{"pageNumber":"6497","pageRowStart":"162400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185159,"records":[{"id":70009792,"text":"70009792 - 1969 - Magnetic susceptibility studies of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III) on a chelating resin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-07T16:55:14.707905","indexId":"70009792","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2355,"text":"Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic susceptibility studies of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III) on a chelating resin","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1902(69)80036-9","issn":"00221902","usgsCitation":"Krishnamurthy, M., Hambright, W., Morris, K., Thorpe, A.N., and Alexander, C., 1969, Magnetic susceptibility studies of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III) on a chelating resin: Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, v. 31, no. 3, p. 873-875, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(69)80036-9.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"875","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218599,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b92e4b0c8380cd69645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krishnamurthy, M.","contributorId":52318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krishnamurthy","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hambright, W.P.","contributorId":58016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hambright","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, K.B.","contributorId":51446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thorpe, A. N.","contributorId":53504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorpe","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alexander, C.C.","contributorId":34256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70010245,"text":"70010245 - 1969 - New method for preparing ultrapure hydrofluoric acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T14:36:46.427373","indexId":"70010245","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New method for preparing ultrapure hydrofluoric acid","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac50159a058","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., 1969, New method for preparing ultrapure hydrofluoric acid: Analytical Chemistry, v. 41, no. 14, p. 2088-2089, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50159a058.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"2088","endPage":"2089","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65e8e4b0c8380cd72c97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, Mitsunobu","contributorId":10444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"Mitsunobu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001809,"text":"1001809 - 1969 - Food habits of canvasbacks, redheads, and lesser scaup in Manitoba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T17:00:07.704575","indexId":"1001809","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food habits of canvasbacks, redheads, and lesser scaup in Manitoba","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1366304","usgsCitation":"Bartonek, J.C., and Hickey, J.J., 1969, Food habits of canvasbacks, redheads, and lesser scaup in Manitoba: Condor, v. 71, no. 3, p. 280-290, https://doi.org/10.2307/1366304.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"290","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol71/iss3/5","text":"External Repository"},{"id":130486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Manitoba","otherGeospatial":"Delta-Lake Francis marshes, Lake Winnepegosis, Minnedosa-Erickson pothole area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101.6015625,\n              49.653404588437894\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.5146484375,\n              49.653404588437894\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.5146484375,\n              53.26521293124656\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.6015625,\n              53.26521293124656\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.6015625,\n              49.653404588437894\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de53a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartonek, James C.","contributorId":66759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartonek","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickey, Joseph J.","contributorId":11283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70191027,"text":"70191027 - 1969 - Water in Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-21T15:15:18","indexId":"70191027","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5503,"text":"Kentucky Geological Survey Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"16-10","title":"Water in Kentucky","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Kentucky Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Krieger, R.A., Cushman, R.V., and Thomas, N., 1969, Water in Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey Special Publication 16-10, 51 p.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":345994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/pubs/pubsearch.asp","text":"Available from the Kentucky Geological Survey"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59c4cf9ae4b017cf313d3cce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krieger, Robert A.","contributorId":99954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krieger","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushman, Robert Vittum","contributorId":96661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Vittum","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, N.O.","contributorId":99962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001808,"text":"1001808 - 1969 - Selective feeding by juvenile diving ducks in summer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-11T10:43:14","indexId":"1001808","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selective feeding by juvenile diving ducks in summer","docAbstract":"<p>Waterfowl often fail to use foods that seem plentiful to the investigator. The extent to which selective feeding or rejection of foods is a function of behavioral and morphological adaptations of the species, conditioned behavior of the individual, or individual preference for certain foods has not been appraised. The objectives of our study were to determine: (1) the extent of selective feeding among juvenile Canvasbacks (<i>Aytha valisineria</i>) and redheads (<i>A. americana</i>), (2) which food items were and which were not utilized, and (3) how selective use was related to the relative quality and availability of the food resource. In another paper (Bartonek and Hickey, MS) we present findings on the food habits of juvenile and adult Canvasbacks, Redheads, and Lesser Scaup (<i>Aytha affinis</i>) in southwestern Manitoba primarily during late spring and summer.</p><p>Only a few of the limited number of investigations into the summer food habits of waterfowl correlate use of foods with the relative quantity and/or availability of potential foods (White, 1936; Beard, 1953; Keith, 1961; Chura, 1961; Perret, 1962; Collias and Collias, 1963). Perret (1962) concluded that seasonal variations in the food habits of Mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) were related to changes in the availability of foods.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4083407","usgsCitation":"Bartonek, J., and Hickey, J., 1969, Selective feeding by juvenile diving ducks in summer: The Auk, v. 86, no. 3, p. 443-457, https://doi.org/10.2307/4083407.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"457","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480315,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4083407","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Manitoba","volume":"86","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a00e4b07f02db5f7cec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartonek, James C.","contributorId":38085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartonek","given":"James C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickey, J.J.","contributorId":57010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70176050,"text":"70176050 - 1969 - Quantity and quality of low flow in the Hondo Creek Basin, Texas, March 27-28, 1968","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T11:27:10","indexId":"70176050","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Quantity and quality of low flow in the Hondo Creek Basin, Texas, March 27-28, 1968","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Edwards Underground Water District","usgsCitation":"Reeves, W., and Rettman, P., 1969, Quantity and quality of low flow in the Hondo Creek Basin, Texas, March 27-28, 1968, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6b0f9e4b0f2f0cebe6646","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, W.E.","contributorId":79518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rettman, P.L.","contributorId":60663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rettman","given":"P.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001601,"text":"1001601 - 1969 - Mallard hatching from an egg cracked by freezing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-26T11:26:04","indexId":"1001601","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mallard hatching from an egg cracked by freezing","docAbstract":"<p>The eggs of early-nesting waterfowl in North Dakota are frequently exposed to subfreezing temperatures. Mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) and Pintail (<i>Anas acuta</i>), normally the first ducks to arrive in the spring, begin limited early nesting in min-April. Nighttime temperatures during this period frequently drop below freezing, and late spring blizzards are not unusual.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4083468","usgsCitation":"Greenwood, R.J., 1969, Mallard hatching from an egg cracked by freezing: The Auk, v. 86, no. 4, p. 752-754, https://doi.org/10.2307/4083468.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"752","endPage":"754","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4083468","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649fe1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenwood, R. J.","contributorId":74326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011576,"text":"70011576 - 1969 - Saline water in southeastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:59:16.005627","indexId":"70011576","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Saline water in southeastern New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Saline waters from formations of several geologic ages are being studied in a seven-county area in southeastern New Mexico and western Texas, where more than 30,000 oil and gas tests have been drilled in the past 40 years. This area of 7,500 sq. miles, which is stratigraphically complex, includes the northern and eastern margins of the Delaware Basin between the Guadalupe and Glass Mountains.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">Chloride-ion concentrations in water produced from rocks of various ages and depths have been mapped in Lea County, New Mexico, using machine map-plotting techniques and trend analyses. Anomalously low chloride concentrations (1,000–3,000 mg/l) were found along the western margin of the Central Basin platform in the San Andres and Capitan Limestone Formations of Permian age. These low chloride-ion concentrations may be due to preferential circulation of ground water through the more porous and permeable rocks.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0020\">Data being used in the study were obtained principally from oil companies and from related service companies. The P.B.W.D.S. (Permian Basin Well Data System) scout-record magnetic-tape file was used as a framework in all computer operations. Shallow or non-oil-field water analyses acquired from state, municipal, or federal agencies were added to these data utilizing P.B.W.D.S.-compatible reference numbers and decimal latitude-longitude coordinates. Approximately 20,000 water analyses collected from over 65 sources were coded, recorded on punch cards and stored on magnetic tape for computer operations. Extensive manual and computer error checks for duplication and accuracy were made to eliminate data errors resulting from poorly located or identified samples; non-representative or contaminated samples; mistakes in coding, reproducing or key-punching; laboratory errors; and inconsistent reporting. The original 20,000 analyses considered were reduced to 6,000 representative analyses which are being used in the saline water studies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90054-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Hiss, W.L., Peterson, J., and Ramsey, T., 1969, Saline water in southeastern New Mexico: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 341-360, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90054-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.45751953125,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.7001953125,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.7001953125,\n              33.247875947924385\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.45751953125,\n              33.247875947924385\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.45751953125,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafd5e4b0c8380cd877e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hiss, W. L.","contributorId":15614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiss","given":"W.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, J.B.","contributorId":90389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramsey, T.R.","contributorId":39125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011675,"text":"70011675 - 1969 - The isotopic composition of lead in potassium feldspars from some 1.0-b.y. old North American igneous rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:47:10.573211","indexId":"70011675","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The isotopic composition of lead in potassium feldspars from some 1.0-b.y. old North American igneous rocks","docAbstract":"<p>The isotopic composition of lead and the uranium, thorium and lead concentrations in potassium feldspars are determined for more than 30 1.0-b.y. old North American igneous rocks. Samples representing a broad spectrum in petrographic type and mode of occurrence were chosen; an effort was made to include only rocks having well-documented ages from 950 to 1140 m.y. and showing minimal evidence of subsequent metamorphism.</p><p>Most samples, including those from extensive terranes of contemporaneous age, have limited lead isotope variations (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>= 16.74&amp;#x2013;17.38</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb206Pb204= 16.74–17.38</span></span></span>;<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>= 15.39&amp;#x2013;15.59</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb207Pb204= 15.39–15.59</span></span></span>;<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>208</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>= 36.38&amp;#x2013;37.10</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb208Pb204= 36.38–37.10</span></span></span>), which yield model ages close to the radiometric ages. Granite, pegmatite, and rhyolite from within the Grenville province of Canada and age-equivalent rocks of New York, Virginia, Texas, and Colorado and granophyric units associated with the Duluth Gabbro Complex of Minnesota are among the materials yielding this main isotopic spectrum.</p><p>Several samples were encountered which had isotopic compositions very different from the above group. Lead showing a marked deficiency in radiogenic isotopes was found in two granitic bodies associated with older Labrador Trough rocks from Quebec, in a rapakivi granite from southern Nevada, and in a small granite stock from Mellen, Wisconsin. These occurrences all involve small intrusions of granite which lie near considerably older areas of basement rock. Model ages calculated from the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb206Pb204</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio are older than the age of the intrusions and approach the age of the host basement rock.</p><p>Several possible interpretations are offered to explain the isotopic behavior encountered in this study. In particular, a “vertically differentiated crust” model is proposed which will account for both the main spectrum and the anomalous lead. The significance of lead isotopic studies in understanding crustal structure in continental regions is discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(69)90104-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Zartman, R., and Wasserburg, G., 1969, The isotopic composition of lead in potassium feldspars from some 1.0-b.y. old North American igneous rocks: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, no. 8, p. 901-942, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(69)90104-5.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"901","endPage":"942","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad6ce4b08c986b323bd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wasserburg, G.J.","contributorId":54734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserburg","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010243,"text":"70010243 - 1969 - Oxygen isotope partition function ratio of water and the structure of liquid water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T19:37:07.735339","indexId":"70010243","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2423,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope partition function ratio of water and the structure of liquid water","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/j100725a062","issn":"00223654","usgsCitation":"O’Neil, J.R., and Adami, L., 1969, Oxygen isotope partition function ratio of water and the structure of liquid water: Journal of Physical Chemistry, v. 73, no. 5, p. 1553-1558, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100725a062.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1553","endPage":"1558","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae79e4b08c986b32410e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adami, L.H.","contributorId":56677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adami","given":"L.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010091,"text":"70010091 - 1969 - Anorthosite belts, continental drift, and the anorthosite event","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T19:53:05.269104","indexId":"70010091","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anorthosite belts, continental drift, and the anorthosite event","docAbstract":"<div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container article__body\"><div class=\"pane-content\"><div id=\"panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs\" class=\"panels-ajax-tab-container\" data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded=\"jnl_sci_tab_art\"><div class=\"panels-ajax-tab-wrap-jnl_sci_tab_art\"><div class=\"panel-display panel-1col clearfix\"><div class=\"panel-panel panel-col\"><div><div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\"><div class=\"pane-content\"><div class=\"highwire-markup\"><div id=\"content-block-markup\" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance=\"highwire_reflinks_tooltip\" data-highwire-glossary-tooltip-instance=\"highwire_reflinks_tooltip\"><div class=\"article abstract-view \"><div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\"><p id=\"p-1\">Most anorthosites lie in two principal belts when plotted on a predrift continental reconstruction. Anorthosite ages in the belts cluster around 1300 ± 200 million years and range from 1100 to 1700 million years. This suggests that anorthosites are the product of a unique cataclysmic event or a thermal event that was normal only during the earth's early history.</p></div></div><span id=\"related-urls\"></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.164.3882.944","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Herz, N., 1969, Anorthosite belts, continental drift, and the anorthosite event: Science, v. 164, no. 3882, p. 944-947, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3882.944.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"944","endPage":"947","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"3882","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec4ee4b0c8380cd491b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herz, N.","contributorId":97626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herz","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010035,"text":"70010035 - 1969 - Alpine-type sensu strictu(ophiolitic) peridotites: Refractory residues from partial melting or igneous sediments? A contribution to the discussion of the paper: \"The origin of ultramafic and ultrabasic rocks\" by P.J. Wyllie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T20:01:36.397359","indexId":"70010035","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alpine-type sensu strictu(ophiolitic) peridotites: Refractory residues from partial melting or igneous sediments? A contribution to the discussion of the paper: \"The origin of ultramafic and ultrabasic rocks\" by P.J. Wyllie","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>Although Alpine peridotites and basaltic lavas are widely associated in eugeosynclines and oceanic areas, their genetic ties are obscure. Three major characteristics of olivine-rich Alpine peridotite and dunite—relict cumulus textures, aggregated masses of chromitite, and intimate association with magnesium-rich gabbro — cannot be explained by partial melting of garnet peridotite to form tholeiite. Association of magnesium-rich gabbro with the chromite-bearing and so-called high-temperature Alpine peridotites is believed to present problems that have not been considered by advocates of the partial-melting hypothesis. The chromite-bearing Alpine peridotites and related feldspathic rocks are believed to have formed near the top of the mantle by gravitational differentiation processes which are largely independent of the melting processes that produce basaltic magma at depths of 50 km or more.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(69)90020-1","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Thayer, T.P., 1969, Alpine-type sensu strictu(ophiolitic) peridotites: Refractory residues from partial melting or igneous sediments? A contribution to the discussion of the paper: \"The origin of ultramafic and ultrabasic rocks\" by P.J. Wyllie: Tectonophysics, v. 7, no. 5-6, p. 511-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(69)90020-1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e975e4b0c8380cd482c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thayer, T. P.","contributorId":64629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thayer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010053,"text":"70010053 - 1969 - Determination of fixed water in rocks by infrared absorption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-13T07:42:15","indexId":"70010053","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of fixed water in rocks by infrared absorption","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac60272a028","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Breger, I.A., and Chandler, J., 1969, Determination of fixed water in rocks by infrared absorption: Analytical Chemistry, v. 41, no. 3, p. 506-510, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60272a028.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"506","endPage":"510","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffa5e4b0c8380cd4f2e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breger, Irving A.","contributorId":65205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breger","given":"Irving","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chandler, J.C.","contributorId":76864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010029,"text":"70010029 - 1969 - Lithium and potassium absorption, dehydroxylation temperature, and structural water content of aluminous smectites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T14:39:55","indexId":"70010029","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium and potassium absorption, dehydroxylation temperature, and structural water content of aluminous smectites","docAbstract":"<p>X-ray analysis of Li<sup>+</sup>- and K<sup>+</sup>-saturated samples, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical analysis of 83 samples enable a distinction to be made between Wyoming, Tatatilla, Otay, Chambers, and non-ideal types of montmorillonite, and between ideal and non-ideal types of beidellite. The Greene-Kelly Li<sup>+</sup>-test differentiates between the montmorillonites and beidellites. Re-expansion with ethylene glycol after K<sup>+</sup>-saturation and heating at 300°C depends upon total net layer charge and not upon location of the charge. Wyoming-type montmorillonites characteristically have low net layer charge and re-expand to 17 <span>Å</span>. whereas most other montmorillonites and beidellites have a higher net layer charge and re-expand to less than 17 <span>Å</span>.</p><p>Major differences in dehydroxylation temperatures cannot be related consistently to the amount of Al<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>-for-Si<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> substitution, nor to the amount of Mg, Fe, type of interlayer cations, or particle size. The major factor controlling temperature of dehydroxylation seems to be the amount of structural (OH). Of 19 samples analyzed by TGA, montmorillonites and the one ideal beidellite that give dehydroxylation endotherms on their DTA curves between 650° and 760°C all contain nearly the ideal amount of 4(OH) per unit cell, but the non-ideal montmorillonites and beidellites that give dehydroxylation peaks between 550° and 600°C do not. Non-ideal beidellites contain more than the ideal amount of structural (OH) and non-ideal montmorillonites seem to contain less, although the low temperature of dehydroxylation of the latter could also be due to other structural defects. Change in X-ray diffraction intensity of the 001 reflection during dehydroxylation suggests that the extra (OH) of beidellite occurs at the apex of SiO<sub>4</sub> or AlO<sub>4</sub> tetrahedrons with the H<sup>+</sup> of the (OH)<sup>-</sup> polarized toward vacant cation sites in the octahedral sheet.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170302","usgsCitation":"Schultz, L.G., 1969, Lithium and potassium absorption, dehydroxylation temperature, and structural water content of aluminous smectites: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 3, p. 115-149, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170302.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"149","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4822e4b0c8380cd67c2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schultz, Leonard Gene","contributorId":19146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"Gene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010205,"text":"70010205 - 1969 - Lead isotopes in volcanic rocks and possible ocean-floor thrusting beneath island arcs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T19:39:59.839742","indexId":"70010205","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead isotopes in volcanic rocks and possible ocean-floor thrusting beneath island arcs","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>The isotopic composition of lead in the Japanese primary basalts gradually decreases in radiogenic character in a transverse from the Pacific Ocean side to the Japan Sea side, whereas the observed<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">238U204Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>232</mn></msup><mtext>Th</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">232Th204Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios in the basalts increase in the same direction. The isotopic composition of lead suggests that tholeiite (Pacific side) is generated at a shallower depth than alkali basalt (Japan Sea side) as postulated by Kuno. The inverse correlation of the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">238U204Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>with the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">206Pb204Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios could be due to preferential Pb extraction with respect to uranium at shallow depths. Alternatively, these geochemical results can be interpreted in terms of the Pacific oceanic rigid plate being underthurst beneath the island arc. The isotopic variation in basalts across the Japanese island arc would result from different proportions of the plate material and the upper mantle of continental side in the partial melt.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(69)90187-3","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Tatsumoto, M., 1969, Lead isotopes in volcanic rocks and possible ocean-floor thrusting beneath island arcs: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 6, no. 5, p. 369-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(69)90187-3.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45c6e4b0c8380cd674bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70010259,"text":"70010259 - 1969 - Occurrences of CaCO3 · H2O and its naming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T17:30:22.316105","indexId":"70010259","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Occurrences of CaCO<sub>3</sub> · H<sub>2</sub>O and its naming","title":"Occurrences of CaCO3 · H2O and its naming","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.166.3910.1309.a","usgsCitation":"Fleischer, M., 1969, Occurrences of CaCO3 · H2O and its naming: Science, v. 166, no. 3910, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3910.1309.a.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1309","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"166","issue":"3910","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c6de4b0c8380cd74c0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleischer, Michael","contributorId":65835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011424,"text":"70011424 - 1969 - Chemical composition of selected Kansas brines as an aid to interpreting change in water chemistry with depth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:29:02.44387","indexId":"70011424","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition of selected Kansas brines as an aid to interpreting change in water chemistry with depth","docAbstract":"<p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Chemical analyses of approximately 1,881 samples of water from selected Kansas brines define the variations of water chemistry with depth and aquifer age. The most concentrated brines are found in the Permian rocks which occupy the intermediate section of the geologic column of this area. Salinity decreases below the Permian until the Ordovician (Arbuckle) horizon is reached and then increases until the Precambrian basement rocks are reached. Chemically, the petroleum brines studied in this small area fit the generally accepted pattern of an increase in calcium, sodium and chloride content with increasing salinity. They do not fit the often-predicted trend of increases in the calcium to chloride ratio, calcium content and salinity with depth and geologic age. The calcium to chloride ratio tends to be asymptotic to about 0.2 with increasing chloride content. Sulfate tends to decrease with increasing calcium content. Bicarbonate content is relatively constant with depth.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">If many of the hypotheses concerning the chemistry of petroleum brines are valid, then the brines studied are anomolous. An alternative lies in accepting the thesis that exceptions to these hypotheses are rapidly becoming the rule and that indeed we still do not have a valid and general hypothesis to explain the origin and chemistry of petroleum brines.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90053-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Dingman, R., and Angino, E., 1969, Chemical composition of selected Kansas brines as an aid to interpreting change in water chemistry with depth: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 325-339, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90053-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"339","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70010052,"text":"70010052 - 1969 - Earthquake prediction and control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-24T14:22:12","indexId":"70010052","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake prediction and control","docAbstract":"Scientists look beyond prediction to controlled release of stored strain energy in active fault zones.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1126/science.166.3912.1467","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Pakiser, L.C., Eaton, J.P., Healy, J.H., and Raleigh, C., 1969, Earthquake prediction and control: Science, v. 166, no. 3912, p. 1467-1474, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3912.1467.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1467","endPage":"1474","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"166","issue":"3912","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04fbe4b0c8380cd50bd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pakiser, L. C.","contributorId":83512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pakiser","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eaton, J. P.","contributorId":105313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raleigh, C.B.","contributorId":40219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raleigh","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011569,"text":"70011569 - 1969 - Fractionation of gold in a differentiated tholeiitic dolerite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:00:13.40129","indexId":"70011569","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of gold in a differentiated tholeiitic dolerite","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Gold content was determined, by neutron-activation analysis, in samples from a drill core through the Great Lake sheet, Tasmania, a differentiated tholeiitic dolerite. The gold content of parts of the core seems to be related to the mafic index. The variation of gold content with depth and mafic index is similar to that of copper, indicating that gold and copper may have been concomitantly crystallized from the magma.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90007-2","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rowe, J., 1969, Fractionation of gold in a differentiated tholeiitic dolerite: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 3-4, p. 421-427, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90007-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13a9e4b0c8380cd54721","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowe, J.J.","contributorId":29460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000182,"text":"1000182 - 1969 - Invertebrate macrobenthos of western Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:41","indexId":"1000182","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2720,"text":"Michigan Academician","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate macrobenthos of western Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The present report contributes to knowledge of the relative abundance of major groups of benthic invertebrates in western Lake Superior, primarily in the Apostle Islands region.  Observations are made on the depth habitation of certain species, and some of the fauna are compared to that in some of the other Great Lakes.  Also included is a note on the catch of benthic organisms in a plankton-net tow, and a note on Oligochaeta from Chequamegon Bay and the harbors of Duluth and Superior.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Michigan Academician","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Hiltunen, J.K., 1969, Invertebrate macrobenthos of western Lake Superior: Michigan Academician, v. 1, no. 3-4, p. 123-133.","productDescription":"p. 123-133","startPage":"123","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4884e4b07f02db518982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hiltunen, Jarl K.","contributorId":27820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiltunen","given":"Jarl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014321,"text":"1014321 - 1969 - Host susceptibility and the effect of aging, freezing, heat, and chemicals on spores of Myxosoma cerebralis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T15:47:32.443361","indexId":"1014321","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Host susceptibility and the effect of aging, freezing, heat, and chemicals on spores of Myxosoma cerebralis","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1969)31[35:HSATEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., and Putz, R.E., 1969, Host susceptibility and the effect of aging, freezing, heat, and chemicals on spores of Myxosoma cerebralis: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 31, no. 1, p. 35-37, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1969)31[35:HSATEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62be37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, Glenn L.","contributorId":95934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putz, Robert E.","contributorId":13670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185944,"text":"70185944 - 1969 - Landscape esthetics: How to quantify the scenics of a river valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T15:00:07","indexId":"70185944","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2825,"text":"Natural History","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape esthetics: How to quantify the scenics of a river valley","docAbstract":"<p>There are an increasing number of bills before Congress that in one way or another affect the landscape or the environment. Each of these requires seemingly endless numbers of congressional hearings, which are recorded upon endless reams of paper.</p><p>And if, for some reason, you happen to read the voluminous testimony surrounding one of these environment-affecting proposals, you will generally find a marked contrast between the volume and kind of information presented by those who are pressing for technical development - building a dam, constructing a highway, installing a nuclear power plant - and the testimony of those who either oppose the development or wish to alter it in some way. The developer usually employs numerical arguments, which tend to show that there is an economic benefit to be obtained by constructing something - whatever that something may be. The argument is usually expressed in terms of a \"cost-benefit ratio.\" It is typically argued, for instance, that the construction cost of a given project will be repaid over a period of time and will yield a profit or a benefit in excess of the development costs by a ratio of, let us say, 1.2 to 1. The argument is further supported with great numbers of charts, graphs, tables, and additional figures.</p><p>In marked contrast, those who favor protection of the environment against development are fewer in number, their statements are based on emotion or personal feelings, and they usually lack numerical information, quantitative data, and detailed computations. Perhaps this is the reason why this latter group seems to be continually fighting rearguard actions - losing battle after battle.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Museum of Natural History","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1969, Landscape esthetics: How to quantify the scenics of a river valley: Natural History, no. October 1969, p. 37-44.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"October 1969","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc823e4b02ff32c68576e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70045464,"text":"70045464 - 1969 - Hydrology of the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-23T11:41:05","indexId":"70045464","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Hydrology of the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado","docAbstract":"An investigation of the water resources of the Colorado part of the San Luis Valley was begun in 1966 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board. (See index map, fig. 1). The purpose of the investigation is to provide information for planning and implementing improved water-development and management practices. The major water problems in the San Luis Valley include (1) waterlogging, (2) waste of water by nonbeneficial evapotranspiration, (3) deterioration of ground-water chemical quality, and (4) failure of Colorado to deliver water to New Mexico and Texas in accordance with the Rio Grande Compact. This report describes the hydrologic environment, extent of water-resource development, and some of the problems related to that development. Information presented is based on data collected from 1966 to 1968 and on previous studies. Subsequent reports are planned as the investigation progresses. The San Luis Valley extends about 100 miles from Poncha Pass near the northeast corner of Saguache County, Colo., to a point about 16 miles south of the Colorado-New Mexico State line. The total area is 3,125 square miles, of which about 3,000 are in Colorado. The valley is nearly flat except for the San Luis Hills and a few other small areas. The Colorado part of the San Luis Valley, which is described in this report, has an average altitude of about 7,700 feet. Bounding the valley on the west are the San Juan Mountains and on the east the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Most of the valley floor is bordered by alluvial fans deposited by streams originating in the mountains, the most extensive being the Rio Grande fan (see block diagram, fig. 2 in pocket). Most of the streamflow is derived from snowmelt from 4,700 square miles of watershed in the surrounding mountains. The northern half of the San Luis Valley is internally drained and is referred to as the closed basin. The lowest part of this area is known locally as the \"sump.\" The remainder of the valley is drained by the Rio Grande and its tributaries. The climate of the San Luis Valley is arid, and a successful agricultural economy would not be possible without irrigation. It is characterized by cold winters, moderate summers, and much sunshine. The average annual precipitation on the valley floor ranges from 7 to 10 inches. More than half the precipitation occurs from July to September. Moisture deficiency in the valley is shown by the graph comparing pan evaporation and precipitation {fig. 3}. For the years 1961-67 average pan evaporation for the period April through September was 52.25 inches, but average precipitation for the period was only 5.02 inches. Average annual precipitation was 7.8 inches. Owing to the short growing season (90-120 days), crops a.re restricted mainly to barley, oats, potatoes, and other vegetables.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/70045464","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Emery, P.A., Boettcher, A.J., Snipes, R., and Mcintyre, H., 1969, Hydrology of the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado: Open-File Report, ii, 22 p.; 3 Plates: 23.79 x 27.78 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/70045464.","productDescription":"ii, 22 p.; 3 Plates: 23.79 x 27.78 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"26","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1966-01-01","temporalEnd":"1968-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045464/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":272738,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045464/report.pdf"},{"id":272739,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045464/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":272740,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045464/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":272741,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045464/plate-7.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Alamosa;Conejos;Costilla;Custer;Huerfano;Rio Grande;Saguache","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.25,37.0 ], [ -105.25,38.5 ], [ -106.75,38.5 ], [ -106.75,37.0 ], [ -105.25,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516fc466e4b05024ef3cd408","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emery, P. A.","contributorId":49392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boettcher, A. J.","contributorId":25965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boettcher","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snipes, R.J.","contributorId":16813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snipes","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mcintyre, H.J. Jr.","contributorId":34027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcintyre","given":"H.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70010497,"text":"70010497 - 1969 - Methane-derived marine carbonates of pleistocene age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T19:34:34.151245","indexId":"70010497","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane-derived marine carbonates of pleistocene age","docAbstract":"<div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container article__body\"><div class=\"pane-content\"><div id=\"panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs\" class=\"panels-ajax-tab-container\" data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded=\"jnl_sci_tab_art\"><div class=\"panels-ajax-tab-wrap-jnl_sci_tab_art\"><div class=\"panel-display panel-1col clearfix\"><div class=\"panel-panel panel-col\"><div><div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\"><div class=\"pane-content\"><div class=\"highwire-markup\"><div id=\"content-block-markup\" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance=\"highwire_reflinks_tooltip\" data-highwire-glossary-tooltip-instance=\"highwire_reflinks_tooltip\"><div class=\"article abstract-view \"><div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\"><p id=\"p-1\">In some calcium carbonate-bearing sandstones from the edge of the continental shelf off the northeast United States, the δC<sup>13</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>range is from -30 and -60 per mil for both aragonite and high-magnesium calcite. The δC<sup>13</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of co-existing shells of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Modiolus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>sp. is normal (+ 1.7 to -2.7 per mil). The δO<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>values of around + 3.5 per mil in all samples suggest deposition at temperatures around 0°C. Quaternary methane oxidized either chemically or microbiologically to carbon dioxide is the probable source of carbon in these carbonates.</p></div></div><span id=\"related-urls\"></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.165.3894.690","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hathaway, J., and Degens, E., 1969, Methane-derived marine carbonates of pleistocene age: Science, v. 165, no. 3894, p. 690-692, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3894.690.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"692","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","issue":"3894","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a553ee4b0c8380cd6d178","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hathaway, J.C.","contributorId":94280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degens, E.T.","contributorId":76321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degens","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70010496,"text":"70010496 - 1969 - Interaction of pesticides with natural organic material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T15:34:39.55638","indexId":"70010496","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of pesticides with natural organic material","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es60026a010","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Burcar, P., and Goldberg, M.C., 1969, Interaction of pesticides with natural organic material: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 271-273, https://doi.org/10.1021/es60026a010.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"273","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cb5e4b0c8380cd62f82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burcar, P.J.","contributorId":107424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burcar","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldberg, M. C.","contributorId":89220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}