This report covers Angelina County, Texas, of which Lufkin is the county seat, and parts of Nacogdoches and other adjacent counties. The area is underlain by a series of sands, clays, and shales of Eocene age that dip, in general, southward at an angle a little greater than that of the land surface, which also slopes southward, thus creating favorable artesian conditions. The formations cropping out in the area from north to south are the Wilcox group undifferentiated, the Carrizo sand, the Mont Selman formation, consisting of the Reklaw member, the Queen City sand member, and the Weches greensand member, the Sparta sand, the Cook Mountain and Yegua formations, and the Jackson group undifferentiated. Small supplies of potable water may be obtained from shallow wells in the outcrop areas of most of these formations. Only three of the formations appear to be likely to yield large supplies of water to wells, and in these the water is under sufficient artesian pressure in most places to cause wells to flow. The Yegua formation yields large amounts of water to some wells in the vicinity of Lufkin. However, the water is moderately mineralized and is not acceptable for municipal use except after dilution with surface water and treatment to reduce mineralization. Moreover, most of the wells in this formation yield only small quantities of water, which is highly mineralized. The Sparta sand appears to be likely to yield large supplies of water to wells throughout the northern part of Angelina County. The water, however, is moderately to highly mineralized and cannot be used for purposes that require water of good quality. The Carrizo sand promises to yield large quantities of water low in mineralization in northern Angelina County and southern Nacogdoches County. Computations indicate that the present southward flow through the formation is about 2,750,000 gallons a day, but pumping from wells and thus increasing the hydraulic gradient would greatly increase the flow. Considerable amounts of water will also be released from storage in the formation after pumping begins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp849A","usgsCitation":"White, W.N., Sayre, A., and Heuser, J., 1941, Geology and ground-water resources of the Lufkin area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 849, iv, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp849A.","productDescription":"iv, 58 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0849a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0849a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Walter N.","contributorId":99124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sayre, A.N.","contributorId":84339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayre","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heuser, J.F.","contributorId":54183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heuser","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":34938,"text":"b922S - 1941 - Tungsten deposits of the Benton Range, Mono County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:26","indexId":"b922S","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"922","chapter":"S","title":"Tungsten deposits of the Benton Range, Mono County, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b922S","usgsCitation":"Lemmon, D., 1941, Tungsten deposits of the Benton Range, Mono County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 922, iii, 581-593 p. :maps (part fold. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b922S.","productDescription":"iii, 581-593 p. :maps (part fold. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109560,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21118.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"21118"},{"id":96717,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0922s/plate-88.pdf","size":"3183","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96718,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0922s/plate-89.pdf","size":"834","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":96716,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0922s/report.pdf","size":"639","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0922s/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db62403d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemmon, D.M.","contributorId":16007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemmon","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2960,"text":"wsp848 - 1941 - Ground water in Keith County, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-30T16:57:06.702842","indexId":"wsp848","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"848","title":"Ground water in Keith County, Nebraska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.","doi":"10.3133/wsp848","usgsCitation":"Wenzel, L., Waite, H.A., Halmos, E.E., and Johnson, G.E., 1941, Ground water in Keith County, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 848, Report: iv, 68 p.; 3 Plates: 25.50 × 17.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp848.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 68 p.; 3 Plates: 25.50 × 17.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":29671,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0848/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29670,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0848/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29669,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0848/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29672,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0848/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0848/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":109959,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24661.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24661"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Keith County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-101.2702,41.3959],[-101.2688,41.0488],[-101.2487,41.0476],[-101.248,41.005],[-101.3618,41.0035],[-102.0504,41.0037],[-102.0505,41.0477],[-102.0542,41.0481],[-102.0556,41.2214],[-102.0551,41.3939],[-101.9853,41.3955],[-101.4055,41.3954],[-101.2702,41.3959]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Keith\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66daf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenzel, Leland K.","contributorId":46077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenzel","given":"Leland K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waite, Herbert A.","contributorId":40973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halmos, E. E.","contributorId":79870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halmos","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, G. E.","contributorId":103261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":146049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4620,"text":"wsp894 - 1941 - Surface water supply of the United States, 1940, Part IV, St. Lawrence River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:40","indexId":"wsp894","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"894","title":"Surface water supply of the United States, 1940, Part IV, St. Lawrence River basin","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp894","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1941, Surface water supply of the United States, 1940, Part IV, St. Lawrence River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 894, v, 213 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp894.","productDescription":"v, 213 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0894/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0894/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39284,"text":"pp193E - 1941 - Additions to the Wilcox flora from Kentucky and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:19","indexId":"pp193E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"193","chapter":"E","title":"Additions to the Wilcox flora from Kentucky and Texas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp193E","usgsCitation":"Berry, E.W., 1941, Additions to the Wilcox flora from Kentucky and Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 193, p. 83-99, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp193E.","productDescription":"p. 83-99","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0193e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67050,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0193e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69926a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, E. W.","contributorId":82754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53520,"text":"naf57 - 1941 - Attwater's prairie-chicken-its life history and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-10T15:45:56","indexId":"naf57","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":58,"text":"North American Fauna","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"57","title":"Attwater's prairie-chicken-its life history and management","docAbstract":"Attwater's prairie chicken, a characteristic bird of the Texas coastal prairie, is closely related to the now extinct heath-hen of northeastern North America. Once abundant in an area extending from the coastal tall-grass prairies of southwestern Louisiana and Texas west and south to near Port Isabel, it has decreased in numbers as man has exploited its habitat, until now it is threatened with the same fate as that of the heath-hen.
Important factors limiting the numbers of the bird include excessive or persistent rainfall during the nesting season, heavy grazing, excessive pasture burning, agricultural operations, and overshooting. Management will usually involve protection from excessive killing, improvement of food and cover, and control of predators and of the kill by hunters. Responsibility for this rests with the landowner.
Optimum prairie chicken range apparently consists of well-drained grassland, with some weeds or shrubs, the cover varying in density from light to heavy; and with surface water available in summer; diversification within the grassland type is essential. In the absence of ample refuges for the species, probably all other favorable factors together will fail to save Attwater's prairie chicken from extinction.
This number continues the series of the North American Fauna issued by the Bureau of Biological Survey, of the United States Department of Agriculture, prior to its transfer and consolidation with the Bureau of Fisheries on June 30, 1940, to form the Fish and Wildlife Service, in the Department of the Interior.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Lehmann, V.W., 1941, Attwater's prairie-chicken-its life history and management: North American Fauna 57, v, 65 p. incl. illus. (incl. map) tables 14 pl. (1 col.) on 11 l. fold. diagr. 23 cm.","productDescription":"v, 65 p. incl. illus. (incl. map) tables 14 pl. (1 col.) on 11 l. fold. diagr. 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":22643,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fwspubs.org/toc/nafa//57","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66933e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lehmann, Valgene W.","contributorId":62884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehmann","given":"Valgene","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33768,"text":"b920 - 1941 - Pre-Cambrian geology and mineral resources of the Delaware Water Gap and Easton quadrangles, New Jersey and Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-30T19:23:47.931428","indexId":"b920","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"920","title":"Pre-Cambrian geology and mineral resources of the Delaware Water Gap and Easton quadrangles, New Jersey and Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b920","usgsCitation":"Bayley, W.S., 1941, Pre-Cambrian geology and mineral resources of the Delaware Water Gap and Easton quadrangles, New Jersey and Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 920, Report: v, 97 p.; 1 Plate: 18.32 × 26.49 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b920.","productDescription":"Report: v, 97 p.; 1 Plate: 18.32 × 26.49 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397892,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21096.htm"},{"id":163391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0920/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":92399,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0920/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":92398,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0920/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Water Gap and Easton quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.25,\n 40.547\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.547\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.872\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 40.872\n ],\n [\n -75.25,\n 40.547\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db681b19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayley, William Shirley","contributorId":66234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayley","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Shirley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55329,"text":"ofr416 - 1941 - Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55329,"text":"ofr416 - 1941 - Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California","indexId":"ofr416","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":57032,"text":"b936F - 1942 - Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California","indexId":"b936F","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":57032,"text":"b936F - 1942 - Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California","indexId":"b936F","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"title":"Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:36","indexId":"ofr416","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"41-6","title":"Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr416","usgsCitation":"Bailey, E.H., 1941, Quicksilver deposits of the Parkfield district, California (Pres release superseded by Bulletin 936-F): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 41-6, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr416.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Pres release superseded by Bulletin 936-F","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a020","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, E. H.","contributorId":44509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2976,"text":"wsp849C - 1941 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Balmorhea area, western Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T14:48:55","indexId":"wsp849C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"849","chapter":"C","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Balmorhea area, western Texas","docAbstract":"Balmorhea is the center of a thriving farming community, the lands of which are irrigated with water derived chiefly from large springs but partly from the storm flow of Toyah Creek. The storm flow of the creek and a part of the winter flow of the springs is stored in a reservoir near Balmorhea and used later to supplement the flow of the springs. The present investigation was made to determine the geologic and hydrologic relations of the springs, whether additional water can be obtained from wells, and what effect the withdrawal of large amounts of water from wells would have upon the discharge of the springs. Balmorhea is situated near the foot of the Davis and Barrilla Mountains and along the southwestern margin of the Toyah Basin. The mountains and adjacent basin are drained by Toyah and Limpia Creeks. The group of springs around Balmorhea occur in the floor of the valley of Toyah Creek. They have been divided into artesian springs--Phantom Lake, Giffin and San Solomon Springs; and gravity springs--Toyah Creek, Saragosa, East Sandia and West Sandia Springs. The combined discharge of the springs during dry years is about 23,000 gallons a minute, of which amount the artesian springs supply more than 90 percent. The underground reservoir which supplies the artesian springs is the fractured and cavernous Lower Cretaceous limestone. This limestone, about 500 feet thick, is underlain by impermeable rocks, probably of Permian age, and is overlain by impermeable Upper Cretaceous strata that have a maximum thickness of about 500 feet. These are in turn overlain in the mountains by Tertiary lava and on the plains by gravel and other surficial deposits. The Lower Cretaceous limestone is at the surface or covered by a thin layer of gravel in a belt that lies athwart the stream channels and extends from Gomez Peak southeastward along the foothills of the Davis Mountains. In this belt all the streams suffer heavy seepage losses. From this belt the limestone dips gently northeastward to the axis of a northwestward-trending syncline and then rises to the surface in the vicinity of Phantom Lake, where a part of the water is discharged. About 1,000 feet northeast of this lake is a northwestward-trending fault of small displacement, on the northeast side of which the limestone is downthrown, northeastward from this fault the limestone rises gently and appears at the surface about a mile to the northeast, where it is again downfaulted, but the throw is not sufficient to affect the movement of the water. For several miles to the north the water-bearing Lower Cretaceous limestone is covered by 400 to 500 feet of impermeable Upper Cretaceous strata. It is believed that the Lower Cretaceous rocks are again near the surface and covered by only a thin mantle of gravel and other surficial deposits at San Solomon and Giffin Springs and that just northeast of the springs a fault crosses the valley along which the impermeable Upper Cretaceous rocks are faulted into a position opposite the Lower Cretaceous rocks, thus obstructing further northward movement of the water in the Lower Cretaceous limestone and forcing it to issue as large springs. Between this fault and Brogada the Lower Cretaceous rocks are believed to lie at a depth of about 500 feet and are overlain by Upper Cretaceous strata and a blanket of gravel and other surficial deposits, which are the source of the water of Toyah Creek, Sandia, and Saragosa Springs. Northeast of Brogada the Lower Cretaceous lies at a greater depth, and the mantle of gravel is much thicker. Wells put down to the limestone in the vicinity of San Solomon and Giffin Springs would decrease the flow of the springs. The effect of wells in limestone between the fault near these springs and the Brogado Hills on the flow of the springs would depend on the completeness with which the fault cuts off northward movement of ground water in the limestone. If the movement of water across the fault has been prev
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp849C","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"White, W.N., Gale, H.S., and Nye, S.S., 1941, Geology and ground-water resources of the Balmorhea area, western Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 849, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp849C.","productDescription":"69 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0849c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0849c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Walter N.","contributorId":99124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, H. S.","contributorId":102040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nye, S. Spencer","contributorId":26570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Spencer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45307,"text":"b883C - 1941 - Spirit leveling in Texas. Part 3, West-central Texas, 1896-1938","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"b883C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"883","chapter":"C","title":"Spirit leveling in Texas. Part 3, West-central Texas, 1896-1938","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b883C","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1941, Spirit leveling in Texas. Part 3, West-central Texas, 1896-1938: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 883, 151-239 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b883C.","productDescription":"151-239 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93971,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0883c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0883c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45289,"text":"b900I - 1941 - Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage County, Oklahoma. Part 9, Townships 23 and 24 north, range 7 east","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45289,"text":"b900I - 1941 - Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage County, Oklahoma. Part 9, Townships 23 and 24 north, range 7 east","indexId":"b900I","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage County, Oklahoma. Part 9, Townships 23 and 24 north, range 7 east"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33723,"text":"b900 - 1942 - Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage county, Oklahoma","indexId":"b900","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"title":"Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage county, Oklahoma"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33723,"text":"b900 - 1942 - Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage county, Oklahoma","indexId":"b900","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"title":"Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage county, Oklahoma"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T21:41:40.765721","indexId":"b900I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"900","chapter":"I","title":"Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage County, Oklahoma. Part 9, Townships 23 and 24 north, range 7 east","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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B.","contributorId":50867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodrich","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45288,"text":"b900H - 1941 - Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage County, Oklahoma. Part 8, Parts of township 20 north, ranges 9 and 10 east, and township 21 north, ranges 8 and 9 east and all of township 21 north, range 10 east","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45288,"text":"b900H - 1941 - Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage County, Oklahoma. Part 8, Parts of township 20 north, ranges 9 and 10 east, and township 21 north, ranges 8 and 9 east and all of township 21 north, range 10 east","indexId":"b900H","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage County, Oklahoma. Part 8, Parts of township 20 north, ranges 9 and 10 east, and township 21 north, ranges 8 and 9 east and all of township 21 north, range 10 east"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33723,"text":"b900 - 1942 - Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage county, Oklahoma","indexId":"b900","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"title":"Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage county, Oklahoma"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33723,"text":"b900 - 1942 - Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage county, Oklahoma","indexId":"b900","publicationYear":"1942","noYear":false,"title":"Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage county, Oklahoma"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-28T18:50:30.576715","indexId":"b900H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"900","chapter":"H","title":"Subsurface geology and oil and gas resources of Osage County, Oklahoma. Part 8, Parts of township 20 north, ranges 9 and 10 east, and township 21 north, ranges 8 and 9 east and all of township 21 north, range 10 east","docAbstract":"The area whose subsurface geology and oil and gas resources are described in this report lies along the southern border of Osage County, Okla., and includes parts of T. 20 N., Rs. 9 and 10 E., and of T. 21 N., Rs. 8 and 9 E., and all of T. 21 N., R. 10 E. The towns of Osage and Prue are within the area; Cleveland, which is a mile south of the Arkansas River, is not far beyond its southwestern limit; and Tulsa is 10 miles east of its southeast corner. The production of oil and gas from the many fields in the five townships began as early as 1905, and drilling has continued up to the present. Oil or gas is produced from 13 zones at depths ranging from 250 to 2,600 feet. Of these zones, one is in the Ordovician system, one is at the contact of the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian series, and all others are in the Pennsylvanian series. The five townships lie within a region that contains many oil and gas fields in the Bartlesville sand; the Red Fork sand is oil-bearing in a narrow belt in T. 21 N., R. 8 E.; and oil and gas are produced in small areas from the Taneha, Skinner, Squirrel, Cleveland, Jones, and Layton sands, the Mussehem and Peoples sand zone, the Okesa, Torpedo, and Clem Creek sand zone, and the Big lime and Peru sand zone.
The rocks dip westward across the five townships at an average rate of about 38 feet to the mile as measured on the top of the Oswego lime. This regional dip is interrupted, however, by many anticlines, domes, synclines, and structural basins. The subsurface crests of most of the domes and anticlines are not directly under the crests as determined on the exposed rocks, and the dips of the deeper rocks are steeper and the structural closures greater in the buried rocks than in the exposed rocks. The exposed rocks are cut by several faults that trend northwest, but the data are insufficient to determine whether the deeply buried rocks, also, are displaced along the faults.
This investigation has shown that there are a few localities not yet completely tested in this part of Osage County that may produce oil and gas and that a few producing oil fields have areas within or adjacent to them that have not been thoroughly prospected. It is pointed out that yields of oil and gas from limy reservoir rocks may be increased by acid treatment and that additional oil may be produced from some of the reservoir sands by repressuring them with gas or flooding them with water.
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Part 8, Parts of township 20 north, ranges 9 and 10 east, and township 21 north, ranges 8 and 9 east and all of township 21 north, range 10 east: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 900, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b900H.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109540,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21071.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"21071"},{"id":135246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0900h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":93939,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0900h/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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C. T.","contributorId":26278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillard, W. R.","contributorId":25906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillard","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leatherock, Otto","contributorId":103645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leatherock","given":"Otto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenkins, H. D.","contributorId":91452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45280,"text":"b899B - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45280,"text":"b899B - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group","indexId":"b899B","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-07T20:43:06.161985","indexId":"b899B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"899","chapter":"B","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group","docAbstract":"Based on the records of several hundred deep wells, contour maps have been prepared showing the monoclinal structure of part of western New York, and isopach lines have been drawn showing the westward convergence of the rocks. The mode of occurrence of natural gas in the Medina group is briefly discussed. The location of the gas fields has not been determined by structural traps, but rather stratigraphy and lithology are the controlling factors in trapping the gas, which occurs in porous lenses and streaks of sandstone sealed within impermeable beds. This mode of occurrences of the Medina gas makes the search for new fields in western New York more hazardous than in most natural gas regions. As structure has not formed traps for the gas there is no surface guide to favorable sites for testing, and new fields are found by haphazard drilling. It would be helpful, however, when wells are sunk, to study the lithology of the gas-bearing zone by an examination of the drill cuttings and core samples of the sand and to have electrical logs made of the wells to obtain measurements of permeability and porosity. Such tests may indicate the direction of greatest porosity in which the sand is more likely to contain gas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b899B","usgsCitation":"Richardson, G.B., 1941, Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 2. Subsurface structure in part of southwestern New York and mode of occurrence of gas in the Medina group: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 899, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b899B.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":401892,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21070.htm"},{"id":93912,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899b/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":135218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0899b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -76.75,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -76.75,\n 42.861\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 42.861\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richardson, G. B.","contributorId":70356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45279,"text":"b899A - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45279,"text":"b899A - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties","indexId":"b899A","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33813,"text":"b899 - 1941 - Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York","indexId":"b899","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T18:12:17.460206","indexId":"b899A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1941","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"899","chapter":"A","title":"Geologic structure and occurrence of gas in part of southwestern New York. Part 1, Structure and gas possibilities of the Oriskany sandstone in Steuben, Yates, and parts of the adjacent counties","docAbstract":"The area covered by this report is in southwestern New York and includes a little more than 3,000 square miles in Steuben and Yates counties and parts of the six adjacent counties. This area has been mapped to determine the structural attitude of the exposed rocks, so as to aid those interested in prospecting for natural gas in the Oriskany sandstone of Lower Devonian age.
Because of the gentle regional dip toward the southwest, the youngest beds are exposed in the southwest corner of the area, and progressively older beds crop out northeastward in successive bands that strike generally northwest. All the exposed rocks are of Upper Devonian age except those in a narrow belt at the extreme north edge of the area, where a small thickness of Middle Devonian rocks crops out. The maximum thickness of beds so exposed is nearly 4,000 feet, of which the lower part is predominantly soft dark shale and the upper part predominantly fine-grained sandstone and gray shale. All the beds are marine except a few tongues of continental deposits red shale and sandstone and gray mudstone in the youngest beds. All the beds thicken southeastward, so that there is a northwestward convergence between any two lithologic units in the series. More than 30 key horizons that are persistent and distinctive were mapped, and altitudes on these key horizons served as a basis for constructing the structure contour map. Many of the key horizons are formation or member boundaries, but others are the tops or bottoms of limestone or sandstone beds within formations. All the stratigraphic units mapped are purely lithologic. (See pi. 2.)
The Tully limestone, which crops out along the northern border of the area, is an easily recognizable and therefore valuable key bed for subsurface correlations in this part of the State. Below the Tully limestone is a thick body of Middle Devonian shales of the Hamilton group which rests on another valuable key bed, the hard, cherty Onondaga limestone, also of Middle Devonian age. Below the Onondaga limestone is the Lower Devonian Oriskany sandstone, which is the gas-producing bed. Unlike the Onondaga, the Oriskany is locally thin or absent.
The structure of most of the area is shown by contour lines at 25-foot intervals, but where key horizons are lacking the structure is indicated by dip symbols. Upon the regional south and southwest dip are superposed numerous gentle folds whose axes trend approximately northeastward in the greater part of the area but more nearly eastward in the eastern part. The folds generally tend to become narrower and steeper, and therefore more closely spaced, southwestward. Many of the anticlines fork southwestward, whereas the synclines. tend to fork northeastward. All the folds have a westward or southwestward plunge.
Throughout the area the rocks are jointed in two dominant sets one that trends northwest and the other east or northeast. No evident relation .between these joints, which were measured only in the hard, relatively brittle beds, and the individual folds or domes was discernible.
The faults are concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the area and trend either northeastward or northwestward. Some are nearly vertical normal faults; others are steep reverse faults. Subsurface data show that most of the faults increase in throw downward and also that many subsurface faults do not reach the surface. A group of faults in the northwestern part of the Greenwood quadrangle and the southwestern part of the Hornell quadrangle were active during Upper Devonian time, while the Gowanda shale and overlying beds were being deposited. At this stratigraphic horizon the beds in a zone a few hundred feet thick are highly deformed in a wide belt on both sides of the faults. Sandstone layers are thinned out into long stringers or swollen into thick masses and in places are bent acutely without fracture. Thin layers of shale, coquina, and sand have flowed together into intricately plicated zones that lack cleavage and joints. These features show that the sediments were deformed while wet and plastic and buried only a little way below the sea floor. The beds that were laid down over these disturbed zones were not involved in this deformation. Many of the sharper flexures and most of the faults are not evident in the beds several hundred feet stratigraphically higher. Accordingly, broad, gentle folds in these higher beds in parts of the area south and west of the northwest corner of the Greenwood quadrangle may conceal, at considerable depths below them, narrow folds separated by abrupt flexures or faults.
Several of the larger streams and rivers occupy strike valleys, and their j courses swing to follow the changing strike of the rocks where they cross ( successive folds. But, with few exceptions, the small streams are not adjusted to the bedrock structure.
Domes likely to serve as traps for natural gas are concentrated in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the area. The Wayne-Dundee gas field is in the northeastern part. All the other potentially valuable domes in this part of the area have been drilled and found valueless except one small structural feature in the southern part of the Ovid quadrangle, which, if the Oriskany is present, may trap a small quantity of gas.
In the Greenwood quadrangle in the southwestern part of the area there is one gas field and four well-defined domes, all of which may be productive if the Oriskany sandstone is present. In the northwest corner of the quadrangle the dips indicate at least two domes that can be adequately defined and evaluated only by geophysical prospecting. The State Line gas field is in tbe Wellsville quadrangle. In the southeast corner of this quadrangle there are three other domes of comparable size that may also be productive if underlain by the Oriskany sandstone. At other places in the Wellsville quadrangle the dips suggest several anticlinal axes on which analogous productive domes maybe found. The structural features in this quadrangle, however, are defined by contours only in the southeastern part. In the Woodhull quadrangle a large dome east of Jasper may be productive, and the western top of the large Woodhull dome in the southwestern part of the quadrangle seems to warrant drilling, despite the absence of the Oriskany in a well on the eastern top. Two wells drilled in 1936 and 1937 a little northeast of a broad, nearly flat-topped dome in the Hornell quadrangle, a few miles east of Hornell,, struck small flows of gas, suggesting that wells drilled higher on this dome may be productive.
In much of the southwestern part of the area seismograph surveys should be of great value in determining the structure at the Tully and Onondaga horizons. Without abundant subsurface control of this sort, the danger of drilling into subsurface faults can hardly be overemphasized.
Three closed or nearly closed synclines in the Greenwood and Wellsville quadrangles appear to be favorable places to drill for oil in the shallow sands presumably parts of the Dunkirk sandstone.
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