The Volcano Letter was an informal publication issued at irregular intervals by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) during the years 1925 to 1955. Individual issues contain information on volcanic activity, volcano research, and volcano monitoring in Hawaii. Information on volcanic activity at other locations is also occasionally included.
The Volcano Letter was published by HVO through multiple changes in administration, including the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association (1925 to 1932), the U.S. Geological Survey (1932 to 1935), the Department of the Interior (1935 to 1938), and the University of Hawai‘i (1938 to 1955). Issues 1-262 were published weekly from January 1, 1925, to January 2, 1930, and consisted of a single page of text. Issues 263-384, also published weekly, from January 9, 1930, to May 5, 1932, were generally longer—four pages— and provided more detail on volcanic activity, including photographs, maps, and plots. Weekly issues 385-387, published May 12-26, 1932, were a single page of text due to budget reductions brought on by the Great Depression. Budget restrictions reduced the publishing frequency to monthly for issues 388-428, covering the period of June 1932 to October 1935; these issues were generally shorter, 1-2 pages, and sometimes featured figures. From November 1935 to July 1938, issues 429-461 remained monthly but increased in length (generally eight pages) and featured figures frequently. Issues 462-530, published over the period of August 1938 to December 1955, varied in length from 2-15 pages, but were published quarterly, rather than monthly.
Six of the Volcano Letters are misnumbered:
Jan. 21, 1926 number is 55 though it should 56
July 29, 1926 number is 82 though it should be 83
Feb. 16, 1928 number is 161 though it should be 164
May 31, 1928 number is 197 though it should be 179
Nov. 29, 1928 number is 204 though it should be 205
This bulletin, although designated Bulletin 2, is actually the fourth of a series published by the Division of Hydrography of the Territory of Hawaii. All four of the bulletins thus far published relate to the geology and ground-water resources of the island of Oahu.1 Together they present the results obtained on this island in the program of ground-water investigation of the Territory that has been conducted in cooperation with the Geological Survey, of the United States Department of the Interior. Bulletin 5 which is in preparation will describe the progress made in developing the ground-water resources of Oahu since Bulletin 1 was issued. In Bulletin 2 is presented the detailed geologic map of Oahu that has resulted from this investigation. The base for this map is the new topographic map of Oahu prepared by the Topographic Branch of the Geological Survey. This bulletin also contains a guide to the geology along the main highways, which can be used advantageously in connection with the geologic map. For 18 years the writer has had the great privilege of working under the technical direction of Mr. 0. E. Meinzer, geologist in charge of the Division of Ground Water, U. S. Geological Survey. Nearly two decades ago Mr. Meinzer envisioned the great benefits that the people of Hawaii would derive from a thorough study of the groundwater resources of these islands. He also recognized that a full knowledge of these resources could be obtained only by a complete understanding of the geology of the islands and the processes which formed them. This bulletin is one of a series that has been made possible largely as a result of his broad vision. Credit is due Mr. W. 0 . Clark for the location of all the dikes shown on plate 2 in the headwaters of Kamananui Stream near the north end of the Koolau Range, and to Dr. C. K. Wentworth for about a dozen dikes north of Kaimuki. Messrs. 0. E. Meinzer, G. R. Mansfield, M. H. Carson, G. A. Macdonald, and S. H. Elbert kindly criticized the manuscript. Mr. Harry L. Taeuber designed the cover and with James Y. Nitta prepared the illustrations. Their work has greatly enriched this bulletin. The topographic maps of 15-minute quadrangles, on a scale of 1 to 20,000 (approximately 3 inches to the mile), were used in the field as a base for the geologic mapping. The data were then transferred to the new topographic map of Oahu, which is on a scale of 1 to 62,500. The resulting geologic map is reproduced as plate 2 (in pocket) of this report. Some of the outcrops are too small to be shown on this smaller map. Plate 2 of this report was listed as plate 2 in Bulletin 1, which was, however, published without the map because of the time required to prepare and engrave the topographic base and the geologic map. The geologic structure sections at the bottom of plate 2 were not described in Bulletin 1, but are discussed below.
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record book 1939","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":1000399,"text":"1000399 - 1939 - Migratory fish, a problem of interstate cooperation?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:15","indexId":"1000399","displayToPublicDate":"1939-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3637,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migratory fish, a problem of interstate cooperation?","docAbstract":"Bobwhite quail chicks, when given a choice of balanced diets in which the essential difference was the protein supplement, showed preferences for one diet containing 49 per cent peanut oil meal, another containing a mixture of 9 per cent meat and bone scraps (50% protein) with 38 per cent soybean oil meal, and a third (control) diet containing a mixture of 16 per cent dried buttermilk with 42 per cent soybean oil meal, in contrast to diets containing sardine meal or menhaden fish meal. ....Feeding tests during the first five weeks of life showed that diets containing 14 per cent sardine fish meal consistently gave high live weights, low mortality, and high efficiency of feed utilization. Diets with 9 to 10 per cent menhaden meal produced nearly as good results....Live weights, survival, and efficiency of feed utilization were markedly better on a diet containing 9 per cent meat and bone scrap (50% protein) than on one with 9 per cent meat scrap (55% protein), but not as good as with diets containing fish meal without meat....The chicks grew and survived more successfully on diets containing either soybean oil meal or peanut oil meal as the sole protein supplement, than on diets containing either linseed oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, or dried buttermilk as the sole protein concentrate. None of these was as satisfactory as the diets containing fish meal.....All chicks died on diets containing either linseed oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, or dried buttermilk as the sole source of protein. All three of these concentrates, however, gave satisfactory results, when used as 10 per cent of the diet. In fact, survival and efficiency of feed utilization were nearly as good on a diet containing 10 per cent dried buttermilk, 10 per cent linseed oil meal, 10 per cent peanut oil meal, and 27 per cent soybean oil meal, as on diets containing fish meal. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., Adams, W., Finley, W.L., and Westerman, F.A., 1939, Migratory fish, a problem of interstate cooperation?: Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference, v. 4, p. 25-43.","productDescription":"p. 25-43","startPage":"25","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6355b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, William C.","contributorId":55774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"William C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finley, William L.","contributorId":21905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Westerman, Fred A.","contributorId":102836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerman","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000440,"text":"1000440 - 1939 - The age, growth, sexual maturity, and sex ratio of the common whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), of Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:13","indexId":"1000440","displayToPublicDate":"1939-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3008,"text":"Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age, growth, sexual maturity, and sex ratio of the common whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), of Lake Huron","docAbstract":"During five years (1939-43) of nutritional research on pen-reared bobwhite quail at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Bowie, Maryland, observations on picking among birds of all ages showed the following results: 1. Picking occurred on all grains tested: corn, wheat, oats, oat groats, barley, millet, buckwheat, kaffir, and mixtures of cereals. The lowest incidence was with buckwheat as the sole grain in a growing diet....2. Picking occurred on all levels of fiber from one to 11per cent in a growing diet....3. Picking occurred on various grinds of corn, barley, and oats, but was least when these cereals were ground in a hammer mill with 3/32 inch mesh screen....4. The incidence was as high on diets containing animal protein as on those containing no animal protein. ....5. After picking began, the addition of one or two per cent of salt to the diet for several days was effective, in many instances, in checking the disorder. Results at the Refuge and the answers to questionnaires from 222 private propagators of gamebirds showed that in two-thirds. of the cases, treatment with an increased quantity of salt successfully stopped the trouble. As a preventative, however, salt was of little value. Picking occurred on both low and high levels of salt.....6. Supplementing the regular diet with certain feed concentrates such as fishmeal, soybean oil meal, liver meal, or chopped greens offered in a separate feeder for a day or two, was as efficacious as the addition of salt.....7. More picking occurred among quail chicks on a 22 per cent level of protein than on higher levels.....8. There was less picking on diets relished by the birds than on those seemingly unpalatable.....9. There was no correlation. between the amount of floor space per chick and the incidence of picking.....10. Increasing the feeding and drinking space seemed to have a marked beneficial effect.....11. Some adult birds on wire floors resorted to self-picking of their feet after the toes were frost-bitten.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., 1939, The age, growth, sexual maturity, and sex ratio of the common whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), of Lake Huron: Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, v. 24, no. Part 2, p. 195-221.","productDescription":"p. 195-221","startPage":"195","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"Part 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6697db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2794,"text":"wsp836C - 1939 - Artesian-water levels and interference between artesian wells in the vicinity of Lehi, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-05T18:15:23.477937","indexId":"wsp836C","displayToPublicDate":"1939-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"836","chapter":"C","title":"Artesian-water levels and interference between artesian wells in the vicinity of Lehi, Utah","docAbstract":"In the vicinity of Lehi, Utah, about 25 miles south of Salt Lake City, supplies of artesian water are obtained at depths of 75 to 750 feet from beds of sand and gravel of Pleistocene age. Individual beds are probably lenticular and irregular in shape, as is characteristic of the stream and lake deposits in many parts of the Lake Bonneville Basin. The artesian supplies are obtained from aquifers or groups of aquifers that are more thoroughly separated by impermeable materials than the artesian aquifers of some other ground-water areas in Utah. Most of the wells are between 130 and 200 feet deep. The artesian area in the vicinity of Lehi is only a small part of a ground-water unit that probably includes most of Utah Lake Valley.
The ground-water reservoir in Utah Lake Valley was seriously depleted after the years of subnormal precipitation that culminated in the drought of 1934. However, in the vicinity of Lehi the static levels in 1934 were about the same as during 1904, a year which marked the culmination of a previous drought period. The water levels in the summer of 1935 were about the same as in 1934, indicating that the recharge to the ground-water reservoir was again sufficient to balance the discharge; and during the following year there was a marked rise of the water level in all wells, commonly 5 to 10 feet in amount. The static levels in the vicinity of Lehi fluctuate each year through a range of as much as 15 feet and are ordinarily highest during March or April and lowest during August or September. This fluctuation is due in part to the closing of flowing irrigation wells during the winter.
A series of tests was made to determine the extent of interference between artesian wells. Among the wells that are between 130 and 200 feet deep, the operation of certain wells was found to cause a change in the static level in wells as much as 1 1/5 miles distant. The operation of these shallower wells, however, had no apparent effect upon the static level in the wells more than about 200 feet deep nor did the operation of these deeper wells appear to affect the static level in the shallow wells. The deep and shallow aquifers thus appear to be separated by fairly continuous beds of impermeable material.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp836C","usgsCitation":"Taylor, G., and Thomas, H.E., 1939, Artesian-water levels and interference between artesian wells in the vicinity of Lehi, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 836, iii, p. 107-156, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp836C.","productDescription":"iii, p. 107-156","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426329,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0836c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":424659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0836c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Lehi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.91556814972844,\n 40.47199314973861\n ],\n [\n -111.91556814972844,\n 40.3565858491277\n ],\n [\n -111.79650310365341,\n 40.3565858491277\n ],\n [\n -111.79650310365341,\n 40.47199314973861\n ],\n [\n -111.91556814972844,\n 40.47199314973861\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672c63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, G.H.","contributorId":85158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011117,"text":"70011117 - 1939 - The evolution of habit in Tempskya","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:06","indexId":"70011117","displayToPublicDate":"1939-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2630,"text":"Lloydia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The evolution of habit in Tempskya","docAbstract":"1. The genus Tempskya Corda, of Upper Cretaceous age in western America, is characterized by a markedly dichotomous solenostelic stem system sheathed in a felt of its own adventitious roots. A composite stemlike structure is thus formed which has been termed a false stem. 2. As primary bases for the discussion, it is assumed that the false stem is a composite \"organ\" analogous to a true stem in certain respects; that form is influenced by habit, and that lack of perfect correlation is indicative of a structural lag; and that the false stem is much more plastic than the true stem and, in consequence, a close correlation of habit and internal structure is to be expected. 3. Arguments favoring a subterranean and obliquely ascending habit for these false stemmed types are presented. Likewise, arguments suggesting an erect treefern-like habit for the radially symmetrical false stems, and a climbing habit for the dorsiventral ones are given. It is believed that the available evidence favors the erect and the liana-like habits. 4. Assuming a radial Urform, for which there is ample justification both in theoretical morphology and in the Paleozoic record, the dorsiventral morphology of fern stems may be regarded as developed towards the close of the Paleozoic as an adaptation to rigorous climates which are known to have produced striking changes in the organic landscape. 5. From one of these early dorsiventral types with a dichotomous stem system, Tempskya may have been derived through the development of the scandent and tree-climbing habit, aided by the production of a mass of adventitious roots. Thus the false stem could be developed. 6. It follows that the more primitive habit in Tempskya is logically the climbing one reflected by the dorsiventral false stem. Old age of individuals may have been characterized by self-saprophytism and finally epiphytism. 7. The radial forms, it is believed, were developed from these dorsiventral climbing types as a result of the assumption of the free, upright habit. This may have been accidental or the result of a progressive increase in rigidity of the false stem due to increase in true stem size.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Lloydia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01633864","usgsCitation":"Read, C., 1939, The evolution of habit in Tempskya: Lloydia, v. 2, no. 1, p. 63-72.","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babe3e4b08c986b323146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Read, C.B.","contributorId":77202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Read","given":"C.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007206,"text":"1007206 - 1939 - Observations on Henneguya salminicola Ward, a myxosporidian parasitic in Pacific salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-10T21:15:09.372531","indexId":"1007206","displayToPublicDate":"1939-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on Henneguya salminicola Ward, a myxosporidian parasitic in Pacific salmon","docAbstract":"Henneguya salminicola was described in 1919 by Dr. H. B. Ward from cysts found in the body musculature of a silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) taken from the Stickeen River in southeastern Alaska. Ward described the cysts as “pyriform, fairly uniform in size, and hard to the touch. . . . The cysts measured 3 to 6 mm in diameter and were found everywhere through the muscle mass.”
\nZschokke and Heitz (1914) had previously encountered cysts measuring 3 to 5 mm in a silver salmon during a parasitological survey of salmonid fishes of the Kamchatka peninsula. Myxosporidian spores within the cysts were identified by these workers as those of Henneguya aschokkei Gurley, although they gave no details as to the spores found and it seems quite probable that Kudo (1920) was correct in his assumption that these spores belonged to the same species which was later described by Ward as H. salminicola.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","doi":"10.2307/3272359","usgsCitation":"Fish, F.F., 1939, Observations on Henneguya salminicola Ward, a myxosporidian parasitic in Pacific salmon: Journal of Parasitology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 169-172, https://doi.org/10.2307/3272359.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6964c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, F. F.","contributorId":82572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164438,"text":"70164438 - 1939 - The age, growth, and feeding habits of the whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchell), of Lake Champlain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-04T09:59:11","indexId":"70164438","displayToPublicDate":"1939-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1939","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age, growth, and feeding habits of the whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchell), of Lake Champlain","docAbstract":"
This study is based on 120 whitefish collected in northern Lake Champlain (Missisquoi Bay) in 1930 and on 175 whitefish taken in southern Lake Champlain in 1931. Since the whitefish population had not been exploited commercially after 1912 in United States waters and after 1915 in Canadian waters, its study should be of interest in showing the characteristics of a population practically untouched by man. Data have been presented on length frequencies, age composition, growth, coefficient of condition, sex ratio, standard length-total length relationship, and feeding habits. The data indicated that the Missisquoi Bay population was disturbed (probably by the early fall seining of 1930) before our samples were taken so that the original length distributions no longer existed. The southern Lake Champlain material, however, showed a consistency which indicated that the population had not been exploited to any extensive degree, if at all. When the northern population was compared with the southern the former was found to differ from the latter in the following respects, which differences pointed to some disturbance of the northern stock in the lake
\n| 1. | \n\n By possession of lower modes and smaller grand averages of length. \n | \n
| 2. | \n\n By absence of very old individuals. \n | \n
| 3. | \n\n By absence of a series of equally abundant age groups or, in other words, by the presence of a decided dominance of one or two age groups. \n | \n
| 4. | \n\n By a radical disagreement between the sexes in their age-frequency distribution. \n | \n
| 5. | \n\n By a disagreement between the sexes with respect to maximum lengths attained. \n | \n
All of the differences between the two collections could, however, not be attributed to exploitation. The following characteristics indicated the presence of two distinct populations in the lake
\n| 1. | \n\n Presence of a spawning ground at each end of the lake. \n | \n
| 2. | \n\n Differences in calculated lengths and increments of length (growth rates). \n | \n
| 3. | \n\n Differences in the actual lengths and weights of corresponding age groups at capture. \n | \n
| 4. | \n\n Differences in the coefficient of condition and the length-weight relationship. \n | \n
The discovery of the presence of apparently two separate populations of whitefish in Lake Champlain was wholly unexpected by us.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[152:TAGAFH]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Van Oosten, J., and Deason, H.J., 1939, The age, growth, and feeding habits of the whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchell), of Lake Champlain: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 68, no. 1, p. 152-162, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1938)68[152:TAGAFH]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"162","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b48468e4b0cc79998053ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oosten, John","contributorId":23479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oosten","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180151,"text":"70180151 - 1938 - Report of cooperative stream measurements, U.S. Geological Survey: A part of chapter 9 in Twenty-first biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1936-1938","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T16:00:54","indexId":"70180151","displayToPublicDate":"2017-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5276,"text":"Utah State Engineer Biennial Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"21","chapter":"9","title":"Report of cooperative stream measurements, U.S. Geological Survey: A part of chapter 9 in Twenty-first biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1936-1938","docAbstract":"Investigations for the surface-water resources of the State have been continued during the biennium under the standard form of co-operative agreement between the U.S. Geological Survey and the State of Utah through their respective agents. The nature, extent, and value of these co-operative investigations are discussed in the State Engineer’s Twentieth Biennial Report (pp. 51-58, incl.).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Twenty-first biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1936-1938","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Purton, A., 1938, Report of cooperative stream measurements, U.S. Geological Survey: A part of chapter 9 in Twenty-first biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1936-1938: Utah State Engineer Biennial Report 21, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-366","text":"Full Text of Biennial Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5888770de4b05ccb964bab67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purton, A.B.","contributorId":18338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purton","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179613,"text":"70179613 - 1938 - Investigations conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey: A part of Chapter 5 in Twenty-first biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1936-1938","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T15:37:15","indexId":"70179613","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5276,"text":"Utah State Engineer Biennial Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"21","chapter":"5","title":"Investigations conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey: A part of Chapter 5 in Twenty-first biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1936-1938","docAbstract":"A summary of past investigations in Utah and a description of the work done during the 1934-36 biennium are included in the State Engineer’s Twentieth Biennial Report (pp. 91-106). Co-operative investigation with the State Engineer, begun on July 1, 1935, has been continued during the past biennium. To provide for this work, the 1935 Utah State Legislature appropriated \\$10,000 to the State Engineer, this sum being matched by the U. S. Geological Survey during the biennium ending June 30, 1937. During its 1937 session the State Legislature appropriated \\$5000 for continuation of co-operative work in underground waters. An equal sum was provided by the U. S. Geological Survey and investigations have continued during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1938.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Twenty-first biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1936-1938","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Taylor, G., and Thomas, H.E., 1938, Investigations conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey: A part of Chapter 5 in Twenty-first biennial report of the State Engineer to the governor of Utah: 1936-1938: Utah State Engineer Biennial Report 21, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333860,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-366","text":"Full Text of Biennial Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586f69c2e4b01a71ba0bc91d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, G.H.","contributorId":85158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040231,"text":"70040231 - 1938 - Report on the geology and hydrology of Kings and Queens Counties, Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70040231","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:35:31","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-7","title":"Report on the geology and hydrology of Kings and Queens Counties, Long Island","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Sanford, H., 1938, Report on the geology and hydrology of Kings and Queens Counties, Long Island: Bulletin GW-7, 68 p.","productDescription":"68 p.","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,40.4800 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4aa32e4b0e8fec6cdcb7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Homer","contributorId":93755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Homer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040218,"text":"70040218 - 1938 - Record of wells in Suffolk County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-05T17:16:22","indexId":"70040218","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:35:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-4","title":"Record of wells in Suffolk County, New York","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Leggette, R., 1938, Record of wells in Suffolk County, New York: Bulletin GW-4, 108 p; 1 Plate.","productDescription":"108 p; 1 Plate","numberOfPages":"108","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.75138888888888,40.48444444444444 ], [ -79.75138888888888,45.00111111111111 ], [ -71.78388888888888,45.00111111111111 ], [ -71.78388888888888,40.48444444444444 ], [ -79.75138888888888,40.48444444444444 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a27ce4b0e8fec6cdb60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leggette, R.M.","contributorId":87525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leggette","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040227,"text":"70040227 - 1938 - Record of Wells in Queens County, N.Y.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-09T17:16:16","indexId":"70040227","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:12:38","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-6","title":"Record of Wells in Queens County, N.Y.","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Leggette, R., 1938, Record of Wells in Queens County, N.Y.: Bulletin GW-6, 240 p.; 1 Plate.","productDescription":"240 p.; 1 Plate","numberOfPages":"240","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,45.0200 ], [ -71.8600,40.4800 ], [ -79.7600,40.4800 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a269e4b0e8fec6cdb5c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leggette, R.M.","contributorId":87525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leggette","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040290,"text":"70040290 - 1938 - Record of wells in Nassau County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:12:03","indexId":"70040290","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:02:05","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-5","title":"Record of wells in Nassau County, New York","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Leggette, R., 1938, Record of wells in Nassau County, New York: Bulletin GW-5, 140 p., 1 Plate.","productDescription":"140 p., 1 Plate","numberOfPages":"140","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.48 ], [ -79.76,45.02 ], [ -71.86,45.02 ], [ -71.86,40.48 ], [ -79.76,40.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a279e4b0e8fec6cdb602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leggette, R.M.","contributorId":87525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leggette","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":36060,"text":"b897B - 1938 - The Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska, in 1936","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T18:26:50.101658","indexId":"b897B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"897","chapter":"B","title":"The Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska, in 1936","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b897B","usgsCitation":"Tuck, R., 1938, The Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska, in 1936: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 897, ii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b897B.","productDescription":"ii, 23 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93748,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0897b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407455,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21067.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":166238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0897b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Valdez Creek mining district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.833,\n 63.25\n ],\n [\n -147.5,\n 63.25\n ],\n [\n -147.5,\n 63.106\n ],\n [\n -146.833,\n 63.106\n ],\n [\n -146.833,\n 63.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuck, Ralph","contributorId":107244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuck","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35960,"text":"b888 - 1938 - Spirit leveling in Vermont, 1896-1935","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:32","indexId":"b888","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"888","title":"Spirit leveling in Vermont, 1896-1935","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. print. off.,","doi":"10.3133/b888","usgsCitation":"Staack, J.G., 1938, Spirit leveling in Vermont, 1896-1935: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 888, ii, 155 p. incl. illus. (map), tables. pl. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b888.","productDescription":"ii, 155 p. incl. illus. (map), tables. pl. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0888/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0888/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staack, John George","contributorId":95034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staack","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1740,"text":"wsp838 - 1938 - Floods of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, January-February 1937, with a section on the Flood deposits of the Ohio River, January-February 1937","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T11:12:48","indexId":"wsp838","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"838","title":"Floods of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, January-February 1937, with a section on the Flood deposits of the Ohio River, January-February 1937","docAbstract":"In January and February 1937 the Ohio and mid-Mississippi Rivers experienced floods which, over reaches many hundreds of miles in length, exceeded all previously recorded stages. When measured by the loss of life and property, extent of damage, and general disruption of human activities, these floods constituted a major catastrophe.
\nThe floods were caused by a succession of heavy rainstorms that began late in December 1936 and continued nearly to the end of the following January. Although the storms covered a considerable part of the lower Mississippi River Basin and almost the entire Ohio River Basin, the center of heaviest precipitation was in the middle and lower portions of the Ohio River Valley.
\nThe total storm period can be subdivided into several individual storms, which were more or less clearly demarked by short intervening periods of little or no precipitation. Although the individual storm periods were the same or nearly the same over wide areas, their subdivisions were somewhat different in the most widely separated parts of the affected areas, with intermediate gradations in the intervening areas. The heaviest rainfall--that of January 20 to 25--was centered in the lower Ohio Valley, and, falling as it did upon a region with soil saturated and waterways already running full, it had the effect of producing extreme floods.
\nThe small quantity of snow on the ground over the higher eastern parts of the area at the beginning of the storm period disappeared in a short time. Some of the precipitation occurred in the form of snow, but this snow and the associated cold weather were much less significant in their influence on the floods than in the misery and discomfort they caused to ill-sheltered flood refugees and flood-bound people.
\nSequence and time of the storms were such that in the upper and smaller tributary basins the associated flood rises tended to clear to a notable degree before the-next flood rises came; hence many of these tributaries were at no time in extreme flood. In the lower reaches of the largest tributaries, and especially on the middle and lower reaches of the Ohio River, there were extreme and almost continuously increasing accumulations of run-off, which culminated in the region of Louisville, Ky., in stages 10 or 11 feet higher than any previously known.
\nThe precipitation was heaviest in the Ohio River Basin, and the flood in the Mississippi River, like other notable floods of the past, was caused largely by the extraordinary contributions from the Ohio River. The river stages exceeded those previously recorded for the lower 700 miles on the Ohio River and for 250 miles .on the Mississippi River below the Ohio. At Cairo, Ill., at the mouth Of the Ohio River, the river stage was higher for a period of 19 days, from January 24 to February 11, than at any previous time on record. The height above previous flood stages diminished materially as the flood progressed down the Mississippi.
\nThe mean precipitation ever the Ohio River Basin during the storm period was. 12.85 inches. The snow on the ground at the beginning of the period is estimated to have been equivalent to a mean depth of 0.10 inch of water over the basin. Out of the total precipitation 8.9 inches appeared as flood flow. On January 26 the computed volume of water in the stream channels of the Ohio River Basin was 56,000,000 acre-feet, equivalent to a depth of 5.1 inches over the drainage basin. The maximum discharge of the Ohio River at its mouth was 1,880,000 second-feet on February 1. On February 2, the day of the crest stage at the mouth of the Ohio, the computed volume of water on the surface channel system was equivalent to a depth of 3.7 inches over the drainage basin, of which 2.4 inches was in the 337-mile reach of the Ohio River between Louisville, Ky., and the mouth.
\nThis water-supply paper presents records of stage and discharge for the period including the floods at about 250 measurement stations, records of stage and discharge for the period including the floods at about 250 measurement stations, records of storage in many reservoirs, a summary of peak discharges with comparative data for other floods at about 470 measurement points, and tables
showing crest stages along an aggregate length of stream channel for 5,000 miles. The report also includes basic information in regard to the
weather associated with the floods, results of detailed studies of the rainfall and run-off, analyses of the volume of flood waters'in the surface
channel systems during the progress of the floods, and many other kinds of flood information.
Following the main flood report is a brief report entitled \"Flood\" deposits of the Ohio River, January-February 1937, a study of sedimentation.\"
An abstract of that report is presented on page 693.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and fuel resources of the southern part of the Oklahoma coal field","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b874C","usgsCitation":"Dane, C.H., Rothrock, H.E., and Williams, J.S., 1938, Geology and fuel resources of the southern part of the Oklahoma coal field. Part 3, The Quinton-Scipio district, Pittsburg, Haskell, and Latimer Counties: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 874, 103 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b874C.","productDescription":"103 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110184,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39187.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"39187"},{"id":93956,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0874c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":135150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0874c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Haskell County, and Latimer County, Pittsburg County","otherGeospatial":"Quinton-Scipio district of the Oklahoma coal field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.983,\n 35.250\n ],\n [\n -96.408,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -96.408,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -95.983,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -95.983,\n 35.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686297","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dane, C. H.","contributorId":93011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dane","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rothrock, H. E.","contributorId":22298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothrock","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, J. S.","contributorId":65819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12682,"text":"Utah State University, Logan, UT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":231395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":35583,"text":"b886C - 1938 - Geology and ore deposits of the southwestern Arkansas quicksilver district","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:34","indexId":"b886C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1938","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"886","chapter":"C","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the southwestern Arkansas quicksilver district","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b886C","usgsCitation":"Reed, J., and Wells, F.G., 1938, Geology and ore deposits of the southwestern Arkansas quicksilver district: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 886, 15-90 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b886C.","productDescription":"15-90 p. :ill., maps ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":93390,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0886c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113172,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0886c/plate-05.pdf","size":"306","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113173,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0886c/plate-14.pdf","size":"351","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113171,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0886c/plate-02.pdf","size":"6651","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0886c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, John C. jreed@usgs.gov","contributorId":1259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"John C.","email":"jreed@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":214891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, Francis Gerritt","contributorId":38628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Gerritt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}