The Mountain Iron-Virginia area is a broad, southwest-trending valley in the central part of the Mesabi Range. The valley, which heads in the Laurentian Divide, and covers about 120 square miles, coincides approximately with a bedrock valley filled with as much as 150 feet of glacial deposits.
\nA complex sequence of glacioaqueous sediments made up of clay, silt, sand, and gravel was delineated from test holes drilled at 238 sites. These sediments range in thickness from 0 to 125 feet and can be considered a hydrologic unit, bounded below by sandy till or bedrock and above by as much as 60 feet of clayey till. The piezometric surface ranges from 0 to about 70 feet below land surface, thus, the glacioaqueous deposits are not everywhere completely saturated. In places, however, the water is under artesian pressure.
\nWithin the Mountain Iron-Virginia area about 50 square miles are underlain by deposits 20 feet or more in thickness of silt, sand, or gravel that constitute an aquifer that is a large potential source for additional water supplies. Except for iron and manganese, which are present in excessive amounts in some wells, the water meets U.S. Public Health Service standards for municipal supplies. Pumping tests of wells in the permeable sand or gravel deposits at five sites indicate that yields of several hundred gallons per minute and possibly as much as 2,000 gpm (gallons per minute) can be expected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1539A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Commission and with the Division of Waters, Minnesota Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Cotter, R.D., and Rogers, J., 1961, Exploratory drilling for ground water in the Mountain Iron-Virginia area, St. Louis County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1539, Document: 19 p.; 2 Plates: 33.00 x 40.48 inches and 39.00 x 22.02 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1539A.","productDescription":"Document: 19 p.; 2 Plates: 33.00 x 40.48 inches and 39.00 x 22.02 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424450,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24726.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":26056,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26058,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26057,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"St. Louis County","otherGeospatial":"Mountain Iron-Virginia area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.75,\n 47.566667\n ],\n [\n -92.75,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -92.5,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -92.5,\n 47.566667\n ],\n [\n -92.75,\n 47.566667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, R. D.","contributorId":89874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":143326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogers, J.E.","contributorId":61401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1705,"text":"wsp1475F - 1961 - Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"wsp1475F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"F","title":"Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"On behalf of the National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey during the summer of 1959 made a study of ground-water conditions in the area of the Grant Village site, along the shore of the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake, 1 to 2 miles south of the present facilities at West Thumb. The water supply for the present development at West Thumb is obtained from Duck Lake, but the quantity of water available from this source probably will be inadequate for the planned development at Grant Village.\r\n\r\nDuring the investigation, 11 auger holes were bored and 6 test wells were drilled. Aquifer tests by pumping and bailing methods were made at two of the test wells. All material penetrated in the auger holes and test wells is of Quaternary age except the welded tuff of possible Pliocene age that was penetrated in the lower part of test well 4.\r\n\r\nSmall to moderate quantities of water were obtained from the test wells in the area. Test well 2 yielded 35 gpm (gallons per minute) at a temperature of nearly 100 deg F. Test well 6 yielded about 15 gpm at a temperature of 48 deg F. The yield of this well might be increased by perforation of additional sections of casing, followed by further development of the well. Water from the other four test wells was of inadequate quantity, too highly mineralized, or too warm to be effectively utilized.\r\n\r\nMost of the ground water sampled had high concentrations of silica and iron, and part of the water was excessively high in fluoride content. Otherwise, the ground water was of generally suitable quality for most uses.\r\n\r\nThe most favorable area for obtaining water supplies from wells is near the lakeshore, where a large part of the water pumped would be ground-water flow diverted from its normal discharge into the lake. Moderate quantities of relatively cool water of fairly good quality may be available near the lakeshore between test wells 5 and 6 and immediately east of test well 6.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Gordon, E.D., McCullough, R.A., and Weeks, E.P., 1961, Ground Water at Grant Village Site, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, 173-200 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475F.","productDescription":"173-200 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12519,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/wsp/1475-F/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.66666666666667,44.25 ], [ -110.66666666666667,44.5 ], [ -110.33333333333333,44.5 ], [ -110.33333333333333,44.25 ], [ -110.66666666666667,44.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Ellis D.","contributorId":12451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCullough, Richard A.","contributorId":78712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weeks, Edwin P. epweeks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Edwin","email":"epweeks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":143994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":958,"text":"wsp1608A - 1961 - Effects of phosphate mining on the ground water of Anguar, Palau Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp1608A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"A","title":"Effects of phosphate mining on the ground water of Anguar, Palau Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands","docAbstract":"Mining of phosphate ore on Angaur Island by mechanized methods created large water-table lakes, which became filled with brackish or saline water. A hydrologic investigation was started in 1949 to determine whether the saline water in the lakes would spread to surrounding areas and cause damage to agricultural lands and the water supply. \r\n\r\nAngaur, which is in the Palau Islands in the southwestern part of Micronesia, is administered as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, under a trusteeship granted to the United States by the United Nations. The island has an area of 3.2 square miles and has a maximum altitude of about 150 feet. The climate is tropical oceanic. The average annual temperature is 82 ? F; the average annual rainfall is about 125 inches; and the average relative humidity is about 80 percent. \r\n\r\nThe northwestern third of Angaur (province A) consists topographically of a series of concentric ridges and depressions which are underlain largely by well-cemented coralline limestone of Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent ages. The remaining two-thirds of Angaur (province B} is a low plain underlain in the northern and central parts by a low platform of coralline rubble of Pleistocene and Recent age and in the southern part by sandy and rubbly beach deposits of Recent age. Province A contained extensive phosphate deposits of which more than 3 million tons were mined in 1909-55. \r\n\r\nWeekly water-level measurements at 35 wells, test holes, and lakes indicate that the water table averages about 2 feet above mean sea level in the beach deposits, about half a foot above mean sea level in the rubble deposits, and about 1.35 feet above mean sea level in the coralline limestone. Water samples obtained weekly at the observation sites indicate that the ground water in province A is not of uniform quality, as large variations in salinity occur throughout the area. In contrast, the ground water in province B is of relatively uniform quality, and contains less than 1,000 ppm (parts per million) of chloride in most places. \r\n\r\nIn province A removal of earthy phosphate which had acted as a seal allowed the infiltration of saline water through solution channels exposed at the bottom of several of the lakes. The sampling program showed no indication of large-scale movement of saline water out of the lakes into adjacent ground water. Provinces A and B apparently function as independent ground-water units, and the quality of the ground water in province B has not been noticeably affected by mining activities in province A. \r\n\r\nThe lakes were backfilled with limestone rubble to reduce the possibility of underground movement of saline water out of the lakes. The gross permeability of the backfill material is less than that of the surrounding limestone in province A, and, as the rate of influx of saline water was curtailed, the recharge of fresh water from rainfall tended to reduce the salinity of the ground water in the fill. In parts of the backfilled area the salinity of the water at the water table decreased rapidly in less than 1 year, as a layer of fresh water was built up at the water table.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608A","usgsCitation":"Arnow, T., 1961, Effects of phosphate mining on the ground water of Anguar, Palau Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608A.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25481,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnow, Ted","contributorId":84733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnow","given":"Ted","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1304,"text":"wsp1475D - 1961 - Geology and occurrence of ground water at Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:49:55","indexId":"wsp1475D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"D","title":"Geology and occurrence of ground water at Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Jewel Cave National Monument occupies 2 square miles of a broad plateau of sedimentary rocks in western Custer County, S. Dak., and is at an altitude of about 5,400 feet above mean sea level. The sedimentary rocks that constitute the plateau range in age from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. Rocks of Silurian and Devonian age are absent. The presence of rocks of Ordovician age has not been established definitely but they may be represented by 10 feet of sandstone directly beneath the Englewood limestone of Mississippian age. The sedimentary formations are underlain by schist of Precambrian age.
\nStudy of outcrops in the vicinity of the monument confirms the existence of a fault about 1,500 feet north of the entrance to Jewel Cave. The fault trends generally east-west across the monument and has a displacement of about 120 feet about 1 mile west of the entrance to the cave. The effect of the fault on the occurrence of ground water near the cave is not known. In addition to the spring that furnishes the present (1959) water supply for the facilities at Jewel Cave, three springs outside the monument were visited during the study. Combined yield of the 3 springs is less than 2 gpm (gallons per minute).
\nA single test well indicates that the monument at the well site is underlain by 665 feet of limestone, dolomite, and sandstone of Paleozoic age and an undetermined thickness of quartzbiotite schist of Precambrian age. Pumping tests using a cylinder pump indicate that the test well is capable of producing 15 to 18 gpm for a short time from 2 zones of sandstone below the Englewood limestone. These sandstones are believed to present the best possibilities for development of a permanent water supply at the monument.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Dyer, C., 1961, Geology and occurrence of ground water at Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475D.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"157","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26336,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Jewel Cave National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.85478973388672,\n 43.71057158566884\n ],\n [\n -103.85478973388672,\n 43.74381677850666\n ],\n [\n -103.81153106689452,\n 43.74381677850666\n ],\n [\n -103.81153106689452,\n 43.71057158566884\n ],\n [\n -103.85478973388672,\n 43.71057158566884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64986f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyer, C.F.","contributorId":23917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyer","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1761,"text":"wsp1532A - 1961 - Hydrologic effects of water spreading in Box Creek basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp1532A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1532","chapter":"A","title":"Hydrologic effects of water spreading in Box Creek basin, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Government Printing Office,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1532A","usgsCitation":"Hadley, R.F., and McQueen, I., 1961, Hydrologic effects of water spreading in Box Creek basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1532, iv, 47, [1] p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1532A.","productDescription":"iv, 47, [1] p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26874,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1532a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606e92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hadley, R. F.","contributorId":27028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McQueen, I.S.","contributorId":59774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McQueen","given":"I.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3468,"text":"cir437 - 1961 - Progress in the application of landform analysis in studies of semiarid erosion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:09:48","indexId":"cir437","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"437","title":"Progress in the application of landform analysis in studies of semiarid erosion","docAbstract":"The analysis of topographic and hydrologic data gathered during studies of erosion in semiarid areas of Western United States show the following relation: (a) Mean annual sediment yield from small drainage basins is related to a ratio of basin relief to length; (b) mean annual runoff from small drainage basins is related to drainage density; (c) mean annual sediment yield per unit area decreases with increase in drainage area; (d) the form of some convex hill slopes is related to surficial creep; (e) asymmetry of drainage basins, including differences in hill-slope erosion and drainage density, is related to microclimatic variations on slopes of diverse exposure; .(f) the cutting of discontinuous gullies is closely related to steepening by deposition of the semiarid valley floor; (g) aggradation in ephemeral streams seems to be most prevalent in reaches where the ratio of contributing drainage area to channel length is relatively small; and (h) streamchannel shape, expressed as a width-depth ratio, is related to the percentage of silt-clay in bed and bank alluvium. The above relations cannot be detected without measurement of terrain characteristics. They further indicate the importance of quantitative terrain analysis in studies of erosion.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir437","usgsCitation":"Schumm, S.A., and Hadley, R.F., 1961, Progress in the application of landform analysis in studies of semiarid erosion: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 437, iii, 14 p. :diagrs., profile. ;27cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir437.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p. :diagrs., profile. ;27cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30480,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0437/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0437/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumm, Stanley Alfred","contributorId":101652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hadley, R. F.","contributorId":27028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3204,"text":"wsp1591A - 1961 - Urban growth and the water regimen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"wsp1591A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1591","chapter":"A","title":"Urban growth and the water regimen","docAbstract":"The continuing growth and concentration of population and industry in urban and suburban areas in recent decades has caused a complex merging of social, economic, and physical problems, The interrelationships of man and his use and development of the land and water resources is a particularly significant aspect of urbanization, but there has been relatively little study to date of the effect of urban man upon natural hydrologic conditions. \r\n\r\nAs urban man changes an area from one of field and forest to one of buildings and streets, he covers land where water once entered the soil, and thus creates or aggravates problems of drainage, including storm-water runoff. As he requires increasing amounts of water for home and factory, he drills deeper wells, and builds longer aqueducts and larger dams and reservoirs. As he disposes of un- wanted waste materials, he either treats them by using water or pollutes the receiving body of water. As he dredges and deepens coastal streams carrying salt water, and he pumps greater quantities of water from wells in coastal areas, he increases the likelihood of salt-water contamination. These and many other urban effects upon hydrology deserve increasing study if we are to provide for the best use of the water and land resources available to the Nation's urban centers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1591A","usgsCitation":"Savini, J., and Kammerer, J., 1961, Urban growth and the water regimen: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1591, 1 v. (issued as seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;43 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1591A.","productDescription":"1 v. (issued as seperate chapters) :ill. ;24 cm. ;43 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1591a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30191,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1591a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30192,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1591a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f238b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savini, John","contributorId":67491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savini","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kammerer, J.C.","contributorId":24762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1297,"text":"wsp1586A - 1961 - Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51905,"text":"ofr5640 - 1956 - Investigation of water-quality hydrology in the Ft. Belvoir, Virginia area, 1954-1955","indexId":"ofr5640","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"Investigation of water-quality hydrology in the Ft. Belvoir, Virginia area, 1954-1955"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1297,"text":"wsp1586A - 1961 - Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55","indexId":"wsp1586A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":52977,"text":"ofr5096 - 1950 - Additional water wells at Fort Belvoir, Virginia","indexId":"ofr5096","publicationYear":"1950","noYear":false,"title":"Additional water wells at Fort Belvoir, Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1297,"text":"wsp1586A - 1961 - Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55","indexId":"wsp1586A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp1586A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1586","chapter":"A","title":"Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the results of an investigation of water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir, Va., area for the period August 1954 to September 1955. It summarizes and evaluates information about the water resources of this area that are pertinent to the choice of location and operation of an Army nuclear power reactor. The quantity, quality, nature, and use of the local water that might be affected by the location and operation of a reactor in the area were subjects of investigation. Variations in the quality of the water caused by variation in streamflow, tidal effects, and pollution were important facets of the investigation. \r\n\r\nDuring extended periods of low streamflow in the Potomac River (usually in the late summer months), salty water moves upstream from Chesapeake Bay and increases the dissolved solids content of the surface waters adjacent to Fort Belvoir. When the streamflow is low the concentration of dissolved solids in the water near the river bottom exceeds that near the surface. \r\n\r\nThe waters in Gunston Cove usually contain more dissolved oxygen than those in the Potomac River. During the summer, the content of dissolved oxygen in the cove waters frequently exceeds 100 percent of saturation. \r\n\r\nSurface floats that were released on a flood tide in Gunston Cove moved toward the inner portion of the cove in the same direction as the wind and the tide. The maximum average velocity of these floats was 0.65 feet per second. On an ebb tide, many surface floats that were released in Gunston Cove moved toward the inner portion of the cove in the direction of the wind, in opposition to the direction of the tidal movement. Floats released near the mouth of the cove on the same tide, moved with the tide out of the cove through a narrow pass at the end of a submerged sandbar extending from the Fort Belvoir shoreline. The maximum average velocity of the floats in the pass on this ebb tide was 0.85 feet per second. Measurements of subsurface flow direction indicate that the water in the deeper part of Gunston Cove tended to move toward Accotink Bay on the flood tide and out of the cove into the Potomac River on the ebb tide. The water 150-500 feet offshore from the reactor site tended to move toward Accotink Bay on the flood tide and toward Pohick Bay on the ebb tide, whereas waters 30 feet from the Fort Belvoir shoreline tended to move counterclockwise during part of the time. In Gunston Cove the maximum measured flood velocity was 0.48 feet-per second, and the maximum ebb velocity was 0.71 per second. \r\n\r\nDuring periods of low streamflow, pollutants that enter the Potomac River at Fort Belvoir may move as much as 5.5 miles upstream on a flood tide and as much as 5 miles downstream on an ebb tide. At higher flow rates movement of pollutants is less upstream and greater downstream. The time required to flush the 10-mile reach of the Potomac River adjacent to Fort Belvoir varies from a day or two at high-flow rates to several weeks at low-flow rates.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1586A","usgsCitation":"Durfor, C.N., 1961, Water quality and hydrology in the Fort Belvoir area, Virginia, 1954-55: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1586, iv, 57 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1586A.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1586a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1586a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545ed2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durfor, Charles N.","contributorId":50881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durfor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1260,"text":"wsp1534 - 1961 - Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55762,"text":"ofr5732 - 1957 - Records of selected artesian wells in South Dakota","indexId":"ofr5732","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Records of selected artesian wells in South Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1260,"text":"wsp1534 - 1961 - Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","indexId":"wsp1534","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:41:30","indexId":"wsp1534","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1534","title":"Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","docAbstract":"Artesian aquifers underlie most of South Dakota and large areas in adjacent States. About 15,000 wells have been completed since 1881 in these aquifers within South Dakota. Many wells that originally flowed have ceased to flow and have been abandoned, and others have been equipped with pumps. Many thousands, however, continue to flow. This report presents data collected through June 1958 and includes records of 1,045 flowing and nonflowing artesian wells
\nSufficient information is not available at present (1958) to permit a detailed description of the geologic and hydrologic properties of artesian aquifers or their correlation in South Dakota. The description of the various aquifers given in this report is, therefore, necessarily a general one.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1534","usgsCitation":"Davis, R.W., Dyer, C., and Powell, J., 1961, Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1534, Report: iv, 100 p.; 3 Plates: 26.00 x 17.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1534.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 100 p.; 3 Plates: 26.00 x 17.50 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26208,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26209,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26210,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26211,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.029541015625,\n 45.935870621190546\n ],\n [\n -104.08447265624999,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -98.536376953125,\n 42.99661231842139\n ],\n [\n -98.031005859375,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -97.811279296875,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -97.23999023437499,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -96.976318359375,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -96.624755859375,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -96.40502929687499,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -96.317138671875,\n 42.25291778330197\n ],\n [\n -96.40502929687499,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -96.45996093749999,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -96.64672851562499,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -96.492919921875,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -96.427001953125,\n 43.15710884095329\n ],\n [\n -96.51489257812499,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -96.51489257812499,\n 43.381097587278596\n ],\n [\n -96.602783203125,\n 43.50872101129684\n ],\n [\n -96.448974609375,\n 43.492782808225\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -96.51489257812499,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -96.64672851562499,\n 45.40616374516014\n ],\n [\n -96.778564453125,\n 45.51404592560424\n ],\n [\n -96.866455078125,\n 45.63708709571876\n ],\n [\n -96.624755859375,\n 45.767522962149904\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 45.94351068030587\n ],\n [\n -104.029541015625,\n 45.935870621190546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, R. 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This volume includes 143 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences, prepared by members of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Conservation Divisions of the Survey. Some are announcements of new discoveries or observations on problems of limited scope, which may or may not be described in greater detail subsequently. Others summarize conclusions drawn from more extensive or continuing investigations, which in large part will be described in greater detail in reports to be published at a later date
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","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3f3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4922,"text":"pp424C - 1961 - Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52197,"text":"ofr61107 - 1961 - Relation of the deep and shallow artesian aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah","indexId":"ofr61107","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Relation of the deep and shallow artesian aquifers near Lynndyl, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4922,"text":"pp424C - 1961 - Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292","indexId":"pp424C","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-15T15:31:56.745337","indexId":"pp424C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"424","chapter":"C","title":"Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences, articles 147-292","docAbstract":"The scientific and economic results of work by the United States Geological Survey during the fiscal year 1961, the 12 months ending June 30, 1961, is being summarized in four volumes. This volume includes 146 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences, prepared by members of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions of the Survey. Some of these papers announce new discoveries or present observations on problems of limited scope; the others draw conclusions from more extensive or continuing investigations that in large part will be described in greater detail in reports to be published at a later date.
Other volumes in the series are Professional Paper 424-A, which gives a synopsis of the more important new findings resulting from work during the fiscal year, and Professional Papers 424-B and 424-D, which contain additional short papers like those in the present volume.
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Washington","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":464141,"rank":50,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93393.htm","text":"Revised subdivision of Ordovician System at the Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nevada","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":464142,"rank":51,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93394.htm","text":"Revision of stratigraphic nomenclature of Cambrian rocks, Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nevada","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":464143,"rank":52,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93395.htm","text":"Upper Paleozoic rocks in the Deep Creek Mountains, Idaho","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":464144,"rank":53,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93396.htm","text":"Windfall Formation (Upper Cambrian) of Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nevada","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"publicComments":"A scientific notes and summaries of investigations prepared by members of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions in the fields of geology, hydrology, and allied sciences.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3f37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6084,"text":"pp412 - 1961 - Salinity and hydrology of closed lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T14:30:23","indexId":"pp412","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"412","title":"Salinity and hydrology of closed lakes","docAbstract":"Lakes without outlets, called closed lakes, are exclusively features of the arid and semiarid zones where annual evaporation exceeds rainfall. The number of closed lakes increases with aridity, so there are relatively few perennial closed lakes, but \"dry\" lakes that rarely contain water are numerous.
Closed lakes fluctuate in level to a much greater degree than the open lakes of the humid zone, because variations in inflow can be compensated only by changes in surface area. Since the variability of inflow increases with aridity, it is possible to derive an approximate relationship for the coefficient of variation of lake area in terms of data on rates of evaporation, lake area, lake depth, and drainage area.
The salinity of closed lakes is highly variable, ranging from less than 1 percent to over 25 percent by weight of salts. Some evidence suggests that the tonnage of salts in a lake solution is substantially less than the total input of salts into the lake over the period of existence of the closed lake. This evidence suggests further that the salts in a lake solution represent a kind of long-term balance between factors of gain and loss of salts from the solution.
Possible mechanisms for the loss of salts dissolved in the lake include deposition in marginal bays, entrapment in sediments, and removal by wind. Transport of salt from the lake surface in wind spray is also a contributing, but seemingly not major, factor.
The hypothesis of a long-term balance between input to and losses from the lake solution is checked by deriving a formula for the equilibrium concentration and comparing the results with the salinity data. The results indicate that the reported salinities seemingly can be explained in terms of their geometric properties and hydrologic environment.
The time for accumulation of salts in the lake solution the ratio between mass of salts in the solution and the annual input may also be estimated from the geometric and hydrologic factors, in the absence of data on the salt content of the lake or of the inflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp412","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., 1961, Salinity and hydrology of closed lakes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 412, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp412.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":33126,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0412/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0412/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdfa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, Walter Basil","contributorId":40581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Basil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2307,"text":"wsp1475C - 1961 - Geology in relation to availability of water along the south rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp1475C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"C","title":"Geology in relation to availability of water along the south rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475C","usgsCitation":"Metzger, D.G., 1961, Geology in relation to availability of water along the south rim, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, iv, 105-138 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475C.","productDescription":"iv, 105-138 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28130,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28131,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28132,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metzger, Donald George","contributorId":36915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38969,"text":"pp424A - 1961 - Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results: Chapter A in Geological Survey research 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-07T10:37:44","indexId":"pp424A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"424","chapter":"A","title":"Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results: Chapter A in Geological Survey research 1961","docAbstract":"The Geological Survey is engaged in many different kinds of investigations in the fields of geology and hydrology. These investigations may be grouped into several broad, inter-related categories as follows:
(a) Economic geology, including engineering geology
(b) Regional geologic mapping, including detailed mapping and stratigraphic studies
(c) Resource and topical studies
(d) Ground-water studies
(e) Surface-water studies
(f) Quality-of-water studies
(g) Field and laboratory research on geologic and hydrologic processes and principles.
The Geological Survey also carries on investigations in its fields of competence for other Federal agencies that do not have the required specialized staffs or scientific facilities.
Nearly all the Geological Survey's activities yield new data and principles of value in the development or application of the geologic and hydrologic sciences. The purpose of this report, which consists of 4 chapters, is to present as promptly as possible findings that have come to the fore during the fiscal year 1961 the 12 months ending June 30, 1961.
The present volume, chapter A, is a synopsis of the highlights of recent findings of scientific and economic interest. Some of these findings have been published or placed on open file during the year; some are presented in chapters B, C, and D; still others have not been published previously. Only part of the scientific and economic results developed during the year can be presented in this synopsis. Readers who wish more complete or more detailed information should consult the bibliography of reports beginning on page A-156 of this volume, and the collection of short articles presented in the companion chapters as follows:
Prof. Paper 424-B Articles 1 to 146
Prof. Paper 424-C Articles 147 to 292
Prof. Paper 424-D Articles 293 to 435
A list of investigations in progress in the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions with the names and addresses of the project leaders is given on pages A-110 to A-155 for those interested in work in progress in various areas or on special topics.
During the fiscal year 1961, the services of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions were utilized, or supported financially in part, by the many Federal and State agencies listed on pages A-106 to A-109. The Geological Survey has also cooperated from time to time with other agencies, and some of the work described in these chapters stems from work of previous years in cooperation with agencies not shown on the list. All cooperating agencies are identified where appropriate in the individual short articles in chapters B, C, and D, and they are mentioned in connection with some of the larger programs summarized in chapter A; because of space limitations, however, their contributions are mentioned in many of the short summary paragraphs contained in chapter A.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Survey research 1961 (Professional Paper 424)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp424A","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results: Chapter A in Geological Survey research 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424, xii, 194 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp424A.","productDescription":"xii, 194 p.","numberOfPages":"209","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":336127,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp424D","text":"Chapter D","linkHelpText":"Articles 293-435"},{"id":336125,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp424B","text":"Chapter B","linkHelpText":"Articles 1-146"},{"id":336126,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp424C","text":"Chapter C","linkHelpText":"Articles 147-292"},{"id":120394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0424a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0424a/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.08 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"publicComments":"A summary of recent scientific and economic results, accompanied by a list of reports released in fiscal 1961 and a list of investigations in progress.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6876de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38970,"text":"pp424B - 1961 - Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences; Articles 1-146","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T21:08:19.50785","indexId":"pp424B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"424","chapter":"B","title":"Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences; Articles 1-146","docAbstract":"The scientific and economic results of work by the United States Geological Survey during the fiscal year 1961, the 12 months ending June 30, 1961, will be summarized in four volumes of which this is the first. This volume includes 146 short papers on a variety of subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences, prepared by members of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Conservation Divisions of the Survey. These papers are of two kinds. Some are announcements of new discoveries or observations on problems of limited scope, which may or may not be described in greater detail subsequently. Others summarize conclusions drawn from more extensive or continuing investigations, which in large part will be described in greater detail in reports to be published at a· later date.
Professional Papers 424-C and -D include additional short papers of the same character as those in the present volume. Professional Paper 424-A provides a synopsis of the more important new findings resulting from work during the fiscal year.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Survey research 1961 (Professional Paper 424)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp424B","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences; Articles 1-146: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424, viii, 344 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp424B.","productDescription":"viii, 344 p.","numberOfPages":"352","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336128,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp424A","text":"Chapter A","linkHelpText":"Synopsis of geologic and hydrologic results"},{"id":113313,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0424b/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0424b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":336129,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp424C","text":"Chapter C","linkHelpText":"Articles 147-292"},{"id":336130,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp424D","text":"Chapter D","linkHelpText":"Articles 293-435"},{"id":421142,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_28432.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"publicComments":"Scientific notes and summaries of investigations prepared by me1nbers of the Geologic, Water Resources, and Conservation Divisions in the fields of geology, hydrology, and allied sciences.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35357,"text":"b1133A - 1961 - Geology and hydrology of the Piqua area, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:48","indexId":"b1133A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1133","chapter":"A","title":"Geology and hydrology of the Piqua area, Ohio","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1133A","usgsCitation":"Norris, S.E., and Spieker, A.M., 1961, Geology and hydrology of the Piqua area, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1133, p. A1-A33, ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1133A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A33, ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1133a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63220,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1133a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685247","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, Stanley Eugene","contributorId":24772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spieker, Andrew M.","contributorId":41492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spieker","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220635,"text":"70220635 - 1961 - Flood frequencies as related to land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T17:41:19.605472","indexId":"70220635","displayToPublicDate":"1961-12-31T12:37:42","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood frequencies as related to land use","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666109493241","usgsCitation":"Schneider, W.J., 1961, Flood frequencies as related to land use: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 6, no. 4, p. 36-39, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666109493241.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666109493241","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385855,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, William J.","contributorId":47349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220647,"text":"70220647 - 1961 - Bankfull discharge: An example of its statistical relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T19:36:53.939689","indexId":"70220647","displayToPublicDate":"1961-09-30T14:30:42","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bankfull discharge: An example of its statistical relationships","docAbstract":"Analysis of data for the White and Wabash Rivers suggests means of determining discharge at the natural bankfull stage, despite the effects of artificial embanking and clearance of channels. Bankfull discharge, and discharge at mean annual flood, undergo an orderly downstream increase in percentage duration of flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666109493230","usgsCitation":"Dury, G., 1961, Bankfull discharge: An example of its statistical relationships: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 6, no. 3, p. 48-55, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666109493230.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666109493230","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"White and Wabash Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -84.957275390625,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -84.957275390625,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -87.506103515625,\n 39.30029918615029\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dury, G.H.","contributorId":93106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dury","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220639,"text":"70220639 - 1961 - Stream-gaging problems in Afghanistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T18:32:44.170274","indexId":"70220639","displayToPublicDate":"1961-09-30T13:27:43","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream-gaging problems in Afghanistan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666109493227","usgsCitation":"Heckmiller, I., 1961, Stream-gaging problems in Afghanistan: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 6, no. 3, p. 35-37, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666109493227.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666109493227","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385859,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Afghanistan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 59.0625,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n 74.53125,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n 74.53125,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n 59.0625,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n 59.0625,\n 28.459033019728043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heckmiller, I.A.","contributorId":258266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heckmiller","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010634,"text":"70010634 - 1961 - Dating desert ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-25T17:33:14.813335","indexId":"70010634","displayToPublicDate":"1961-07-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dating desert ground water","docAbstract":"Tritium in Arabian rainfall has followed the trend observed in North America with peaks in 1958 and the spring of 1959. These measurements will be useful for future hydrologie studies. Water from wadi gravels averages 10 yr old. Carbon-14 measurements of deep waters indicate ages of several thousand years.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.134.3472.105","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Thatcher, L., Rubin, M., and Brown, G.F., 1961, Dating desert ground water: Science, v. 134, no. 3472, p. 105-106.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"3472","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fddee4b0c8380cd4e9a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thatcher, L.","contributorId":38708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, M.","contributorId":88079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Glen F.","contributorId":23943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3185,"text":"wsp1531 - 1961 - Hydrology of the upper Cheyenne River basin: Part A. Hydrology of stock-water reservoirs in upper Cheyenne River basin; Part B. Sediment sources and drainage-basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T20:09:59.224588","indexId":"wsp1531","displayToPublicDate":"1961-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1531","title":"Hydrology of the upper Cheyenne River basin: Part A. Hydrology of stock-water reservoirs in upper Cheyenne River basin; Part B. Sediment sources and drainage-basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne River basin","docAbstract":"The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect on runoff of the many stock reservoirs in the Cheyenne River basin above Angostura Dam. As a first step it was necessary to determine, within reasonable limits of accuracy, the number of reservoirs in the basin, the storage capacity, the drainage area, and the water loss from each. A sampling method was adopted because the size of the basin, 9,100 square miles, prohibited examination of all reservoirs within the drainage area. Forty-nine sample areas of 9 square miles each were selected as a 5-percent sample of the 955 complete quarter townships within the basin above Angostura Dam. All reservoirs located within the sample quarter townships were surveyed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1531","usgsCitation":"Culler, R.C., Hadley, R.F., and Schumm, S.A., 1961, Hydrology of the upper Cheyenne River basin: Part A. Hydrology of stock-water reservoirs in upper Cheyenne River basin; Part B. Sediment sources and drainage-basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1531, Report: v, 198 p.; 7 Plates: 25.00 x 24.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1531.","productDescription":"Report: v, 198 p.; 7 Plates: 25.00 x 24.00 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30166,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30163,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":425402,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24706.htm","text":"Sediment sources and drainage basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne River basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30162,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415735,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24705.htm","text":"Hydrology of stock-water reservoirs in upper Cheyenne River basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30164,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30165,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30167,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30168,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1531/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"upper Cheyenne River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106,\n 42.695\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 44.183\n ],\n [\n -103.172,\n 44.183\n ],\n [\n -103.172,\n 42.695\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 42.695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc77f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Culler, R. 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But the result has been a heritage of flood disaster, suffering, and enormous costs. Flood destruction awakened a consciousness toward reduction and elimination of flood hazards, originally manifested in the protection of existing developments. More recently, increased knowledge of the problem has shown the impracticability of permitting development that requires costly flood protect/on. The idea of flood zoning, or flood-plain planning, has received greater impetus as a result of this realization. This study shows how hydraulic and hydrologic data concerning the flood regimen of a stream can be used in appraising its flood potential and the risk inherent in occupation of its flood plain. The approach involves the study of flood magnitudes as recorded or computed; flood frequencies based1 on experience shown by many years of gaging-station record; use of existing or computed stagedischarge relations and flood profiles; and, where required, the preparation of flood-zone maps to show the areas inundated by floods of several magnitudes and frequencies. The planner can delineate areas subject to inundation by floods o* specific recurrence intervals for three conditions: (a) for the immediate vicinity of a gaging station; (b) for a gaged stream at a considerable distance from a gaging station; and (c) for an ungaged stream. The average depth for a flood of specific frequency can be estimated on the basis of simple measurements of area of drainage basin, width of channel, and slope of streambed. This simplified approach should be useful in the initial stages of flood-plain planning. Brief discussions are included on various types of flood hazards, the effects of urbanization on flood runoff, and zoning considerations.
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