No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha24","usgsCitation":"Hall, F.R., and Palmquist, W., 1960, Geologic map of Anderson, Franklin, Shelby, Spencer, and Woodford Counties, Kentucky (county group 24): U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 24, 3 Plates: 29.50 × 23.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha24.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 29.50 × 23.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89832,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/024/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":403768,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15606.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":89833,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/024/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89834,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/024/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Anderson County, Franklin County, Shelby County, Spencer County, Woodford County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.510,\n 37.849\n ],\n [\n -84.628,\n 37.849\n ],\n [\n -84.628,\n 38.365\n ],\n [\n -85.510,\n 38.365\n ],\n [\n -85.510,\n 37.849\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3362","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Francis Ramey","contributorId":38137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Ramey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmquist, Wilbur Nathaniel","contributorId":69122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmquist","given":"Wilbur Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68360,"text":"ha19 - 1960 - Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky (county group 19)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-06T18:33:52.40797","indexId":"ha19","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"19","title":"Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky (county group 19)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha19","usgsCitation":"Hall, F.R., and Palmquist, W.N., 1960, Availability of ground water in Clark, Estill, Madison, and Powell Counties, Kentucky (county group 19): U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 3 Plates: \t27.50 × 27.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha19.","productDescription":"3 Plates: \t27.50 × 27.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187743,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108671,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15553.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"15553"},{"id":89843,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89842,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89841,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/019/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Clark County, Estill County, Madison County, Powell County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.6310,\n 37.519\n ],\n [\n -84.524,\n 37.519\n ],\n [\n -84.524,\n 38.111\n ],\n [\n -83.6310,\n 38.111\n ],\n [\n -83.6310,\n 37.519\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Francis Ramey","contributorId":38137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Ramey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmquist, Wilbur Nathaniel Jr.","contributorId":42648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmquist","given":"Wilbur","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68359,"text":"ha23 - 1960 - Geologic map of Carroll, Gallatin, Henry, Owen, and Trimble Counties, Kentucky (county group 23)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T16:40:10.228767","indexId":"ha23","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Geologic map of Carroll, Gallatin, Henry, Owen, and Trimble Counties, Kentucky (county group 23)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha23","usgsCitation":"Hall, F.R., and Palmquist, W., 1960, Geologic map of Carroll, Gallatin, Henry, Owen, and Trimble Counties, Kentucky (county group 23): U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 23, 3 Plates: \t27.50 × 23.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha23.","productDescription":"3 Plates: \t27.50 × 23.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":89839,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/023/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89838,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/023/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":403772,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15595.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":89840,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/023/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":187742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Carroll County, Gallatin County, Henry County, Owen County, Trimble County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.445,\n 38.335\n ],\n [\n -84.562,\n 38.335\n ],\n [\n -84.562,\n 38.856\n ],\n [\n -85.445,\n 38.856\n ],\n [\n -85.445,\n 38.335\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a31b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Francis Ramey","contributorId":38137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"Ramey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmquist, Wilbur Nathaniel","contributorId":69122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmquist","given":"Wilbur Nathaniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220538,"text":"70220538 - 1960 - Grid method of determining mean flow-distance in a drainage basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T18:10:19.763809","indexId":"70220538","displayToPublicDate":"1960-12-31T13:07:06","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grid method of determining mean flow-distance in a drainage basin","docAbstract":"The basin characteristics Σal or L ca are useful in hydrologic studies, but existing methods of determining them are either tedious or somewhat inaccurate. The grid method presented herein lessens the amount of tedious labor and provides an accurate measure of either Σal or L ca . An adaptation of the method could be used to compute the lag time for the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666009493188","usgsCitation":"Busby, M., and Benson, M.A., 1960, Grid method of determining mean flow-distance in a drainage basin: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 5, no. 4, p. 32-36, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493188.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493188","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busby, M.W.","contributorId":16040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, M. A.","contributorId":32510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220536,"text":"70220536 - 1960 - Variation in surface elevation of the nisqually glacier Mt. Rainier, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T17:49:49.422099","indexId":"70220536","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-30T12:44:53","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in surface elevation of the nisqually glacier Mt. Rainier, Washington","docAbstract":"Variation in surface elevations of the Nisqually Glacier has been recorded since 1942 by the annual measurement of three profiles across the glacier, designated as nos. 1, 2, and 3, located 0.5, 1.0, and 1.7 miles respectively from the terminus, at approximate mean elevations of 5,250,6,000, and 6,800 feet. A fourth profile, 2-A, located 1.4 miles from the terminus at an approximate mean elevation of 6,450 was measured from 1948 to 1954. These profiles cross the glacier approximately normal to the direction of flow. Additional data are available from measurements made at profiles no. 1 and no. 2 in 1931, 1932 and 1941. The results of these measurements show that a wave or surge has been moving down the glacier.The mean elevation at profile no. 3 began to increase in 1945 and continued through 1951 when it was 83 feet higher than in 1944. The general trend from 1952 to 1959 has been a decrease in elevation with a net change of 30 feet since 1951. The surface elevation at profile no. 2 continued to decrease through 1948, but began to increase in 1949 and continued to do so through 1957 in which year the mean elevation was 102 feet higher than in 1948. The wave became apparent at profile no. 1 in 1954 or 9 years after it first became evident at profile no. 3. The mean elevation has continued to increase and in 1959 was 70 feet higher than in 1954. The increase in surface elevation has been accompanied by a pronounced increase in rate of movement of the glacier.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666009493180","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., 1960, Variation in surface elevation of the nisqually glacier Mt. Rainier, Washington: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 5, no. 3, p. 54-60, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493180.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Rainier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 46.483264729155586\n ],\n [\n -120.70678710937499,\n 46.483264729155586\n ],\n [\n -120.70678710937499,\n 47.17477833929903\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 47.17477833929903\n ],\n [\n -122.27783203125,\n 46.483264729155586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, A.","contributorId":258183,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220529,"text":"70220529 - 1960 - Chemical equilibrium diagrams for ground-water systems/les graphiques de l'équilibre chimique pour les systèmes des eaux souterrainnes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-18T17:08:40.335274","indexId":"70220529","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-30T12:06:26","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical equilibrium diagrams for ground-water systems/les graphiques de l'équilibre chimique pour les systèmes des eaux souterrainnes","docAbstract":"Chemical equilibrium in water in contact with calcite is expressed by means of a pH grid overlay on a log-log plot of activities of bicarbonate vs. calcium ions. Solubility of ferrous iron and the solid-phase minerals that would be stable in a solution containing activities of 10 ppm of sulfate and 100 ppm of bicarbonate or related species is expressed by means of a stability-field diagram with pH as abscissa and redox potential as ordinate.The diagrams can be used to tell whether water injected in recharge wells may form precipitates that may plug the aquifer and have other uses in studies of natural water chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666009493179","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., 1960, Chemical equilibrium diagrams for ground-water systems/les graphiques de l'équilibre chimique pour les systèmes des eaux souterrainnes: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 5, no. 3, p. 45-53, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493179.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493179","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220581,"text":"70220581 - 1960 - Mapping mean areal precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-19T15:19:52.742332","indexId":"70220581","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-30T10:16:05","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping mean areal precipitation","docAbstract":"A method is presented for using point mean precipitation data to estimate areal values in regions of high relief. Variation of precipitation with altitude is determined. Local anomalies from this relationship are mapped, and lines of equal anomaly are drawn. By use of the mean relation corrected for the local anomaly, the mean precipitation at any point can be determined and an isohyetal map drawn. A similar approach can be used to determine mean temperature for studies of snowmelt or of potential evapotranspiration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666009493176","usgsCitation":"Dawdy, D., and Langbein, W.B., 1960, Mapping mean areal precipitation: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 5, no. 3, p. 16-23, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493176.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493176","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawdy, D.R.","contributorId":99956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawdy","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220576,"text":"70220576 - 1960 - Areal flood-frequency analysis in a humid region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-19T14:47:50.036486","indexId":"70220576","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-30T09:45:10","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Areal flood-frequency analysis in a humid region","docAbstract":"This study was made to define the relation between floods in a humid region and the causative factors that account for their variability. The study covered the basic relationships between peak discharges and hydrologic factors as well as the practical working methods for generalizing the results on a regional basis. Statistical multiple-correlation techniques were applied to hydrologic data in New England. A field and library investigation of historical flood data extended the period of flood knowledge to as much as 300 years. The relation of many topographic and climatic factors to flood peaks was tested. Flood peaks with recurrence intervals at 9 levels, from 1.2 to 300 years, were related to 6 independent variables, 3 of which are topographic, 2 climatic, and 1 orographic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666009493175","usgsCitation":"Benson, M.A., 1960, Areal flood-frequency analysis in a humid region: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 5, no. 3, p. 5-15, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493175.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493175","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385768,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, M. A.","contributorId":32510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70181751,"text":"70181751 - 1960 - Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T10:04:16","indexId":"70181751","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":130,"text":"Progress Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Kalamazoo report area includes about 150 square miles of Kalamazoo County, Mich. The area is principally one of industry and commerce, although agriculture also is of considerable importance. It has a moderate and humid climate and lies within the Lake Michigan “snow belt”. Precipitation averages about 35 inches per year. Snowfall averages about 55 inches.
The surface features of the area were formed during and since the glacial epoch and are classified as outwash plain, morainal highlands, and glaciated channels or drainageways. The area is formed largely on the remnants of an extensive outwash plain, which is breached by the Kalamazoo River in the northeastern part and is dissected elsewhere by several small tributaries to the river. Most of the land drained by these tributaries lies within the report area. A small portion of the southern part drains to the St. Joseph River.
The Coldwater shale, which underlies the glacial deposits throughout the area, and the deeper bedrock formations are not tapped for water by wells and they have little or no potential for future development.
Deposits of glacial drift, which are the source of water to all the wells in the area, have considerable potential for future development. These deposits range in thickness from about 40 feet along the Kalamazoo River to 350 feet where valleys were eroded in the bedrock surface. Permeable outwash and channel deposits are the sources of water for wells of large capacity. The moraines are formed dominantly by till of lower permeability which generally yields small supplies of water, but included sand and gravel beds of higher permeability yield larger supplies locally.
The aquifers of the Kalamazoo area are recharged by infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt and by infiltration of surface waters induced by pumping of wells near the surface sources. Water pumped from most of the municipal well fields is replenished in part by such induced infiltration. Many of the industrial wells along the Kalamazoo River and Portage Creek are recharged in part from these streams. Locally, however, recharge from the streams is impeded, as their bottoms have become partly sealed by silt and solid waste matter.
Water levels fluctuate with seasonal and annual changes in precipitation and in response to pumping. Pumpage by the city of Kalamazoo increased from about 300 million gallons in 1880 to 4.6 billion gallons in 1957. Despite the fact that billions of gallons are pumped annually from well fields in the Axtell Creek area, water levels in this vicinity have declined only a few feet, as the discharge from the fields is approximately compensated by recharge from precipitation and surface water. Pumpage of ground water by industry in 1948 was estimated at about 14 billion gallons, but the use of ground water for industrial purposes has since declined.
Aquifer tests indicate that the coefficient of transmissibility of aquifers in the area ranges from as little as 18,000 to as high as 300,000 gpd (gallons per day) per foot, and that ground water occurs under watertable and artesian conditions.
The ground water is of the calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. It is generally hard to very hard and commonly contains objectionable amounts of iron. Locally, the water contains appreciable amounts of sulfate. Study of the chemical analyses of waters from the area show that all of the tributaries to the Kalamazoo River are fed primarily by ground-water discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","collaboration":"Prepared cooperatively by the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey ","usgsCitation":"Deutsch, M., Vanlier, K., and Giroux, P., 1960, Ground-water hydrology and glacial geology of the Kalamazoo area, Michigan: Progress Report 23, 22 p.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/GIMDL-PR23_216205_7.PDF","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Kalamazoo area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.200038266046754\n ],\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.38619069220356\n ],\n [\n -85.49114227294922,\n 42.38619069220356\n ],\n [\n -85.49114227294922,\n 42.200038266046754\n ],\n [\n -85.70228576660156,\n 42.200038266046754\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a2d3c5e4b0c82512869a4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deutsch, Morris","contributorId":69119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deutsch","given":"Morris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vanlier, K.E.","contributorId":24332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanlier","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giroux, P.R.","contributorId":59055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giroux","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70275165,"text":"70275165 - 1960 - Data on water wells, Naval Air Missile Test Center Area, Point Mugu, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-17T20:33:54.995456","indexId":"70275165","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T16:24:19","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Data on water wells, Naval Air Missile Test Center Area, Point Mugu, California","docAbstract":"The entire water supply for the U. S. Naval Air Missile Test Center at Point Mugu, Calif., is pumped from wells located .within 2 miles of the Pacific Ocean. A large irrigation development inland from the Test Center has created a landward hydraulic gradient beneath the Test Center, causing sea-water encroachment into the water-yielding deposits. The encroaching sea water has not yet reached the Test Center well field; however, the encroachment poses a serious threat to the Test Center supply. To evaluate the adequacy of the water supply for the Naval Air Missile Test Center under these conditions and to suggest additional sources for future development, the U. S. Geological Survey has canvassed all wells and collected all available hydrologic dataat the Test Center and in the immediate vicinity. The data tabulated in this report include measurements of water levels in wells, well logs, and chemical analyses for all wells south of Hueneme Road collected through February 1959.
This study was made by the Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior, under the general supervision of H. L. Wilson, Jr., district engineer for California, and under the immediate supervision of Fred Kunkel, geologist in charge of the Long Beach subdistrict office.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70275165","usgsCitation":"Page, R.W., and Kunkel, F., 1960, Data on water wells, Naval Air Missile Test Center Area, Point Mugu, California: Open-File Report, Report: 98 p.; 1 Figure: 33.76 x 19.45 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/70275165.","productDescription":"Report: 98 p.; 1 Figure: 33.76 x 19.45 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70275165/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":503234,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70275165/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":503233,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70275165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"U.S. Geological Survey","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Point 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, R. W.","contributorId":17215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":959858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunkel, Fred","contributorId":47766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":959859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1094,"text":"1094 - 1960 - Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Redlands-Beaumont area, California, with special reference to ground-water outflow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-03T21:05:26.158835","indexId":"1094","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T12:39:48","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Redlands-Beaumont area, California, with special reference to ground-water outflow","docAbstract":"The Redlands-Beaumont area is bordered by the Santa Ana River on the north, the San Bernadina River on the northeast, the Yucaipa Hills and the San Gorgonio Pass on the east, and the Badlands and the San Jacinto fault on the south and south-west. Large alluvial fans underlie much of the area, but other landforms include alluvial benches, dissected alluvial hills, plains, terraces, and bedrock hills which locally protrude above the floors of the alluvial valleys.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/1094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Bernardino County Flood Control District.","usgsCitation":"Burnham, W., and Dutcher, L.C., 1960, Geology and ground-water hydrology of the Redlands-Beaumont area, California, with special reference to ground-water outflow, 352 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/1094.","productDescription":"352 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":433421,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/1094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":289641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/1094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Beaumont, Redlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.2637864386227,\n 34.105233250065254\n ],\n [\n -117.2637864386227,\n 33.87256760375355\n ],\n [\n -116.9107764193285,\n 33.87256760375355\n ],\n [\n -116.9107764193285,\n 34.105233250065254\n ],\n [\n -117.2637864386227,\n 34.105233250065254\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53be6474e4b0527d5d4097b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, W.L.","contributorId":58668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dutcher, Lee Carlton","contributorId":32229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutcher","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"Carlton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7000045,"text":"7000045 - 1960 - A primer on water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:30:33","indexId":"7000045","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"A primer on water","docAbstract":"When you open the faucet you expect water to flow. And you expect it to flow night or day, summer or winter, whether you want to fill a glass or water the lawn. It should be clean and pure, without any odor.
You have seen or read about places where the water doesn't have these qualities. You may have lived in a city where you were allowed to water the lawn only during a few hours of certain days. We know a large town where the water turns brown after every big rainstorm.
Beginning shortly after World War II, large areas in the Southwestern United States had a 10-year drought, and newspapers published a lot of information about its effects. Some people say that the growing demand for water will cause serious shortages over much of the country in the next 10 to 40 years. But it has always been true that while water wells and springs dry up in some places, floods may be occurring in other places at the same time.
Nearly every month news stories are published describing floods somewhere in the country. In fact, every year, on the average, 75,000 persons are forced from their homes by floods. In some years, as in 1951 when the lower Kansas River experienced a great flood, half a million people are affected. To understand the reasons for such recurring distress, it is necessary to know something about rivers and about the flat land or flood plain that borders the river.
Interest in water and related problems is growing as our population increases and as the use of water becomes steadily greater. To help meet this heightened interest in general information about water and its use and control is the reason this primer was written. The primer is in two parts. The first part tells about hydrology, or the science that concerns the relation of water to our earth, and the second part describes the development of water supplies and the use of water. The Geological Survey is publishing this primer in nontechnical language in the hope that it will enable the general reader to understand the facts about water as a part of nature, and that by having this understanding the people can solve their water problems.
We, as representatives of the Geological Survey, acknowledge with thanks the helpful suggestions made on an early draft by Marion Loizeaux, Maria Lord Converse, Constance Foley, Laura R. Langbein, and Bruce C. Leopold. We are also indebted to various geologists and engineers of the Survey for their discerning critical reviews.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/7000045","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Langbein, W.B., 1960, A primer on water: General Interest Publication, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000045.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261217,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000045/report.pdf"},{"id":261218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/7000045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, Walter Basil","contributorId":40581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Basil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70046988,"text":"70046988 - 1959 - Ground-water levels and related hydrologic data from selected observation wells in Nassau County, Long Island, New York","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56157,"text":"ofr5969 - 1959 - Ground-water levels and related hydrologic data from selected observation wells in Nassau County, Long Island, New York","indexId":"ofr5969","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels and related hydrologic data from selected observation wells in Nassau County, Long Island, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046988,"text":"70046988 - 1959 - Ground-water levels and related hydrologic data from selected observation wells in Nassau County, Long Island, New York","indexId":"70046988","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water levels and related hydrologic data from selected observation wells in Nassau County, Long Island, New York"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T15:57:43","indexId":"70046988","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T15:43:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"GW-41","title":"Ground-water levels and related hydrologic data from selected observation wells in Nassau County, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Nassau County has experienced a rapid growth in population and industry in the past 20 years that has resulted in increased development of its ground-water resources. The county is located in west-central Long Island and its boundaries enclose a land area of 274 square miles. The climate is relatively mild and precipitation averages 43 inches a year. The precipitation is the ultimate source of natural replenishment to the ground-water reservoir. Ground water is found in the pore spaces of unconsolidated sands, gravels, and clays which overlay a basement of crystalline bedrock.","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Power and Control Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the New York State Water Power and Control Commission and the Nassau County Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Isbister, J., 1959, Ground-water levels and related hydrologic data from selected observation wells in Nassau County, Long Island, New York: Bulletin GW-41, 42 p.","productDescription":"42 p.","numberOfPages":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70046988.png"},{"id":274898,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.org/details/usgswaterresourcesnewyork-bull_gw_41"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.767,40.5732 ], [ -73.767,40.9093 ], [ -73.4204,40.9093 ], [ -73.4204,40.5732 ], [ -73.767,40.5732 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e3e4b0d332bf22f38a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isbister, John","contributorId":97074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isbister","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70040790,"text":"70040790 - 1959 - Hydrologic and tracer studies in Mohawk River at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-16T12:12:31","indexId":"70040790","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":285,"text":"Research and Development Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"SO-45","title":"Hydrologic and tracer studies in Mohawk River at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Simpson, E., Beetem, W., and Ruggles, F., 1959, Hydrologic and tracer studies in Mohawk River at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory: Research and Development Report SO-45, 285 p.","productDescription":"285 p.","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263243,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a76ec1e4b0e93eb366ee95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, E.S.","contributorId":49848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beetem, W.A.","contributorId":19173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beetem","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruggles, F.H. Jr.","contributorId":75822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggles","given":"F.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2564,"text":"wsp1472 - 1959 - Hydrologic budget of the Beaverdam Creek basin, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp1472","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1472","title":"Hydrologic budget of the Beaverdam Creek basin, Maryland","docAbstract":"A hydrologic budget is a statement accounting for the water gains and losses for selected periods in an area. Weekly measurements of precipitation streamflow, surface-water storage, ground-water stage, and soil resistivity were made during a 2year period, April 1, 1950, to March 28, 1952, in the Beaverdam Creek basin, Wicomico County, Md. The hydrologic measurements are summarized in two budgets, a total budget and a ground-water budget, and in supporting tables and graphs. \r\n\r\nThe results of the investigation have some potentially significant applications because they describe a method for determining the annual replenishment of the water supply of a basin and the ways of water disposal under natural conditions. The information helps to determine the 'safe' yield of water in diversion from natural to artificial discharge. The drainage basin of Beaverdam Creek was selected because it appeared to have fewer hydrologic variables than are generally found. However, the methods may prove applicable in many places under a variety of conditions. \r\n\r\nThe measurements are expressed in inches of water over the area of the basin. The equation of the hydrologic cycle is the budget balance: P= R+E+ASW+ delta SW + delta SM + delta GW where P is precipitation; R is runoff; ET is evapotranspiration; delta SW is change in surface-water storage; delta SM is change in soil moisture; and delta GW is change in ground-water storage. In this report 'change' is the final quantity minus the initial quantity and thus is synonymous with 'increase.' Further, ,delta GW= delta H .x Yg, \r\n\r\nin which delta H is the change in ground-water stage and Yg is the gravity yield, or the specific yield of the sediments as measured during the short periods of declining ground-water levels characteristic of the area. The complex sum of the revised equation P ? R - delta SW ? ET - delta SM, which is equal to delta H. x Yg, has been named the \r\n\r\n'infiltration residual'; it is equivalent to ground-water recharge. Two unmeasured, but not entirely unknown, quantities, evapotranspiration, (ET) and gravity yield, (Yg), are included in the equation. They are derived statistically by a method of convergent approximations, one of the contributions of this investigation. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of laboratory analysis, well-field tests, and general information on rates of drainage from saturated sediments, a gravity yield of 14 percent was assumed as a first approximation. The equation was then solved, by weeks, for evapotranspiration, ET. The evapotranspiration losses were plotted against the calendar week. Using the time of year as a control, a smooth curve was fitted to the evapotranspiration data, and modified values of ET were read from the curve. These were used to compute weekly values of the infiltration residual which were plotted against ground-water stage. The slope of the line of best fit gave a closer approximation of gravity yield, Yg. The process was repeated. The approximations converged, so that a fourth and final approximation resulted in a close grouping of all the points along a line whose slope indicated a Yg of 11.0 percent, and a slightly asymmetric bell-shaped curve of total evapotranspiration by weeks was obtained that is considered representative of this area. Check calculations of gravity yield were made during periods of low evapotranspiration and high infiltration, which substantiate the computed average of 11.0 percent. \r\n\r\nRefinements in the method of deriving the ground-water budget were introduced to supplement the techniques developed by Meinzer and Stearns in the study of the Pomperaug River basin in Connecticut in 1913 and 1916. The hydrologic equation for the ground-water cycle may be written Gr=D + delta H. x Yg + ETg, in which Gr is ground-water recharge (infiltration); D is ground-water drainage; delta H is the change in mean ground-water stage (final stage minus initial stage); Yg is gravity yield (taken as 11.0 percent in computations here); an","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1472","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, W.C., and Andreasen, G., 1959, Hydrologic budget of the Beaverdam Creek basin, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1472, v, 106 p., [2] leaves of plates :ill., maps ;25 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1472.","productDescription":"v, 106 p., [2] leaves of plates :ill., maps ;25 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247225,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/plate-05.pdf","size":"561","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247226,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/plate-06.pdf","size":"502","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247227,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/plate-07.pdf","size":"1090","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247228,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/plate-10.pdf","size":"424","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247222,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/plate-01.pdf","size":"1134","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247223,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/plate-03.pdf","size":"576","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247224,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/plate-04.pdf","size":"749","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28830,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1472/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611692","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, W. C.","contributorId":62201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andreasen, Gordon E.","contributorId":94272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"Gordon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2030,"text":"wsp1475A - 1959 - Hydrologic data, Wind River and Fifteen Mile Creek basins, Wyoming, 1947-54","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T21:00:21.670922","indexId":"wsp1475A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"A","title":"Hydrologic data, Wind River and Fifteen Mile Creek basins, Wyoming, 1947-54","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475A","usgsCitation":"King, N.J., 1959, Hydrologic data, Wind River and Fifteen Mile Creek basins, Wyoming, 1947-54: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, Report: iv, 44 p.; 3 Plates: 14.40 x 21.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 44 p.; 3 Plates: 14.40 x 21.24 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411995,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24405.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":27506,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27505,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475a/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27504,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27503,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wind River and Fifteen Mile Creek basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 43.917\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -107.25,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -107.25,\n 43.917\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 43.917\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607160","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Norman Julius","contributorId":57048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"Julius","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2516,"text":"wsp1471 - 1959 - Hydrology of the Long Beach-Santa Ana area, California with special reference to the watertightness of the Newport-Inglewood structural zone, with a section on withdrawal of ground water, 1932-41","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-10T21:56:39.402334","indexId":"wsp1471","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1471","title":"Hydrology of the Long Beach-Santa Ana area, California with special reference to the watertightness of the Newport-Inglewood structural zone, with a section on withdrawal of ground water, 1932-41","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1471","usgsCitation":"Poland, J.F., and Sinnott, A., 1959, Hydrology of the Long Beach-Santa Ana area, California with special reference to the watertightness of the Newport-Inglewood structural zone, with a section on withdrawal of ground water, 1932-41: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1471, Report: vii, 257 p.; 10 Plates: 39.00 x 52.66 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1471.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 257 p.; 10 Plates: 39.00 x 52.66 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":28712,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28711,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28708,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28707,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28706,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":424289,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24402.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28713,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28710,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28709,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28714,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28715,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28716,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1471/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Beach-Santa Ana area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.30060933939305,\n 33.834857004241414\n ],\n [\n -118.30060933939305,\n 33.65329651633692\n ],\n [\n -117.74707263782179,\n 33.65329651633692\n ],\n [\n -117.74707263782179,\n 33.834857004241414\n ],\n [\n -118.30060933939305,\n 33.834857004241414\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdc0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poland, J. F.","contributorId":64223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinnott, Allen","contributorId":15995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinnott","given":"Allen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3724,"text":"cir410 - 1959 - Probability analysis applied to a water-supply problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T15:29:57","indexId":"cir410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"410","title":"Probability analysis applied to a water-supply problem","docAbstract":"The literature on probability techniques applicable to problems in hydrology is abundant but scattered through scientific journals of both hydrology and statistics. Important administrative and judicial decisions presently face water-compact commissions, courts, and water-planning committees. These and other groups might find useful, a brief and simplified discussion of how statistical techniques can aid in analysing problems of water supply. The interest expressed in this subject by various parties to the litigation concerning the Colorado River prompts this publication of material, which was presented in August 1958 before the Special Master of the Supreme Court hearing the proceedings of Arizona v. California et al. The examples presented here are the same as those used in testimony before the Special Master, but there are included the basic computations, which were too detailed to present in the actual testimony.
The specific example, which was analyzed in that testimony, was a 61-year series of annual discharge values of the Colorado River at Lees Ferry, 1896 to 1956, inclusive. However, the methodology presented herein is generally applicable to many other streamflow records; and the specific data discussed should be viewed as exemplifying the types of information, which can be obtained from any streamflow record.
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\nThese curves are based on all flood data collected in North and South Dakota with some use made of records from adjoining states. These data are tabulated in the report.
\nAlso included in the report is a tabulation of maximum flood experiences at gaging stations and outstanding floods at many miscellaneous sites.
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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6da1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, John A.","contributorId":83100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosby, Orlo A.","contributorId":6065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"Orlo A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4757,"text":"wsp1473_ed1 - 1959 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-25T11:55:33","indexId":"wsp1473_ed1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1473","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from activities of man. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural fresh water.
\nThe ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position: of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken all together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.
\nFundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in composition of moving water and the effects of particulate suspended material. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.
\nMore than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubility controls, expected concentration ranges and other chemical factors. Concentrations of elements that are commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily explained, but present information suggests many are controlled by solubility of hydroxide or carbonate or by sorption on solid particles.
\nChemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by averages, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among waters, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrologic parameters, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.
\nAbout 75 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also utilized in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.
\nRelationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Activities of man may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of sea water in ground-water aquifiers.
\nWater-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.
\nFundamental knowledge of processes that control natural water composition is required for rational management of water quality.
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