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","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1887:CEISAD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hilde, T.W., and Engel, C.G., 1969, Cretaceous-Tertiary events in Southeast Asia: Discussion: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 9, p. 1887-1887, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1887:CEISAD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1887","endPage":"1887","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cambodia, Vietnam","otherGeospatial":"Hon Trung Lon, Indochina Peninsula, Southeast Asia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 104.52392578125,\n 8.646195681181904\n ],\n [\n 104.765625,\n 8.189742344383703\n ],\n [\n 106.54541015625,\n 9.470735674130932\n ],\n [\n 109.22607421875,\n 11.329253026617318\n ],\n [\n 109.35791015625,\n 11.931852326960579\n ],\n [\n 109.62158203125,\n 12.876069959946507\n ],\n [\n 109.0283203125,\n 15.347761924346937\n ],\n [\n 108.25927734375,\n 16.46769474828897\n ],\n [\n 106.72119140625,\n 18.187606552494625\n ],\n [\n 105.97412109375,\n 18.729501999072138\n ],\n [\n 106.12792968749999,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n 106.98486328124999,\n 20.447602397594167\n ],\n [\n 108.21533203125,\n 21.49396356306447\n ],\n [\n 107.95166015624999,\n 21.820707853875017\n ],\n [\n 107.51220703125,\n 21.779905342529645\n ],\n [\n 107.09472656249999,\n 22.004174972902003\n ],\n [\n 106.80908203125,\n 22.105998799750566\n ],\n [\n 106.76513671875,\n 22.411028521558706\n ],\n [\n 106.962890625,\n 22.79643932091949\n ],\n [\n 106.8310546875,\n 23.059516273509303\n ],\n [\n 105.88623046874999,\n 23.140359987886118\n ],\n [\n 105.27099609375,\n 23.563987128451217\n ],\n [\n 104.69970703125,\n 23.28171917560002\n ],\n [\n 104.67773437499999,\n 23.059516273509303\n ],\n [\n 104.32617187499999,\n 22.897683210648072\n ],\n [\n 104.1064453125,\n 23.059516273509303\n ],\n [\n 103.88671875,\n 22.776181505086505\n ],\n [\n 103.6669921875,\n 22.938159639316396\n ],\n [\n 103.20556640625,\n 23.019076187293035\n ],\n [\n 103.0078125,\n 22.63429269379353\n ],\n [\n 102.72216796875,\n 22.816694126899844\n ],\n [\n 102.37060546875,\n 22.897683210648072\n ],\n [\n 101.93115234375,\n 22.28909641872304\n ],\n [\n 102.3486328125,\n 21.657428197370653\n ],\n [\n 102.83203125,\n 21.637005211106306\n ],\n [\n 102.63427734374999,\n 21.350781150679737\n ],\n [\n 102.7001953125,\n 21.06399706324597\n ],\n [\n 103.64501953125,\n 20.550508894195637\n ],\n [\n 104.0625,\n 20.8588117908677\n ],\n [\n 104.39208984375,\n 20.632784250388028\n ],\n [\n 104.19433593749999,\n 20.406420474920292\n ],\n [\n 104.7216796875,\n 20.097206227083888\n ],\n [\n 104.56787109374999,\n 19.746024239625427\n ],\n [\n 104.23828125,\n 19.89072302399691\n ],\n [\n 103.798828125,\n 19.559790136497412\n ],\n [\n 103.68896484375,\n 19.2489223284628\n ],\n [\n 105.029296875,\n 18.375379094031825\n ],\n [\n 106.435546875,\n 16.404470456702423\n ],\n [\n 107.29248046875,\n 16.024695711685315\n ],\n [\n 107.0068359375,\n 15.89794240102209\n ],\n [\n 107.40234375,\n 15.368949896534705\n ],\n [\n 107.3583984375,\n 14.753635331540442\n ],\n [\n 106.89697265625,\n 14.455958231194037\n ],\n [\n 106.45751953125,\n 14.71113475887066\n ],\n [\n 105.908203125,\n 14.498508149446216\n ],\n [\n 105.9521484375,\n 14.072644954380316\n ],\n [\n 105.64453124999999,\n 14.26438308756265\n ],\n [\n 105.00732421875,\n 14.562317701914855\n ],\n [\n 103.623046875,\n 14.626108798876839\n ],\n [\n 102.83203125,\n 14.32825967774278\n ],\n [\n 102.216796875,\n 13.688687769784968\n ],\n [\n 102.19482421875,\n 13.389619591747595\n ],\n [\n 102.568359375,\n 12.44730485070126\n ],\n [\n 102.12890625,\n 11.931852326960579\n ],\n [\n 102.81005859375,\n 11.113727282172755\n ],\n [\n 103.88671875,\n 9.752370139173285\n ],\n [\n 104.32617187499999,\n 10.293301000109102\n ],\n [\n 104.7216796875,\n 9.88227549342994\n ],\n [\n 104.52392578125,\n 8.646195681181904\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hilde, Thomas W.C.","contributorId":77072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hilde","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engel, Celeste G.","contributorId":23386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"Celeste","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224296,"text":"70224296 - 1969 - A system for planning and scheduling water resources studies and construction projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T18:13:06.125844","indexId":"70224296","displayToPublicDate":"1969-09-01T13:04:21","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A system for planning and scheduling water resources studies and construction projects","docAbstract":"A simplification of the two most commonly used methods of network planning and scheduling is ideally suited to the planning and evaluation of both water resources studies and construction projects. The project planning diagrams illustrate the system for scheduling of project activities and the relation of each activity to the others.
The applicability of geophysical methods to experimental watershed research is demonstrated by a study of a 106-acre forested watershed in central Pennsylvania. Data from a shallow seismic refraction study and an electrical resistivity study of the watershed were used to determine the depth of soils, their volumes, depth to bedrock, configuration of the bedrock surface and delineation of the bedrock surface and delineation of the water table. With this information on the subsurface conditions, the hydrologic properties of the watershed were described in greater detail. This information will be of value in explaining the watershed's response to various watershed treatment practices that eventually will be used.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04900.x","usgsCitation":"Shields, R.R., and Sopper, W.E., 1969, An application of surface geophysical techniques to the study of watershed hydrology: Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), v. 5, no. 3, p. 37-49, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04900.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"49","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390050,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.343505859375,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -78.343505859375,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -78.343505859375,\n 40.204050425113294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shields, Ronald R.","contributorId":64655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shields","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sopper, William E.","contributorId":266143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sopper","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223397,"text":"70223397 - 1969 - Chemical composition of the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the lead-zinc deposits at Providencia, Zacatecas, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T19:06:40.945356","indexId":"70223397","displayToPublicDate":"1969-09-01T11:45:49","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition of the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the lead-zinc deposits at Providencia, Zacatecas, Mexico","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of 22 samples of primary fluid inclusions in quartz, calcite, and sphalerite from Providencia, Mexico, has been determined. Samples were prepared, crushed, and leached as described by Roedder et al. (1963). Cation analyses of leachates were made by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the anions were analyzed by a special X-ray fluorescence technique.
The Na, K, Ca, and C1 concentrations show a considerable range that reflects the widespread salinity variations in the hydrothermal fluids observed by Sawkins (1964). The K/Na atomic ratios of most samples range from 0.18 to 0.43 and the ratios tend to increase with the salinity of the inclusions. The temperatures indicated by the K/Na ratios from the published curves of K/Na ratios vs. temperature are mostly at least 100 ø C greater than corresponding filling temperatures. The Ca/Na atomic ratios of inclusions in sphalerite range from 0.12 to 0.61. The K/Na and Ca/Na data agree well with previous δO¹⁸ data (Rye, 1966; Rye and O'Neil. 1968) which indicate that the hydrothermal fluids were derived from the magma related to the Providencia granodiorite stock and that the fluids reacted only slightly with the crystalline stock during the late phases of ore deposition. The data also indicate that the salinity variations in the hydrothermal fluids probably occurred at the source of the fluids and may have resulted from boiling in the magma chamber.
Mg concentrations are generally no more than a few hundred parts per million. Most of the Mg in the hydrothermal fluids was evidently removed during the formation of calcium-magnesium silicates in the lower levels of the ore pipes. Mg/Ca atomic ratios are generally less than 0.08 and are consistent with the paucity of dolomite in the area.
Zn and Cu concentrations in water leaches of inclusions in calcite are generally less than 50 ppm. Maximum base-metal concentrations from water leaches of two samples of inclusions in quartz are 890 ppm Zn and 530 ppm Cu.
Chloride is the major anion in the fluids, and C1 concentrations vary with corresponding cation concentrations. With two exceptions, sulfur concentrations of the inclusions in calcite and quartz, analyzed as SO₄, are below the level of detection
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.629","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., and Haffty, J., 1969, Chemical composition of the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the lead-zinc deposits at Providencia, Zacatecas, Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 6, p. 629-643, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.629.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"629","endPage":"643","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388489,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Zacatecas","city":"Providencia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.26393127441406,\n 23.766493725590013\n ],\n [\n -102.84233093261719,\n 23.766493725590013\n ],\n [\n -102.84233093261719,\n 24.070289885623964\n ],\n [\n -103.26393127441406,\n 24.070289885623964\n ],\n [\n -103.26393127441406,\n 23.766493725590013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haffty, Joseph","contributorId":79450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haffty","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224597,"text":"70224597 - 1969 - The ground-water situation in Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T15:41:00.579479","indexId":"70224597","displayToPublicDate":"1969-09-01T10:35:01","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ground-water situation in Ohio","docAbstract":"Present ground-water use in Ohio, approximately 650mgd (million gallons per day) amounts to about 5 percent of the water that enters the ground-water reservoirs. The largest ground-water supplies are developed where natural concentrations of water occur, chiefly in the watercourse aquifers, which consist of sand and gravel of glacial origin (outwash) in the valleys of the major streams. Other important aquifers are glacial outwash in upland areas and in the buried Teays Valley system, the limestone and dolomite aquifers in western Ohio, and sandstone and shale aquifers in the eastern half of the State.
Future outlook is that more of the increasing water demand will be met from ground-water sources. Ground-water supplies will be developed at many new sites, and aquifers in areas already heavily pumped will be made to yield more water by the drilling of additional wells and recharging the aquifers artificially. Large quantities of ground water in storage, virtually unexploited, could be used for temporary low-flow augmentation of streams. Management of ground-water resources will be needed to help solve supply and distribution problems, and to resolve conflicts between users. Among future problems will be those arising from underground disposal of wastes, a practice which is expected to grow substantially from enforcement of water-quality standards for streams, set under the Federal Water Quality Act of 1965.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01294.x","usgsCitation":"Norris, S., 1969, The ground-water situation in Ohio: Groundwater, v. 7, no. 5, p. 25-33, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01294.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"7","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norris, Stanley E.","contributorId":63844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"Stanley E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70225040,"text":"70225040 - 1969 - Aeromagnetic investigation of crustal structure for a strip across the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T15:28:52.927166","indexId":"70225040","displayToPublicDate":"1969-09-01T09:46:26","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic investigation of crustal structure for a strip across the western United States","docAbstract":"This report represents part of a larger study undertaken to interpret the gross features of the earth's crust by aeromagnetic methods. The larger survey covers a 100-mile-wide strip along a great circle arc from Washington, D.C., to San Francisco, California. The area considered extends from about 200 miles east of the Rocky Mountains to 150 miles west of the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Inferences on gross structure and lithology are made from the magnetic patterns and trends shown on the map.
At the continental margin, the magnetic data strongly suggest that the oceanic crust becomes much more deeply buried as the continent is approached.
A large magnetic anomaly extending northwestward along the center of the Great Valley is probably caused by mafic intrusive rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1703:AIOCSF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Zietz, I., Bateman, P.C., Case, J.E., Crittenden, M.D., Griscom, A., King, E.R., Roberts, R., and Lorentzen, G.R., 1969, Aeromagnetic investigation of crustal structure for a strip across the western United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 9, p. 1703-1714, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1703:AIOCSF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1703","endPage":"1714","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390468,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Cedar Mountains, Colorado Plateau, Front Range, Great Plains, Great Salt Lake Desert, Kern Mountains, Laramie Range, Medicine Bow Range, Oquirrh Mountains, Park Range, Rocky Mountains, Sheeprock Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Stansbury Mountains, Tintic Mountains, Uinta Mountains, Wasatch Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.38720703124999,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -123.94775390625,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -123.85986328124999,\n 38.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 34.252676117101515\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -101.3818359375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -96.21826171874999,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -99.49218749999999,\n 42.98857645832184\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -120.21240234375001,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -124.38720703124999,\n 40.16208338164617\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zietz, Isidore","contributorId":76708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isidore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bateman, Paul C.","contributorId":18377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bateman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Case, James E.","contributorId":68702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crittenden, M. D. Jr.","contributorId":43421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crittenden","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Griscom, Andrew","contributorId":23520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"King, Elizabeth R.","contributorId":40990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roberts, R. J.","contributorId":267486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"R. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lorentzen, George R.","contributorId":267487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorentzen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70010241,"text":"70010241 - 1969 - Glacial age marsh, Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T18:56:32.223326","indexId":"70010241","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial age marsh, Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.","docAbstract":"Organic sediments beneath historic Lafayette Park mark the site of a freshwater marsh which bordered the Potomac River when it was 15 meters above its present level. Plant microfossils and ice-rafted boulders indicate a climate much colder than now. The carbon-14 age of more than 45,000 years and palynological studies suggest an early Wisconsin age.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.165.3895.795","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Knox, A., 1969, Glacial age marsh, Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.: Science, v. 165, no. 3895, p. 795-797, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3895.795.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"797","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Washington, D.C.","otherGeospatial":"Lafayette Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.03895019340989,\n 38.898329727607745\n ],\n [\n -77.03895019340989,\n 38.895445868036376\n ],\n [\n -77.03378503481444,\n 38.895445868036376\n ],\n [\n -77.03378503481444,\n 38.898329727607745\n ],\n [\n -77.03895019340989,\n 38.898329727607745\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"165","issue":"3895","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28fce4b0c8380cd5a5bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knox, A.S.","contributorId":27529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010244,"text":"70010244 - 1969 - Tertiary climatic change in the marginal northeastern Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T19:14:18.066025","indexId":"70010244","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tertiary climatic change in the marginal northeastern Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Analysis of distributional patterns of shallow-water molluscan faunas of the middle latitudes of the marginal northeastern Pacific Ocean discloses a sharp reversal during the Miocene of the progressive climatic deterioration. A low point in the Tertiary cooling trend during the Oligocene was followed by climatic warming that culminated during the middle Miocene, as illustrated by a series of zoogeographic profiles.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.165.3893.583","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Addicott, W., 1969, Tertiary climatic change in the marginal northeastern Pacific Ocean: Science, v. 165, no. 3893, p. 583-586, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3893.583.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"583","endPage":"586","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"northeastern Pacific Ocean","volume":"165","issue":"3893","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba570e4b08c986b320a56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Addicott, W.O.","contributorId":17609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addicott","given":"W.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011515,"text":"70011515 - 1969 - Paleozoic tectonic history of the Arctic basin north of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T19:07:13.434319","indexId":"70011515","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic tectonic history of the Arctic basin north of Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.165.3893.549","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Churkin, M., 1969, Paleozoic tectonic history of the Arctic basin north of Alaska: Science, v. 165, no. 3893, p. 549-555, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3893.549.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"555","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221530,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.04889146722115,\n 77.10220137296741\n ],\n [\n -170.04889146722115,\n 70.12260593160204\n ],\n [\n -139.19473610249165,\n 70.12260593160204\n ],\n [\n -139.19473610249165,\n 77.10220137296741\n ],\n [\n -170.04889146722115,\n 77.10220137296741\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"165","issue":"3893","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7474e4b0c8380cd7765e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Churkin, M. Jr.","contributorId":46682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Churkin","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223878,"text":"70223878 - 1969 - Cretaceous, Tertiary, and early Pleistocene rocks from the continental margin in the Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T21:03:56.525131","indexId":"70223878","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T15:45:29","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cretaceous, Tertiary, and early Pleistocene rocks from the continental margin in the Bering Sea","docAbstract":"Rocks dredged from the continental margin in eastern Bering Sea in and near the Pribilof Canyon indicate that the acoustic basement represents the upper surface of thoroughly lithified turbidite beds of graywacke and siltstone of Late Cretaceous age. The stratified sequence covering the acoustic basement is gently deformed and includes marine clastic and diatomaceous sediments ranging in age from middle or late Miocene through early Pleistocene. Dense argillite, siltstone, and calcareous sandstone of early Tertiary age in and near the Zhemchug Canyon probably represent an older part of this sequence. The main layered sequence accumulated above the acoustic basement in shallow water, and, because the older beds now lie as much as 1000 m below sea level, the continental margin must have undergone considerable subsidence during late Tertiary and Quaternary time. A rich pollen flora indicates that the shoreline lay only a few tens of kilometers away from the site of the Pribilof Canyon during late Miocene time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1471:CTAEPR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., Scholl, D.W., Addicott, W.O., Pierce, R.L., Smith, P.B., Wolfe, J.A., Gershanovich, D., Kotenev, B., Lohman, K.E., Lipps, J.H., and Obradovich, J.D., 1969, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and early Pleistocene rocks from the continental margin in the Bering Sea: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 8, p. 1471-1480, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1471:CTAEPR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1471","endPage":"1480","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Pribilof Canyon, Zhemchug Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -174.517822265625,\n 54.99022172004893\n ],\n [\n -164.520263671875,\n 54.99022172004893\n ],\n [\n -164.520263671875,\n 58.21123794344608\n ],\n [\n -174.517822265625,\n 58.21123794344608\n ],\n [\n -174.517822265625,\n 54.99022172004893\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, David M.","contributorId":37409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Addicott, Warren O.","contributorId":80668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addicott","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pierce, Richard L.","contributorId":265588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierce","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Patsy Beckstead","contributorId":69135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Patsy","email":"","middleInitial":"Beckstead","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wolfe, Jack A.","contributorId":102474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gershanovich, David","contributorId":265589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gershanovich","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kotenev, Boris","contributorId":265590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kotenev","given":"Boris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lohman, Kenneth E.","contributorId":265591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lohman","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lipps, Jere H.","contributorId":174189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipps","given":"Jere","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Obradovich, John D.","contributorId":84361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70223875,"text":"70223875 - 1969 - Application of deep electrical soundings for groundwater exploration in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T20:03:25.676034","indexId":"70223875","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T14:52:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of deep electrical soundings for groundwater exploration in Hawaii","docAbstract":"Forty-five resistivity soundings, using Schlumberger and equatorial dipole electrode configurations, were made on the islands of Oahu and Hawaii to determine the applicability of direct current resistivity methods for locating freshwater aquifers in the State of Hawaii. The soundings were made on the northwestern part of the island of Oahu near the town of Waialua and on the island of Hawaii on the \"saddle\" area near Pohakuloa and Humuula. Interpretation of 32 sounding curves obtained on the island of Oahu indicates that it is possible to correlate five stratigraphic units underlain by a vesicular basalt basement and that the determination of the approximate depth to the freshwater-saline-water interface within the basalt is feasible. Two of these Schlumberger soundings with electrode spacings AB/2 reaching 6000 ft yielded sounding curves of the maximum and minimum types whose terminal branches asymptotically approach a resistivity of about 30 ohm, which is believed to be the true resistivity of basalt saturated with sea water. Near the town of Waialua the aquifer is a coral zone as well as parts of the weathered vesicular basalt basement. On the island of Hawaii, near Pohakuloa, an exploratory well drilled in basalt to a depth of 1001 ft (prior to the resistivity survey) proved to be dry. Interpretation of thirteen deep soundings made with Schlumberger and equatorial arrays suggests that the minimum depth to a conductive layer, which may represent basalt saturated with fresh water, is about 2700 ft below land surface. The groundwater appears to be dike impounded.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1440033","usgsCitation":"Zohdy, A.A., and Jackson, D.B., 1969, Application of deep electrical soundings for groundwater exploration in Hawaii: Geophysics, v. 34, no. 4, p. 584-600, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440033.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"600","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389103,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","city":"Humuula, Pohakuloa, Waialua","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii, Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.68313598632812,\n 19.46141299683288\n ],\n [\n -155.29312133789062,\n 19.46141299683288\n ],\n [\n -155.29312133789062,\n 19.79254892024401\n ],\n [\n -155.68313598632812,\n 19.79254892024401\n ],\n [\n -155.68313598632812,\n 19.46141299683288\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.214111328125,\n 21.57699599465131\n ],\n [\n -158.20587158203125,\n 21.520794617096584\n ],\n [\n -158.1427001953125,\n 21.527182233339218\n ],\n [\n -158.05892944335938,\n 21.46712756027388\n ],\n [\n -157.98614501953125,\n 21.532292124095257\n ],\n [\n -158.08090209960938,\n 21.624239377938288\n ],\n [\n -158.12759399414062,\n 21.589765997382578\n ],\n [\n -158.21823120117188,\n 21.596150576461426\n ],\n [\n -158.214111328125,\n 21.57699599465131\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zohdy, Adel A. R.","contributorId":61799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zohdy","given":"Adel","email":"","middleInitial":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Dallas B.","contributorId":19947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Dallas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223400,"text":"70223400 - 1969 - Geology and geochemistry of the Cortez gold deposit, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T19:56:38.840529","indexId":"70223400","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T14:41:56","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and geochemistry of the Cortez gold deposit, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.5.526","usgsCitation":"Wells, J.D., Stoiser, L.R., and Elliott, J., 1969, Geology and geochemistry of the Cortez gold deposit, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 5, p. 526-537, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.5.526.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"537","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Cortez","otherGeospatial":"Cortez Gold Deposit, Roberts Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.27905273437499,\n 39.499802162332884\n ],\n [\n -115.9771728515625,\n 39.499802162332884\n ],\n [\n -115.9771728515625,\n 40.55554790286311\n ],\n [\n -117.27905273437499,\n 40.55554790286311\n ],\n [\n -117.27905273437499,\n 39.499802162332884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, John D.","contributorId":29893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoiser, Lee R.","contributorId":264750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stoiser","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, James E.","contributorId":15595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70224561,"text":"70224561 - 1969 - Peridotite-gabbro complexes as keys to petrology of mid-oceanic ridges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T18:02:02.72902","indexId":"70224561","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T12:28:17","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peridotite-gabbro complexes as keys to petrology of mid-oceanic ridges","docAbstract":"Two suites of olivine-rich ultramafic and feldspathic rocks appear to be present in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: one which seems to have alkalic affinities, and one similar to the chromitite- bearing alpine peridotite-gabbro complexes. The similarities of rocks in the two environments—continental and oceanic—imply that much about the petrology of mid-oceanic ridges may be learned from studies of continental complexes, and that silicic rocks have been formed in the mantle. Although gabbros in St. Paul Rocks and similar rocks at Tinaquillo, Venezuela, and Lizard, England, have been interpreted as not comagmatic with intimately associated peridotite by some petrologists, evidence to the contrary at Lizard is discussed. Association of fresh gneissic gabbro, some containing quartz, with talcose serpentinite, amphibole schist, quartz diorite and epidotic but unsheared basalts along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is believed to indicate presence of alpine-type rocks that occur normally in eugeosynclinal belts.
Gabbro, described as partly interlayered with peridotite by gravitational differentiation, forms major parts of three widely separated ultramafic complexes which have been interpreted as slices of oceanic crust and upper mantle: the Troodos massif in Cyprus, the Bowutu Mountains in Papua, and the Camagiiey complex in central Cuba. If, as Dietz has suggested, peridotite and related rocks in eugeosynclines represent fragments of ocean rind formed along mid-oceanic ridges and moved laterally by ocean-floor spreading, gabbro must be an essential constituent of the upper mantle. This could account for many geophysical anomalies, but would complicate some postulated mechanisms involved in ocean-floor spreading.
Protodolomite has been identified in the teeth of Recent echinoids by means of electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction analyses. The analyses demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity with respect to magnesium carbonate content in these skeletal parts; the entire spectrum of compositions between magnesium calcite and protodolomite was encountered.
The predatory boring habit common to many recent snails probably arose first in the Polinicinae (Naticacea) during Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) times (100 million years B.P.) . In the fossil record the frequency of bored shells increases greatly in rocks of latest Cretaceous age and becomes more widespread during early Tertiary times coincident with the major diversification of the primary groups of boring snails.
The borings in these Cretaceous and Tertiary shells show the same characteristics of preference of penetration in one pelecypod valve rather than the other or in position of the boring site on the shell that are found in recent shell assemblages.
Borings in Paleozoic brachiopod shells (230–550 million years old) that have previously been attributed to gastropod predation are herein attributed to other but unknown boring organisms.
In part these borings are not accepted as evidence of Paleozoic gastropod predation because it necessitates: (1) Postulation of the separate development of a boring habit with its concomitant development of an accessory boring organ in a group whose descendants are all herbivores, and (2) The development of such a habit hundreds of millions of years before the appearance of any relatives of present day borers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Zoologists","doi":"10.1093/icb/9.3.725","usgsCitation":"Sohl, N.F., 1969, The fossil record of shell boring by snails: American Zoologist, v. 9, no. 3, p. 725-734, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/9.3.725.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"734","costCenters":[{"id":530,"text":"Paleontology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/9.3.725","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohl, Norman F.","contributorId":27906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70224280,"text":"70224280 - 1969 - A geophysical study of North Park and the surrounding ranges, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T11:55:39.253471","indexId":"70224280","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T06:42:29","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geophysical study of North Park and the surrounding ranges, Colorado","docAbstract":"A geophysical study in the North Park basin and surrounding mountains, Colorado illustrates the structural relationship of various sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock units. Bouguer anomalies from 1330 gravity stations range from −210 mgal over Precambrian metamorphic rocks in the mountains to −260 mgal in the Walden syncline and —280 mgal in the North Park syncline. Steep gradients delineate a fault which strikes west-northwest along the north flank of the North Park syncline. Two models fitted to the gravity data show 1 to 2 km relief on this steeply dipping fault. Density contrasts between Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks produce anomalies of as much as 25-mgal amplitudes in the Park and Medicine Bow Ranges.
A 30-km-long seismic refraction profile, parallel to the most negative Bouguer anomaly values in the North Park basin, shows velocities increasing from 2.5 to 3.4 km/sec within Tertiary rocks at depths ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 km. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have a velocity of 4.0 to 4.5 km/sec, a very high velocity in view of the predominance of Upper Cretaceous rocks. Precambrian basement with a velocity of 6.25 km/sec underlies the profile at depths ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 km. Strong second arrivals across the profile, observed at distances of more than 14 km from the shotpoints and interpreted as SP reflections, verified the refraction model.
An aeromagnetic survey shows numerous anomalies ranging from 100 to 200γ in the Park and Rabbit Ears Ranges and in the Never Summer Mountains, to 400γ in the Front Range, and to 1200γ over the Medicine Bow Range. Positive anomalies in the Park, Medicine Bow, and Front ranges overlie metamorphic rocks. Magnetic and gravity data suggest that the Never Summer Mountains are separated from the Front Range by a north-trending, steeply east-dipping reverse fault, extending beneath the Front Range along the Colorado River valley. The magnetic data indicate that this fault may connect with a possible fault that is parallel to the Laramie River valley. In the Rabbit Ears Range, a series of magnetic anomalies show that igneous rocks are present in the eastern part of the range.
A northeast-trending positive magnetic anomaly, which is parallel to foliation trends reported in Precambrian rocks, extends from the Park Range across the North Park basin to the Medicine Bow Range. On the basis of this anomaly, the high seismic velocity of the Precambrian basement, and computed profiles fitted to the gravity and magnetic data, we infer that much of the basin is underlain by high-density metamorphic rock. As shown by gravity data, the deepest part of the basin is 2.7 km below sea level, resulting in a maximum relief of 6.7 km on the basement, relative to the Medicine Bow Range.
A 25-mgal negative gravity anomaly and a zone of negative magnetic anomalies outline a large granitic intrusion in the Park Range, which probably extends northeast beneath the North Park basin and connects with granitic rocks in the Medicine Bow Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1523:AGSONP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Popenoe, P., and Mattick, R.E., 1969, A geophysical study of North Park and the surrounding ranges, Colorado: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 8, p. 1523-1537, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1523:AGSONP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1523","endPage":"1537","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Front Range, Medicine Bow Range, Never Summer Mountains, North Park basin, Rabbit Ears Range, Park Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.78573608398438,\n 40.225024210604964\n ],\n [\n -105.74615478515625,\n 40.225024210604964\n ],\n [\n -105.74615478515625,\n 40.99544751505735\n ],\n [\n -106.78573608398438,\n 40.99544751505735\n ],\n [\n -106.78573608398438,\n 40.225024210604964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":823443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Popenoe, Peter","contributorId":52180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattick, Robert E.","contributorId":50462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattick","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206977,"text":"70206977 - 1969 - Temporal variation of alkaline earth element/chlorinity ratios in the sargasso sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T08:02:13","indexId":"70206977","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-31T12:44:54","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variation of alkaline earth element/chlorinity ratios in the sargasso sea","docAbstract":"An open ocean hydrographic station located 14 miles SE of the Bermuda Islands was sampled at two week intervals through a vertical profile of 2600 meters and over the period June 1966 to March 1967. 428 samples were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Sr and chlorinity. Large temporal variations in element/chlorinity ratios were observed throughout the water column.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.165.3891.341","usgsCitation":"Fiske, R.S., and Kinoshita, W.T., 1969, Inflation of Kilauea Volcano prior to its 1967-1968 eruption: Vertical and horizontal deformation give clues regarding the structure of an active Hawaiian volcano: Science, v. 165, no. 3891, p. 341-349, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3891.341.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29277801513672,\n 19.400544598624666\n ],\n [\n -155.28350830078125,\n 19.400544598624666\n ],\n [\n -155.27441024780273,\n 19.3992492786023\n ],\n [\n -155.25999069213867,\n 19.404754317471717\n ],\n [\n -155.24316787719727,\n 19.409611549990895\n ],\n [\n -155.24625778198242,\n 19.41446863742949\n ],\n [\n -155.2510643005371,\n 19.421915889653373\n ],\n [\n -155.25518417358398,\n 19.429686571587755\n ],\n [\n -155.26514053344727,\n 19.430981649106492\n ],\n [\n -155.2730369567871,\n 19.43243859897176\n ],\n [\n -155.2814483642578,\n 19.43001034193552\n ],\n [\n -155.29037475585938,\n 19.421268316049964\n ],\n [\n -155.2968978881836,\n 19.413821034154534\n ],\n [\n -155.29277801513672,\n 19.400544598624666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"165","issue":"3891","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiske, Richard S.","contributorId":229675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fiske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36606,"text":"Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinoshita, Willie Tomoni","contributorId":87148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinoshita","given":"Willie","email":"","middleInitial":"Tomoni","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209142,"text":"70209142 - 1969 - Fault-plane Solution of the Koyna (India) Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-19T08:21:11","indexId":"70209142","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-12T08:19:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault-plane Solution of the Koyna (India) Earthquake","docAbstract":"THE peninsular shield of India has long been regarded as a stable region. The area had not been subject to orogenic deformation since the Pre-Cambrian, although a vast area (5 × 105 square km) was flooded by basalts during Late Cretaceous to the Eocene—the Deccan Trap. Several years ago, a small dam was built across the Koyna river, some 200 km south-east of Bombay (Fig. 1). The dam reservoir filled in stages, beginning with the monsoon of 1962, and reached a capacity of 2 × 109 m3 and a maximum depth of about 70 m1.
Scandium analyses of more than 90 pairs of coexisting biotite and hornblende from igneous rocks of various provinces (including Southern California, Boulder, Sierra Nevada, Boulder Creek batholiths and the Jemez Mountains volcanic rocks) indicate that the distribution ratio (Kd = Schornblende/Scbiotite) for most samples closely approached that of an equilibrium distribution. Median Kd values for the igneous samples range from 4.8 to 8.0, which are higher than similar values derived from published data on metamorphic samples and apparently not related to the mode of crystallization (volcanic, hypabyssal, or plutonic). A correlation between Kd and mafic index, (FeO + Fe2O3)/(FeO + Fe2O3 + MgO) X 100, of both the minerals and the host rock, and between Kd and SiO2 content of the host rock, can be established only for the Southern California batholith samples. However, whether this correlation reflects temperature dependence, compositional dependence, or both, cannot be specified uniquely with present data. The present data also cast doubt on the validity of the so-called “scandium geothermometer.”
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[651:DOSBCB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Greenland, L.P., and Gottfried, D., 1969, Distribution of scandium between coexisting biotite and hornblende in igneous rocks: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, no. 4, p. 651-668, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[651:DOSBCB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"668","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenland, L. Paul","contributorId":22488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenland","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gottfried, D.","contributorId":92346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70223872,"text":"70223872 - 1969 - Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande depression, southern Colorado and northern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T19:20:05.938786","indexId":"70223872","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T14:07:53","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande depression, southern Colorado and northern New Mexico","docAbstract":"Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks in and near the northern Rio Grande depression, a major intracontinental tension-rift structure, vary systematically in petrology and chemistry with distance from the depression. Basalts and basaltic andesites of alkalic affinities, commonly showing evidence of crustal contamination, were erupted east and west of the depression concurrently with its formation, whereas little-contaminated tholeiitic basalts filled parts of the depression late in its history. Eruption of the contrasting basalt types was in part concurrent. The lateral change from alkalic to tholeiitic basaltic volcanism may reflect different conditions of magma generation in the mantle that are related to changes in crustal thickness and thermal gradient across the rift. Recent experimental studies suggest that the variations in magma composition may be due to differing depths of magma fractionation, the tholeiitic basalts originating at shallower depths than the alkalic basalts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geologic Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1343:AATBVR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., 1969, Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande depression, southern Colorado and northern New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1343-1353, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1343:AATBVR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1343","endPage":"1353","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande depression","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 39.223742741391305\n ],\n [\n -106.50146484374999,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -106.0784912109375,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -106.9573974609375,\n 35.9157474194997\n ],\n [\n -107.4517822265625,\n 34.29353023058858\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -105.7159423828125,\n 32.22674287041067\n ],\n [\n -105.9576416015625,\n 35.55904339525896\n ],\n [\n -105.018310546875,\n 37.19095471582605\n ],\n [\n -105.5181884765625,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 39.223742741391305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223908,"text":"70223908 - 1969 - Confidence limits for the precision parameter κ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T17:51:36.068114","indexId":"70223908","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T12:47:08","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Confidence limits for the precision parameter κ","docAbstract":"Confidence limits are calculated for the precision parameter κ used in the analysis of palaeomagnetic data and for the angular standard deviation σ. A set of tables for 95 per cent and 99 per cent confidence limits is presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Astronomical Society","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1969.tb00257.x","usgsCitation":"Cox, A., 1969, Confidence limits for the precision parameter κ: Geophysical Journal International, v. 17, no. 5, p. 545-549, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1969.tb00257.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"549","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1969.tb00257.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Allan","contributorId":89949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Allan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70224622,"text":"70224622 - 1969 - Principal stress directions from plastic flow in crystals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-30T17:47:23.77508","indexId":"70224622","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T12:36:58","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Principal stress directions from plastic flow in crystals","docAbstract":"Methods for determining orientations of principal stress axes in deformed rocks involve dynamic analysis of twin-gliding and of extinction bands produced by inhomogeneous translation gliding in crystals. The methods, beginning with Turner's (1953) technique for dynamic analysis of calcite twins, have been developed using as guides the results from experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. Structures induced by intragranular flow in calcite, dolomite, quartz, micas, orthopyroxenes, clinopyroxenes, olivine, and other common rock-forming materials, may now be used to derive orientations of principal stresses causing the deformation. The various methods, some new, are discussed in detail and examples of their application to tectonites are given. The usefulness of such studies is illustrated by evaluating the observed orientations of principal stresses around folds in light of new data from a theoretical analysis of large amplitude folding of viscous layers in a less viscous matrix. Other areas of research in structural geology in which these methods should prove useful have also been outlined.
Carbon isotopic ratios and weight percentages of carbon were measured in 15 samples of slate, phyllite, and schist of the approximately 1500- to 1600-m.y.-old Uncompahgre Formation of the Needle Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Rocks with less than 1 percent total carbon, all of which is reduced, have δC13 values of −23 to −28 per mil, whereas those with 1 to 6.4 percent carbon have δC13 from −29 to −31 per mil. In general, the slates and phyllites contain more carbon and isotopically lighter carbon than do the schists of higher metamorphic rank. Increasing loss of C12-enriched methane with increasing intensity of metamorphism is suggested to account for these differences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1403:CIIPOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., and Friedman, I., 1969, Carbon isotopes in pelites of the Precambrian Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1403-1407, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1403:CIIPOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1403","endPage":"1407","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colroado","otherGeospatial":"Needle Mountains, Precambrian Uncompahgre Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.0340576171875,\n 37.289350362163546\n ],\n [\n -106.4190673828125,\n 37.289350362163546\n ],\n [\n -106.4190673828125,\n 38.236022799686694\n ],\n [\n -108.0340576171875,\n 38.236022799686694\n ],\n [\n -108.0340576171875,\n 37.289350362163546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Fred","contributorId":78332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224600,"text":"70224600 - 1969 - Errors in using modern stream-load data to estimate natural rates of denudation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T16:49:51.602886","indexId":"70224600","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T11:33:42","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Errors in using modern stream-load data to estimate natural rates of denudation","docAbstract":"The practice of calculating natural rates of denudation from routinely collected data on the loads of suspended and dissolved matter in modern rivers is subject to several significant errors. The sources of these errors are demonstrated by examples from the Atlantic drainage of the United States, where their total effect has apparently doubled the natural rate of erosion.
The largest error is caused by assuming that modern sediment loads in populated areas represent natural erosion, whereas in fact they mainly reflect the influence of man. Conversion of forests to croplands in the middle Atlantic states causes about a tenfold increase in sediment yield. Coal mining, urbanization, and highway construction have added extra loads of sediment to the streams. Modern sediment loads in the Atlantic-draining rivers are probably 4 to 5 times greater than they would be if the area had remained undisturbed by man.
Errors in calculating the chemical denudation are caused by atmospheric contributions to the dissolved loads of streams and by pollutants that are added directly to stream waters. About one-quarter of the salts in Atlantic-draining streams were contributed from the atmosphere, either as recycled sea salts or as pollutants and soil dust that originally became airborne as a result of the activities of man. Perhaps another one-tenth of the dissolved load consists of industrial and agricultural wastes or acid mine waters that have been added directly to the streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1265:EIUMSD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Meade, R.H., 1969, Errors in using modern stream-load data to estimate natural rates of denudation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1265-1274, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1265:EIUMSD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1265","endPage":"1274","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia","city":"Baltimore, Washington D.C.","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Appalachia, Brandywine Creek, Chesapeake Bay, Gunpowder Falls River, Lehigh River, Passaic River, Potomac River, Schuylkill River, Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -76.48681640625,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -75.03662109375,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -75.8056640625,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -69.9169921875,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -69.54345703125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -70.59814453125,\n 42.407234661551875\n ],\n [\n -70.07080078125,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -71.54296874999999,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -73.23486328124999,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -75.47607421875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -80.70556640625,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -82.63916015625,\n 38.66835610151506\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -81.7108154296875,\n 36.61552763134925\n ],\n [\n -82.7325439453125,\n 36.071302299422406\n ],\n [\n -83.8751220703125,\n 35.585851593232356\n ],\n [\n -84.342041015625,\n 35.25459097465022\n ],\n [\n -84.3585205078125,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -85.84716796875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -85.18798828125,\n 31.052933985705163\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, Robert H. 0000-0002-4965-3040 rhmeade@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3040","contributorId":2744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"Robert","email":"rhmeade@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}