Of 2427 walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill)) examined from Lake Erie in 1964–66, no females were mature at ages below III and all were mature at age V. All male walleyes from the eastern basin were mature at age II, and those from the western basin at age III. Females from the western basin matured at a shorter length and a younger age than those from the eastern basin. Males from the western basin, on the other hand, matured at a longer length and greater age than those from the eastern basin.Egg production, which was estimated for 60 walleyes from the eastern basin and 78 from the western basin, ranged from 48,000 to 614,000. The number of eggs increased rapidly with increase in total length, but the relation between fecundity and weight was almost linear. Walleyes from the western basin were much more fecund for any given length, weight, or age than those from the eastern basin. Weight was the most accurate indicator of fecundity. The mean diameter of eggs from 32 ripe walleyes was 1.72 mm. Little relation existed between egg diameter and length or age of fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f69-171","usgsCitation":"Wolfert, D.R., 1969, Maturity and fecundity of walleyes from the eastern and western basins of Lake Erie: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 26, no. 7, p. 1877-1888, https://doi.org/10.1139/f69-171.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1877","endPage":"1888","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610052","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfert, David R.","contributorId":49305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfert","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000066,"text":"1000066 - 1969 - Age, growth, and maturity of the longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus, of western Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T13:11:01","indexId":"1000066","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age, growth, and maturity of the longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus, of western Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Studies of age, growth, and maturity were based on 1760 fish collected in western Lake Superior in 1964-65. The body:scale relation was curvilinear and the curve had an intercept of 1.65 inches on the length axis. The weight increased as the 2.85 power of the length. Some fish formed an annulus before May 18 in 1965; all had completed annuli by late September. Longnose suckers grew 3.6 inches the 1st year, reached 12 inches in the 6th year, and 18 inches in the 11th year. Fish from Pikes Bay grew faster than those from Gull Island Shoal. Over 6 years were required for weight to reach 1 lb and nearly 10 years to reach 2 lb. Minimum length at maturity was 10.5 inches for males and 11.5 inches for females. The youngest mature male belonged to age-group IV and the youngest mature female to age-group V. All males were mature at 14.5-14.9 inches (age-group VIII) and all females at 15.0-15.4 inches (age-group IX). Finclipped longnose suckers returned to spawn in the Brule River in successive years. One fish returned to spawn in 4 successive years. Many of the fish were not recaptured until 2 or 3 years after marking. The time of the Brule River spawning migration depended more on water temperature than on length of day. The average water temperature during the peak of the spawning runs of 1958-64 was 55.4 F. Larval suckers apparently spend little time in the Brule River and adjacent streams and drift downstream to the lake soon after hatching. The number of eggs in the ovaries of eight suckers ranged from 14 to 35 thousand and averaged 24 thousand for fish 13.9-17.7 inches long.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/f69-114","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Bailey, M.M., 1969, Age, growth, and maturity of the longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus, of western Lake Superior: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 26, no. 5, p. 1289-1299, https://doi.org/10.1139/f69-114.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1289","endPage":"1299","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266930,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f69-114"}],"volume":"26","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6892a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Merryll M.","contributorId":47724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Merryll","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010799,"text":"70010799 - 1969 - The relationship of the rare-earth composition of minerals to geological environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:40:05.657968","indexId":"70010799","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship of the rare-earth composition of minerals to geological environment","docAbstract":"It has been known for a long time that the composition of the lanthanides in minerals is controlled to a large degree by crystallo-chemical factors, but is also greatly influenced by changes in geological environment. In general, igneous rocks rich in silica are favourable for the concentration of the heavy lanthanides and yttrium; those low in silica and high in carbonate are favourable for the concentration of the light lanthanides.
These generalizations are illustrated by summaries of the available data on monazite, sphene, and apatite from different geological environments. Apatite of marine sedimentary origin (a large potential source of rare earths) shows marked depletion of cerium, as has been noted previously for sea water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(69)90118-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fleischer, M., and Altschuler, Z., 1969, The relationship of the rare-earth composition of minerals to geological environment: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, no. 6, p. 725-732, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(69)90118-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"732","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf27e4b08c986b3245ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleischer, M.","contributorId":84069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Altschuler, Z. S.","contributorId":42962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Altschuler","given":"Z. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010800,"text":"70010800 - 1969 - Pyrolysis of humic and fulvic acids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:38:01.655442","indexId":"70010800","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pyrolysis of humic and fulvic acids","docAbstract":"Pyrolysis of humic and fulvic acids isolated from a North Carolina soil yields a variety of aromatic, heterocyclic and straight chain organ compounds. The pyrolysis products identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry indicate that humic and fulvic acids have aromatic and polysaccharide structures in their molecules.
A distinctive two-fold sedimentation unit characterizes lamination in the upper swash zone of beaches. Within the unit a fine and/or a heavy mineral rich layer at the base grades upward into a coarser and/or a heavy mineral poor layer at the top. This distinctive type of lamination results from grain segregation within bed flow during wave backwash.
The Murray fracture has been thought to extend ashore into the Transverse Ranges of California, but a geophysical study shows no evidence of structural continuity between these features. Instead, basement morphology typical of the Murray fracture zone ends where its known magnetic and bathymetric expression dies out. Similarly, east-west Transverse Range structures change direction so that they are parallel to the northwest trend of the coast rather than crossing the continental shelf and slope. The lack of continuity suggests an independent development of the Transverse Ranges since at least mid-Tertiary time along an older structural trend continuous with the Murray fracture zone. Possibly a fundamental lineament in the crust, an extension of the Murray, inactive since at least the mid-Tertiary, provided a convenient trend for development of the Transverse Ranges in response to deformation along the San Andreas fault system. The Murray fracture zone is thought by some authors to be a transform-fault. The transform-fault hypothesis alleviates some difficulties that arise in explaining the origin of the zone by transcurrent faulting but equivalent uncertainties seem to accompany the newer explanation.
X-ray analysis of Li+- and K+-saturated samples, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical analysis of 83 samples enable a distinction to be made between Wyoming, Tatatilla, Otay, Chambers, and non-ideal types of montmorillonite, and between ideal and non-ideal types of beidellite. The Greene-Kelly Li+-test differentiates between the montmorillonites and beidellites. Re-expansion with ethylene glycol after K+-saturation and heating at 300°C depends upon total net layer charge and not upon location of the charge. Wyoming-type montmorillonites characteristically have low net layer charge and re-expand to 17 Å. whereas most other montmorillonites and beidellites have a higher net layer charge and re-expand to less than 17 Å.
Major differences in dehydroxylation temperatures cannot be related consistently to the amount of Al3+-for-Si4+ substitution, nor to the amount of Mg, Fe, type of interlayer cations, or particle size. The major factor controlling temperature of dehydroxylation seems to be the amount of structural (OH). Of 19 samples analyzed by TGA, montmorillonites and the one ideal beidellite that give dehydroxylation endotherms on their DTA curves between 650° and 760°C all contain nearly the ideal amount of 4(OH) per unit cell, but the non-ideal montmorillonites and beidellites that give dehydroxylation peaks between 550° and 600°C do not. Non-ideal beidellites contain more than the ideal amount of structural (OH) and non-ideal montmorillonites seem to contain less, although the low temperature of dehydroxylation of the latter could also be due to other structural defects. Change in X-ray diffraction intensity of the 001 reflection during dehydroxylation suggests that the extra (OH) of beidellite occurs at the apex of SiO4 or AlO4 tetrahedrons with the H+ of the (OH)- polarized toward vacant cation sites in the octahedral sheet.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170302","usgsCitation":"Schultz, L.G., 1969, Lithium and potassium absorption, dehydroxylation temperature, and structural water content of aluminous smectites: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 3, p. 115-149, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170302.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"149","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4822e4b0c8380cd67c2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schultz, Leonard Gene","contributorId":19146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"Gene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009778,"text":"70009778 - 1969 - Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin-I. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T20:38:46.584417","indexId":"70009778","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin-I. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen","docAbstract":"Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, together with chemical analyses, were determined for 20 surface waters, 8 shallow potable formation waters, and 79 formation waters from oil fields and gas fields. The observed isotope ratios can be explained by mixing of surface water and diagenetically modified sea water, accompanied by a process which enriches the heavy oxygen isotope. Mass balances for deuterium and total dissolved solids in the western Canada sedimentary basin demonstrate that the present distribution of deuterium in formation waters of the basin can be derived through mixing of the diagenetically modified sea water with not more than 2.9 times as much fresh water at the same latitude, and that the movement of fresh water through the basin has redistributed the dissolved solids of the modified sea water into the observed salinity variations. Statistical analysis of the isotope data indicates that although exchange of deuterium between water and hydrogen sulphide takes place within the basin, the effect is minimized because of an insignificant mass of hydrogen sulphide compared to the mass of formation water. Conversely, exchange of oxygen isotopes between water and carbonate minerals causes a major oxygen-18 enrichment of formation waters, depending on the relative masses of water and carbonate. Qualitative evidence confirms the isotopic fractionation of deuterium on passage of water through micropores in shales.
Although Alpine peridotites and basaltic lavas are widely associated in eugeosynclines and oceanic areas, their genetic ties are obscure. Three major characteristics of olivine-rich Alpine peridotite and dunite—relict cumulus textures, aggregated masses of chromitite, and intimate association with magnesium-rich gabbro — cannot be explained by partial melting of garnet peridotite to form tholeiite. Association of magnesium-rich gabbro with the chromite-bearing and so-called high-temperature Alpine peridotites is believed to present problems that have not been considered by advocates of the partial-melting hypothesis. The chromite-bearing Alpine peridotites and related feldspathic rocks are believed to have formed near the top of the mantle by gravitational differentiation processes which are largely independent of the melting processes that produce basaltic magma at depths of 50 km or more.
The melting relations of FeFeS mixtures covering the composition range from Fe to Fe67S33 have been determined at 30 kb pressure. The phase relations are similar to those at low pressure. The eutectic has a composition of Fe72.9S27.1 and a temperature of 990°C. Solubility of S in Fe at elevated temperatures at 30 kb is of the same order of magnitude as at low pressure. Sulfur may have significantly lowered the melting point of iron in the upper mantle during the period of coalescence of metal prior to core formation in the primitive earth.
Uranium, thorium and lead concentrations and isotopic compositions were determined on total rocks and a feldspar sample from widely separated parts of the Granite Mountains in central Wyoming. Linear relations defined by206Pb/204Pb −207Pb/204Pb and208Pb/204Pb −232Th/204Pb for the total rock samples define 2.8 billion-year isochrons. In contrast,238U/206Pb ages are anomalously old by a factor of at least four. The low238U/204Pb values, coupled with the radiogenic206Pb/204Pb and radiogenic207Pb/204Pb ratios, indicate that contents of uranium in near-surface rocks would have had to have been considerably greater than those presently observed to have generated the radiogenic lead. It is possible that more than 1011 kg of uranium has been removed from the Granite Mountains, and the most feasible interpretation is that most of this uranium was leached from near-surface rocks at some time during the Cenozoic, thus providing a major source for the uranium deposits in the central Wyoming basins.
Paired fecal samples and peritoneal washes were taken from 300 18-month-old brook trout for determining their relative value in detecting IPN virus. The testing of feces revealed 14 times as many carriers as were found by peritoneal washes. Initial examinations showed at least 63% of the fish to be carriers of the virus, but 30% more were detected in four additional tests. Fecal output of virus from 37 fish was quantified up to five times during a period of 7 months which included the spawning season. Although there were exceptions, fish with high outputs of virus tended to maintain that level, and low titer carriers tended to yield small amounts, and in some instances, no virus. Tests of fecal extracts which were pooled from 5, 10, and 15 fish showed that virus was readily detected in all three. For economy and efficiency, the use of 10- or 15-sample pools is recommended for determining the presence of IPN in fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f69-136","usgsCitation":"Billi, J., and Wolf, K., 1969, Quantitative comparison of peritoneal washes and feces for detecting infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus in carrier brook trout: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 26, no. 6, p. 1459-1465, https://doi.org/10.1139/f69-136.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1459","endPage":"1465","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130568,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64dbc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billi, J.L.","contributorId":31713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billi","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011568,"text":"70011568 - 1969 - Loss of uranium from crystallized silicic volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:01:11.197284","indexId":"70011568","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of uranium from crystallized silicic volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"Dense primarily crystallized silicic groundmass material from two welded ash-flow units and one lava flow of Tertiary age from the Western United States contain only 20 to 60 percent of the uranium present in nonhydrated glass from the rock units. These differences reflect loss of uranium from the crystallized specimens, probably as a result of groundwater leaching. It appears likely that most crystallized silicic volcanic rocks have lost comparable amounts of uranium.
Rhodium is determined in chromite concentrates by atomic absorption after concentration either by co-precipitation with tellurium formed by the reduction of tellurite with tin(II) chloride or by fire assay into a gold bead. Interelement interferences in the atomic-absorption determination are removed by buffering the solutions with lanthanum sulphate (lanthanum concentration 1%). Substantial amounts of Ag, Al, Au, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ho, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Te, Ti, V, Y, Zn and platinum metals can be tolerated. A lower limit of approximately 0.07 ppm Rh can be determined in a 3-g sample.
Over 3 500 measurements of surface heat-flux have been catalogued and analyzed to study the large-scale variations of terrestrial heat-flow. It was found that heat-flow values are correlated with major geologic provinces: higher averages and scattered values in active tectonic regions, and lower averages and more uniform values in stable areas. Analyzing the data in the light of new global tectonics shows that the variations of heat-flow are consistent with the hypotheses of sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics. The observed heat-flow across the mid-oceanic ridges can be accounted for by a simple model of a spreading sea floor.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(69)90026-0","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Lee, W., 1969, On the global variations of terrestrial heat-flow: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 2, no. 5, p. 332-341, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(69)90026-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"332","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6dd3e4b0c8380cd75348","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011425,"text":"70011425 - 1969 - U.S. Geological Survey standards-II. First compilation of data for the new U.S.G.S. rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:17:52.743703","indexId":"70011425","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey standards-II. First compilation of data for the new U.S.G.S. rocks","docAbstract":"Rock analyses, determinations of major and minor constituents, and determinations of 57 trace elements reported by analysts throughout the world are presented for the new series of U.S. Geological Survey rock samples. Averages for both the constituents generally reported in a rock analysis and the trace elements are given. Variances of the distributions of data by rock analysts for several oxides in G-2 are compared with similar variances for G-l.
CaCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.78(106T−2)− 3.39,\">CaCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.78(106T−2)− 3.39,CaCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.78(106T−2)− 3.39, |
SrCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.69(106T−2)− 3.74,\">SrCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.69(106T−2)− 3.74,SrCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.69(106T−2)− 3.74, |
BaCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.57(106T−2)− 4.73.\">BaCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.57(106T−2)− 4.73.BaCO3–H2O, 1000lnα = 2.57(106T−2)− 4.73. |
Progress in the development of equipment and techniques for making rapid measurements of moisture movement through the atmosphere over a large area is described. Airborne sensing elements measure relative humidity, temperature, and air currents. These data are telemetered to a ground-based station and recorded. A radar unit tracks the aircraft and electronically plots its position on a base map of the area being studied. Thus the distribution of atmospheric conditions can be directly related to the underlying terrain and vegetation features.
The Paradox Basin region is approximately bounded by the south flank of the Uinta Basin to the north, the Uncompahgre uplift and San Juan Mountains to the east, the Four Corners structural platform to the southeast, the north rim of the Black Mesa Basin and the Grand Canyon to the south and southwest, and the Wasatch Plateau and Hurricane fault system to the west. Some of these geologic features are areas of ground-water recharge or discharge whereas others such as the Four Corners platform do not directly influence fluid movement. The aquifer systems studied were: (1) Mississippian rocks; (2) Pinkerton Trail Limestone of Wengerd and Strickland, 1954; (3) Paradox Member of the Hermosa Formation; (4) Honaker Trail Formation of Wengerd and Matheny, 1958; (5) Permian rocks.
Recharge in the Paradox Basin occurs on the west flank of the San Juan Mountains and along the west side of the Uncompahgre uplift. The direction of ground-water movement in each analyzed unit is principally southwest-ward toward the topographically low outcrop areas along the Colorado River in Arizona. However, at any point in the basin, flow may be in some other direction owing to the influence of intrabasin recharge areas or local obstructions to flow, such as faults or dikes. A series of potentiometric surface maps was prepared for the five systems studied. Material used in construction of the maps included outcrop altitudes of springs and streams, drill-stem tests, water-well records, and an electric analog model of the entire basin. Many structurally and topographically high areas within the basin are above the regional potentiometric surface; recharge in these areas will drain rapidly off the high areas and adjust to the regional water level.
With a few exceptions, most wells in formations above the Pennsylvanian contain fresh (< 1,000 mg/l T.D.S.2) to moderately saline (< 10,000 mg/l T.D.S.) water. In only a few cases are true brines (> 35,000 mg/l T.D.S.) reported. Most water samples from strata below the Permian are brines of the sodium chloride type but with large amounts of calcium sulfate or calcium chloride type water commonly occurring. Because evaporite facies occur in the Paradox Member, this unit has brines with as much as 400,000 mg/l dissolved solids content.
Previous analysis of the San Juan Basin has indicated the presence of an osmotic membrane system. The highly permeable Jurassic formations were postulated to be the outflow side of the membrane. It is also possible that the Upper Paleozoic units with known brines and with an otherwise inexplicably high potentiometric surface in the Four Corners area of New Mexico could be the outflow receptors of the San Juan membrane system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90050-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., and Hill, G., 1969, Geochemistry and hydrodynamics of the Paradox Basin region, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 263-294, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90050-3.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"294","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Paradox Basin region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.390625,\n 34.32529192442733\n ],\n [\n -105.40283203124999,\n 34.32529192442733\n ],\n [\n -105.40283203124999,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -110.390625,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -110.390625,\n 34.32529192442733\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16d4e4b0c8380cd55295","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, G.A.","contributorId":83666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}