The Volcano Letter was an informal publication issued at irregular intervals by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) during the years 1925 to 1955. Individual issues contain information on volcanic activity, volcano research, and volcano monitoring in Hawaii. Information on volcanic activity at other locations is also occasionally included.
The Volcano Letter was published by HVO through multiple changes in administration, including the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association (1925 to 1932), the U.S. Geological Survey (1932 to 1935), the Department of the Interior (1935 to 1938), and the University of Hawai‘i (1938 to 1955). Issues 1-262 were published weekly from January 1, 1925, to January 2, 1930, and consisted of a single page of text. Issues 263-384, also published weekly, from January 9, 1930, to May 5, 1932, were generally longer—four pages— and provided more detail on volcanic activity, including photographs, maps, and plots. Weekly issues 385-387, published May 12-26, 1932, were a single page of text due to budget reductions brought on by the Great Depression. Budget restrictions reduced the publishing frequency to monthly for issues 388-428, covering the period of June 1932 to October 1935; these issues were generally shorter, 1-2 pages, and sometimes featured figures. From November 1935 to July 1938, issues 429-461 remained monthly but increased in length (generally eight pages) and featured figures frequently. Issues 462-530, published over the period of August 1938 to December 1955, varied in length from 2-15 pages, but were published quarterly, rather than monthly.
Six of the Volcano Letters are misnumbered:
Jan. 21, 1926 number is 55 though it should 56
July 29, 1926 number is 82 though it should be 83
Feb. 16, 1928 number is 161 though it should be 164
May 31, 1928 number is 197 though it should be 179
Nov. 29, 1928 number is 204 though it should be 205
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) record books are annual journals in which field observations of eruptive activity at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, were compiled by HVO staff for most years from 1912 through early 1966. In addition to descriptive observations, the record books also contain hundreds of annotated photographs and sketches, as well as temperature and transit measurements. When photographs are included, the camera settings and film types used are noted. The field notes, sketches, and photographs used to compile the record books provide an unparalleled record of eruptive activity and were the basis for published newspaper reports and periodic bulletins, such as the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory bulletins and The volcano letter.
HVO staff also painstakingly prepared a second copy of each early record book, virtually identical to the original, complete with photographs and sketches. The original version of the record book was kept at HVO, while the duplicate went to the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which was created by a group of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, businessmen to promote HVO’s work. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, which dissolved decades ago, held the duplicate books in Honolulu, where they were more readily accessible to the public. After 1923, HVO stopped duplicating the books—at least, no duplicate records for subsequent years have been found. During the decade of the 1940s, preparation of the record books stopped altogether. In 1952, compilation of the record books resumed and continued, with long gaps, until early 1966. Entries in these later volumes are sparse, and these books are little more than photo albums of the episodic eruptions of Kīlauea.
The original record books were held at HVO and, later, at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. In 1972, the original record books for the years 1912 through 1939 were transferred to the Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, for safekeeping. These record books are now stored in archival boxes at that institution (accession number 172.265). The duplicate set of record books held by the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association were bound into volumes at an unknown date and turned over to the U.S. Geological Survey. This set of record books, spanning 1912 through 1923, is now housed in the rare book room of the U.S. Geological Survey Library in Reston, Virginia (catalog number 220(950) H3d). The record books for 1952 through early 1966 remain in storage at HVO. After 1955, typed annotations were no longer placed in the record books, and only photographs, most with captions, were included. Although the volumes titled “Record Book” end with the 1955 volume, the photograph albums that followed are similar, and the record book designation is retained for simplicity. Note that the photographs in these albums were not all originally arranged in chronological order.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70010912,"text":"70010912 - 1934 - Determination of the common and rare alkalies in mineral analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-10T20:28:35.508554","indexId":"70010912","displayToPublicDate":"1934-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1982,"text":"Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of the common and rare alkalies in mineral analysis","docAbstract":"Methods are described which afford a determination of each member of the alkali group and are successful in dealing with the quantities of the rare alkalies found in rocks and minerals. The procedures are relatively rapid and based chiefly on the use of chloroplatinic acid, absolute alcohol and ether, and ammonium sulfate. The percentages of all the alkalies found in a number of minerals are given.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac50092a023","usgsCitation":"Wells, R.C., and Stevens, R., 1934, Determination of the common and rare alkalies in mineral analysis: Industrial And Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, v. 6, no. 6, p. 439-442, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50092a023.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"442","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffd4e4b0c8380cd4f3fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, R. C.","contributorId":101300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, R.E.","contributorId":62954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010911,"text":"70010911 - 1934 - Rock formations of Death Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-11T18:32:50.611852","indexId":"70010911","displayToPublicDate":"1934-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock formations of Death Valley, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.80.2069.173","usgsCitation":"Noble, L.F., 1934, Rock formations of Death Valley, California: Science, v. 80, no. 2069, p. 173-178, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.80.2069.173.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.4935302734375,\n 36.37264499608118\n ],\n [\n -117.72949218749999,\n 37.37888785004527\n ],\n [\n -117.91625976562499,\n 37.45741810262938\n ],\n [\n -118.01513671875,\n 37.16469418870222\n ],\n [\n -116.8231201171875,\n 35.66622234103479\n ],\n [\n -116.553955078125,\n 35.572448615622804\n ],\n [\n -116.32873535156249,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -116.4935302734375,\n 36.37264499608118\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"2069","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadf0e4b0c8380cd86fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, L. F.","contributorId":6906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000174,"text":"1000174 - 1934 - Growth of the whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis(Mitchill), in Trout Lake, northeastern highlands, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-14T19:49:47.914314","indexId":"1000174","displayToPublicDate":"1934-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth of the whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis(Mitchill), in Trout Lake, northeastern highlands, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1934)64[231:GOTWCC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., and Deason, H.J., 1934, Growth of the whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis(Mitchill), in Trout Lake, northeastern highlands, Wisconsin: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 64, no. 1, p. 231-237, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1934)64[231:GOTWCC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Vilas County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.9879,46.0971],[-88.9329,46.0746],[-88.9332,45.9822],[-89.0478,45.9822],[-89.0477,45.8953],[-89.1091,45.8973],[-89.1752,45.8993],[-89.1754,45.859],[-89.3008,45.8606],[-89.3007,45.9014],[-89.3628,45.8987],[-89.4256,45.8987],[-89.5498,45.8988],[-89.6741,45.8987],[-89.7571,45.8985],[-89.797,45.898],[-89.8199,45.8984],[-89.9212,45.8981],[-89.9846,45.8974],[-90.0428,45.8972],[-90.0442,45.9823],[-90.0134,45.9824],[-89.9853,45.9821],[-89.9289,45.9818],[-89.9282,46.0693],[-89.9288,46.1558],[-89.9287,46.2428],[-89.929,46.3],[-89.7599,46.268],[-89.7368,46.2636],[-89.5829,46.2347],[-89.5331,46.2252],[-89.5133,46.2215],[-89.4272,46.2048],[-89.3759,46.1949],[-89.2666,46.1737],[-89.2302,46.1662],[-89.0854,46.1365],[-88.9879,46.0971]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Vilas\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655410","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deason, Hilary J.","contributorId":66628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Hilary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45335,"text":"b860A - 1934 - Part 1. The coal field from Gallup eastward toward Mount Taylor, with a measured section of pre-Dakota(?) rocks near Navajo Church","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45335,"text":"b860A - 1934 - Part 1. The coal field from Gallup eastward toward Mount Taylor, with a measured section of pre-Dakota(?) rocks near Navajo Church","indexId":"b860A","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Part 1. The coal field from Gallup eastward toward Mount Taylor, with a measured section of pre-Dakota(?) rocks near Navajo Church"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":35766,"text":"b860 - 1936 - Geology and fuel resources of the southern part of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico","indexId":"b860","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and fuel resources of the southern part of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":35766,"text":"b860 - 1936 - Geology and fuel resources of the southern part of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico","indexId":"b860","publicationYear":"1936","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and fuel resources of the southern part of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico"},"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T20:11:25.971215","indexId":"b860A","displayToPublicDate":"1934-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"860","chapter":"A","title":"Part 1. The coal field from Gallup eastward toward Mount Taylor, with a measured section of pre-Dakota(?) rocks near Navajo Church","docAbstract":"The report describes the geology and coal deposits of the southwestern part of the San Juan Basin, N.Mex. The field lies northeast of the town of Gallup, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, and is an irregular tract of about 630 square miles in central and west-central McKinley County; it includes the southeast corner of the Navajo Indian Reservation. Settlement is confined to the white families at a few trading posts and the Indian agency at Crown Point and to scattered Navajo Indians. The land forms, drainage, vegetation, and climate are those typical of the highland in the semiarid Southwest.
The investigation disclosed complicated relations of the Mancos shale and the Mesaverde formation, of Upper Cretaceous age, and a marked variation in the stratigraphic boundary between them. At the western edge of the field, as in the adjoining Gallup coal district, the Mancos consists of about 725 feet of marine shale almost wholly of Benton (lower Colorado) age. It is overlain by about 1,800 feet of chiefly estuarine and fluviatile deposits that represent the lower part of the Mesaverde formation. In ascending order the Mesaverde here consists of the Gallup sandstone member (which includes local lenses of valuable coal), the Dilco coal member, the Bartlett barren member, the Gibson coal member, and the Allison barren member. Eastward through the field the outcrops extend obliquely across the trend of old shore lines out into the ancient basin of marine deposition, and some of the beds consequently show a progressive lateral change into rocks of littoral and marine types. The Gallup sandstone member is in part replaced by marine shale of the Mancos. The upper part of the Dilco coal member is replaced by the Dalton sandstone member, and still farther east the bottom of the Dalton and the top of the remaining Dilco are replaced by the Mulatto tongue of the Mancos shale. The Bartlett barren member becomes coal-bearing and thus merges with the Gibson. The Gibson coal member is split by the thick Hosta sandstone member, which toward the east and northeast is in turn split by the Satan tongue of the Mancos shale, of upper Niobrara (upper Colorado) age.
In general the structure of the rocks is simple, showing a gentle northward dip into the San Juan Basin. At the west edge of the field the rocks dip steeply west in the north end of the prominent ridges known locally as the Hogback. In the eastern part there is a series of pronounced folds, whose crests and troughs retain the gentle basinward dip but whose limbs are steep monoclines that in places are faulted.
The coal is of subbituminous rank and of fairly good grade. The coal beds are very irregular and lenticular. Those in the Gallup and Dilco members are of comparatively little importance, reaching a thickness of 4 to 5 feet in only a few places and, in general, being less than 3 feet thick. The coal beds of the Gibson, especially of its lower part, are more numerous and thicker, measurements of 4 to 6 feet thick being fairly common and one bed showing a thickness of 12 feet for more than a mile. No commercial mining has been undertaken in this field, but a few small mines have been used to supply trading posts and the Indian schools at Crown Point and Tohatchi.
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The coal field from Gallup eastward toward Mount Taylor, with a measured section of pre-Dakota(?) rocks near Navajo Church: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 860, Report: iv, 29 p.; 8 plates: 45.89 x 27.86 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b860A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 29 p.; 8 plates: 45.89 x 27.86 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94020,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":94005,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/plate-01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":94006,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/plate-11.pdf","text":"Plate 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 11"},{"id":94007,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/plate-12.pdf","text":"Plate 12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 12"},{"id":340388,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/plate-13.pdf","text":"Plate 13","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340389,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/plate-14.pdf","text":"Plate 14","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340390,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/plate-15.pdf","text":"Plate 15","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":94008,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/plate-16.pdf","text":"Plate 16","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 16"},{"id":94009,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/plate-17.pdf","text":"Plate 17","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 17"},{"id":416455,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93205.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":169587,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0860a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.74267578125,\n 35.561277754384555\n ],\n [\n -107.9,\n 35.561277754384555\n ],\n [\n -107.9,\n 35.775485962767995\n ],\n [\n -108.74267578125,\n 35.775485962767995\n ],\n [\n -108.74267578125,\n 35.561277754384555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sears, Julian D.","contributorId":42583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sears","given":"Julian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45355,"text":"b830B - 1933 - Geology of the Robertson, Humdinger, and Robert E. gold mines, southwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:13","indexId":"b830B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"830","chapter":"B","title":"Geology of the Robertson, Humdinger, and Robert E. gold mines, southwestern Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b830B","usgsCitation":"Shenon, P., 1933, Geology of the Robertson, Humdinger, and Robert E. gold mines, southwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 830, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b830B.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":114017,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0830b/report.pdf","size":"5030","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0830b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shenon, P. 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J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45331,"text":"b849G - 1933 - The Girdwood district, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45331,"text":"b849G - 1933 - The Girdwood district, Alaska","indexId":"b849G","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"The Girdwood district, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":35869,"text":"b849 - 1933 - Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931","indexId":"b849","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"title":"Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":35869,"text":"b849 - 1933 - Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931","indexId":"b849","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"title":"Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-27T20:52:52.661794","indexId":"b849G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"849","chapter":"G","title":"The Girdwood district, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Investigations in Alaska Railroad belt, 1931","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b849G","usgsCitation":"Park, C.F., 1933, The Girdwood district, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 849, Report: 52 p.; 1 Plate: 22.78 × 22.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b849G.","productDescription":"Report: 52 p.; 1 Plate: 22.78 × 22.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109520,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21017.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"21017"},{"id":113988,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0849g/plate-33.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0849g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94001,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0849g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Girdwood district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.37011718749997,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -149.007568359375,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -149.007568359375,\n 61.18562468142281\n ],\n [\n -149.37011718749997,\n 61.18562468142281\n ],\n [\n -149.37011718749997,\n 60.88770004207789\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e479de4b07f02db491dc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Park, C. F. Jr.","contributorId":90277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45332,"text":"b849H - 1933 - The Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45332,"text":"b849H - 1933 - The Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska","indexId":"b849H","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"The Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":35869,"text":"b849 - 1933 - Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931","indexId":"b849","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"title":"Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":35869,"text":"b849 - 1933 - Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931","indexId":"b849","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"title":"Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-27T21:16:27.446712","indexId":"b849H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"849","chapter":"H","title":"The Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Investigations in Alaska Railroad belt, 1931","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b849H","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., 1933, The Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 849, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b849H.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0849h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94002,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0849h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388619,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21018.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Valdez Creek mining district","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.4830,\n 63.1330\n ],\n [\n -147.0830,\n 63.1330\n ],\n [\n -147.0830,\n 63.2300\n ],\n [\n -147.4830,\n 63.2300\n ],\n [\n -147.4830,\n 63.1330\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, C. P.","contributorId":91545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45319,"text":"b844C - 1933 - The Suslota Pass district, upper Copper River region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-18T21:39:23.790793","indexId":"b844C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"844","chapter":"C","title":"The Suslota Pass district, upper Copper River region, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b844C","usgsCitation":"Moffit, F.H., 1933, The Suslota Pass district, upper Copper River region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 844, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b844C.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109122,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20510.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20510"},{"id":170330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0844c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":93980,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0844c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144.0,\n 62.3330\n ],\n [\n -142.5830,\n 62.3330\n ],\n [\n -142.5830,\n 63.0\n ],\n [\n -144.0,\n 63.0\n ],\n [\n -144.0,\n 62.3330\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moffit, F. H.","contributorId":19523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffit","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45320,"text":"b846A - 1933 - Some mining districts of eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45320,"text":"b846A - 1933 - Some mining districts of eastern Oregon","indexId":"b846A","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Some mining districts of eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":34988,"text":"b846 - 1934 - Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1933","indexId":"b846","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1933"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":34988,"text":"b846 - 1934 - Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1933","indexId":"b846","publicationYear":"1934","noYear":false,"title":"Contributions to economic geology (short papers and preliminary reports), 1933"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T21:20:34.123389","indexId":"b846A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"846","chapter":"A","title":"Some mining districts of eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a reconnaissance of most of the mining districts of Oregon east of the Cascade Range, with the exception of the districts in the Sumpter quadrangle. The districts described are distributed through an area roughly coincident with the Blue Mountains, which extend over much of the northeast quarter of the State.
The geology of the Blue Mountains, except for certain small areas, is known only in its most general outlines. The most widespread rocks are the Tertiary volcanic rocks, which extend over a very large part of the State. They are separated by a profound angular and erosional unconformity from the pre-Tertiary rocks.
The pre-Tertiary rocks include representatives of all the geologic periods from Carboniferous to Cretaceous, and earlier periods may also be represented.
The known Carboniferous rocks include argillite, chert, greenstone, and subordinate limestone of uncertain age and a thick series of Permian greenstone, tuff, and limestone. The Triassic rocks include shale, slate, and limestone; the Jurassic rocks are shale and slate; and the Cretaceous are conglomerate and sandstone. Schist and phyllite with some limestone and greenstone of uncertain age occur along the Burnt River west of Durkee and in the Mormon Basin.
Intrusive rocks of at least two magmatic cycles are widespread in the Blue Mountains, and the stratigraphy suggests that several cycles may be represented. The older intrusive rocks include gabbro, pyroxenite, norite, dunite, hornblende-quartz diorite, and albite granite and are characterized by a considerable degree of shearing and both cataclastic and metasomatic metamorphism. The age of some of these rocks in the Canyon Range has been fixed as Lower or Middle Triassic, and others are known to be post-Triassic. Younger biotite-quartz diorite and granodiorite of post-Triassic (possibly post-Jurassic) age are widespread, arid the ore deposits of pre-Tertiary age are believed to be genetically related to these rocks.
Representatives of the Tertiary period include Eocene volcanic rocks and sediments, Oligocene fluviatile deposits, Miocene basic lavas and fluviatile and lacustrine sediments, and Pliocene tuff and gravel. The Quaternary deposits include glacial moraines in the higher mountains, stream gravel, and volcanic ash.
The structure of the pre-Tertiary rocks is complex. Folds are characteristically close or isoclinal and strike eastward. The post-Permian rocks appear to be less metamorphosed and less strongly deformed than the earlier rocks, and the Jurassic less than the Triassic. More than one epoch of diastrophism is therefore involved.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b846B","usgsCitation":"Shenon, P., 1933, Geology and ore deposits of the Takilma-Waldo district, Oregon, including the Blue Creek district: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 846, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b846B.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388067,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20513.htm"},{"id":93982,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0846b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0846b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.7810,\n 42.0\n ],\n [\n -123.5730,\n 42.0\n ],\n [\n -123.5730,\n 42.10\n ],\n [\n -123.7810,\n 42.10\n ],\n [\n -123.7810,\n 42.0\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shenon, P. J.","contributorId":38540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shenon","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45317,"text":"b836C - 1933 - Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1930. Surface water supply of southeastern Alaska, 1909-1930","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:13","indexId":"b836C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"836","chapter":"C","title":"Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1930. Surface water supply of southeastern Alaska, 1909-1930","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b836C","usgsCitation":"Henshaw, F., 1933, Mineral resources of Alaska, report on progress of investigations in 1930. Surface water supply of southeastern Alaska, 1909-1930: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 836, 137-218 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b836C.","productDescription":"137-218 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":113975,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0836c/report.pdf","size":"7223","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0836c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b7b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henshaw, F.F.","contributorId":41805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henshaw","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45326,"text":"b849B - 1933 - Lode deposits of the Fairbanks district, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":45326,"text":"b849B - 1933 - Lode deposits of the Fairbanks district, Alaska","indexId":"b849B","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Lode deposits of the Fairbanks district, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":35869,"text":"b849 - 1933 - Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931","indexId":"b849","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"title":"Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":35869,"text":"b849 - 1933 - Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931","indexId":"b849","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"title":"Investigations in Alaska railroad belt, 1931"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-27T20:37:46.885947","indexId":"b849B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"849","chapter":"B","title":"Lode deposits of the Fairbanks district, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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The climate, especially the amount of precipitation, is the most influential factor in causing this variety.\r\n\r\nThe low Coastal Plain of southern Louisiana and eastern Texas, with ample rainfall and thick rich soils, is a province distinct in configuration, human occupations, and products. There are extensive swamps, prairies, and wooded areas, but a large part of the land is under cultivation, with sugarcane, cotton, and rice as the principal crops. The streams are wide and slow, the winter climate is mild, and the summer heat is tempered by breezes from the Gulf of Mexico. Flourishing towns occur at short intervals, and some of them are growing rapidly. The entire region is underlain by a great thickness of sand and clay of alluvial origin.\r\n\r\nIn central-eastern Texas the Coastal Plain is higher, the soil conditions are materially different, the streams run more swiftly, swamps become rare, and although much land is under cultivation, many areas are either in pasture or not cleared. The vegetation changes with change of soil and increase of altitude, and the crops are more diversified than in the lower parts of the Coastal Plain. The region is underlain by sandstone, shale, and other formations, which rise toward the west, cropping out in regular succession as they are crossed from east to west. Some of these formations are hard enough to make ridges and knobs, and there is general terracing at various levels. Parts of the highest lands are remnants of an old plain of former wide extent.\r\n\r\nBeyond San Antonio the traveler observes several changes in the general aspect of the country, for although the Coastal Plain extends west to Del Rio, there is both a gradual increase in elevation to about 1,000 feet and a marked diminution of rainfall to the west, which greatly affect landscape and industries. Cacti become larger and more abundant, and many special trees and plants are prevalent, notably the mesquite; forests diminish in density, and far to the west trees occur only in the bottom lands. Agriculture here depends largely on irrigation, and the raising of cattle, sheep, and goats is the dominant industry. The principal underlying rocks are shale, soft sandstone, and chalk, which do not make strong relief but produce hills and ridges of moderate height separated by wide valleys, which along the larger streams are bordered by bottom lands. Northwest of San Antonio the Coastal Plain gives place rather abruptly to the Edwards Plateau, owing to the rapid rise of hard limestones; from San Antonio to Del Rio this feature lies north of the railroad but is visible at many places.\r\n\r\nFor many miles west from Del Rio the railroad is on the plateau, which is floored by hard limestone and deeply trenched by the drainageways, notably by the canyons of the Devils River, the Rio Grande, and the Pecos River. In this district, where semiarid conditions prevail, vegetation is sparse and trees are mostly confined to valley bottoms except where the limestone supports a growth of juniper or live oak. The soil is thin, but it sustains grass and shrubs which afford good pasturage for many goats, sheep, and cattle. Owing to the gradual general rise of the strata to the west the land increases in elevation, and much of the plateau in south-central Texas is 2,000 feet above sea level in its eastern part and 3,000 feet in its western part. Near Sanderson this rise develops into the great dome of the Marathon uplift. The central part of this uplift is truncated, revealing a large area of closely folded Paleozoic rocks, making sharp ridges of the Appalachian type. The Edwards Plateau ends on the east side of this uplift. To the west is the Davis Mountain region, a wide province of volcanic rocks, characterized by rugged peaks and irregularly disposed ridges in great va","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Guidebook of the western United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b845","usgsCitation":"Darton, N.H., 1933, Guidebook of the western United States: Part F - The Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 845, 304 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b845.","productDescription":"304 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418962,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114929.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0845/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":92611,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0845/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.3,\n 34.34\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 34.34\n ],\n [\n -118.3,\n 34.34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darton, Nelson Horatio","contributorId":78307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darton","given":"Nelson","email":"","middleInitial":"Horatio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35985,"text":"b840 - 1933 - Geology and mineral resources of the Middletown quadrangle, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-31T18:11:40.912537","indexId":"b840","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1933","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"840","title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Middletown quadrangle, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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