of many investigations since 1950 show that the eastern margin of the Red Sea and associated coastal structures in Saudi Arabia have a long geologic history, starting with the deposition of Precambrian eugeosynclinal sedimentary and volcanic rocks before 1000 Ma ago and extending to recent geologic time. The northeastern flank of the Red Sea rift valley is in a shield area affected by possibly four plutonic events at 1000, 720 to 735 (?), 660 to 670, and about 570 Ma. Cratonization of the shield occurred during all or part of the span 520 to 590 Ma. Nubian-type sandstone of Cambrian and Ordovician age laps up on the shield from Jordan southeastward around the rim of the Great Nafud basin, and along the eastern edge of the shield southeastward to 45 degrees E longitude where it is overlapped by Permian limestone. The sandstone reappears to the south and extends southward and westward to the Asir Mountains at the Yemen border. Isolated sandstone outliers are present in the central shield, proving that lower Paleozoic sandstone covered most, if not all, of the basement as now exposed. The Mesozoic era was almost entirely a time of uplift and non-deposition except a middle to late Jurassic fringe marine invasion in the south and a possible narrow invasion from the Gulf of Suez at the end of the era. Marine and non-marine sedimentary deposits of middle and late Tertiary age are found along the Red Sea coast, and Oligocene basaltic flows are present at both low and high altitudes in the coastal ranges. Evidence for important volcanism during Oligocene and earliest Miocene time is widespread, and within the eastern rift fault zone early Miocene hypabyssal intrusives cut the shear zones. Major rifting occurred just before or during early Miocene when the flanks of the rift valley were ramped upward. Shortly after this volcanism a thickness on the order of 3500 m of middle Miocene marl and evaporite beds filled the Red Sea trough. Evidence also exists for widespread subaerial erosion in the Pliocene. Younger lava flows are Pliocene in age but the youngest, near Al Medinah, came as late as A.D. 1250. Lake-bed deposits are very probably in large part Pliocene throughout the shield. The Red Sea coastal plain in Saudi Arabia rises gently eastward from a 3 m littoral surface, generally underlain by dead reef from the Yemen border northward to Al Wajd, a distance of 1400 km. At Jizan, in the south, a salt dome has pushed the 3 m surface up to an elevation of about 50 m. From Al Wajd northward, Pleistocene terraces have been faulted, culminating in several surfaces as high as 520 m above the Red Sea at Tiran Island. Ramping of major fault-bounded blocks along the eastern side of the Red Sea trough-the Midian block in the north, a poorly defined central block, and the Asir block in the south-is connected with renewed movement on regional Precambrian faults. Drainage patterns of wadis in these blocks are characteristically affected by the ramping, and stream capture is common in the Midian and Asir blocks.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1098/rsta.1970.0024","usgsCitation":"Brown, G., 1970, Eastern margin of the Red Sea and the coastal structures in Saudi Arabia: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 267, no. 1181, p. 75-87, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1970.0024.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Red Sea","volume":"267","issue":"1181","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Glen F.","contributorId":51711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Glen F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010122,"text":"70010122 - 1970 - Deuterium: Natural variations used as a biological tracer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T16:51:53.489271","indexId":"70010122","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deuterium: Natural variations used as a biological tracer","docAbstract":"The suggestion is made that isotope tracing be carried out by monitoring the natural variations in deuterium concentrations. As an example, the natural variations in deuterium concentrations between food and water collected in Illinois and food and water collected in Colorado were used to determine the residence time of water in the blood and urine of rats. We observed not only a 51/2-day turnover time of water in the blood and urine, but also evidence for the influx of water vapor from the atmosphere through the lungs into the blood.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.169.3950.1085","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Gleason, J., and Friedman, I., 1970, Deuterium: Natural variations used as a biological tracer: Science, v. 169, no. 3950, p. 1085-1086, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3950.1085.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1085","endPage":"1086","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"169","issue":"3950","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0005e4b0c8380cd4f53c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226577,"text":"70226577 - 1970 - Seismic refraction study of crustal structure in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T20:24:45.381369","indexId":"70226577","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T14:04:01","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic refraction study of crustal structure in the western United States","docAbstract":"A network of 64 seismic-refraction profiles recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey in California and Nevada and adjacent areas of Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Arizona from 1961 to 1963 was re-interpreted. From record sections compiled for all profiles, a basic travel-time diagram can be derived. In addition to the first arrivals on profiles in the Snake River Plain, the northern Basin and Range province, and the middle Rocky Mountains, two dominant phases can be correlated in secondary arrivals, whereas the profiles in other areas show only one dominant phase in later arrivals. Based on velocity-depth functions calculated for each profile after the method of Giese, the crustal structure of the western United States is presented on contour maps and on a fence diagram that is composed of 15 crustal cross sections.
Crustal thickness reaches maxima under the Sierra Nevada (42 km), the Transverse Ranges of southern California (37 km), and in southwestern Nevada (36 km), whereas the crust is relatively thin under the Coast Ranges of California (24–26 km), under the Mojave Desert (28 km), and under parts of the central Basin and Range province in Nevada and Utah (29–30 km). The base of the crust dips generally from the Basin and Range province toward greater depths in the Colorado Plateau (43 km), the middle Rocky Mountains (45 km), and the Snake River Plain (44 km). The upper-mantle velocity is less than 8.0 kmps under the Great Basin of the Basin and Range province, the Sierra Nevada, and the Colorado Plateau, but it is equal to or greater than 8.0 kmps under the Coast Ranges of California, the Mojave Desert, and the middle Rocky Mountains. Velocity inversions within the upper crust are indicated under the southern Cascade Mountains and the middle Rocky Mountains, but not under the Sierra Nevada. The average velocity of the upper crust beneath the Basin and Range province is 6.1 to 6.2 kmps to a depth of 15 to 20 km. Only beneath the middle Rocky Mountains, the Snake River Plain, and the northern part of the Basin and Range province can a boundary zone between upper and lower crust be determined confidently.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2629:SRSOCS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Prodehl, C., 1970, Seismic refraction study of crustal structure in the western United States: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 9, p. 2629-2645, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2629:SRSOCS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2629","endPage":"2645","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains, Coast Ranges, Colorado Plateau, Great Basin, Mojave Desert, Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Snake River Plain, Transverse Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.84015683604136\n ],\n [\n -120.7672119140625,\n 35.24113278166642\n ],\n [\n -118.2843017578125,\n 33.6420625047537\n ],\n [\n -116.13922119140624,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -109.522705078125,\n 36.11125252076156\n ],\n [\n -109.51995849609375,\n 41.04207384890103\n ],\n [\n -112.686767578125,\n 43.104993581605505\n ],\n [\n -116.27929687499999,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -118.66882324218751,\n 39.60145584096999\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.84015683604136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prodehl, Claus","contributorId":224738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prodehl","given":"Claus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226793,"text":"70226793 - 1970 - The Uralides and the motion of the Russian and Siberian Platforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T18:24:45.080549","indexId":"70226793","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T12:12:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Uralides and the motion of the Russian and Siberian Platforms","docAbstract":"The Uralides—the late Precambrian and Paleozoic orogenic terrane between the Russian and Siberian Platforms—in part are exposed in the Ural Mountains, in the central Soviet Arctic, along the west edge of the Siberian Platform, and in southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, and in part are buried beneath the fill of the West Siberian Lowlands and other basins. Paleomagnetic orientations suggest that the Russian and Siberian Platforms were far apart during the early Paleozoic, converged during the middle Paleozoic, and collided in the Permian or Triassic. The geology of the Uralides accords with the concept that the two subcontinents approached and collided as the intervening oceanic plate slid beneath them along subduction (Benioff) zones.
The medial eugeosyncline of the Uralides consists largely of what may be oceanic material scraped off against the edges of the opposed subcontinents. Basalt-and-spilite belts may represent ocean-floor abyssal tholeiite, and the manganiferous cherts and other sediments upon them may be pelagic oozes. Andesite belts may have formed as island arcs within the ocean, swept subsequently against the continents. Fossil subduction zones are recorded by great faults soled by, or containing tectonic injections of, mafic and ultramafic rocks from the lower oceanic crust and upper mantle, and containing high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Granitic and silicic-volcanic rocks may have formed above the subduction zones in the accreted parts of the continental plates. Both these continental-margin magmatic rocks and the island-arc complexes display ratios of potassium to silicon that vary across strike and so indicate the directions of dip of the subduction zones.
From the distribution of such indicators of various ages, a history of the continental margins can be deduced. An active subduction zone dipped beneath the Siberian Platform during at least parts of late Precambrian and early, middle, and late Paleozoic time. The late Precambrian and Cambrian history of the Russian side is unclear, but in the Ordovician and Silurian the Russian continental margin was stable, while somewhere offshore an island arc was present whose trench was on the Russian side; the last of the intervening oceanic plate vanished down the subduction zone in about the Early Devonian, and the island arc became part of the continental margin. During the remainder of the Devonian and during the Carboniferous and Early Permian, a subduction zone was present along the margin of the enlarged Russian continent and dipped beneath it.
Each subcontinent grew oceanward as oceanic material was accreted against it, and the subduction zones stepped oceanward correspondingly. The continental magmatic zones migrated oceanward behind the accreting edges of the continental plates, so the tectonic and magmatic progression with time at any one place is analogous to the variations present across the entire orogenic belt at any one time.
Severe right-lateral deformation of the Uralides, the Russian side having moved northward relative to the Siberian side during Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time, is inferred from structural and magnetic-anomaly patterns. The deformation was accomplished by oroclinal folding, strike-slip faulting, and tensional thinning of the crust.
The Uralides may have been continuous in early Mesozoic time with the Ellesmerides of North Greenland and the Canadian Arctic islands. The Cenozoic (and late Mesozoic?) opening of the Arctic Ocean was accomplished by spreading of the Eurasia Basin, and by opening of the Canada Basin behind a counterclockwise-rotating Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2553:TUATMO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, W.B., 1970, The Uralides and the motion of the Russian and Siberian Platforms: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 9, p. 2553-2576, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2553:TUATMO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"2553","endPage":"2576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kazakhstan, Russia","otherGeospatial":"Siberia, Ural Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n 77.34374999999999,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n 77.34374999999999,\n 77.11803181203176\n ],\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 77.11803181203176\n ],\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 44.715513732021336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Warren B.","contributorId":74664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37691,"text":"37691 - 1970 - Big game inventory for 1969","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-22T11:47:08","indexId":"37691","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T11:46:12","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":98,"text":"Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"492","title":"Big game inventory for 1969","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","collaboration":"Compiled in the Bird and Mammal Laboratories.","usgsCitation":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research, 1970, Big game inventory for 1969 (Revises Wildlife Leaflet 342 (1952).): Wildlife Leaflet 492, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290698,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Revises Wildlife Leaflet 342 (1952).","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffc7f0e4b0824b2d17447c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","contributorId":128226,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Division Of Wildlife Research","id":529668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226548,"text":"70226548 - 1970 - Digital computer terrain mapping from multispectral data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T18:07:20.272062","indexId":"70226548","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T11:43:28","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9932,"text":"Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets","onlineIssn":"1533-6794","printIssn":"0022-4650","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital computer terrain mapping from multispectral data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"AIAA Earth Resources Observations and Information Systems Meeting","conferenceDate":"March 2-4, 1970","conferenceLocation":"Annapolis, MD","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","doi":"10.2514/3.30097","usgsCitation":"Smedes, H.W., Pierce, K.L., Tanguay, M.G., and Hoffer, R.M., 1970, Digital computer terrain mapping from multispectral data: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, v. 7, no. 9, p. 1025-1031, https://doi.org/10.2514/3.30097.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1031","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.3681640625,\n 42.49640294093705\n ],\n [\n -108.7646484375,\n 42.49640294093705\n ],\n [\n -108.7646484375,\n 45.4524242413431\n ],\n [\n -112.3681640625,\n 45.4524242413431\n ],\n [\n -112.3681640625,\n 42.49640294093705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smedes, Harry W.","contributorId":35383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smedes","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, Kenneth L. 0000-0002-2233-4015 kpierce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-4015","contributorId":223875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Kenneth","email":"kpierce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tanguay, Marc G.","contributorId":66701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanguay","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffer, Roger M.","contributorId":67025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226546,"text":"70226546 - 1970 - Radiometric ages and stratigraphic sequence of volcanic and plutonic rocks, southern Nye and western Lincoln Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T17:11:25.194303","indexId":"70226546","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T11:02:21","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric ages and stratigraphic sequence of volcanic and plutonic rocks, southern Nye and western Lincoln Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"The geochronology of Tertiary igneous events at the Nevada Test Site and adjacent area is outlined by 36 recently determined K-Ar ages, together with other published K-Ar ages. The first evidence of Tertiary igneous activity is the ash-fall bedded tuffs in the Horse Spring Formation. One such tuff has been dated as 29 m.y. old (late Oligocene). Other ash-flow tuffs and lavas formed during the Miocene and Pliocene, according to radiometric age determinations. The youngest ash-flow tuff in this area is about 6 m.y. old.
Great volumes of ash and lava were spewed forth 13 to 11 m.y. ago to form the Paintbrush and Timber Mountain Tuffs. Sixteen replicate age determinations on minerals from four densely welded ash-flow tuffs from these formations gave a pooled standard deviation of about ± 2 percent error, provided anomalous ages were rejected on the basis of rock alteration or analytical difficulties.
In the Air Force Gunnery Range, just north of the test site, K-Ar ages suggest that the oldest ash flows, the Monotony Tuff, were emplaced 27.6 m.y. ago (late Oligocene) and were followed by outpourings of lava and ash throughout most of the Miocene. Youngest dated lava is about 13 m.y. old.
In the southern Egan and northern Seaman Ranges of central Nevada, the Needles Range (?) Formation has an averaged K-Ar age of about 30 m.y., which compares closely with 29.2 m.y., the average of four earlier K-Ar ages determined by other investigators on known Needles Range Formation in eastern Nevada and western Utah.
K-Ar ages given by micas from two exposed plutons in the Nevada Test Site suggest emplacement of these plutons at about 93 m.y. ago (early Late Cretaceous), although earlier emplacement in the Mesozoic would be more consistent with Pb-α ages
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2657:RAASSO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Marvin, R.F., Byers, F., Mehnert, H.H., Orkild, P.P., and Stern, T.W., 1970, Radiometric ages and stratigraphic sequence of volcanic and plutonic rocks, southern Nye and western Lincoln Counties, Nevada: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 9, p. 2657-2676, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2657:RAASSO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2657","endPage":"2676","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Lincoln County, Nye County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.0098876953125,\n 36.42791246440695\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 36.42791246440695\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 38.50948995925553\n ],\n [\n -117.0098876953125,\n 38.50948995925553\n ],\n [\n -117.0098876953125,\n 36.42791246440695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marvin, Richard F.","contributorId":23125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byers, F.M. Jr.","contributorId":78338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byers","given":"F.M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orkild, Paul P.","contributorId":14441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orkild","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stern, T. W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70226484,"text":"70226484 - 1970 - A re-evaluation of basalt-obsidian relations at East Lake Fissure, Newberry Caldera, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T16:24:37.732118","indexId":"70226484","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T10:15:58","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A re-evaluation of basalt-obsidian relations at East Lake Fissure, Newberry Caldera, Oregon","docAbstract":"Andesite scoria, agglutinate, and small flows formed by thin lava gushes that erupted from East Lake Fissure on the north wall of Newberry Caldera carry numerous inclusions of platy rhyolite, partly melted platy rhyolite, and frothy obsidian. This association of obsidian and “basalt” has been interpreted as the result of intermingling of mafic and siliceous magmas. The locality has been repeatedly cited as an example of a mixed intrusion of the “basalt-rhyolite association.” Field, petrographic, chemical, and experimental evidence suggest, however, that the inclusions of frothy and massive obsidian are melted fragments of platy rhyolite which were ripped from a rhyolite unit forming part of the caldera wall by uncontaminated andesite magma which rose and fountained from the fissure.
This paper provides background information on the effect of tide waves upon the movement of water in the Hudson River estuary. Computations based on records from three continuous stage recorders and current-meter discharge measurements made throughout a tidal cycle show that peak discharge rates in the estuary at Poughkeepsie may be as great as 500,000 cubic feet per second and that total daily tidal volumes as great as 20 billion cubic feet move in the estuary. Computation of water movement in the estuary requires precise field data and continued efforts are needed to perfect the data-collection system and the computation procedure in order to adequately define water movement in the Hudson estuary.