Whirling disease of trout, caused by Myxosoma cerebralis, was diagnosed in 1966 for the first time in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from California and Nevada hatcheries. In 1969 the first incidence of this disease in cutthroat trout (S. clarki) was reported in Nevada. To date these have been the only confirmed cases of whirling disease in western United States.
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Considerations in the selection of the sites are the availability of good exposures of nearly monomineralic rocks, level of geologic understanding, and ease of access. Seven sites, where work is underway or planned, contain extensive outcrops of the following rocks: stanstone, limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. Field measurement of quartz have been conducted at four sites.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/70046415","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., Offield, T., Watson, R.D., Cannon, P., Grolier, H., Pohn, H., and Watson, K., 1970, Remote Sensor Application Studies Progress Report, July L, 1968 to June 30, 1969. 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Land resource regions are geographic areas that are characterized by a particular pattern of soils, climate, water resources and land uses. (USDA, Soil Conservation Service, 1981). Major land resource areas are subregions of the land resource regions and comprise smaller homogeneous areas. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(70)90073-4","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Phinney, R.A., Gault, D.E., O’Keefe, J.A., Adams, J.B., Kuiper, G.P., Masursky, H., Shoemaker, E., and Collins, R.J., 1970, Lunar theory and processes: Discussion of chemical analysis: Icarus, v. 12, no. 2, p. 213-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(70)90073-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"223","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a9be4b0c8380cd68ed0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phinney, R. A.","contributorId":8609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gault, D. E.","contributorId":38580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gault","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Keefe, J. A.","contributorId":92420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Keefe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, J. B.","contributorId":21679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuiper, G. P.","contributorId":9394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shoemaker, E.M.","contributorId":81499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Collins, R. J.","contributorId":77655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1013850,"text":"1013850 - 1970 - Chemotherapy of fish diseases: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-04T15:28:07.244627","indexId":"1013850","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemotherapy of fish diseases: A review","docAbstract":"Fish suffer from environmental, nutritional, viral, bacterial, parasitic, and neoplastic diseases, many of which are similar to those of higher animals. The prevention and treatment of these diseases follow the same principles as diseases of other animals.
Fish culture is similar to poultry husbandry in that large numbers of animals are crowded into relatively small areas, feeding is free choice, and medication for systemic infections is usually oral. External treatment of fishes is more common than of poultry, due to a higher frequency of external diseases.
Many of the drugs and chemicals used in chemotherapy of fishes are the same as for higher animals. The following is a brief review of the more important drugs and their methods of administration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-6.1.31","usgsCitation":"Herman, R.L., 1970, Chemotherapy of fish diseases: A review: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 6, no. 1, p. 31-34, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.1.31.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488613,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-6.1.31","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e258e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, R. L.","contributorId":21101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014177,"text":"1014177 - 1970 - Immunization of fishes: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-04T15:41:02.891394","indexId":"1014177","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immunization of fishes: A review","docAbstract":"Immune response in fishes, which are ectothermic animals, depends on temperature. The optimum response is at the optimum temperature for the species. It is, however, slower in coldwater fishes, such as salmonids, and faster in warmwater fishes.
Serum of fishes contains proteins very similar, but not identical, with those of mammals. Immune bodies are contained in gamma, beta, and alpha globulins. Gamma globulin is absent in some fishes. Fishes can be effectively immunized by injection of antigens, however, this is not a practical method. For this reason oral immunization has been attempted repeatedly but the effectiveness is variable.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01249888","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K., and Vestergard Jorgensen, P.E., 1970, Salmonid viruses: Double infection of RTG-2 cells with Egtved and infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses: Archiv Fur Die Gesamte Virusforschung, v. 29, p. 337-342, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01249888.","productDescription":"6 pp.","startPage":"337","endPage":"342","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vestergard Jorgensen, P. E.","contributorId":66806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vestergard Jorgensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33800,"text":"b1312I - 1970 - Distribution of placer gold in the Sixes River, southwestern Oregon: A preliminary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T22:43:20.226923","indexId":"b1312I","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1312","chapter":"I","title":"Distribution of placer gold in the Sixes River, southwestern Oregon: A preliminary report","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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The chemical is rapidly toxic to many species. Sea lampreys, bowfin, and channel catfish are the most sensitive species. Carp are more sensitive than trouts or sunfishes. 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It entered Lake Ontario in abundance via the Erie Canal during the 1860's when major piscivores were declining, and became the dominant species in the lake during the 1870's. The alewife subsequently spread throughout the Great Lakes and became the dominant species in Lakes Huron and Michigan as major piscivores declined. In lakes where it became extremely abundant, the shallow-water planktivores declined in the first decade after alewife establishment, the minor piscivores increased then declined in the second decade, and the deep-water planktivores declined in the third decade. The consequence has been a general reduction in fishery productivity. Rehabilitation will require extreme reduction of the alewife, and restoration of an interacting complex of deep- and shallow-water forage species, and minor and major piscivores, either by reestablishing species affected by the alewife, or by the introduction of new species that can thrive under the new ecological conditions of the lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<754:SIOTAI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.H., 1970, Species interactions of the alewife in the Great Lakes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 99, no. 4, p. 754-765, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<754:SIOTAI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"754","endPage":"765","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e609b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000319,"text":"1000319 - 1970 - Pesticide concentrations in Great Lakes fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T13:04:13","indexId":"1000319","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3038,"text":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","onlineIssn":" 0031-615","printIssn":" 0031-615","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticide concentrations in Great Lakes fish","docAbstract":"During the past 4 years the Ann Arbor Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has been monitoring insecticide levels in fish from the Great Lakes. The two insecticides found in all Great Lakes fish have been DDT (DDT, DDD, DDE) and dieldrin. Fish from Lake Michigan contain from 2 to 7 times as much of these insecticides as those from the other Great Lakes. Insecticide levels calculated on a whole-fish basis show a marked difference from species to species. Within a species there is also an increase in DDT and dieldrin levels with an increase in size. If these insecticide levels are, however, calculated as ppm of insecticide in the extractable fish oil, the differences in concentration between species and the differences between size groups becomes considerably less. Laboratory experiments indicate that fish can build up concentrations of DDT and dieldrin at the parts-per-million level from parts-per-trillion concentrations in the water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Reinert, R.E., 1970, Pesticide concentrations in Great Lakes fish: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 3, no. 4, p. 233-240.","productDescription":"p. 233-240","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269747,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26094207"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68838e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinert, Robert E.","contributorId":101214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinert","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000057,"text":"1000057 - 1970 - Trace metal characterization in aquatic environments by anodic stripping voltammetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-18T11:45:20","indexId":"1000057","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2573,"text":"Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace metal characterization in aquatic environments by anodic stripping voltammetry","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","usgsCitation":"Allen, H., Matson, W., and Mancy, K.H., 1970, Trace metal characterization in aquatic environments by anodic stripping voltammetry: Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, v. 42, no. 4, p. 573-581.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"581","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":318957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25036540"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62754f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Herbert E.","contributorId":42553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Herbert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matson, W.R.","contributorId":106830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mancy, K. H.","contributorId":14344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mancy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182464,"text":"70182464 - 1970 - Comparative histopathology of epizootic salmonid virus diseases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T11:12:48","indexId":"70182464","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5302,"text":"Diseases of Fishes and Shellfishes ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative histopathology of epizootic salmonid virus diseases","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","usgsCitation":"Yasutake, W.T., 1970, Comparative histopathology of epizootic salmonid virus diseases: Diseases of Fishes and Shellfishes , v. 5, p. 341-350.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"350","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002dfe4b01ccd54fb2841","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yasutake, W. T.","contributorId":103222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182041,"text":"70182041 - 1970 - Myxosoma cerebralis infection of trout in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T13:21:26","indexId":"70182041","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Myxosoma cerebralis infection of trout in the western United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press ","doi":"10.2307/3277701","usgsCitation":"Yasutake, W.T., and Wolf, H., 1970, Myxosoma cerebralis infection of trout in the western United States: Journal of Parasitology, v. 56, no. 4, p. 375-376, https://doi.org/10.2307/3277701.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"375","endPage":"376","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3277701","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":335551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a5770ee4b057081a24eed3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yasutake, W. T.","contributorId":103222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, H.","contributorId":151062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171176,"text":"70171176 - 1970 - Toxicity of 33 NCS to freshwater fish and sea lamprey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T11:51:14","indexId":"70171176","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":39,"text":"Investigations in Fish Control","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"38","title":"Toxicity of 33 NCS to freshwater fish and sea lamprey","docAbstract":"The chemical 33NCS (3'-chloro-3-nitrosalicylanilide) was evaluated as a fish control agent and as a larvicide for sea lampreys at the Fish Control Laboratories of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the Hammond Bay Biological Station of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The chemical is rapidly toxic to many species. Sea lampreys, bowfin, and channel catfish are the most sensitive species. Carp are more sensitive than trouts or sunfishes. Use of 33NCS in selective control of freshwater fishes or sea lampreys requires precise control because its toxicity is strongly influenced by variations in water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Marking, L.L., King, E.L., Walker, C.R., and Howell, J.H., 1970, Toxicity of 33 NCS to freshwater fish and sea lamprey: Investigations in Fish Control 38, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5746ccc7e4b07e28b662dd67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marking, Leif L.","contributorId":52239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"Leif","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Everett L.","contributorId":54922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, Charles R.","contributorId":10469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howell, John H.","contributorId":39720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}