A well-designed and calibrated orifice meter is an accurate and inexpensive measuring device for flow. Endline orifices can be calibrated at work sites by solving an equation that interrelates easily measured dimensions of the orifice and outflow.
Underground detonations may produce observable effects in surrounding aquifers and wells. The nature and the duration of the effect at any observation point seem to depend on several factors such as the amount of energy released by the detonation, the geologic environment, the position of the buried explosive device in relation to the saturated zone, aquifer characteristics, and the distance from point of detonation. Precise measurement of these effects in wells presented numerous technical problems and resulted in the development of specialized techniques. Initially, these effects were observed by measuring the fluctuation of the free water surface in wells. The current technique employs high-resolution pressure transducers deep in the water column. Pneumatic packers may be used to restrict the movement of water into the well. Data are recorded on high-speed oscillographs.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01283.x","usgsCitation":"Garber, M.S., and Wollitz, L.E., 1969, Measuring underground-explosion effects on water levels in surrounding aquifers: Groundwater, v. 7, no. 4, p. 3-7, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01283.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garber, M. S.","contributorId":6433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garber","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wollitz, Leonard E.","contributorId":22340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wollitz","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224598,"text":"70224598 - 1969 - Field use of orifice meters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T16:01:39.256831","indexId":"70224598","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T10:51:33","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field use of orifice meters","docAbstract":"A well-designed and calibrated orifice meter is an accurate and inexpensive measuring device for flow. Endline orifices can be calibrated at work sites by solving an equation that interrelates easily measured dimensions of the orifice and outflow.
Deep dredging in the Tonga Trench (Southwest Pacific Ocean) at a depth of 9150 to 9400 m yielded fresh to granulated and serpentinized peridotite and dunite. Other rocks recovered there and at three stations deeper than 7000 m include basalts, tuffs, and tuffaceous agglomerates.
Chemical analyses of the fresh peridotite, with combined H2O < 0.10 weight percent, indicate that the rock consists of Si, Mg, Fe (6 percent), and Cr + Ni about 0.7 percent. Mineralogically, the peridotite contains forsteritic olivine and enstatite with minor spinels.
The ultramafic mass exposed at 9400 m probably is an accumulate exposed by faulting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1373:UABRDF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fisher, R.L., and Engel, C.G., 1969, Ultramafic and basaltic rocks dredged from the nearshore flank of the Tonga Trench: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1373-1378, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1373:UABRDF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1378","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Samoa, Tonga","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean, Tonga-Kermedec Trench, Tonga Trench","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 185.95458984375,\n -18.510865709091362\n ],\n [\n 184.482421875,\n -21.192094484509024\n ],\n [\n 185.69091796875,\n -21.897181200235075\n ],\n [\n 187.13562011718747,\n -21.800308050972575\n ],\n [\n 187.723388671875,\n -18.646245142670598\n ],\n [\n 185.95458984375,\n -18.510865709091362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Robert L.","contributorId":267511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engel, Celeste G.","contributorId":23386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"Celeste","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198454,"text":"70198454 - 1969 - Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T10:15:34","indexId":"70198454","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T09:58:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"On the basis of potassium-argon mineral ages, plutonic rocks in an area of approximately 22,000 square miles in the southern Alaska Range and the Aleutian Range can be assigned to age groups that show differences in chemical characteristics and geographic distribution. The plutonic groups are Early and Middle Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary, and middle Tertiary in age. Most of the plutonic rocks in the Aleutian Range south of Iliamna Lake appear to be Jurassic, but north of Iliamna Lake, Jurassic plutonic rocks seem to be restricted to a belt on the southeast side of the Chigmit Mountains—Alaska Range. In the western or northwestern part of the Alaska Range north of Iliamna Lake, only Cretaceous and Tertiary plutonic rocks have been found. Rocks rich in K-feldspar are predominant in the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons, but subordinate in the Jurassic plutons. Most of the mineralization in the region is associated with the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[23:AACOMA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1969, Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, no. 1, p. 23-44, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[23:AACOMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":356239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":741492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224593,"text":"70224593 - 1969 - Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T14:46:33.589803","indexId":"70224593","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T09:40:03","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States","docAbstract":"Limestone and other carbonate rocks are characterized by many unusual features and extreme conditions, either involving the hydrologic system within them or wrought by hydrologic conditions on them or through them. Perhaps there could be little agreement as to what is typical or average for the many features of carbonate rocks, as indicated by the following conditions: bare rock and thin soils are common, but so are thick soils; very highly permeable limestones are common, but so are poorly permeable ones; and rugged karst topographic features with underlying solution caverns are common, but so are flat, nearly featureless topographic conditions. Some conditions of carbonate terranes are suitable to man's needs and interests, such as the use of some permeable aquifers for water supply and the exploitation of caves for tourist attractions. On the other hand, many problems may exist, including: permeability too low for adequate water supply or so high that the aquifer retains too little water for use during periods of fair weather, soils too thin for growing of crops and for adequate filtration of wastes near the ground surface, instability of the ground for buildings and foundations in sinkhole areas, and unusually rugged topography. Some of the many variable conditions are readily observable, but others can be determined only by careful geologic and hydrologic studies.
The need for knowing the specific geologic and hydrologic conditions at various places in limestone terranes, as well as the variations in hydrologic conditions with changing conditions and time, has resulted in many published reports on local areas and on special topical problems of limestone hydrology. Many of these reports have been used to advantage by the present writers in preparing this paper.
The concept that secondary permeability is developed by circulation of water through openings with the accompanying enlargement of these openings by solution is now universally accepted in limestone terranes. Emphasis is placed on the hydrogeologic framework, or structural setting, in relation to the ease or difficulty of water to move from a source of recharge, through a part of the limestone, to a discharge area. Parts of the limestone favored by circulating ground water tend to develop solution openings, commonly in the upper part of the zone of saturation; as base level is lowered (sea level or perennial stream level), the related water table lowers in the limestone leaving air-filled caverns above the present zone of saturation in sinkhole areas. Reconstruction of the geologic and hydrologic history of a limestone area aids in determining the extent of development and the positions of fossil and present permeability. References are made to the hydrology of many limestone regions, especially those of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier B. V.","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(69)90009-2","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., and LeGrand, H.E., 1969, Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 349-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(69)90009-2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70225514,"text":"70225514 - 1969 - Theoretical basis of the borehole deepening method of absolute stress measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T20:33:27.262415","indexId":"70225514","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-16T15:22:26","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Theoretical basis of the borehole deepening method of absolute stress measurement","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the initial state of stress in rocks provides a key to the solution of many problems in rock mechanics. The initial state of stress is part of the basic data required for rational design of structures in rock, since its redistribution when engineering activities are conducted is a primary load on the rock portion of the engineering system. Knowledge of initial and subsequent changes in the state of stress is also relevant in the study of active faults and crustal strain.
The purposes of stress measurements are not generally well served by methods which disclose only one of the stress components at a point. Recently, interest has centered on overcoring methods which though expensive and difficult have the important advantage of yielding data on three or more stress components.
In a previous paper, the authors introduced a new method--termed borehole deepening--based on measurement of the deformations that occur close to the bottom of a borehole when it is deepened by further drilling without overcoring. The proposed method is at a disadvantage when compared with overcoring procedures in that the quantities to be measured are somewhat smaller and the measuring environment is more hostile. However, the borehole deepening method presents three distinct advantages in comparison with overcoring procedures: (1) Using the same borehole, both the initial and the subsequent changes in the state of stress can be obtained by borehole deepening. Stress changes with time are very significant for stability monitoring as well as in predicting earthquake activity in regions close to known active faults and volcanoes. (2) The necessity of completely unloading a portion of the rock mass where deformation measurements are being carried out in the overcoring methods is ill-suited to nonlinearly elastic materials such as rocks. The borehole deepening method, on the other hand, is based on a change of stress from one level to another, rather than complete strain relief and is therefore less affected by nonlinear behavior. (3) Numerous stress measurements can be carried out economically in a single borehole. Thus, the regional stress distribution can be more readily obtained. Such information is considerably more significant than a single stress measurement at a point; considering the variability of rock masses and the magnitudes and direction of the stresses acting on them from one region to another and within the regions themselves, the reliability of a single measurement when extrapolated for the entire region is not very reasonable. This advantage of more numerous measurements makes it possible to predetermine the initial state of stress with confidence before actual access and construction. It also makes it possible to consider studying regional tectonic systems. Integrated regional measurements of in-situ state of stress would provide the necessary information for plotting the variation of crustal stresses; this would be of great interest in evaluating the several theories of orogenesis and in delineating tectonically active regions.
This chapter is concerned with the theoretical basis for the borehole deepening method--the \"software\" for converting deformation measurements into stress values.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 11th U.S. symposium on rock mechanics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The 11th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics","conferenceDate":"June 16-19, 1969","conferenceLocation":"Berkeley, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Rock Mechanics Association","usgsCitation":"de la Cruz, R.V., and Goodman, R.E., 1969, Theoretical basis of the borehole deepening method of absolute stress measurement, in The 11th U.S. symposium on rock mechanics, v. 11, Berkeley, CA, June 16-19, 1969, ARMA-69-0353.","productDescription":"ARMA-69-0353","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390633,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.armarocks.org/resources/onepetro-digital-library/"}],"volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de la Cruz, Rodolfo V.","contributorId":267843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de la Cruz","given":"Rodolfo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodman, Richard E.","contributorId":117859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220476,"text":"5220476 - 1969 - Duck viral enteritis (duck plague) in North American Waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-11T09:57:03","indexId":"5220476","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-16T12:18:37","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Duck viral enteritis (duck plague) in North American Waterfowl","docAbstract":"Duck Viral Enteritis (DVE) was first recognized in North America in January 1967, when an outbreak occurred in a commercial flock of white Pekin ducks in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York (Leibovitz and Hwang, 1968b). Originally described as a disease of domestic ducks in the Netherlands, DVE has since been reported from India and Belgium. it is also believed to have occurred in China and France (Jansen, 1968).
This paper briefly reviews the status of DVE among wild waterfowl in North America and describes some of the characteristic lesions associated with this disease. The paper also mentions some of the work which has been undertaken to learn more about the status of DVE in North America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the twenty-second annual conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Twenty-second annual conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","conferenceDate":"October 21-23, 1968","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD","language":"English","publisher":"Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","publisherLocation":"Columbia, SC","usgsCitation":"Locke, L.N., Leibovitz, L., Herman, C.M., and Walker, J., 1969, Duck viral enteritis (duck plague) in North American Waterfowl, in Proceedings of the twenty-second annual conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, v. 22, Baltimore, MD, October 21-23, 1968, p. 96-98.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350864,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.seafwa.org/publications/proceedings/?id=55213"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db4963ad","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Webb, James W.","contributorId":58325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Locke, Louis N.","contributorId":71233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leibovitz, Louis","contributorId":41781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leibovitz","given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herman, Carlton M.","contributorId":88718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Carlton","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":331883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, J.T.","contributorId":84022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70224269,"text":"70224269 - 1969 - Model for simulation of residual stress in rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-17T14:49:11.368726","indexId":"70224269","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-16T10:20:22","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Model for simulation of residual stress in rock","docAbstract":"Rocks in mines, quarries, and many outcrops commonly show evidence of being under high stress. Saw cuts and drillholes close in, partly mined coal bursts violently, and pillars crush and rock spalls in mines even at moderate depths. Similarly, strong and massive rocks such as granite and sandstone naturally divide themselves into sheets that lie more or less parallel to their outward topographic form. The sheets may be either convex or concave. Thin plates of bare rock surfaces bow up and buckle. Such effects often cannot be explained by the obvious loads now acting on the rock, that is, by loads resulting from overburden, topographic irregularities, or stress concentration around openings. The stresses exceed those that would result from such loads.
Two interpretations of such excess stresses have been made. In one, the stresses are assigned in origin to now active tectonic forces. In the other, they are regarded as leftover and locked in from some previous state at which higher pressures prevailed. These two sources may both operate and they generally cannot be distinguished easily in the field. There are other complicating sources of stress such as temperature gradients and chemical alteration. Nevertheless, some bodies of rock, by exfoliating, show evidence of high internal stress even though they are practically unweathered and so isolated topographically that the presence in them of significant stress due to exterior loads or active tectonic forces seems unlikely.
Moreover, completely isolated rocks are known to change density shape, or size; to expand under constant compressive stress; and even to disintegrate without the intervention of weathering processes. The stresses involved here must be truly residual in the sense long used by metallurgists; that is, residual stresses in a body are those that remain, aside from the effect of gravity or temperature gradients, even after the boundaries are freed from loads. Residual stress within rock can exist only in a system of internally balanced forces. The existence of such balanced forces has been recognized for a long time--at least 180 years--to judge from an incomplete survey of the literature. Discussions have been presented more recently by Voight, Friedman, Emery, Price, Denkhaus, Kieslinger, and other engineers and geologists.
Briefly, a simple version of the concept is that if a granite crystallizes at depth and is then unloaded by uplift and erosion, the compressed mineral grains cannot completely relax, owing to interlocking boundaries and mutual interference. A sandstone that becomes cemented while constituent grains are under high pressure cannot completely relax when cut free. Thus, a balance is achieved between forces of expansion in the interior of the crystalline grains and those of restraint at grain boundaries or in the cement.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 11th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The 11th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS)","conferenceDate":"June 16-19 1969","conferenceLocation":"Berkeley, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Rock Mechanics Association","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D.J., 1969, Model for simulation of residual stress in rock, in Proceedings of the 11th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Berkeley, CA, June 16-19 1969, p. 415-426.","productDescription":"ARMA-69-0415, 12 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"426","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389390,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.armarocks.org/","description":"Index Page"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, D. J.","contributorId":85201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223840,"text":"70223840 - 1969 - Isotopic composition of lead in volcanic rocks from central Honshu — with regard to basalt genesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T20:49:07.906556","indexId":"70223840","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-10T15:27:39","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1754,"text":"Geochemical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of lead in volcanic rocks from central Honshu — with regard to basalt genesis","docAbstract":"The isotopic composition of lead and concentrations of lead, uranium, and thorium were determined in tholeiitic and high-alumina basalts, and their calc-alkali rock series, from central Japan. The isotopic composition of lead of high alumina basalts is similar to that of tholeiites from adjacent areas, whereas their silicic differentiates (calc-alkali rock series) are rich in 207Pb and 208Pb. This is interpreted as a result of crustal contamination. The isotopic composition of lead in the primary basalts gradually decreases in radiogenic character from the Pacific Ocean side to the Japan Sea side, whereas the observed 238U/204Pb and 232Th/238U ratios in the basalts increase in the same direction. This inverse correlation can be interpreted as resulting from differentiation of the upper mantle about 3.6b.y. ago, with tholeiite (Pacific side) generated from a shallower zone than the alkali basalt (Japan Sea side). The magma generation is associated with a process which extracts Pb preferentially to U and Th at shallower depth and U and Th preferentially to Pb at deeper depth in the past (multi differentiation for the source region) or at the magma generation stage. An alternative interpretation of this inverse correlation is that the ocean floor is being thrust under the Japanese Island arcs and the isotopic difference is produced by the degree of mixing of mantle material under the arcs with thrust material.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geochemical Society of Japan","doi":"10.2343/geochemj.3.53","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., and Knight, R.J., 1969, Isotopic composition of lead in volcanic rocks from central Honshu — with regard to basalt genesis: Geochemical Journal, v. 3, no. 1, p. 53-86, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.3.53.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"86","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.3.53","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","state":"Honshu","otherGeospatial":"Izu Islands, Mount Amagi, Mount Fuji, Mount Hakone, Mount Omuro-yama, Mount O-Shima, Mount Sukumo, Mount Taga","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 129.70458984375,\n 31.147006308556566\n ],\n [\n 130.2099609375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n 131.19873046875,\n 30.20211367909724\n ],\n [\n 131.7919921875,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n 132.25341796875,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n 133.13232421875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n 133.6376953125,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n 134.27490234375,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n 134.89013671875,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n 135.83496093749997,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n 135.98876953125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ],\n [\n 136.91162109374997,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n 137.08740234375,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n 138.22998046875,\n 34.470335121217474\n ],\n [\n 138.9111328125,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n 139.98779296875,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n 141.0205078125,\n 35.71083783530009\n ],\n [\n 140.7568359375,\n 36.31512514748051\n ],\n [\n 141.1962890625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n 141.21826171875,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n 141.7236328125,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n 142.22900390624997,\n 39.7240885773337\n ],\n [\n 141.63574218749997,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n 141.70166015625,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n 140.7568359375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n 140.2294921875,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n 139.72412109375,\n 40.66397287638688\n ],\n [\n 139.50439453125,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n 139.70214843749997,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n 138.9990234375,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n 138.4716796875,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n 138.01025390625,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n 138.22998046875,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n 137.5927734375,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n 137.30712890625,\n 37.735969208590504\n ],\n [\n 136.47216796875,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n 136.2744140625,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n 135.54931640625,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n 133.1982421875,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n 129.52880859375,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n 128.3642578125,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n 128.51806640625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n 129.462890625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n 129.70458984375,\n 31.147006308556566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, Mitsunobu","contributorId":10444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"Mitsunobu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Roy J.","contributorId":265535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knight","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210487,"text":"70210487 - 1969 - Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T19:17:23.300536","indexId":"70210487","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-02T13:54:56","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines","docAbstract":"Mayon Volcano, southeastern Luzon, began a series of explosive eruptions at 0900 April 21, 1968, and by May 15 more than 100 explosions had occurred, at least 6 people had been killed, and roughly 100 square km had been covered by more than 5 cm of airfall ash, blocky ash flows, and a lava flow. All material crupted was porphyritic augite-hypersthene andesite.
Explosions from the summit crater (elevation 2460 m) ejected large quantities of ash and incandescent blocks to a height exceeding 600 m and produced ash-laden clouds which rose to heights of 3 to 10 km. Backfall of the coarser material fed nuées ardentes which repeatedly swept down ravines on all sides of the volcanic cone. The velocity of one nuée ardente ranged from 9 to 63 m per sec. The largest nuées descended to the southwest and reached as far as 7 km from the summit. An aa lava flow also descended 3 1/2 km down this flank.
The nuées ardentes deposited pyroclastic flows that contained large breadcrust-surfaced blocks averaging about 30 cm across, but occasionally reaching 25 m in greatest dimension. These blocks were still very hot in their interiors several days later. Surrounding the pyroclastic flows is a seared zone as much as 2 km wide, but averaging a few hundred meters, in which vegetation is charred and splintered, but over which only a thin layer of airfall ash was deposited.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02596528","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Melson, W., 1969, Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 33, p. 600-620, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596528.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"620","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","otherGeospatial":"Mayon Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 119.4873046875,\n 19.20742852680121\n ],\n [\n 119.3115234375,\n 14.200488387358332\n ],\n [\n 120.95947265624999,\n 11.544616463449655\n ],\n [\n 124.93652343749999,\n 12.833226023521243\n ],\n [\n 125.09033203124999,\n 14.200488387358332\n ],\n [\n 122.9150390625,\n 18.93746442964186\n ],\n [\n 119.4873046875,\n 19.20742852680121\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melson, W.G.","contributorId":77299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melson","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223839,"text":"70223839 - 1969 - Seismic-refraction measurements in Jackson Hole, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T20:12:56.761072","indexId":"70223839","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-01T14:54:49","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic-refraction measurements in Jackson Hole, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Three reversed seismic-refraction profiles were recorded in the Jackson Hole, Wyoming, area during July 1964. The seismic model which was developed consists of three layers with velocities of 2.4 km/sec for Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks above the Cleverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), 3.8 km/sec for rocks from Lower Cretaceous down to lower Paleozoic, and 6.1 km/sec for lower Paleozoic (limestones and dolomites) and Precambrian rocks. The maximum thickness of sediments in Jackson Hole is 5 km, and the minimum throw of the Teton fault in the area covered by this survey is about 7 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1109:SMIJHW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tibbetts, B.L., Behrendt, J.C., and Love, J.D., 1969, Seismic-refraction measurements in Jackson Hole, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 6, p. 1109-1121, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1109:SMIJHW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1109","endPage":"1121","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","city":"Jackson Hole","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park, Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.88775634765625,\n 43.454912713790264\n ],\n [\n -110.70373535156249,\n 43.450925007583706\n ],\n [\n -110.50048828124999,\n 43.89195472686543\n ],\n [\n -110.6982421875,\n 43.95130472827632\n ],\n [\n -110.94543457031249,\n 43.49975628978046\n ],\n [\n -110.88775634765625,\n 43.454912713790264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tibbetts, B. L.","contributorId":77536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbetts","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrendt, J. C.","contributorId":190262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behrendt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Love, John David","contributorId":39869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70224297,"text":"70224297 - 1969 - Water, population pressure, and ancient Indian migrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T18:50:41.226162","indexId":"70224297","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-01T13:25:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water, population pressure, and ancient Indian migrations","docAbstract":"A preliminary report on environmental factors relating to some prehistoric Indian migrations in the lower San Juan Valley region, northeastern Arizona
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[953:ROCSIT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hubbert, M.K., and Rubey, W.W., 1969, Role of cohesive strength in the mechanics of overthrust faulting and of landsliding: Discussion: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 6, p. 953-954, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[953:ROCSIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"953","endPage":"954","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390052,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbert, M. King","contributorId":50197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbert","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"King","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubey, William W.","contributorId":16899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223776,"text":"70223776 - 1969 - Physical and chemical factors in the formation of marine apatite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-07T16:45:43.389494","indexId":"70223776","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-01T11:29:38","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical and chemical factors in the formation of marine apatite","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.4.365","usgsCitation":"Gulbrandsen, R.A., 1969, Physical and chemical factors in the formation of marine apatite: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 4, p. 365-382, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.4.365.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"382","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388889,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gulbrandsen, R. A.","contributorId":48543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulbrandsen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223455,"text":"70223455 - 1969 - The stability of argentopyrite and sternbergite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-26T15:06:25.665837","indexId":"70223455","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-01T09:42:24","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The stability of argentopyrite and sternbergite","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.4.459","usgsCitation":"Czamanske, G., 1969, The stability of argentopyrite and sternbergite: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 4, p. 459-461, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.4.459.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"461","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388542,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223454,"text":"70223454 - 1969 - Biotites from granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-26T14:33:17.099811","indexId":"70223454","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-01T08:59:48","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biotites from granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California","docAbstract":"Biotites from plutonic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountains, California, have been examined and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and optical and chemical methods.
Compositions of the biotites define a trend in the compositional triangle Fe+3 Fe+2Mg. When related to the experimentally studied ternary system KFe3+3AlSisO12H-1-KFe3+2 AlSi3O10(OH)2-KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2 and coupled with the estimated positions of biotite solid solutions for different oxygen buffers, the trend suggests that oxygen fugacities in magmas during biotite crystallization were slightly higher than those defined by the Ni-NiO buffer. The compositional data also suggest that magmas were ‘buffered’ with respect to oxygen by oxides existing within the magmas themselves.
Correlation between the Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio, an inferred temperature indicator, and other elements is generally poor, which suggests that factors other than temperature at the time of crystallization exerted an important influence on compositions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/10.2.250","usgsCitation":"Dodge, F.C., Smith, V.C., and Mays, R.E., 1969, Biotites from granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 10, no. 2, p. 250-271, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.2.250.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"271","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Inyo Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Sierra Nevada batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 36.76969233214548\n ],\n [\n -118.1634521484375,\n 36.76969233214548\n ],\n [\n -118.1634521484375,\n 38.33734763569314\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 38.33734763569314\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 36.76969233214548\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodge, F. C. W.","contributorId":18755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, V. C.","contributorId":74027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mays, R. E.","contributorId":52722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mays","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70225543,"text":"70225543 - 1969 - Well logging with californium-252","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T15:35:48.546988","indexId":"70225543","displayToPublicDate":"1969-05-25T10:21:20","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Well logging with californium-252","docAbstract":"Californium 252 is an isotopic neutron source that has only recently become available for experimental well logging. One curie of 252Cf emits 4.4 x 109 neutrons per second by spontaneous fission, 300 times the emission rate of any other one curie radioisotopic source. California 252 has several other advantages as a high yield source for well logging: very small physical size, low gamma and heat emission, and expected low cost relative to other sources. A 50-millicurie 252Cf source fabricated at the Savannah River Laboratory was made available by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission to the U. S. Geological Survey for a feasibility study on well logging. The nuclear and physical characteristics of this source and some of the health physics aspects of its use in the field are discussed. The source was used to make epithermal neutron logs, which are compared with logs made with plutonium beryllium and americium beryllium sources in the same well. The high neutron flux available from 252Cf permitted the use of longer than usual spacing while maintaining a high count rate and excellent sensitivity. In addition, continuous activation logs were made utilizing a spacing of 5. 5 feet from the source to detector. Aluminum 28 was identified as the chief radioisotope contributing to the log response. This new technique may provide a log more closely related to clay content than the natural gamma log. Stationary irradiation experiments were also carried out in boreholes, and sodium 24 and manganese 56 were readily produced and identified. Suggestions for additional research on logging applications and problems resulted from this feasibility study. Potential well logging applications not investigated include the activation of temporary depth markers and the use of stable tracers that can be activated at the site or in the well. The high neutron yield of californium 252 will facilitate in situ activation analysis for many elements as an aid to exploration for oil, water, and other minerals.
Progress in marine hard mineral exploration and exploitation has been severely restricted by technologic gaps and the lack of discovery of deposits that can be exploited at a competitive price in the world markets. Immediate needs include improved techniques of placer drilling to permit more reliable evaluation of in situ deposits and improved systems of dredging and processing in greater depths of water and in heavier seas.
New exploration techniques for locating and characterizing the subsurface deposits, and breakthroughs in low-cost methods for rapid detailed three-dimensional mapping of the seafloor relief similar to the photogrammetry breakthrough on land, would offer new incentives to industry.
Advances in solution mining, in situ extraction techniques and rapid excavation with the possibilities of sub-sea entry, could eventually shift the emphasis in ocean mining from near shore placers to large-scale exploitation of deeply buried consolidated deposits.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Offshore technology conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Offshore Technology Conference","conferenceDate":"May 17-20, 1969","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"OTC","doi":"10.4043/1031-MS","usgsCitation":"Wang, F., and Cruickshank, M.J., 1969, Technologic gaps in exploration and exploitation of sub-sea mineral resources, in Offshore technology conference, v. 1, Houston, TX, May 17-20, 1969, OTC-1031-MS, https://doi.org/10.4043/1031-MS.","productDescription":"OTC-1031-MS","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Frank F.","contributorId":72798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Frank F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cruickshank, Michael J.","contributorId":97627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruickshank","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70119521,"text":"70119521 - 1969 - Wind training in some prairie trees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-07T09:40:34","indexId":"70119521","displayToPublicDate":"1969-05-16T09:36:32","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind training in some prairie trees","docAbstract":"Asymmetry in tree crowns has been established for some time. Lawrence (Ecol. Monogr. 9:217-257, 1939) studied wind training, one cause of asymmetry, in the Columbia River Gorge. He and Boyce (Ecol. Monogr. 24: 29-67, 1954) cite the intensity and direction of wind during the growing season as the causative agents. In their study of trunk asymmetry, Potter and Green (Cology 45: 10-23, 1964) mention crown deformity in the open stands of trees.
\nPrairie trees are typically found in open stands, and to our knowledge no quantitative studies have been done on their crown asymmetry. The present study on the nature of this asymmetry, is an attempt to fill the void.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","publisherLocation":"Dallas, TX","doi":"10.2307/3669259","usgsCitation":"Bogan, M., and Mollhagen, T., 1969, Wind training in some prairie trees: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 14, no. 1, p. 134-136, https://doi.org/10.2307/3669259.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291808,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3669259"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e492d2e4b0fff40428a635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bogan, M.A.","contributorId":17939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mollhagen, T.R.","contributorId":97054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mollhagen","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010063,"text":"70010063 - 1969 - Infrared scanning images: An archeological application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-04T15:37:09.262598","indexId":"70010063","displayToPublicDate":"1969-05-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infrared scanning images: An archeological application","docAbstract":"Aerial infrared scanner images of an area near the Little Colorado River in north-central Arizona disclosed the existence of scattered clusters of parallel linear features in the ashfall area of Sunset Crater. The features are not obvious in conventional aerial photographs, and only one cluster could be recognized on the ground. Soil and pollen analyses reveal that they are prehistoric agricultural plots.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.164.3880.712","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., and Gumerman, G., 1969, Infrared scanning images: An archeological application: Science, v. 164, no. 3880, p. 712-713, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3880.712.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"712","endPage":"713","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Little Colorado River, Sunset Crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.18905414592754,\n 35.28474153019435\n ],\n [\n -111.18905414592754,\n 34.996268947482335\n ],\n [\n -110.89094513902616,\n 34.996268947482335\n ],\n [\n -110.89094513902616,\n 35.28474153019435\n ],\n [\n -111.18905414592754,\n 35.28474153019435\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"164","issue":"3880","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bc2e4b0c8380cd62806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gumerman, G.J.","contributorId":92795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gumerman","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010089,"text":"70010089 - 1969 - High-pressure mechanical instability in rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-04T15:44:53.699397","indexId":"70010089","displayToPublicDate":"1969-05-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-pressure mechanical instability in rocks","docAbstract":"At a confining pressure of a few kilobars, deformation of many sedimentary rocks, altered mafic rocks, porous volcanic rocks, and sand is ductile, in that instabilities leading to audible elastic shocks are absent. At pressures of 7 to 10 kilobars, however, unstable faulting and stick-slip in certain of these rocks was observed. This high pressure-low temperature instability might be responsible for earthquakes in deeply buried sedimentary or volcanic sequences.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.164.3880.713","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Byerlee, J., and Brace, W., 1969, High-pressure mechanical instability in rocks: Science, v. 164, no. 3880, p. 713-715, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3880.713.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"715","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"3880","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30f6e4b0c8380cd5dae8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brace, W.F.","contributorId":43083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brace","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223218,"text":"5223218 - 1969 - Taxonomy of the common dolphins of the eastern Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-07T17:22:51.524","indexId":"5223218","displayToPublicDate":"1969-05-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Taxonomy of the common dolphins of the eastern Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Delphinus bairdii Dall is a species of dolphin distinct from D. delphis Linnaeus, with which it has usually been synonymized. D. bairdii has a longer rostrum relative to the zygomatic width of the skull; the ratio of these measurements falls at 1.55 or above for bairdii and 1.53 and below for delphis. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, D. bairdii is found in the Gulf of California and along the west coast of Baja California, Mexico; D. delphis is presently found in the waters off California. Until approximately the beginning of the present century, bairdii occurred farther north in the eastern Pacific Ocean, at least to the Monterey Bay area of California. Restriction of bairdii to more southerly waters, probably as an indirect result of a change in water temperature, may have permitted delphis to move into inshore Californian waters. The Pacific population of D. delphis has a somewhat shorter rostrum than the Atlantic population, and is perhaps subspecifically different. A thorough analysis of the entire genus Delphinus is needed before the relationship of all the populations can be understood and names properly applied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1378342","usgsCitation":"Banks, R.C., and Brownell, R.L., 1969, Taxonomy of the common dolphins of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 50, no. 2, p. 262-271, https://doi.org/10.2307/1378342.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Baja, California, Gulf of California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.36098955191807,\n 32.71915451670297\n ],\n [\n -118.36098955191807,\n 27.607377843174078\n ],\n [\n -112.9022323742638,\n 27.607377843174078\n ],\n [\n -112.9022323742638,\n 32.71915451670297\n ],\n [\n -118.36098955191807,\n 32.71915451670297\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db628268","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":102933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brownell, Robert L. Jr.","contributorId":62948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownell","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223777,"text":"70223777 - 1969 - Newly discovered bedded barite deposits in East Northumberland Canyon, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-07T17:07:21.363245","indexId":"70223777","displayToPublicDate":"1969-05-01T11:50:58","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Newly discovered bedded barite deposits in East Northumberland Canyon, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.3.245","usgsCitation":"Shawe, D., Poole, F.G., and Brobst, D., 1969, Newly discovered bedded barite deposits in East Northumberland Canyon, Nye County, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 3, p. 245-254, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.3.245.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"East Northumberland Canyon, Toquima Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.0208740234375,\n 38.688725613296725\n ],\n [\n -116.68441772460936,\n 38.688725613296725\n ],\n [\n -116.68441772460936,\n 39.13432124527173\n ],\n [\n -117.0208740234375,\n 39.13432124527173\n ],\n [\n -117.0208740234375,\n 38.688725613296725\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shawe, D. R.","contributorId":48819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shawe","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poole, F. G.","contributorId":116758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":822638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brobst, D.A.","contributorId":103688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brobst","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70223816,"text":"70223816 - 1969 - Strontium and magnesium contents of some natural peralkaline silicic glasses and their petrogenetic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T15:43:20.811553","indexId":"70223816","displayToPublicDate":"1969-05-01T10:29:30","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium and magnesium contents of some natural peralkaline silicic glasses and their petrogenetic significance","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.267.5.598","usgsCitation":"Noble, D.C., Haffty, J., and Hedge, C.E., 1969, Strontium and magnesium contents of some natural peralkaline silicic glasses and their petrogenetic significance: American Journal of Science, v. 267, no. 5, p. 598-608, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.267.5.598.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"598","endPage":"608","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.267.5.598","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"267","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, Donald C.","contributorId":64676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haffty, Joseph","contributorId":79450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haffty","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hedge, Carl E.","contributorId":76299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70223815,"text":"70223815 - 1969 - Micromineralogy of silver-bearing sphalerite from Flat River, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T15:24:06.603591","indexId":"70223815","displayToPublicDate":"1969-05-01T10:07:55","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Micromineralogy of silver-bearing sphalerite from Flat River, Missouri","docAbstract":"Detailed mineralogical and chemical study of sphalerite-rich lead ores from Flat River, Mo., confirms the presence of anomalous amounts of silver in the sphalerite. Although silver is closely associated with chlorine and no silver sulfide minerals were identified, geochemical considerations indicate the silver may be in the form of discrete submicron-size grains of sulfide rather than chloride. However, the close correlation between abundance variations in silver, chlorine, cadmium, iron, and minor lead suggests the possible existence of submicron-size grains of a complex chloride or oxychloride. Results from detailed chemical study of sphalerite show: (1) chlorine is present in areas containing silver and changes in abundance of both elements are similar; (2) the mole ratio of chlorine to silver varies from approximately 3:1 to 6:1 with an approximate average of 5:1 and the total content of each element varies widely between grains and within the same grain; (3) taking total silver in any analysis and calculating the amount of chlorine required for silver chloride leaves an excess of chlorine; (4) in chlorine-deficient areas the amounts of iron and cadmium substituting for zinc in the sphalerite structure vary widely; and (5) in areas containing chlorine, changes in abundance of iron and cadmium vary directly with that of chlorine. The fine-grained dusty opaque inclusions characterize sphalerite from this area; they were identified as mainly galena with lesser amounts of pyrite and cassiterite. Galena is silver-free (<0.02 weight percent Ag) and is essentially pure lead sulfide. Other sulfides identified include pyrite, a cobalt-nickel-iron sulfide of composition Co (sub 0.55) Ni (sub 0.25) Fe (sub 0.20) S (sub 2.00), and an iron-cobalt-nickel sulfide containing 22-28 weight percent Fe, 10-15 weight percent Co, and 3-5 weight percent Ni. Anomalous amounts of tin present as cassiterite are associated with the gangue minerals quartz, potash feldspar, a kaolinite-type clay, and trace amounts of cuprite. Carbonate gangue minerals include calcite, dolomite, ankerite, magnesite, and minor amounts of cerussite. Chemical analyses were made of many minerals and physical and textural relationships examined.