{"pageNumber":"6491","pageRowStart":"162250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185159,"records":[{"id":70223453,"text":"70223453 - 1969 - The fossil record of shell boring by snails","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-26T13:44:13.653786","indexId":"70223453","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T08:35:59","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":749,"text":"American Zoologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fossil record of shell boring by snails","docAbstract":"

The predatory boring habit common to many recent snails probably arose first in the Polinicinae (Naticacea) during Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) times (100 million years B.P.) . In the fossil record the frequency of bored shells increases greatly in rocks of latest Cretaceous age and becomes more widespread during early Tertiary times coincident with the major diversification of the primary groups of boring snails.

The borings in these Cretaceous and Tertiary shells show the same characteristics of preference of penetration in one pelecypod valve rather than the other or in position of the boring site on the shell that are found in recent shell assemblages.

Borings in Paleozoic brachiopod shells (230–550 million years old) that have previously been attributed to gastropod predation are herein attributed to other but unknown boring organisms.

In part these borings are not accepted as evidence of Paleozoic gastropod predation because it necessitates: (1) Postulation of the separate development of a boring habit with its concomitant development of an accessory boring organ in a group whose descendants are all herbivores, and (2) The development of such a habit hundreds of millions of years before the appearance of any relatives of present day borers.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Zoologists","doi":"10.1093/icb/9.3.725","usgsCitation":"Sohl, N.F., 1969, The fossil record of shell boring by snails: American Zoologist, v. 9, no. 3, p. 725-734, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/9.3.725.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"734","costCenters":[{"id":530,"text":"Paleontology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/9.3.725","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohl, Norman F.","contributorId":27906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70224280,"text":"70224280 - 1969 - A geophysical study of North Park and the surrounding ranges, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T11:55:39.253471","indexId":"70224280","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T06:42:29","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geophysical study of North Park and the surrounding ranges, Colorado","docAbstract":"

A geophysical study in the North Park basin and surrounding mountains, Colorado illustrates the structural relationship of various sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock units. Bouguer anomalies from 1330 gravity stations range from −210 mgal over Precambrian metamorphic rocks in the mountains to −260 mgal in the Walden syncline and —280 mgal in the North Park syncline. Steep gradients delineate a fault which strikes west-northwest along the north flank of the North Park syncline. Two models fitted to the gravity data show 1 to 2 km relief on this steeply dipping fault. Density contrasts between Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks produce anomalies of as much as 25-mgal amplitudes in the Park and Medicine Bow Ranges.

A 30-km-long seismic refraction profile, parallel to the most negative Bouguer anomaly values in the North Park basin, shows velocities increasing from 2.5 to 3.4 km/sec within Tertiary rocks at depths ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 km. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have a velocity of 4.0 to 4.5 km/sec, a very high velocity in view of the predominance of Upper Cretaceous rocks. Precambrian basement with a velocity of 6.25 km/sec underlies the profile at depths ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 km. Strong second arrivals across the profile, observed at distances of more than 14 km from the shotpoints and interpreted as SP reflections, verified the refraction model.

An aeromagnetic survey shows numerous anomalies ranging from 100 to 200γ in the Park and Rabbit Ears Ranges and in the Never Summer Mountains, to 400γ in the Front Range, and to 1200γ over the Medicine Bow Range. Positive anomalies in the Park, Medicine Bow, and Front ranges overlie metamorphic rocks. Magnetic and gravity data suggest that the Never Summer Mountains are separated from the Front Range by a north-trending, steeply east-dipping reverse fault, extending beneath the Front Range along the Colorado River valley. The magnetic data indicate that this fault may connect with a possible fault that is parallel to the Laramie River valley. In the Rabbit Ears Range, a series of magnetic anomalies show that igneous rocks are present in the eastern part of the range.

A northeast-trending positive magnetic anomaly, which is parallel to foliation trends reported in Precambrian rocks, extends from the Park Range across the North Park basin to the Medicine Bow Range. On the basis of this anomaly, the high seismic velocity of the Precambrian basement, and computed profiles fitted to the gravity and magnetic data, we infer that much of the basin is underlain by high-density metamorphic rock. As shown by gravity data, the deepest part of the basin is 2.7 km below sea level, resulting in a maximum relief of 6.7 km on the basement, relative to the Medicine Bow Range.

A 25-mgal negative gravity anomaly and a zone of negative magnetic anomalies outline a large granitic intrusion in the Park Range, which probably extends northeast beneath the North Park basin and connects with granitic rocks in the Medicine Bow Range.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1523:AGSONP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Popenoe, P., and Mattick, R.E., 1969, A geophysical study of North Park and the surrounding ranges, Colorado: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 8, p. 1523-1537, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1523:AGSONP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1523","endPage":"1537","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":389461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Front Range, Medicine Bow Range, Never Summer Mountains, North Park basin, Rabbit Ears Range, Park Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.78573608398438,\n 40.225024210604964\n ],\n [\n -105.74615478515625,\n 40.225024210604964\n ],\n [\n -105.74615478515625,\n 40.99544751505735\n ],\n [\n -106.78573608398438,\n 40.99544751505735\n ],\n [\n -106.78573608398438,\n 40.225024210604964\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":823443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Popenoe, Peter","contributorId":52180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattick, Robert E.","contributorId":50462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattick","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206977,"text":"70206977 - 1969 - Temporal variation of alkaline earth element/chlorinity ratios in the sargasso sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T08:02:13","indexId":"70206977","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-31T12:44:54","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variation of alkaline earth element/chlorinity ratios in the sargasso sea","docAbstract":"

An open ocean hydrographic station located 14 miles SE of the Bermuda Islands was sampled at two week intervals through a vertical profile of 2600 meters and over the period June 1966 to March 1967. 428 samples were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Sr and chlorinity. Large temporal variations in element/chlorinity ratios were observed throughout the water column.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(69)90162-9","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Billings, G., Bricker, O., MacKenzie, F., and Brooks, A., 1969, Temporal variation of alkaline earth element/chlorinity ratios in the sargasso sea: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 6, no. 4, p. 231-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(69)90162-9.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"231","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billings, G.K.","contributorId":25285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billings","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, A.L.","contributorId":220978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70225059,"text":"70225059 - 1969 - Inflation of Kilauea Volcano prior to its 1967-1968 eruption: Vertical and horizontal deformation give clues regarding the structure of an active Hawaiian volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T16:28:29.539696","indexId":"70225059","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-25T11:10:39","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inflation of Kilauea Volcano prior to its 1967-1968 eruption: Vertical and horizontal deformation give clues regarding the structure of an active Hawaiian volcano","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.165.3891.341","usgsCitation":"Fiske, R.S., and Kinoshita, W.T., 1969, Inflation of Kilauea Volcano prior to its 1967-1968 eruption: Vertical and horizontal deformation give clues regarding the structure of an active Hawaiian volcano: Science, v. 165, no. 3891, p. 341-349, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3891.341.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29277801513672,\n 19.400544598624666\n ],\n [\n -155.28350830078125,\n 19.400544598624666\n ],\n [\n -155.27441024780273,\n 19.3992492786023\n ],\n [\n -155.25999069213867,\n 19.404754317471717\n ],\n [\n -155.24316787719727,\n 19.409611549990895\n ],\n [\n -155.24625778198242,\n 19.41446863742949\n ],\n [\n -155.2510643005371,\n 19.421915889653373\n ],\n [\n -155.25518417358398,\n 19.429686571587755\n ],\n [\n -155.26514053344727,\n 19.430981649106492\n ],\n [\n -155.2730369567871,\n 19.43243859897176\n ],\n [\n -155.2814483642578,\n 19.43001034193552\n ],\n [\n -155.29037475585938,\n 19.421268316049964\n ],\n [\n -155.2968978881836,\n 19.413821034154534\n ],\n [\n -155.29277801513672,\n 19.400544598624666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"165","issue":"3891","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fiske, Richard S.","contributorId":229675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fiske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36606,"text":"Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinoshita, Willie Tomoni","contributorId":87148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinoshita","given":"Willie","email":"","middleInitial":"Tomoni","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209142,"text":"70209142 - 1969 - Fault-plane Solution of the Koyna (India) Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-19T08:21:11","indexId":"70209142","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-12T08:19:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault-plane Solution of the Koyna (India) Earthquake","docAbstract":"

THE peninsular shield of India has long been regarded as a stable region. The area had not been subject to orogenic deformation since the Pre-Cambrian, although a vast area (5 × 105 square km) was flooded by basalts during Late Cretaceous to the Eocene—the Deccan Trap. Several years ago, a small dam was built across the Koyna river, some 200 km south-east of Bombay (Fig. 1). The dam reservoir filled in stages, beginning with the monsoon of 1962, and reached a capacity of 2 × 109 m3 and a maximum depth of about 70 m1.

","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/223172a0","usgsCitation":"Lee, W., and Raleigh, C., 1969, Fault-plane Solution of the Koyna (India) Earthquake: Nature, v. 223, p. 172-173, https://doi.org/10.1038/223172a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[77.83745,35.49401],[78.91227,34.32194],[78.81109,33.5062],[79.20889,32.99439],[79.17613,32.48378],[78.45845,32.61816],[78.73889,31.51591],[79.72137,30.88271],[81.11126,30.18348],[80.47672,29.72987],[80.08842,28.79447],[81.0572,28.4161],[81.99999,27.92548],[83.30425,27.36451],[84.67502,27.2349],[85.25178,26.7262],[86.02439,26.63098],[87.22747,26.3979],[88.06024,26.41462],[88.1748,26.81041],[88.04313,27.44582],[88.12044,27.87654],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.83564,27.09897],[89.74453,26.7194],[90.37327,26.87572],[91.21751,26.80865],[92.03348,26.83831],[92.10371,27.45261],[91.69666,27.77174],[92.50312,27.89688],[93.41335,28.64063],[94.56599,29.27744],[95.4048,29.03172],[96.11768,29.4528],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.24883,28.41103],[97.32711,28.26158],[97.40256,27.88254],[97.05199,27.69906],[97.134,27.08377],[96.41937,27.26459],[95.12477,26.57357],[95.15515,26.00131],[94.60325,25.1625],[94.55266,24.67524],[94.10674,23.85074],[93.32519,24.07856],[93.28633,23.04366],[93.06029,22.70311],[93.16613,22.27846],[92.67272,22.04124],[92.14603,23.6275],[91.86993,23.62435],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.91509,24.13041],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.7996,25.14743],[90.87221,25.1326],[89.92069,25.26975],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.35509,26.01441],[88.56305,26.44653],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.87631,22.87915],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.88877,21.69059],[88.2085,21.70317],[86.9757,21.49556],[87.03317,20.74331],[86.49935,20.15164],[85.06027,19.47858],[83.94101,18.30201],[83.18922,17.67122],[82.19279,17.01664],[82.19124,16.55666],[81.69272,16.31022],[80.792,15.95197],[80.3249,15.89918],[80.02507,15.13641],[80.23327,13.83577],[80.28629,13.00626],[79.86255,12.05622],[79.858,10.35728],[79.34051,10.30885],[78.88535,9.54614],[79.18972,9.21654],[78.27794,8.93305],[77.94117,8.25296],[77.5399,7.96553],[76.59298,8.89928],[76.13006,10.29963],[75.74647,11.30825],[75.3961,11.78125],[74.86482,12.74194],[74.61672,13.99258],[74.44386,14.61722],[73.5342,15.99065],[73.11991,17.92857],[72.82091,19.20823],[72.82448,20.4195],[72.63053,21.35601],[71.17527,20.75744],[70.47046,20.87733],[69.16413,22.0893],[69.64493,22.45077],[69.3496,22.84318],[68.17665,23.69197],[68.8426,24.35913],[71.04324,24.35652],[70.8447,25.2151],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.16893,26.49187],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.6165,27.9892],[71.77767,27.91318],[72.82375,28.96159],[73.45064,29.97641],[74.42138,30.97981],[74.40593,31.69264],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.45156,32.7649],[74.10429,33.44147],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.2402,34.74889],[75.75706,34.50492],[76.87172,34.65354],[77.83745,35.49401]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"India\"}}]}","volume":"223","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raleigh, C.B.","contributorId":40219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70211006,"text":"70211006 - 1969 - Distribution of scandium between coexisting biotite and hornblende in igneous rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-10T13:00:36.505674","indexId":"70211006","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-05T13:34:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of scandium between coexisting biotite and hornblende in igneous rocks","docAbstract":"

Scandium analyses of more than 90 pairs of coexisting biotite and hornblende from igneous rocks of various provinces (including Southern California, Boulder, Sierra Nevada, Boulder Creek batholiths and the Jemez Mountains volcanic rocks) indicate that the distribution ratio (Kd = Schornblende/Scbiotite) for most samples closely approached that of an equilibrium distribution. Median Kd values for the igneous samples range from 4.8 to 8.0, which are higher than similar values derived from published data on metamorphic samples and apparently not related to the mode of crystallization (volcanic, hypabyssal, or plutonic). A correlation between Kd and mafic index, (FeO + Fe2O3)/(FeO + Fe2O3 + MgO) X 100, of both the minerals and the host rock, and between Kd and SiO2 content of the host rock, can be established only for the Southern California batholith samples. However, whether this correlation reflects temperature dependence, compositional dependence, or both, cannot be specified uniquely with present data. The present data also cast doubt on the validity of the so-called “scandium geothermometer.”

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[651:DOSBCB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Greenland, L.P., and Gottfried, D., 1969, Distribution of scandium between coexisting biotite and hornblende in igneous rocks: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, no. 4, p. 651-668, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[651:DOSBCB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"668","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenland, L. Paul","contributorId":22488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenland","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gottfried, D.","contributorId":92346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70223872,"text":"70223872 - 1969 - Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande depression, southern Colorado and northern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T19:20:05.938786","indexId":"70223872","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T14:07:53","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande depression, southern Colorado and northern New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Upper Cenozoic basaltic rocks in and near the northern Rio Grande depression, a major intracontinental tension-rift structure, vary systematically in petrology and chemistry with distance from the depression. Basalts and basaltic andesites of alkalic affinities, commonly showing evidence of crustal contamination, were erupted east and west of the depression concurrently with its formation, whereas little-contaminated tholeiitic basalts filled parts of the depression late in its history. Eruption of the contrasting basalt types was in part concurrent. The lateral change from alkalic to tholeiitic basaltic volcanism may reflect different conditions of magma generation in the mantle that are related to changes in crustal thickness and thermal gradient across the rift. Recent experimental studies suggest that the variations in magma composition may be due to differing depths of magma fractionation, the tholeiitic basalts originating at shallower depths than the alkalic basalts.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geologic Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1343:AATBVR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., 1969, Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande depression, southern Colorado and northern New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1343-1353, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1343:AATBVR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1343","endPage":"1353","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande depression","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 39.223742741391305\n ],\n [\n -106.50146484374999,\n 37.483576550426996\n ],\n [\n -106.0784912109375,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -106.9573974609375,\n 35.9157474194997\n ],\n [\n -107.4517822265625,\n 34.29353023058858\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -105.7159423828125,\n 32.22674287041067\n ],\n [\n -105.9576416015625,\n 35.55904339525896\n ],\n [\n -105.018310546875,\n 37.19095471582605\n ],\n [\n -105.5181884765625,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 39.223742741391305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223908,"text":"70223908 - 1969 - Confidence limits for the precision parameter κ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T17:51:36.068114","indexId":"70223908","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T12:47:08","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Confidence limits for the precision parameter κ","docAbstract":"

Confidence limits are calculated for the precision parameter κ used in the analysis of palaeomagnetic data and for the angular standard deviation σ. A set of tables for 95 per cent and 99 per cent confidence limits is presented.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Astronomical Society","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1969.tb00257.x","usgsCitation":"Cox, A., 1969, Confidence limits for the precision parameter κ: Geophysical Journal International, v. 17, no. 5, p. 545-549, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1969.tb00257.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"549","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1969.tb00257.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, Allan","contributorId":89949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Allan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70224622,"text":"70224622 - 1969 - Principal stress directions from plastic flow in crystals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-30T17:47:23.77508","indexId":"70224622","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T12:36:58","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Principal stress directions from plastic flow in crystals","docAbstract":"

Methods for determining orientations of principal stress axes in deformed rocks involve dynamic analysis of twin-gliding and of extinction bands produced by inhomogeneous translation gliding in crystals. The methods, beginning with Turner's (1953) technique for dynamic analysis of calcite twins, have been developed using as guides the results from experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. Structures induced by intragranular flow in calcite, dolomite, quartz, micas, orthopyroxenes, clinopyroxenes, olivine, and other common rock-forming materials, may now be used to derive orientations of principal stresses causing the deformation. The various methods, some new, are discussed in detail and examples of their application to tectonites are given. The usefulness of such studies is illustrated by evaluating the observed orientations of principal stresses around folds in light of new data from a theoretical analysis of large amplitude folding of viscous layers in a less viscous matrix. Other areas of research in structural geology in which these methods should prove useful have also been outlined.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1231:PSDFPF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Carter, N.L., and Raleigh, C.B., 1969, Principal stress directions from plastic flow in crystals: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1231-1264, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1231:PSDFPF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"1231","endPage":"1264","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Neville L.","contributorId":117934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Neville","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":28125,"text":"Yale University, New Haven, CT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raleigh, C. Barry","contributorId":103683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223870,"text":"70223870 - 1969 - Carbon isotopes in pelites of the Precambrian Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T17:15:41.0146","indexId":"70223870","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T12:06:20","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon isotopes in pelites of the Precambrian Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"

Carbon isotopic ratios and weight percentages of carbon were measured in 15 samples of slate, phyllite, and schist of the approximately 1500- to 1600-m.y.-old Uncompahgre Formation of the Needle Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Rocks with less than 1 percent total carbon, all of which is reduced, have δC13 values of −23 to −28 per mil, whereas those with 1 to 6.4 percent carbon have δC13 from −29 to −31 per mil. In general, the slates and phyllites contain more carbon and isotopically lighter carbon than do the schists of higher metamorphic rank. Increasing loss of C12-enriched methane with increasing intensity of metamorphism is suggested to account for these differences.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1403:CIIPOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., and Friedman, I., 1969, Carbon isotopes in pelites of the Precambrian Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1403-1407, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1403:CIIPOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1403","endPage":"1407","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colroado","otherGeospatial":"Needle Mountains, Precambrian Uncompahgre Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.0340576171875,\n 37.289350362163546\n ],\n [\n -106.4190673828125,\n 37.289350362163546\n ],\n [\n -106.4190673828125,\n 38.236022799686694\n ],\n [\n -108.0340576171875,\n 38.236022799686694\n ],\n [\n -108.0340576171875,\n 37.289350362163546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Fred","contributorId":78332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224600,"text":"70224600 - 1969 - Errors in using modern stream-load data to estimate natural rates of denudation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T16:49:51.602886","indexId":"70224600","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T11:33:42","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Errors in using modern stream-load data to estimate natural rates of denudation","docAbstract":"

The practice of calculating natural rates of denudation from routinely collected data on the loads of suspended and dissolved matter in modern rivers is subject to several significant errors. The sources of these errors are demonstrated by examples from the Atlantic drainage of the United States, where their total effect has apparently doubled the natural rate of erosion.

The largest error is caused by assuming that modern sediment loads in populated areas represent natural erosion, whereas in fact they mainly reflect the influence of man. Conversion of forests to croplands in the middle Atlantic states causes about a tenfold increase in sediment yield. Coal mining, urbanization, and highway construction have added extra loads of sediment to the streams. Modern sediment loads in the Atlantic-draining rivers are probably 4 to 5 times greater than they would be if the area had remained undisturbed by man.

Errors in calculating the chemical denudation are caused by atmospheric contributions to the dissolved loads of streams and by pollutants that are added directly to stream waters. About one-quarter of the salts in Atlantic-draining streams were contributed from the atmosphere, either as recycled sea salts or as pollutants and soil dust that originally became airborne as a result of the activities of man. Perhaps another one-tenth of the dissolved load consists of industrial and agricultural wastes or acid mine waters that have been added directly to the streams.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1265:EIUMSD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Meade, R.H., 1969, Errors in using modern stream-load data to estimate natural rates of denudation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1265-1274, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1265:EIUMSD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1265","endPage":"1274","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia","city":"Baltimore, Washington D.C.","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Appalachia, Brandywine Creek, Chesapeake Bay, Gunpowder Falls River, Lehigh River, Passaic River, Potomac River, Schuylkill River, Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -76.48681640625,\n 34.56085936708384\n ],\n [\n -75.03662109375,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -75.8056640625,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -69.9169921875,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -69.54345703125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -70.59814453125,\n 42.407234661551875\n ],\n [\n -70.07080078125,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -71.54296874999999,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -73.23486328124999,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -75.47607421875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -80.70556640625,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -82.63916015625,\n 38.66835610151506\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 38.13455657705411\n ],\n [\n -81.7108154296875,\n 36.61552763134925\n ],\n [\n -82.7325439453125,\n 36.071302299422406\n ],\n [\n -83.8751220703125,\n 35.585851593232356\n ],\n [\n -84.342041015625,\n 35.25459097465022\n ],\n [\n -84.3585205078125,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -85.84716796875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -85.18798828125,\n 31.052933985705163\n ],\n [\n -84.9462890625,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, Robert H. 0000-0002-4965-3040 rhmeade@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3040","contributorId":2744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"Robert","email":"rhmeade@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223863,"text":"70223863 - 1969 - Measuring underground-explosion effects on water levels in surrounding aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T16:28:49.637749","indexId":"70223863","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T11:23:12","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring underground-explosion effects on water levels in surrounding aquifers","docAbstract":"

Underground detonations may produce observable effects in surrounding aquifers and wells. The nature and the duration of the effect at any observation point seem to depend on several factors such as the amount of energy released by the detonation, the geologic environment, the position of the buried explosive device in relation to the saturated zone, aquifer characteristics, and the distance from point of detonation. Precise measurement of these effects in wells presented numerous technical problems and resulted in the development of specialized techniques. Initially, these effects were observed by measuring the fluctuation of the free water surface in wells. The current technique employs high-resolution pressure transducers deep in the water column. Pneumatic packers may be used to restrict the movement of water into the well. Data are recorded on high-speed oscillographs.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01283.x","usgsCitation":"Garber, M.S., and Wollitz, L.E., 1969, Measuring underground-explosion effects on water levels in surrounding aquifers: Groundwater, v. 7, no. 4, p. 3-7, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01283.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garber, M. S.","contributorId":6433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garber","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wollitz, Leonard E.","contributorId":22340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wollitz","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224598,"text":"70224598 - 1969 - Field use of orifice meters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T16:01:39.256831","indexId":"70224598","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T10:51:33","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field use of orifice meters","docAbstract":"

A well-designed and calibrated orifice meter is an accurate and inexpensive measuring device for flow. Endline orifices can be calibrated at work sites by solving an equation that interrelates easily measured dimensions of the orifice and outflow.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01284.x","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D., 1969, Field use of orifice meters: Groundwater, v. 7, no. 4, p. 8-11, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01284.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, Donald G.","contributorId":266053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70225053,"text":"70225053 - 1969 - Ultramafic and basaltic rocks dredged from the nearshore flank of the Tonga Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T16:07:14.494685","indexId":"70225053","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T10:50:41","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ultramafic and basaltic rocks dredged from the nearshore flank of the Tonga Trench","docAbstract":"

Deep dredging in the Tonga Trench (Southwest Pacific Ocean) at a depth of 9150 to 9400 m yielded fresh to granulated and serpentinized peridotite and dunite. Other rocks recovered there and at three stations deeper than 7000 m include basalts, tuffs, and tuffaceous agglomerates.

Chemical analyses of the fresh peridotite, with combined H2O < 0.10 weight percent, indicate that the rock consists of Si, Mg, Fe (6 percent), and Cr + Ni about 0.7 percent. Mineralogically, the peridotite contains forsteritic olivine and enstatite with minor spinels.

The ultramafic mass exposed at 9400 m probably is an accumulate exposed by faulting.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1373:UABRDF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fisher, R.L., and Engel, C.G., 1969, Ultramafic and basaltic rocks dredged from the nearshore flank of the Tonga Trench: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 7, p. 1373-1378, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1373:UABRDF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1378","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Samoa, Tonga","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean, Tonga-Kermedec Trench, Tonga Trench","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 185.95458984375,\n -18.510865709091362\n ],\n [\n 184.482421875,\n -21.192094484509024\n ],\n [\n 185.69091796875,\n -21.897181200235075\n ],\n [\n 187.13562011718747,\n -21.800308050972575\n ],\n [\n 187.723388671875,\n -18.646245142670598\n ],\n [\n 185.95458984375,\n -18.510865709091362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Robert L.","contributorId":267511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engel, Celeste G.","contributorId":23386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"Celeste","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198454,"text":"70198454 - 1969 - Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T10:15:34","indexId":"70198454","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T09:58:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"

On the basis of potassium-argon mineral ages, plutonic rocks in an area of approximately 22,000 square miles in the southern Alaska Range and the Aleutian Range can be assigned to age groups that show differences in chemical characteristics and geographic distribution. The plutonic groups are Early and Middle Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary, and middle Tertiary in age. Most of the plutonic rocks in the Aleutian Range south of Iliamna Lake appear to be Jurassic, but north of Iliamna Lake, Jurassic plutonic rocks seem to be restricted to a belt on the southeast side of the Chigmit Mountains—Alaska Range. In the western or northwestern part of the Alaska Range north of Iliamna Lake, only Cretaceous and Tertiary plutonic rocks have been found. Rocks rich in K-feldspar are predominant in the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons, but subordinate in the Jurassic plutons. Most of the mineralization in the region is associated with the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[23:AACOMA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1969, Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, no. 1, p. 23-44, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[23:AACOMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":356239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":741492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224593,"text":"70224593 - 1969 - Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T14:46:33.589803","indexId":"70224593","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T09:40:03","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States","docAbstract":"

Limestone and other carbonate rocks are characterized by many unusual features and extreme conditions, either involving the hydrologic system within them or wrought by hydrologic conditions on them or through them. Perhaps there could be little agreement as to what is typical or average for the many features of carbonate rocks, as indicated by the following conditions: bare rock and thin soils are common, but so are thick soils; very highly permeable limestones are common, but so are poorly permeable ones; and rugged karst topographic features with underlying solution caverns are common, but so are flat, nearly featureless topographic conditions. Some conditions of carbonate terranes are suitable to man's needs and interests, such as the use of some permeable aquifers for water supply and the exploitation of caves for tourist attractions. On the other hand, many problems may exist, including: permeability too low for adequate water supply or so high that the aquifer retains too little water for use during periods of fair weather, soils too thin for growing of crops and for adequate filtration of wastes near the ground surface, instability of the ground for buildings and foundations in sinkhole areas, and unusually rugged topography. Some of the many variable conditions are readily observable, but others can be determined only by careful geologic and hydrologic studies.

The need for knowing the specific geologic and hydrologic conditions at various places in limestone terranes, as well as the variations in hydrologic conditions with changing conditions and time, has resulted in many published reports on local areas and on special topical problems of limestone hydrology. Many of these reports have been used to advantage by the present writers in preparing this paper.

The concept that secondary permeability is developed by circulation of water through openings with the accompanying enlargement of these openings by solution is now universally accepted in limestone terranes. Emphasis is placed on the hydrogeologic framework, or structural setting, in relation to the ease or difficulty of water to move from a source of recharge, through a part of the limestone, to a discharge area. Parts of the limestone favored by circulating ground water tend to develop solution openings, commonly in the upper part of the zone of saturation; as base level is lowered (sea level or perennial stream level), the related water table lowers in the limestone leaving air-filled caverns above the present zone of saturation in sinkhole areas. Reconstruction of the geologic and hydrologic history of a limestone area aids in determining the extent of development and the positions of fossil and present permeability. References are made to the hydrology of many limestone regions, especially those of the United States.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier B. V.","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(69)90009-2","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., and LeGrand, H.E., 1969, Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 349-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(69)90009-2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stringfield, V. T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70225514,"text":"70225514 - 1969 - Theoretical basis of the borehole deepening method of absolute stress measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-18T20:33:27.262415","indexId":"70225514","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-16T15:22:26","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Theoretical basis of the borehole deepening method of absolute stress measurement","docAbstract":"

Knowledge of the initial state of stress in rocks provides a key to the solution of many problems in rock mechanics. The initial state of stress is part of the basic data required for rational design of structures in rock, since its redistribution when engineering activities are conducted is a primary load on the rock portion of the engineering system. Knowledge of initial and subsequent changes in the state of stress is also relevant in the study of active faults and crustal strain.

The purposes of stress measurements are not generally well served by methods which disclose only one of the stress components at a point. Recently, interest has centered on overcoring methods which though expensive and difficult have the important advantage of yielding data on three or more stress components.

In a previous paper, the authors introduced a new method--termed borehole deepening--based on measurement of the deformations that occur close to the bottom of a borehole when it is deepened by further drilling without overcoring. The proposed method is at a disadvantage when compared with overcoring procedures in that the quantities to be measured are somewhat smaller and the measuring environment is more hostile. However, the borehole deepening method presents three distinct advantages in comparison with overcoring procedures: (1) Using the same borehole, both the initial and the subsequent changes in the state of stress can be obtained by borehole deepening. Stress changes with time are very significant for stability monitoring as well as in predicting earthquake activity in regions close to known active faults and volcanoes. (2) The necessity of completely unloading a portion of the rock mass where deformation measurements are being carried out in the overcoring methods is ill-suited to nonlinearly elastic materials such as rocks. The borehole deepening method, on the other hand, is based on a change of stress from one level to another, rather than complete strain relief and is therefore less affected by nonlinear behavior. (3) Numerous stress measurements can be carried out economically in a single borehole. Thus, the regional stress distribution can be more readily obtained. Such information is considerably more significant than a single stress measurement at a point; considering the variability of rock masses and the magnitudes and direction of the stresses acting on them from one region to another and within the regions themselves, the reliability of a single measurement when extrapolated for the entire region is not very reasonable. This advantage of more numerous measurements makes it possible to predetermine the initial state of stress with confidence before actual access and construction. It also makes it possible to consider studying regional tectonic systems. Integrated regional measurements of in-situ state of stress would provide the necessary information for plotting the variation of crustal stresses; this would be of great interest in evaluating the several theories of orogenesis and in delineating tectonically active regions.

This chapter is concerned with the theoretical basis for the borehole deepening method--the \"software\" for converting deformation measurements into stress values.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 11th U.S. symposium on rock mechanics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The 11th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics","conferenceDate":"June 16-19, 1969","conferenceLocation":"Berkeley, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Rock Mechanics Association","usgsCitation":"de la Cruz, R.V., and Goodman, R.E., 1969, Theoretical basis of the borehole deepening method of absolute stress measurement, in The 11th U.S. symposium on rock mechanics, v. 11, Berkeley, CA, June 16-19, 1969, ARMA-69-0353.","productDescription":"ARMA-69-0353","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390633,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.armarocks.org/resources/onepetro-digital-library/"}],"volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"de la Cruz, Rodolfo V.","contributorId":267843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de la Cruz","given":"Rodolfo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodman, Richard E.","contributorId":117859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220476,"text":"5220476 - 1969 - Duck viral enteritis (duck plague) in North American Waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-11T09:57:03","indexId":"5220476","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-16T12:18:37","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Duck viral enteritis (duck plague) in North American Waterfowl","docAbstract":"

Duck Viral Enteritis (DVE) was first recognized in North America in January 1967, when an outbreak occurred in a commercial flock of white Pekin ducks in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York (Leibovitz and Hwang, 1968b). Originally described as a disease of domestic ducks in the Netherlands, DVE has since been reported from India and Belgium. it is also believed to have occurred in China and France (Jansen, 1968).

This paper briefly reviews the status of DVE among wild waterfowl in North America and describes some of the characteristic lesions associated with this disease. The paper also mentions some of the work which has been undertaken to learn more about the status of DVE in North America.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the twenty-second annual conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Twenty-second annual conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","conferenceDate":"October 21-23, 1968","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD","language":"English","publisher":"Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners","publisherLocation":"Columbia, SC","usgsCitation":"Locke, L.N., Leibovitz, L., Herman, C.M., and Walker, J., 1969, Duck viral enteritis (duck plague) in North American Waterfowl, in Proceedings of the twenty-second annual conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, v. 22, Baltimore, MD, October 21-23, 1968, p. 96-98.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350864,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.seafwa.org/publications/proceedings/?id=55213"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db4963ad","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Webb, James W.","contributorId":58325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Locke, Louis N.","contributorId":71233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leibovitz, Louis","contributorId":41781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leibovitz","given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herman, Carlton M.","contributorId":88718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Carlton","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":331883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, J.T.","contributorId":84022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70224269,"text":"70224269 - 1969 - Model for simulation of residual stress in rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-17T14:49:11.368726","indexId":"70224269","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-16T10:20:22","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Model for simulation of residual stress in rock","docAbstract":"

Rocks in mines, quarries, and many outcrops commonly show evidence of being under high stress. Saw cuts and drillholes close in, partly mined coal bursts violently, and pillars crush and rock spalls in mines even at moderate depths. Similarly, strong and massive rocks such as granite and sandstone naturally divide themselves into sheets that lie more or less parallel to their outward topographic form. The sheets may be either convex or concave. Thin plates of bare rock surfaces bow up and buckle. Such effects often cannot be explained by the obvious loads now acting on the rock, that is, by loads resulting from overburden, topographic irregularities, or stress concentration around openings. The stresses exceed those that would result from such loads.

Two interpretations of such excess stresses have been made. In one, the stresses are assigned in origin to now active tectonic forces. In the other, they are regarded as leftover and locked in from some previous state at which higher pressures prevailed. These two sources may both operate and they generally cannot be distinguished easily in the field. There are other complicating sources of stress such as temperature gradients and chemical alteration. Nevertheless, some bodies of rock, by exfoliating, show evidence of high internal stress even though they are practically unweathered and so isolated topographically that the presence in them of significant stress due to exterior loads or active tectonic forces seems unlikely.

Moreover, completely isolated rocks are known to change density shape, or size; to expand under constant compressive stress; and even to disintegrate without the intervention of weathering processes. The stresses involved here must be truly residual in the sense long used by metallurgists; that is, residual stresses in a body are those that remain, aside from the effect of gravity or temperature gradients, even after the boundaries are freed from loads. Residual stress within rock can exist only in a system of internally balanced forces. The existence of such balanced forces has been recognized for a long time--at least 180 years--to judge from an incomplete survey of the literature. Discussions have been presented more recently by Voight, Friedman, Emery, Price, Denkhaus, Kieslinger, and other engineers and geologists.

Briefly, a simple version of the concept is that if a granite crystallizes at depth and is then unloaded by uplift and erosion, the compressed mineral grains cannot completely relax, owing to interlocking boundaries and mutual interference. A sandstone that becomes cemented while constituent grains are under high pressure cannot completely relax when cut free. Thus, a balance is achieved between forces of expansion in the interior of the crystalline grains and those of restraint at grain boundaries or in the cement.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 11th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"The 11th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS)","conferenceDate":"June 16-19 1969","conferenceLocation":"Berkeley, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Rock Mechanics Association","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D.J., 1969, Model for simulation of residual stress in rock, in Proceedings of the 11th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Berkeley, CA, June 16-19 1969, p. 415-426.","productDescription":"ARMA-69-0415, 12 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"426","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389390,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":389347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.armarocks.org/","description":"Index Page"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, D. J.","contributorId":85201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223840,"text":"70223840 - 1969 - Isotopic composition of lead in volcanic rocks from central Honshu — with regard to basalt genesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T20:49:07.906556","indexId":"70223840","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-10T15:27:39","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1754,"text":"Geochemical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of lead in volcanic rocks from central Honshu — with regard to basalt genesis","docAbstract":"

The isotopic composition of lead and concentrations of lead, uranium, and thorium were determined in tholeiitic and high-alumina basalts, and their calc-alkali rock series, from central Japan. The isotopic composition of lead of high alumina basalts is similar to that of tholeiites from adjacent areas, whereas their silicic differentiates (calc-alkali rock series) are rich in 207Pb and 208Pb. This is interpreted as a result of crustal contamination. The isotopic composition of lead in the primary basalts gradually decreases in radiogenic character from the Pacific Ocean side to the Japan Sea side, whereas the observed 238U/204Pb and 232Th/238U ratios in the basalts increase in the same direction. This inverse correlation can be interpreted as resulting from differentiation of the upper mantle about 3.6b.y. ago, with tholeiite (Pacific side) generated from a shallower zone than the alkali basalt (Japan Sea side). The magma generation is associated with a process which extracts Pb preferentially to U and Th at shallower depth and U and Th preferentially to Pb at deeper depth in the past (multi differentiation for the source region) or at the magma generation stage. An alternative interpretation of this inverse correlation is that the ocean floor is being thrust under the Japanese Island arcs and the isotopic difference is produced by the degree of mixing of mantle material under the arcs with thrust material.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Geochemical Society of Japan","doi":"10.2343/geochemj.3.53","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., and Knight, R.J., 1969, Isotopic composition of lead in volcanic rocks from central Honshu — with regard to basalt genesis: Geochemical Journal, v. 3, no. 1, p. 53-86, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.3.53.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"86","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.3.53","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","state":"Honshu","otherGeospatial":"Izu Islands, Mount Amagi, Mount Fuji, Mount Hakone, Mount Omuro-yama, Mount O-Shima, Mount Sukumo, Mount Taga","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 129.70458984375,\n 31.147006308556566\n ],\n [\n 130.2099609375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n 131.19873046875,\n 30.20211367909724\n ],\n [\n 131.7919921875,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n 132.25341796875,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n 133.13232421875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n 133.6376953125,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n 134.27490234375,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n 134.89013671875,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n 135.83496093749997,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n 135.98876953125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ],\n [\n 136.91162109374997,\n 34.125447565116126\n ],\n [\n 137.08740234375,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n 138.22998046875,\n 34.470335121217474\n ],\n [\n 138.9111328125,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n 139.98779296875,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n 141.0205078125,\n 35.71083783530009\n ],\n [\n 140.7568359375,\n 36.31512514748051\n ],\n [\n 141.1962890625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n 141.21826171875,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n 141.7236328125,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n 142.22900390624997,\n 39.7240885773337\n ],\n [\n 141.63574218749997,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n 141.70166015625,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n 140.7568359375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n 140.2294921875,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n 139.72412109375,\n 40.66397287638688\n ],\n [\n 139.50439453125,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n 139.70214843749997,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n 138.9990234375,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n 138.4716796875,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n 138.01025390625,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n 138.22998046875,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n 137.5927734375,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n 137.30712890625,\n 37.735969208590504\n ],\n [\n 136.47216796875,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n 136.2744140625,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n 135.54931640625,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n 133.1982421875,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n 129.52880859375,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n 128.3642578125,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n 128.51806640625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n 129.462890625,\n 32.39851580247402\n ],\n [\n 129.70458984375,\n 31.147006308556566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, Mitsunobu","contributorId":10444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"Mitsunobu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Roy J.","contributorId":265535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knight","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210487,"text":"70210487 - 1969 - Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T19:17:23.300536","indexId":"70210487","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-02T13:54:56","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines","docAbstract":"

Mayon Volcano, southeastern Luzon, began a series of explosive eruptions at 0900 April 21, 1968, and by May 15 more than 100 explosions had occurred, at least 6 people had been killed, and roughly 100 square km had been covered by more than 5 cm of airfall ash, blocky ash flows, and a lava flow. All material crupted was porphyritic augite-hypersthene andesite.

Explosions from the summit crater (elevation 2460 m) ejected large quantities of ash and incandescent blocks to a height exceeding 600 m and produced ash-laden clouds which rose to heights of 3 to 10 km. Backfall of the coarser material fed nuées ardentes which repeatedly swept down ravines on all sides of the volcanic cone. The velocity of one nuée ardente ranged from 9 to 63 m per sec. The largest nuées descended to the southwest and reached as far as 7 km from the summit. An aa lava flow also descended 3 1/2 km down this flank.

The nuées ardentes deposited pyroclastic flows that contained large breadcrust-surfaced blocks averaging about 30 cm across, but occasionally reaching 25 m in greatest dimension. These blocks were still very hot in their interiors several days later. Surrounding the pyroclastic flows is a seared zone as much as 2 km wide, but averaging a few hundred meters, in which vegetation is charred and splintered, but over which only a thin layer of airfall ash was deposited.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02596528","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Melson, W., 1969, Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 33, p. 600-620, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596528.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"620","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","otherGeospatial":"Mayon Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 119.4873046875,\n 19.20742852680121\n ],\n [\n 119.3115234375,\n 14.200488387358332\n ],\n [\n 120.95947265624999,\n 11.544616463449655\n ],\n [\n 124.93652343749999,\n 12.833226023521243\n ],\n [\n 125.09033203124999,\n 14.200488387358332\n ],\n [\n 122.9150390625,\n 18.93746442964186\n ],\n [\n 119.4873046875,\n 19.20742852680121\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melson, W.G.","contributorId":77299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melson","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223839,"text":"70223839 - 1969 - Seismic-refraction measurements in Jackson Hole, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-09T20:12:56.761072","indexId":"70223839","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-01T14:54:49","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic-refraction measurements in Jackson Hole, Wyoming","docAbstract":"

Three reversed seismic-refraction profiles were recorded in the Jackson Hole, Wyoming, area during July 1964. The seismic model which was developed consists of three layers with velocities of 2.4 km/sec for Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks above the Cleverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), 3.8 km/sec for rocks from Lower Cretaceous down to lower Paleozoic, and 6.1 km/sec for lower Paleozoic (limestones and dolomites) and Precambrian rocks. The maximum thickness of sediments in Jackson Hole is 5 km, and the minimum throw of the Teton fault in the area covered by this survey is about 7 km.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1109:SMIJHW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tibbetts, B.L., Behrendt, J.C., and Love, J.D., 1969, Seismic-refraction measurements in Jackson Hole, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 6, p. 1109-1121, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1109:SMIJHW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1109","endPage":"1121","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","city":"Jackson Hole","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park, Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.88775634765625,\n 43.454912713790264\n ],\n [\n -110.70373535156249,\n 43.450925007583706\n ],\n [\n -110.50048828124999,\n 43.89195472686543\n ],\n [\n -110.6982421875,\n 43.95130472827632\n ],\n [\n -110.94543457031249,\n 43.49975628978046\n ],\n [\n -110.88775634765625,\n 43.454912713790264\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tibbetts, B. L.","contributorId":77536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbetts","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrendt, J. C.","contributorId":190262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behrendt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Love, John David","contributorId":39869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":822890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70224297,"text":"70224297 - 1969 - Water, population pressure, and ancient Indian migrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T18:50:41.226162","indexId":"70224297","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-01T13:25:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water, population pressure, and ancient Indian migrations","docAbstract":"

A preliminary report on environmental factors relating to some prehistoric Indian migrations in the lower San Juan Valley region, northeastern Arizona

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