The water content of the breccia is 150 to 455 ppm, with a δD from—580 to —870 per mil. Hydrogen gas content is 40 to 53 ppm with a δD of —830 to —970 per mil. The CO2 is 290 to 418 ppm with δ 13C = + 2.3 to + 5.1 per mil and δ18O = 14.2 to 19.1 per mil. Non-CO2 carbon is 22 to 100 ppm, δ13C = —6.4 to —23.2 per mil. Lunar dust is 810 ppm H2O (D = 80 ppm) and 188 ppm total carbon(δ13C = —17.6 per mil). The 18O analyses of whole rocks range from 5.8 to 6.2 per mil. The temperature of crystallization of type B rocks is 1100° to 1300°C, based on the oxygen isotope fractionation between coexisting plagioclase and ilmenite.
The specific heats of lunar samples 10057 and 10084 returned by the Apollo 11 mission have been measured between 90 and 350 degrees Kelvin by use of an adiabatic calorimeter. The samples are representative of type A vesicular basalt-like rocks and of finely divided lunar soil. The specific heat of these materials changes smoothly from about 0.06 calorie per gram per degree at 90 degrees Kelvin to about 0.2 calorie per gram per degree at 350 degrees Kelvin. The thermal parameter γ = (kρC)-½ for the lunar surface will accordingly vary by a factor of about 2 between lunar noon and midnight.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.749","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S., and Wilson, W., 1970, Specific heats of lunar surface materials from 90 to 350 degrees Kelvin: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 749-750, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.749.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"749","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b951ee4b08c986b31ad49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, W.H.","contributorId":32293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010432,"text":"70010432 - 1970 - Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:38:03.739605","indexId":"70010432","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals","docAbstract":"On the basis of rock modes, textures, and mineralogy, unshocked crystalline rocks are classified into a dominant ilmenite-rich suite (subdivided into intersertal, ophitic, and hornfels types) and a subordinate feldspar-rich suite (subdivided into poikilitic and granular types). Weakly to moderately shocked rocks show high strain-rate deformation and solid-state transformation of minerals to glasses; intensely shocked rocks are converted to rock glasses. Data on an unknown calcium-bearing iron metasilicate are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.644","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Chao, E.C., James, O., Minkin, J., Boreman, J., Jackson, E., and Raleigh, C., 1970, Petrology of unshocked crystalline rocks and shock effects in lunar rocks and minerals: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 644-647, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.644.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"647","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7857e4b0c8380cd78695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, O.B.","contributorId":100526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"O.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boreman, J.A.","contributorId":8221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boreman","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jackson, E.D.","contributorId":99524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raleigh, C.B.","contributorId":40219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70010289,"text":"70010289 - 1970 - Lunar soil: Size distribution and mineralogical constituents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:45:00.046603","indexId":"70010289","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar soil: Size distribution and mineralogical constituents","docAbstract":"The lunar soil collected by Apollo 11 consists primarily of submillimeter material and is finer in grain size than soil previously recorded photographically by Surveyor experiments. The main constituents are fine-grained to glassy rocks of basaltic affinity and coherent breccia of undetermined origin. Dark glass, containing abundant nickel-iron spheres, coats many rocks, mineral, and breccia fragments. Several types of homogeneous glass occur as fragments and spheres. Colorless spheres, probably an exotic component, are abundant in the fraction finer than 20 microns.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.648","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Duke, M., Woo, C., Bird, M.L., Sellers, G., and Finkelman, R.B., 1970, Lunar soil: Size distribution and mineralogical constituents: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 648-650, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.648.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"648","endPage":"650","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219136,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a99e4b0c8380cd68eb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duke, M.B.","contributorId":106630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duke","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woo, C.C.","contributorId":8164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bird, M. L.","contributorId":77176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sellers, G.A.","contributorId":21690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sellers","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70010149,"text":"70010149 - 1970 - Lunar clinopyroxenes: Chemical composition, structural state, and texture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:27:04.520058","indexId":"70010149","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar clinopyroxenes: Chemical composition, structural state, and texture","docAbstract":"Single-crystal x-ray diffraction, microprobe, optical and electron optical examinations of clinopyroxenes from Apollo 11 lunar samples 10003, 10047, 10050, and 10084 show that generally the crystals are composed of (001) augite-pigeonite intergrowths in varying ratios. Transmission electron micrographs reveal abundant exsolution lamellae, many only 60 Å thick. In addition to the phase inhomogeneities, primary chemical inhomogeneities are clearly demonstrated. There are reciprocal relationships between calcium and iron and between Ti4+ + 2Al and R2+ + 2Si. Our evidence suggests that a chemically inhomogeneous subcalcic C2/c augite was the only primary pyroxene from which pigeonite later exsolved.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.628","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ross, M., Bence, A., Dwornik, E., Clark, J.R., and Papike, J.J., 1970, Lunar clinopyroxenes: Chemical composition, structural state, and texture: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 628-630, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.628.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"628","endPage":"630","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219355,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a8be4b0c8380cd68e59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, M.","contributorId":8026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bence, A.E.","contributorId":101943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bence","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dwornik, E.J.","contributorId":99128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwornik","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Papike, J. J.","contributorId":18488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papike","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70010148,"text":"70010148 - 1970 - Lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T15:31:19.336111","indexId":"70010148","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base","docAbstract":"The regolith at Tranquillity Base is a layer of fragmental debris that ranges in thickness from about 3 to 6 meters. The thickness of the regolith and the exposure histories of its constituent fragments can be related, by means of a relatively simple model, to the observed crater distribution.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.452","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E., Hait, M., Swann, G., Schleicher, D.L., Dahlem, D., Schaber, G.G., and Sutton, R.L., 1970, Lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 452-455, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.452.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"452","endPage":"455","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a97e4b0c8380cd68eab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, E.M.","contributorId":81499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hait, M. H.","contributorId":59052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hait","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swann, G.A.","contributorId":8859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schleicher, D. L.","contributorId":86009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schleicher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dahlem, D.H.","contributorId":42701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlem","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70010065,"text":"70010065 - 1970 - Crystallography of some lunar plagioclases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:33:29.368097","indexId":"70010065","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystallography of some lunar plagioclases","docAbstract":"Crystals of calcic bytownite from type B rocks have space group I1 with c ≈ 14 angstroms. Bytownite crystals from type A rocks are more sodic and have space group C1, c ≈ 7 angstroms. Cell parameters of eight bulk feldspar separates from crystalline rocks indicate that the range of angle gamma is about 23 times the standard error of measurement, and its value might be useful for estimation of composition. Cell parameters of seven ilmenites are close to those of pure FeTiO3.
Concentrations of U, Th, and Pb in Apollo 11 samples studied are low (U. 0.16 to 0.87; Th, 0.53 to 3.4; Pb, 0.29 to 1.7, in ppm) but the extremely radiogenic lead in samples allows radiometric dating. The fine dust and the breccia have a concordant age of 4.66 billion years on the basis of 207Pb/206Pb, 206Pb/238U, 207Pb/235U, and 208Pb/232Th ratios. This age is comparable with the age of meteorites and with the age generally accepted for the earth. Six crystalline and vesicular samples are distinctly younger than the dust and breccia. The 238U/235U ratio is the same as that in earth rocks, and 234U is in radioactive equilibrium with parent 238U.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.461","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., and Rosholt, J., 1970, Age of the moon: An isotopic study of uranium-thorium-lead systematics of lunar samples: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 461-463, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.461.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"463","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f2e4b0c8380cd47fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosholt, J.N.","contributorId":37749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010087,"text":"70010087 - 1970 - Lunar rock compositions and some interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:02:47.381065","indexId":"70010087","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar rock compositions and some interpretations","docAbstract":"Samples of igneous \"gabbro,\" \"basalt,\" and lunar regolith have compositions fundamentally different from all meteorites and terrestrial basalts. The lunar rocks are anhydrous and without ferric iron. Amounts of titanium as high as 7 weight percent suggest either extreme fractionation of lunar rocks or an unexpected solar abundance of titanium. The differences in compositions of the known, more \"primitive\" rocks in the planetary system indicate the complexities inherent in defining the solar abundances of elements and the initial compositions of the earth and moon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.527","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Engel, A., and Engel, C., 1970, Lunar rock compositions and some interpretations: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 527-528, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.527.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"528","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219587,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a98e4b0c8380cd68eb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engel, A.E.J.","contributorId":52246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"A.E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engel, C.G.","contributorId":18489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010285,"text":"70010285 - 1970 - Quantitative chemical analysis of lunar samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:08:06.109019","indexId":"70010285","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative chemical analysis of lunar samples","docAbstract":"In three lunar samples the high titanium contents previously reported were confirmed. Water and ferric oxide were absent.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.532","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Peck, L.C., and Smith, V.C., 1970, Quantitative chemical analysis of lunar samples: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 532-532, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.532.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"532","endPage":"532","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a920ce4b0c8380cd80608","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, L. C.","contributorId":74871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, V. C.","contributorId":90030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"V.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010066,"text":"70010066 - 1970 - Lunar troilite: Crystallography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:22:31.516877","indexId":"70010066","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar troilite: Crystallography","docAbstract":"Fine, euhedral crystals of troilite from lunar sample 10050 show a hexagonal habit consistent with the high-temperature NiAs-type structure. Complete three-dimensional counter intensity data have been measured and used to confirm and refine Bertaut's proposed low-temperature crystal structure.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.621","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., 1970, Lunar troilite: Crystallography: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 621-623, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.621.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"621","endPage":"623","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219211,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a9de4b0c8380cd68edf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010429,"text":"70010429 - 1970 - Semimicro chemical and x-ray fluorescence analysis of lunar samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T15:43:32.774935","indexId":"70010429","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semimicro chemical and x-ray fluorescence analysis of lunar samples","docAbstract":"Major and selected minor elements were determined in seven whole rock fragments, five portions of pulverized lunar rock, and the lunar soil. Three different rock types were represented: vesicular, fine-grained basaltic rocks; medium- to coarse-grained, vuggy gabbroic rocks; and breccia. The ranges (in percent) for the major constituents of the lunar samples are: SiO2, 38 to 42; Al2O3, 8 to 14; total iron as FeO, 15 to 20; MgO, 6 to 8; CaO, 10 to 12; Na2O, 0.5 to 1; K2O, 0.05 to 0.4; TiO2, 8 to 13; MnO, 0.2 to 0.3; and Cr2O3, 0.2 to 0.4. The high reducing capacity of the samples strongly suggests the presence of Ti(III).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.520","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Rose, H.J., Cuttitta, F., Dwornik, E., Carron, M.K., Christian, R., Lindsay, J., Ligon, D., and Larson, R., 1970, Semimicro chemical and x-ray fluorescence analysis of lunar samples: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 520-521, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.520.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"520","endPage":"521","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d10e4b08c986b31824c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, H. J. 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Direct d-c arc excitation of powdered samples was used with three variations in the procedure. Thirteen lunar samples consisting of four fine-grained igneous rocks, one medium-grained igneous rock, seven breccias, and one sample of fines were analyzed. 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Particles that escape estuaries or are discharged by rivers into the shelf region tend to travel longshoreward rather than seaward. Suspended matter farther offshore, chiefly amorphous organic particles, totals 0.1 milligram per liter or less. 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","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Physics","doi":"10.1063/1.1684679","usgsCitation":"Dooley, J.R., Taylor, R.B., and Jurceka, F.J., 1970, Dual microscope comparator for fission track studies: Review of Scientific Instruments, v. 41, p. 887-888, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1684679.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"888","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dooley, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":8110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dooley","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, R. 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\"}}]}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
In the early hours of March 30, 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward completed the purchase of the remote and unexplored land known as Russian America, or Alaska. Discovered in 1741 by Vitus Bering, Alaska progressed from a Czarist colony to a territory of the United States, and finally, to its present status as the largest of the 50 States. As part of the commemoration of the centennial of Alaska's purchase, the U.S. Geological Survey published the Dictionary of Alaska Place Names. This paper is an outgrowth of my opportunity to participate in the compilation of the Dictionary. It presents a comparative study of the geographic names of a relatively small area comprising 11,000 square miles in the central part of Alaska lying between the Tanana and Yukon Rivers. The area studied was generally confined to the Fairbanks and Livengood 1: 250,000-scale maps, which are centered around Fairbanks, the supply center for interior and northern Alaska.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/70170204","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H., and Schwob, H., 1970, Floods of April-May 1969 in upper midwestern United States: Open-File Report, 555 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170204.","productDescription":"555 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570ccab2e4b0ef3b7ca14716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H.W.","contributorId":78016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwob, H.H.","contributorId":23171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwob","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047724,"text":"70047724 - 1970 - Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-17T10:16:21","indexId":"70047724","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T14:33:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table","docAbstract":"A procedure that combines meteorological and soil equations of water transfer makes it possible to estimate approximately the steady-state evaporation from bare soils under conditions of high water table. Field data required include soil-water retention curves, water table depth and a record of air temperature, air humidity and wind velocity at one elevation. The procedure takes into account the relevant atmospheric factors and the soil's capability to conduct 'water in liquid and vapor forms. It neglects the effects of thermal transfer (except in the vapor case) and of salt accumulation. Homogeneous as well as layered soils can be treated. Results obtained with the method demonstrate how the soil evaporation rates·depend on potential evaporation, water table depth, vapor transfer and certain soil parameters.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70047724","usgsCitation":"Ripple, C., Rubin, J., and Van Hylckama, T.E., 1970, Estimating steady-state evaporation rates from bare soils under conditions of high water table: Open-File Report, vii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70047724.","productDescription":"vii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047724/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279947,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70047724/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52148fe2e4b06d85e08fb4ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ripple, C.D.","contributorId":11586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ripple","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Hylckama, T. E. A.","contributorId":73568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Hylckama","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70227371,"text":"70227371 - 1970 - Origin of the lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T20:15:38.501198","indexId":"70227371","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T13:48:12","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Origin of the lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference","conferenceDate":"January 5-8, 1970","conferenceLocation":"Houston, Texas, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E.M., Hait, M., Swann, G.A., Schleicher, D.L., Schaber, G.G., Sutton, R.L., Dahlen, D.H., Goddard, E.N., and Waters, A.C., 1970, Origin of the lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base, in Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference, v. 3, Houston, Texas, United States, January 5-8, 1970, p. 2399-2412.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2399","endPage":"2412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Levinson, A. A.","contributorId":55283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levinson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830638,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hait, M. H.","contributorId":59052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hait","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swann, Gordon Alfred","contributorId":51834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schleicher, D. L.","contributorId":86009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schleicher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dahlen, D. H.","contributorId":271060,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dahlen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goddard, E. N.","contributorId":77158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goddard","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Waters, A. C.","contributorId":13304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waters","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ]}