Nutrient and sediment fluxes and changes in fluxes over time are key indicators that water resource managers can use to assess the progress being made in improving the structure and function of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. The U.S. Geological Survey collects annual nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) and sediment flux data and computes trends that describe the extent to which water-quality conditions are changing within the major Chesapeake Bay tributaries. Two regression-based approaches were compared for estimating annual nutrient and sediment fluxes and for characterizing how these annual fluxes are changing over time. The two regression models compared are the traditionally used ESTIMATOR and the newly developed Weighted Regression on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS). The model comparison focused on answering three questions: (1) What are the differences between the functional form and construction of each model? (2) Which model produces estimates of flux with the greatest accuracy and least amount of bias? (3) How different would the historical estimates of annual flux be if WRTDS had been used instead of ESTIMATOR? One additional point of comparison between the two models is how each model determines trends in annual flux once the year-to-year variations in discharge have been determined. All comparisons were made using total nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphorus, and suspended-sediment concentration data collected at the nine U.S. Geological Survey River Input Monitoring stations located on the Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Rappahannock, Appomattox, Pamunkey, Mattaponi, Patuxent, and Choptank Rivers in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
\nTwo model characteristics that uniquely distinguish ESTIMATOR and WRTDS are the fundamental model form and the determination of model coefficients. ESTIMATOR and WRTDS both predict water-quality constituent concentration by developing a linear relation between the natural logarithm of observed constituent concentration and three explanatory variables—the natural log of discharge, time, and season. ESTIMATOR uses two additional explanatory variables—the square of the log of discharge and time-squared. Both models determine coefficients for variables for a series of estimation windows. ESTIMATOR establishes variable coefficients for a series of 9-year moving windows; all observed constituent concentration data within the 9-year window are used to establish each coefficient. Conversely, WRTDS establishes variable coefficients for each combination of discharge and time using only observed concentration data that are similar in time, season, and discharge to the day being estimated. As a result of these distinguishing characteristics, ESTIMATOR reproduces concentration-discharge relations that are closely approximated by a quadratic or linear function with respect to both the log of discharge and time. Conversely, the linear model form of WRTDS coupled with extensive model windowing for each combination of discharge and time allows WRTDS to reproduce observed concentration-discharge relations that are more sinuous in form.
\nAnother distinction between ESTIMATOR and WRTDS is the reporting of uncertainty associated with the model estimates of flux and trend. ESTIMATOR quantifies the standard error of prediction associated with the determination of flux and trends. The standard error of prediction enables the determination of the 95-percent confidence intervals for flux and trend as well as the ability to test whether the reported trend is significantly different from zero (where zero equals no trend). Conversely, WRTDS is unable to propagate error through the many (over 5,000) models for unique combinations of flow and time to determine a total standard error. As a result, WRTDS flux estimates are not reported with confidence intervals and a level of significance is not determined for flow-normalized fluxes.
\nThe differences between ESTIMATOR and WRTDS, with regard to model form and determination of model coefficients, have an influence on the determination of nutrient and sediment fluxes and associated changes in flux over time as a result of management activities. The comparison between the model estimates of flux and trend was made for combinations of five water-quality constituents at nine River Input Monitoring stations.
\nThe major findings with regard to nutrient and sediment fluxes are as follows: (1)WRTDS produced estimates of flux for all combinations that were more accurate, based on reduction in root mean squared error, than flux estimates from ESTIMATOR; (2) for 67 percent of the combinations, WRTDS and ESTIMATOR both produced estimates of flux that were minimally biased compared to observed fluxes(flux bias = tendency to over or underpredict flux observations); however, for 33 percent of the combinations, WRTDS produced estimates of flux that were considerably less biased (by at least 10 percent) than flux estimates from ESTIMATOR; (3) the average percent difference in annual fluxes generated by ESTIMATOR and WRTDS was less than 10 percent at 80 percent of the combinations; and (4) the greatest differences related to flux bias and annual fluxes all occurred for combinations where the pattern in observed concentration-discharge relation was sinuous (two points of inflection) rather than linear or quadratic (zero or one point of inflection).
\nThe major findings with regard to trends are as follows: (1) both models produce water-quality trends that have factored in the year-to-year variations in flow; (2) trends in water-quality condition are represented by ESTIMATOR as a trend in flow-adjusted concentration and by WRTDS as a flow normalized flux; (3) for 67 percent of the combinations with trend estimates, the WRTDS trends in flow-normalized flux are in the same direction and magnitude to the ESTIMATOR trends in flow-adjusted concentration, and at the remaining 33 percent the differences in trend magnitude and direction are related to fundamental differences between concentration and flux; and (4) the majority (85 percent) of the total nitrogen, nitrate, and orthophosphorus combinations exhibited long-term (1985 to 2010) trends in WRTDS flow-normalized flux that indicate improvement or reduction in associated flux and the majority (83 percent) of the total phosphorus (from 1985 to 2010) and suspended sediment (from 2001 to 2010) combinations exhibited trends in WRTDS flow-normalized flux that indicate degradation or increases in the flux delivered.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125244","isbn":"978-1-4113-3525-7","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program","usgsCitation":"Moyer, D., Hirsch, R.M., and Hyer, K., 2012, Comparison of two regression-based approaches for determining nutrient and sediment fluxes and trends in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5244, x, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125244.","productDescription":"x, 118 p.","numberOfPages":"132","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science 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Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hyer, Kenneth kenhyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyer","given":"Kenneth","email":"kenhyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":471903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042529,"text":"pp1796 - 2012 - An economic value of remote-sensing information—Application to agricultural production and maintaining groundwater quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-11T08:19:30","indexId":"pp1796","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1796","title":"An economic value of remote-sensing information—Application to agricultural production and maintaining groundwater quality","docAbstract":"Does remote-sensing information provide economic benefits to society, and can a value be assigned to those benefits? Can resource management and policy decisions be better informed by coupling past and present Earth observations with groundwater nitrate measurements? Using an integrated assessment approach, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) applied an established conceptual framework to answer these questions, as well as to estimate the value of information (VOI) for remote-sensing imagery. The approach uses moderate-resolution land-imagery (MRLI) data from the Landsat and Advanced Wide Field Sensor satellites that has been classified by the National Agricultural Statistics Service into the Cropland Data Layer (CDL). Within the constraint of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's public health threshold for potable groundwater resources, the USGS modeled the relation between a population of the CDL's land uses and dynamic nitrate (NO3-) contamination of aquifers in a case study region in northeastern Iowa. Employing various multiscaled, multitemporal geospatial datasets with MRLI to maximize the value of agricultural production, the approach develops and uses multiple environmental science models to address dynamic nitrogen loading and transport at specified distances from specific sites (wells) and at landscape scales (for example, across 35 counties and two aquifers). In addition to the ecosystem service of potable groundwater, this effort focuses on the use of MRLI for the management of the major land uses in the study region-the production of corn and soybeans, which can impact groundwater quality. Derived methods and results include (1) economic and dynamic nitrate-pollution models, (2) probabilities of the survival of groundwater, and (3) a VOI for remote sensing. For the northeastern Iowa study region, the marginal benefit of the MRLI VOI (in 2010 dollars) is $858 million ±$197 million annualized, which corresponds to a net present value of $38.1 billion ±$8.8 billion for that flow of benefits in perpetuity. Given that these economic estimates are derived from one case study in a part of only one State, the estimates provide a lower estimate related to the potential value of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1796","usgsCitation":"Forney, W.M., Raunikar, R.P., Bernknopf, R.L., and Mishra, S.K., 2012, An economic value of remote-sensing information—Application to agricultural production and maintaining groundwater quality: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1796, vii, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1796.","productDescription":"vii, 60 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1796.gif"},{"id":265536,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1796/pp1796.pdf"},{"id":265535,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1796/"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f1345fe4b0c982afefa869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forney, William M.","contributorId":43490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raunikar, Ronald P.","contributorId":101535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raunikar","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard L.","contributorId":97061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mishra, Shruti K.","contributorId":21432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mishra","given":"Shruti","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042465,"text":"fs20123034 - 2012 - Groundwater quality in the Colorado River basins, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-09T15:11:28","indexId":"fs20123034","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3034","title":"Groundwater quality in the Colorado River basins, California","docAbstract":"Groundwater provides more than 40 percent of California’s drinking water. To protect this vital resource, the State of California created the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The Priority Basin Project of the GAMA Program provides a comprehensive assessment of the State’s groundwater quality and increases public access to groundwater-quality information. Four groundwater basins along the Colorado River make up one of the study areas being evaluated. The Colorado River study area is approximately 884 square miles (2,290 square kilometers) and includes the Needles, Palo Verde Mesa, Palo Verde Valley, and Yuma groundwater basins (California Department of Water Resources, 2003). The Colorado River study area has an arid climate and is part of the Sonoran Desert. Average annual rainfall is about 3 inches (8 centimeters). Land use in the study area is approximately 47 percent (%) natural (mostly shrubland), 47% agricultural, and 6% urban. The primary crops are pasture and hay. The largest urban area is the city of Blythe (2010 population of 21,000). Groundwater in these basins is used for public and domestic water supply and for irrigation. The main water-bearing units are gravel, sand, silt, and clay deposited by the Colorado River or derived from surrounding mountains. The primary aquifers in the Colorado River study area are defined as those parts of the aquifers corresponding to the perforated intervals of wells listed in the California Department of Public Health database. Public-supply wells in the Colorado River basins are completed to depths between 230 and 460 feet (70 to 140 meters), consist of solid casing from the land surface to a depth of 130 of 390 feet (39 to 119 meters), and are screened or perforated below the solid casing. The main source of recharge to the groundwater systems in the Needles, Palo Verde Mesa, and Palo Verde Valley basins is the Colorado River; in the Yuma basin, the main source of recharge is from subsurface flow from the groundwater basins to the west. Groundwater discharge is primarily to pumping wells, evapotranspiration, and, locally, to the Colorado River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123034","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey and the California State Water Resources Control Board. This report has related reports. Please see: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3032, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036, FS 2012-3098.","usgsCitation":"Dawson, B.J., and Belitz, K., 2012, Groundwater quality in the Colorado River basins, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3034, Report: 4 p.; Related Reports: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3032, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036, FS 2012-3098, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123034.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; Related Reports: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3032, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036, FS 2012-3098","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3034.jpg"},{"id":265448,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5040/"},{"id":265449,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3032"},{"id":265450,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3033"},{"id":265451,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3035"},{"id":265452,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3036"},{"id":265453,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3098"},{"id":265446,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3034/"},{"id":265447,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3034/pdf/fs20123034.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona;California","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.933333,33.008333 ], [ -114.933333,35.054167 ], [ -113.916667,35.054167 ], [ -113.916667,33.008333 ], [ -114.933333,33.008333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ee9170e4b0160a2d0ee333","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Barbara J. 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Milby","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042455,"text":"fs20123032 - 2012 - Groundwater quality in the Owens Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-09T15:04:31","indexId":"fs20123032","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3032","title":"Groundwater quality in the Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"Groundwater provides more than 40 percent of California’s drinking water. To protect this vital resource, the State of California created the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The Priority Basin Project of the GAMA Program provides a comprehensive assessment of the State’s groundwater quality and increases public access to groundwater-quality information. Owens Valley is one of the study areas being evaluated. The Owens study area is approximately 1,030 square miles (2,668 square kilometers) and includes the Owens Valley groundwater basin (California Department of Water Resources, 2003). Owens Valley has a semiarid to arid climate, with average annual rainfall of about 6 inches (15 centimeters). The study area has internal drainage, with runoff primarily from the Sierra Nevada draining east to the Owens River, which flows south to Owens Lake dry lakebed at the southern end of the valley. Beginning in the early 1900s, the City of Los Angeles began diverting the flow of the Owens River to the Los Angeles Aqueduct, resulting in the evaporation of Owens Lake and the formation of the current Owens Lake dry lakebed. Land use in the study area is approximately 94 percent (%) natural, 5% agricultural, and 1% urban. The primary natural land cover is shrubland. The largest urban area is the city of Bishop (2010 population of 4,000). Groundwater in this basin is used for public and domestic water supply and for irrigation. The main water-bearing units are gravel, sand, silt, and clay derived from surrounding mountains. Recharge to the groundwater system is primarily runoff from the Sierra Nevada, and by direct infiltration of irrigation. The primary sources of discharge are pumping wells, evapotranspiration, and underflow to the Owens Lake dry lakebed. The primary aquifers in Owens Valley are defined as those parts of the aquifers corresponding to the perforated intervals of wells listed in the California Department of Public Health database. Public-supply wells in Owens Valley are completed to depths between 210 and 480 feet (64 to 146 meters), consist of solid casing from the land surface to a depth of 50 to 80 feet (15 to 24 meters), and are screened or perforated below the solid casing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123032","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey and the California State Water Resources Control Board. This report has related reports. Please see: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3034, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036, FS 2012-3098.","usgsCitation":"Dawson, B.J., and Belitz, K., 2012, Groundwater quality in the Owens Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3032, Report: 4 p.; Related Reports: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3034, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036, FS 2012-3098, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123032.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; Related Reports: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3034, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036, FS 2012-3098","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265430,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5040/"},{"id":265431,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3033"},{"id":265428,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3032/"},{"id":265429,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3032/pdf/fs20123032.pdf"},{"id":265432,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3034"},{"id":265433,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3035"},{"id":265434,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3036"},{"id":265435,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3098"},{"id":265436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3032.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.75,36.0 ], [ -118.75,38.0 ], [ -117.5,38.0 ], [ -117.5,36.0 ], [ -118.75,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ee9174e4b0160a2d0ee33f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Barbara J. Milby 0000-0002-0209-8158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-8158","contributorId":57334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J. Milby","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042467,"text":"fs20123098 - 2012 - Groundwater quality in Coachella Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-09T15:12:53","indexId":"fs20123098","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3098","title":"Groundwater quality in Coachella Valley, California","docAbstract":"Groundwater provides more than 40 percent of California’s drinking water. To protect this vital resource, the State of California created the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The Priority Basin Project of the GAMA Program provides a comprehensive assessment of the State’s groundwater quality and increases public access to groundwater-quality information. Coachella Valley is one of the study areas being evaluated. The Coachella study area is approximately 820 square miles (2,124 square kilometers) and includes the Coachella Valley groundwater basin (California Department of Water Resources, 2003). Coachella Valley has an arid climate, with average annual rainfall of about 6 inches (15 centimeters). The runoff from the surrounding mountains drains to rivers that flow east and south out of the study area to the Salton Sea. Land use in the study area is approximately 67 percent (%) natural, 21% agricultural, and 12% urban. The primary natural land cover is shrubland. The largest urban areas are the cities of Indio and Palm Springs (2010 populations of 76,000 and 44,000, respectively). Groundwater in this basin is used for public and domestic water supply and for irrigation. The main water-bearing units are gravel, sand, silt, and clay derived from surrounding mountains. The primary aquifers in Coachella Valley are defined as those parts of the aquifers corresponding to the perforated intervals of wells listed in the California Department of Public Health database. Public-supply wells in Coachella Valley are completed to depths between 490 and 900 feet (149 to 274 meters), consist of solid casing from the land surface to a depth of 260 to 510 feet (79 to 155 meters), and are screened or perforated below the solid casing. Recharge to the groundwater system is primarily runoff from the surrounding mountains, and by direct infiltration of irrigation. The primary sources of discharge are pumping wells, evapotranspiration, and underflow to the Salton Sea and Imperial Valley areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123098","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey and the California State Water Resources Control Board. This report has related reports. Please see: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3032, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3034, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036.","usgsCitation":"Dawson, B.J., and Belitz, K., 2012, Groundwater quality in Coachella Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3098, Report: 4 p.; Related Reports: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3032, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3034, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123098.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; Related Reports: SIR 2012-5040, FS 2012-3032, FS 2012-3033, FS 2012-3034, FS 2012-3035, FS 2012-3036","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265472,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3098.jpg"},{"id":265466,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5040/"},{"id":265467,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3032"},{"id":265468,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3033"},{"id":265469,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3034"},{"id":265470,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3035"},{"id":265471,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3036"},{"id":265464,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3098/"},{"id":265465,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3098/pdf/fs20123098.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,33.3 ], [ -117.0,34.1 ], [ -115.75,34.1 ], [ -115.75,33.3 ], [ -117.0,33.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ee916fe4b0160a2d0ee32b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Barbara J. Milby 0000-0002-0209-8158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-8158","contributorId":57334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J. Milby","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042411,"text":"ds734 - 2012 - Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T11:14:59","indexId":"ds734","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"734","title":"Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2011","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, designed and operates a series of monitoring stations on streams throughout Missouri known as the Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network. During the 2011 water year (October 1, 2010, through September 30, 2011), data were collected at 75 stations—72 Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network stations, 2 U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network stations, and 1 spring sampled in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service. Dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, water temperature, suspended solids, suspended sediment, fecal coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli bacteria, dissolved nitrate plus nitrite, total phosphorus, dissolved and total recoverable lead and zinc, and select pesticide compound summaries are presented for 72 of these stations. The stations primarily have been classified into groups corresponding to the physiography of the State, primary land use, or unique station types. In addition, a summary of hydrologic conditions in the State including peak discharges, monthly mean discharges, and 7-day low flow is presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds734","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Barr, M.N., 2012, Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 734, vi, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds734.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-10-01","temporalEnd":"2011-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_734.gif"},{"id":265363,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/734/"},{"id":265364,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/734/ds734.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 15","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.8,36.0 ], [ -95.8,40.6 ], [ -89.1,40.6 ], [ -89.1,36.0 ], [ -95.8,36.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50ebee6ee4b07f1501afcfc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barr, Miya N. 0000-0002-9961-9190 mnbarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9961-9190","contributorId":3686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"Miya","email":"mnbarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042337,"text":"ds736 - 2012 - Land Capability Potential Index (LCPI) and geodatabase for the Lower Missouri River Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T12:54:21","indexId":"ds736","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"736","title":"Land Capability Potential Index (LCPI) and geodatabase for the Lower Missouri River Valley","docAbstract":"The Land Capacity Potential Index (LCPI) is a coarse-scale index intended to delineate broad land-capability classes in the Lower Missouri River valley bottom from the Gavins Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota to the mouth of the Missouri River near St. Louis, Missouri (river miles 811–0). The LCPI provides a systematic index of wetness potential and soil moisture-retention potential of the valley-bottom lands by combining the interactions among water-surface elevations, land-surface elevations, and the inherent moisture-retention capability of soils. A nine-class wetness index was generated by intersecting a digital elevation model for the valley bottom with sloping water-surface elevation planes derived from eight modeled discharges. The flow-recurrence index was then intersected with eight soil-drainage classes assigned to soils units in the digital Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database (Soil Survey Staff, 2010) to create a 72-class index of potential flow-recurrence and moisture-retention capability of Missouri River valley-bottom lands. The LCPI integrates the fundamental abiotic factors that determine long-term suitability of land for various uses, particularly those relating to vegetative communities and their associated values. Therefore, the LCPI provides a mechanism allowing planners, land managers, landowners, and other stakeholders to assess land-use capability based on the physical properties of the land, in order to guide future land-management decisions. This report documents data compilation for the LCPI in a revised and expanded, 72-class version for the Lower Missouri River valley bottom, and inclusion of additional soil attributes to allow users flexibility in exploring land capabilities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds736","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, and the Nature Conservancy","usgsCitation":"Chojnacki, K.A., Struckhoff, M.A., and Jacobson, R.B., 2012, Land Capability Potential Index (LCPI) and geodatabase for the Lower Missouri River Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 736, Report: iv, 18 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds736.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037780","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265277,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_736.gif"},{"id":265276,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/736/downloads/"},{"id":265274,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/736/"},{"id":265275,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/736/ds736.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.0,38.0 ], [ -98.0,43.5 ], [ -90.0,43.5 ], [ -90.0,38.0 ], [ -98.0,38.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e7f9ebe4b033ce2d2433e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chojnacki, Kimberly A. kchojnacki@usgs.gov","contributorId":1978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chojnacki","given":"Kimberly","email":"kchojnacki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Struckhoff, Matthew A. 0000-0002-4911-9956 mstruckhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4911-9956","contributorId":2095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Struckhoff","given":"Matthew","email":"mstruckhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70093199,"text":"ofr20121024 - 2012 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70037931,"text":"ofr20121024A - 2012 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana: Chapter A in Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources","indexId":"ofr20121024A","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Bighorn Basin, Wyoming and Montana: Chapter A in Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70093199,"text":"ofr20121024 - 2012 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources","indexId":"ofr20121024","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70040574,"text":"ofr20121024B - 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The geologic sequestration of CO2 is one possible way to mitigate its effects on climate change. The methodology used for the national CO2 assessment (Open-File Report 2010-1127; http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1127/) is based on previous USGS probabilistic oil and gas assessment methodologies. The methodology is non-economic and intended to be used at regional to subbasinal scales. The operational unit of the assessment is a storage assessment unit (SAU), composed of a porous storage formation with fluid flow and an overlying sealing unit with low permeability. Assessments are conducted at the SAU level and are aggregated to basinal and regional results. This report identifies and contains geologic descriptions of SAUs in separate packages of sedimentary rocks within the assessed basin and focuses on the particular characteristics, specified in the methodology, that influence the potential CO2 storage resource in those SAUs. Specific descriptions of the SAU boundaries as well as their sealing and reservoir units are included. Properties for each SAU such as depth to top, gross thickness, net porous thickness, porosity, permeability, groundwater quality, and structural reservoir traps are provided to illustrate geologic factors critical to the assessment. Although assessment results are not contained in this report, the geologic information included here will be employed, as specified in the methodology, to calculate a statistical Monte Carlo-based distribution of potential storage space in the various SAUs. Figures in this report show SAU boundaries and cell maps of well penetrations through the sealing unit into the top of the storage formation. Wells sharing the same well borehole are treated as a single penetration. Cell maps show the number of penetrating wells within one square mile and are derived from interpretations of incompletely attributed well data, a digital compilation that is known not to include all drilling. The USGS does not expect to know the location of all wells and cannot guarantee the amount of drilling through specific formations in any given cell shown on cell maps.
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Stream conditions at the end of the study period are evaluated and compared to previous years, stream biological communities and physical and chemical conditions are characterized, streams are described relative to Kansas Department of Health and Environment impairment categories and water-quality standards, and environmental factors that most strongly correlate with biological stream quality are evaluated. The information is useful for improving water-quality management programs, documenting changing conditions with time, and evaluating compliance with water-quality standards, total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit conditions, and other established guidelines and goals. Constituent concentrations in water during base flow varied across the study area and 2010 conditions were not markedly different from those measured in 2003, 2004, and 2007. Generally the highest specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved solids and major ions in water occurred at urban sites except the upstream Cedar Creek site, which is rural and has a large area of commercial and industrial land less than 1 mile upstream on both sides of the creek. The highest base-flow nutrient concentrations in water occurred downstream from wastewater treatment facilities. Water chemistry data represent base-flow conditions only, and do not show the variability in concentrations that occurs during stormwater runoff. Constituent concentrations in streambed sediment also varied across the study area and some notable changes occurred from previously collected data. High organic carbon and nutrient concentrations at the rural Big Bull Creek site in 2003 decreased to at least one-fourth of those concentrations in 2007 and 2010 likely because of the reduction in upstream wastewater discharge contributions. The highest concentrations of trace metals in 2010 occurred at urban sites on Mill and Indian Creeks. Zinc was the only metal to exceed the probable effects concentration in 2010, which occurred at a site on Indian Creek. In 2007, chromium and nickel at the upstream urban Cedar Creek site exceeded the probable effects concentrations, and in 2003, no metals exceeded the probable effects concentrations. Of 72 organic compounds analyzed in streambed sediment, 26 were detected including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fuel products, fragrances, preservatives, plasticizers, manufacturing byproducts, flame retardants, and disinfectants. All 6 PAH compounds analyzed were detected, and the probable effects concentrations for 4 of the 6 PAH compounds analyzed were exceeded in 2010. Only five pesticide compounds were detected in streambed sediment, including carbazole and four pyrethroid compounds. Chronic toxicity guidelines for pyrethroid compounds were exceeded at five sites. Biological conditions reflected a gradient in urban land use, with the less disturbed streams located in rural areas of Johnson County. About 19 percent of sites in 2010 (four sites) were fully supporting of aquatic life on the basis of the four metrics used by Kansas Department of Health and Environment to categorize sites. This is a notable difference compared to previous years when no sites (in 2003 and 2004) or just one site (in 2007) was fully supporting of aquatic life. Multimetric macroinvertebrate scores improved at the Big Bull Creek site where wastewater discharges were reduced in 2007. Environmental variables that consistently were highly negatively correlated with biological conditions were percent impervious surface and percent urban land use. In addition, density of stormwater outfall points adjacent to streams was significantly negatively correlated with biological conditions. Specific conductance of water and sum of PAH concentrations in streambed sediment also were significantly negatively correlated with biological conditions. Total nitrogen in water and total phosphorus in streambed sediment were correlated with most of the invertebrate variables, which is a notable difference from previous analyses using smaller datasets, in which nutrient relations were weak or not detected. The most important habitat variables were sinuosity, length and continuity of natural buffers, riffle substrate embeddedness, and substrate cover diversity, each of which was correlated with all invertebrate metrics including a 10-metric combined score. Correlation analysis indicated that if riparian and in-stream habitat conditions improve then so might invertebrate communities and stream biological quality. Sixty-two percent of the variance in macroinvertebrate community metrics was explained by the single environmental factor, percent impervious surface. Invertebrate responses to urbanization in Johnson County indicated linearity rather than identifiable thresholds. Multiple linear regression models developed for each of the four macroinvertebrate metrics used to determine aquatic-life-support status indicated that percent impervious surface, as a measure of urban land use, explained 34 to 67 percent of the variability in biological communities. Results indicate that although multiple factors are correlated with stream quality degradation, general urbanization, as indicated by impervious surface area or urban land use, consistently is determined to be the fundamental factor causing change in stream quality. Effects of urbanization on Johnson County streams are similar to effects described in national studies that assess effects of urbanization on stream health. Individually important environmental factors such as specific conductance of water, PAHs in streambed sediment, and stream buffer conditions, are affected by urbanization and, collectively, all contribute to stream impairments. Policies and management practices that may be most important in protecting the health of streams in Johnson County are those minimizing the effects of impervious surface, protecting stream corridors, and decreasing the loads of sediment, nutrients, and toxic chemicals that directly enter streams through stormwater runoff and discharges.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125279","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, T.J., Stone, M.S., Poulton, B.C., and Graham, J.L., 2012, Quality of streams in Johnson County, Kansas, 2002--10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5279, vii, 103 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125279.","productDescription":"vii, 103 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266322,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5279/sir12_5279.pdf"},{"id":266320,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5279/"},{"id":266323,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/SIR_2012_5279.GIF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Johnson County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.0565,38.7376 ], [ -95.0565,39.0616 ], [ -94.6074,39.0616 ], [ -94.6074,38.7376 ], [ -95.0565,38.7376 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5101147be4b033b1feeb2c08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, Teresa J. 0000-0002-7023-3868 rasmuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":3336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Teresa","email":"rasmuss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Mandy S.","contributorId":97791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Mandy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6420-9335 jlgraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":1769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70157463,"text":"70157463 - 2012 - Genetic variation reveals influence of landscape connectivity on population dynamics and resiliency of western trout in disturbance-prone habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T09:33:18","indexId":"70157463","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":295,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":" RMRS-GTR-290","title":"Genetic variation reveals influence of landscape connectivity on population dynamics and resiliency of western trout in disturbance-prone habitats","docAbstract":"Salmonid fishes have evolved and persisted in dynamic ecosystems where disturbance events vary in frequency, magnitude, timing, and duration, as well as the specific nature of associated effects (e.g., changes in thermal or flow regimes, geomorphology, or water chemistry). In the western United States, one of the major drivers of disturbance in stream ecosystems is fire. Although there is a growing consensus that fish populations can ultimately benefit from the productive and heterogeneous habitats created by fire, to persist they obviously have to withstand the immediate and shorter-term effects of fire, which can reduce or even extirpate local populations. Movement among interconnected stream habitats is thought to be an important strategy enabling persistence during and following fire, and there is mounting concern that the extensive isolation of salmonid populations in fragmented habitats is reducing their resiliency to fire. In spite of this concern, there are few direct observations of salmonid responses to fire. In fact, guidance is based largely on a broader understanding of the influences of landscape structure and disturbance in general on salmonid fishes, and there is considerable uncertainty about how best to manage for salmonid resilience to wildfire. Studies are limited by the difficult logistics of following fish responses in the face of unpredictable events such as wildfires. Therefore, BACI (Before-After-Control-Impact) study designs are nearly impossible, and replication is similarly challenging because fires are often low-frequency events. Furthermore, conventional ecological study approaches (e.g., studies of fish distribution, abundance, life histories, and movement) are logistically difficult to implement. Overall, a major challenge to understanding resilience of salmonid populations in fire-prone environments is related to moving beyond localized case studies to those with broader applicability in wildfire management . Genetic data can be useful for overcoming many of the limitations inherent in ecological studies. Here we review several case studies of western trout where population genetic data have provided insight about fish responses to fragmentation and disturbance more generally, and specifically in relation to fire. Results of these studies confirm the importance of movement and landscape connectivity for ensuring fish persistence in fire-prone landscapes, and highlight the usefulness of genetic approaches for broad-scale evaluation and monitoring of population responses to fire and related management actions.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"US Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Helen M. Neville, Gresswell, R.E., and Dunham, J.B., 2012, Genetic variation reveals influence of landscape connectivity on population dynamics and resiliency of western trout in disturbance-prone habitats: Technical Report RMRS-GTR-290, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"186","ipdsId":"IP-013149","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/41932"}],"country":"United States","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":3,"text":"Helena PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591426c0e4b0e541a03e961c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helen M. Neville","contributorId":147922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helen M. Neville","affiliations":[{"id":6579,"text":"Trout Unlimited, Boise, ID, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E. 0000-0003-0063-855X bgresswell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0063-855X","contributorId":147914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert","email":"bgresswell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B. 0000-0002-6268-0633 jdunham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-0633","contributorId":147808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason","email":"jdunham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042221,"text":"sir20125285 - 2012 - Borehole geophysical, fluid, and hydraulic properties within and surrounding the freshwater/saline-water transition zone, San Antonio segment of the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas, 2010-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T10:51:07","indexId":"sir20125285","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5285","title":"Borehole geophysical, fluid, and hydraulic properties within and surrounding the freshwater/saline-water transition zone, San Antonio segment of the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas, 2010-11","docAbstract":"The freshwater zone of the San Antonio segment of the Edwards aquifer is used by residents of San Antonio and numerous other rapidly growing communities in south-central Texas as their primary water supply source. This freshwater zone is bounded to the south and southeast by a saline-water zone with an intermediate zone transitioning from freshwater to saline water, the transition zone. As demands on this water supply increase, there is concern that the transition zone could potentially move, resulting in more saline water in current supply wells. Since 1985, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), San Antonio Water System (SAWS), and other Federal and State agencies have conducted studies to better understand the transition zone.
\nDuring 2010 and 2011, the USGS, in cooperation with SAWS, conducted a study to further assess the potential for movement of the transition zone in part of the San Antonio segment of the Edwards aquifer. Equivalent freshwater heads were computed to investigate the transition from saline to freshwater zones in the San Antonio segment and evaluate the potential for lateral flow at the freshwater/saline-water interface. Data were collected within and surrounding the transition zone from 13 wells in four transects (East Uvalde, Tri-County, Fish Hatchery, and Kyle).
\nHydraulic head and geophysical log data were used to calculate equivalent freshwater heads and then analyzed to identify possible horizontal gradients across the transition zone and thus flow. Unlike previous studies that used indirect methods to calculate fluid conductivity from fluid resistivity, in this study geophysical tools that directly measured fluid conductivity were used. Electromagnetic (EM) flowmeter logs were collected under both ambient and stressed (pumping) conditions and were processed to identify vertical flow zones within the borehole.
\nThe San Antonio segment of the Edwards aquifer (the study area) is about 175 miles long and extends from the western groundwater divide near Brackettville in Kinney County to the eastern groundwater divide near Kyle in Hays County. The four transects consist of two to five wells per transect and were configured approximately perpendicular to and across the expected trace of the freshwater/saline-water interface.
\nThe deep flow zone indicated by the EM flowmeter data for East Uvalde transect well EU2 corresponds directly with a large, negative deflection of the fluid logs, indicating an inflow of fresher water from the Devils River Limestone. To the southwest, towards the freshwater/saline-water interface, this same flow zone was observed in well EU1, but with a reduction of flow, and displayed no apparent fluid curve deflections.
\nThe highest observed transmissivity of the study area was observed in the saline zone of the Tri-County transect, at well TC3, which had a total transmissivity of 24,900 square feet per day. Zones of high transmissivity throughout the study site were observed to not be continuous and are likely caused by localized secondary porosity such as intersecting faults or karst features.
\nAlthough analyses of daily mean equivalent freshwater heads for the East Uvalde transect indicated that the gradient across the freshwater/saline-water interface varied between into and out of the freshwater zone, the data indicate that there was a slightly longer period during which the gradient was out of the freshwater zone. Analyses of all daily mean equivalent freshwater heads for the Tri-County transect indicated that the lateral-head gradients across the freshwater/saline-water interface were typically mixed (not indicative of flow into or out of freshwater zone). Assessment of the daily mean equivalent freshwater heads indicated that, although the lateral-head gradient at the Kyle transect varied between into and out of the freshwater zone, the lateral-head gradient was typically from the transition zone into the freshwater zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125285","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.V., Stanton, G.P., and Lambert, R.B., 2012, Borehole geophysical, fluid, and hydraulic properties within and surrounding the freshwater/saline-water transition zone, San Antonio segment of the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas, 2010-11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5285, Report: viii, 65 p.; 3 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125285.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 65 p.; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264903,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5285/pdf/sir2012-5285-app2.pdf","text":"Appendix 2"},{"id":264904,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5285/pdf/sir2012-5285-app3.pdf","text":"Appendix 3"},{"id":264905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5285.gif"},{"id":264902,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5285/downloads/sir2012-5285-app1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1"},{"id":264900,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5285/"},{"id":264901,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5285/pdf/sir2012-5285.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 14","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Atascosa County, Bexar County, Caldwell County, Comal County, Frio County, Guadalupe County, Hays County, Kinney County, Maverick County, Medina County, Travis County, Uvalde County, Wilson County, Zavala County","city":"San Antonio","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.75,28.5 ], [ -100.75,30.25 ], [ -97.25,30.25 ], [ -97.25,28.5 ], [ -100.75,28.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5cfe5e4b0a4aa5bb0ae90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Jonathan V. 0000-0003-0903-9713 jvthomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0903-9713","contributorId":2194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jonathan","email":"jvthomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, Gregory P. 0000-0001-8622-0933 gstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-0933","contributorId":1583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Gregory","email":"gstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":471022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lambert, Rebecca B. 0000-0002-0611-1591 blambert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-1591","contributorId":1135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"Rebecca","email":"blambert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042217,"text":"sir20125262 - 2012 - Assessing potential effects of changes in water use with a numerical groundwater-flow model of Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-28T13:48:13","indexId":"sir20125262","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5262","title":"Assessing potential effects of changes in water use with a numerical groundwater-flow model of Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California","docAbstract":"Rapid growth and development within Carson Valley in Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California, has caused concern over the continued availability of groundwater, and whether the increased municipal demand could either impact the availability of water or result in decreased flow in the Carson River. Annual pumpage of groundwater has increased from less than 10,000 acre feet per year (acre-ft/yr) in the 1970s to about 31,000 acre-ft/yr in 2004, with most of the water used in agriculture. Municipal use of groundwater totaled about 10,000 acre-feet in 2000. In comparison, average streamflow entering the valley from 1940 to 2006 was 344,100 acre-ft/yr, while average flow exiting the valley was 297,400 acre-ft/yr. Carson Valley is underlain by semi-consolidated Tertiary sediments that are exposed on the eastern side and dip westward. Quaternary fluvial and alluvial deposits overlie the Tertiary sediments in the center and western side of the valley. The hydrology of Carson Valley is dominated by the Carson River, which supplies irrigation water for about 39,000 acres of farmland and maintains the water table less than 5 feet (ft) beneath much of the valley floor. Perennial and ephemeral watersheds drain the Carson Range and the Pine Nut Mountains, and mountain-front recharge to the groundwater system from these watersheds is estimated to average 36,000 acre-ft/yr. Groundwater in Carson Valley flows toward the Carson River and north toward the outlet of the Carson Valley. An upward hydraulic gradient exists over much of the valley, and artesian wells flow at land surface in some areas. Water levels declined as much as 15 ft since 1980 in some areas on the eastern side of the valley. Median estimated transmissivities of Quaternary alluvial-fan and fluvial sediments, and Tertiary sediments are 316; 3,120; and 110 feet squared per day (ft2/d), respectively, with larger transmissivity values in the central part of the valley and smaller values near the valley margins. A groundwater-flow model of Quaternary and Tertiary sediments in Carson Valley was developed using MODFLOW and calibrated to simulate historical conditions from water years 1971 through 2005. The 35-year transient simulation represented quarterly changes in precipitation, streamflow, pumping and irrigation. Inflows to the groundwater system simulated in the model include mountain-front recharge from watersheds in the Carson Range and Pine Nut Mountains, valley recharge from precipitation and land application of wastewater, agricultural recharge from irrigation, and septic-tank discharge. Outflows from the groundwater system simulated in the model include evapotranspiration from the water table and groundwater withdrawals for municipal, domestic, irrigation and other water supplies. The exchange of water between groundwater, the Carson River, and the irrigation system was represented with a version of the Streamflow Routing (SFR) package that was modified to apply diversions from the irrigation network to irrigated areas as recharge. The groundwater-flow model was calibrated through nonlinear regression with UCODE to measured water levels and streamflow to estimate values of hydraulic conductivity, recharge and streambed hydraulic-conductivity that were represented by 18 optimized parameters. The aquifer system was simulated as confined to facilitate numerical convergence, and the hydraulic conductivity of the top active model layers that intersect the water table was multiplied by a factor to account for partial saturation. Storage values representative of specific yield were specified in parts of model layers where unconfined conditions are assumed to occur. The median transmissivity (T) values (11,000 and 800 ft2/d for the fluvial and alluvial-fan sediments, respectively) are both within the third quartile of T values estimated from specific-capacity data, but T values for Tertiary sediments are larger than the third quartile estimated from specific-capacity data. The estimated vertical anisotropy for the Quaternary fluvial sediments (9,000) is comparable to the value estimated for a previous model of Carson Valley. The estimated total volume of mountain-front recharge is equivalent to a previous estimate from the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) watershed models, but less recharge is estimated for the Carson Range and more recharge is estimated for the Pine Nut Mountains than the previous estimate. Simulated flow paths indicate that groundwater flows faster through the center of Carson Valley and slower through the lower hydraulic-conductivity Tertiary sediments to the east. Shallow flow in the center of the valley is towards drainage channels, but deeper flow is generally directed toward the basin outlet to the north. The aquifer system is in a dynamic equilibrium with large inflows from storage in dry years and large outflows to storage in wet years. Pumping has historically been less than 10 percent of outflows from the groundwater system, and agricultural recharge has been less than 10 percent of inflows to the groundwater system. Three principal sources of uncertainty that affect model results are: (1) the hydraulic characteristics of the Tertiary sediments on the eastern side of the basin, (2) the composition of sediments beneath the alluvial fans and (3) the extent of the confining unit represented within fluvial sediments in the center of the basin. The groundwater-flow model was used in five 55-year predictive simulations to evaluate the long-term effects of different water-use scenarios on water-budget components, groundwater levels, and streamflow in the Carson River. The predictive simulations represented water years 2006 through 2060 using quarterly stress periods with boundary conditions that varied cyclically to represent the transition from wet to dry conditions observed from water years 1995 through 2004. The five scenarios included a base scenario with 2005 pumping rates held constant throughout the simulation period and four other scenarios using: (1) pumping rates increased by 70 percent, including an additional 1,340 domestic wells, (2A) pumping rates more than doubled with municipal pumping increased by a factor of four over the base scenario, (2B) pumping rates of 2A with 2,040 fewer domestic wells, and (3) pumping rates of 2A with 3,700 acres removed from irrigation. The 55-year predictive simulations indicate that increasing groundwater withdrawals under the scenarios considered would result in as much as 40 ft and 60 ft of water-table decline on the west and east sides of Carson Valley, respectively. The water table in the central part of the valley would remain essentially unchanged, but water-level declines of as much as 30 ft are predicted for the deeper, confined aquifer. The increased withdrawals would reduce the volume of groundwater storage and decrease the mean downstream flow in the Carson River by as much as 16,500 acre-ft/yr. If, in addition, 3,700 acres were removed from irrigation, the reduction in mean downstream flow in the Carson River would be only 6,500 acre-ft/yr. The actual amount of flow reduction is uncertain because of potential changes in irrigation practices that may not be accounted for in the model. The projections of the predictive simulations are sensitive to rates of mountain-front recharge specified for the Carson Range and the Pine Nut Mountains. The model provides a tool that can be used to aid water managers and planners in making informed decisions. A prudent management approach would include continued monitoring of water levels on both the east and west sides of Carson Valley to either verify the predictions of the groundwater-flow model or to provide additional data for recalibration of the model if the predictions prove inaccurate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125262","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Carson Water Subconservancy District","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., Maurer, D.K., and Mayers, C., 2012, Assessing potential effects of changes in water use with a numerical groundwater-flow model of Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5262, x, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125262.","productDescription":"x, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"98","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5262.jpg"},{"id":264888,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5262/"},{"id":264889,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5262/pdf/sir2012-5262.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","county":"Alpine;Churchill;Douglas;Storey;Washoe","otherGeospatial":"Carson River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.0,38.25 ], [ -120.0,40.5 ], [ -118.0,40.5 ], [ -118.0,38.25 ], [ -120.0,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5cfe1e4b0a4aa5bb0ae7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Richard M. 0000-0001-7725-1148 ryager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-1148","contributorId":950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Richard","email":"ryager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":471008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":471009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayers, C.J.","contributorId":17410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":471010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70042153,"text":"sir20125264 - 2012 - Availability and distribution of low flow in Anahola Stream, Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-27T15:47:41","indexId":"sir20125264","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5264","title":"Availability and distribution of low flow in Anahola Stream, Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi","docAbstract":"Anahola Stream is a perennial stream in northeast Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, that supports agricultural, domestic, and cultural uses within its drainage basin. Beginning in the late 19th century, Anahola streamflow was diverted by Makee Sugar Company at altitudes of 840 feet (upper intake) and 280 feet (lower intake) for irrigating sugarcane in the Keālia area. When sugarcane cultivation in the Keālia area ceased in 1988, part of the Makee Sugar Company’s surface-water collection system (Makee diversion system) in the Anahola drainage basin was abandoned. In an effort to better manage available surface-water resources, the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Hawaiian Home Lands is considering using the existing ditches in the Anahola Stream drainage basin to provide irrigation water for Native Hawaiian farmers in the area. To provide information needed for successful management of the surface-water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated the availability and distribution of natural low flow in Anahola Stream and also collected low-flow data in Goldfish Stream, a stream that discharges into Kaneha Reservoir, which served as a major collection point for the Makee diversion system. Biological surveys of Anahola Stream were conducted as part of a study to determine the distribution of native and nonnative aquatic stream fauna. Results of the biological surveys indicated the presence of the following native aquatic species in Anahola Stream: ʻoʻopu ʻakupa (Sandwich Island sleeper) and ʻoʻopu naniha (Tear-drop goby) in the lower stream reaches surveyed; and ʻoʻopu nākea (Pacific river goby), ʻoʻopu nōpili (Stimpson’s goby), and ʻōpae kalaʻole (Mountain shrimp) in the middle and upper stream reaches surveyed. Nonnative aquatic species were found in all of the surveyed stream reaches along Anahola Stream. The availability and distribution of natural low flow were determined using a combination of discharge measurements made from February 2011 to May 2012 at low-flow partial-record and seepage-run stations established at locations of interest along study-area streams. Upstream of the upper intake, the estimated natural (undiverted) median flow in Anahola Stream is 2.7 million gallons per day, and the flow is expected to be greater than or equal to 0.97 million gallons per day 95 percent of the time. About 0.7 mile upstream of the lower intake and downstream from the confluence with Keaʻoʻopu Stream, the estimated natural (undiverted) median flow in Anahola Stream is 6.3 million gallons per day, and the flow is expected to be greater than or equal to 2.7 million gallons per day 95 percent of the time. In Goldfish Stream, about 0.4 mile upstream from the point of discharge into Kaneha Reservoir, the estimated natural median flow is 0.54 million gallons per day, and the flow is expected to be greater than or equal to 0.23 million gallons per day 95 percent of the time. The discharge estimates are representative of low-flow conditions in the study-area streams, and they are applicable to the base period (water years 1961–2011) over which they have been computed. The distribution of natural low flow in Anahola Stream was characterized through data collected during wet- and dry-season seepage runs. Seepage-run results show that Anahola Stream was generally a gaining stream under natural low-flow conditions. During the wet-season seepage run, Anahola Stream at the station located upstream of tributary Kaʻalula Stream had more than five times the flow that was measured upstream from the upper intake. The estimated total gain (including tributary inflow) in the 6.1-mile seepage-run reach was 6.97 million gallons per day; about 42 percent of that gain was groundwater discharge to the main channel of Anahola Stream. During the dry-season seepage run, about 34 percent of the estimated total gain of 3.93 million gallons per day in the same seepage-run reach was groundwater discharge to the main channel of Anahola Stream. A 15-percent seepage loss was estimated in a 0.3-mile reach downstream from the confluence of Anahola and Keaʻoʻopu Streams. The report summarizes scenarios that describe (1) surface-water availability under regulated conditions of Anahola Stream if the upper and lower intakes are restored in the future; and (2) amount of flow available for agricultural use at the upper intake under a variety of potential instream-flow standards that may be established by the State of Hawaiʻi for the protection of instream uses.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125264","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Hawaiian Home Lands","usgsCitation":"Cheng, C.L., and Wolff, R.H., 2012, Availability and distribution of low flow in Anahola Stream, Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5264, vi, 32 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125264.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5264.jpg"},{"id":264842,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5264/"},{"id":264843,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5264/pdf/sir20125264.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kauai;Anahola Stream","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -159.411332,22.135045 ], [ -159.411332,22.15004 ], [ -159.313228,22.15004 ], [ -159.313228,22.135045 ], [ -159.411332,22.135045 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5cfe4e4b0a4aa5bb0ae88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Chui Ling 0000-0003-2396-2571 ccheng@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2396-2571","contributorId":3926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Chui","email":"ccheng@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ling","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolff, Reuben H.","contributorId":35020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042112,"text":"sir20125278 - 2012 - Groundwater levels and water-quality observations pertaining to the Austin Group, Bexar County, Texas, 2009-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T16:22:41","indexId":"sir20125278","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5278","title":"Groundwater levels and water-quality observations pertaining to the Austin Group, Bexar County, Texas, 2009-11","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, examined groundwater-level altitudes (groundwater levels) and water-quality data pertaining to the Austin Group in Bexar County, Texas, during 2009–11. Hydrologic data collected included daily mean groundwater levels collected at seven sites in the study area. Water-quality samples were collected at six sites in the study area and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, organic carbon, and stable isotopes. The resulting datasets were examined for similarities between sites as well as similarities to data from the Edwards aquifer in Bexar County, Tex. Similarities in the groundwater levels between sites completed in the Austin Group and site J (State well AY-68-37-203; hereafter referred to as the “Bexar County index well”) which is completed in the Edwards aquifer might be indicative of groundwater interactions between the two hydrologic units as a result of nearby faulting or conduit flow. The groundwater levels measured at the sites in the study area exhibited varying degrees of similarity to the Bexar County index well. Groundwater levels at site A (State well AY-68-36-136) exhibited similar patterns as those at the Bexar County index well, but the hydrographs of groundwater levels were different in shape and magnitude in response to precipitation and groundwater pumping, and at times slightly offset in time. The groundwater level patterns measured at sites C, D, and E (State wells AY-68-29-513, AY-68-29-514, and AY-68-29-512, respectively) were not similar to those measured at the Bexar County index well. Groundwater levels at site F (State well AY-68-29-819) exhibited general similarities as those observed at the Bexar County index well; however, there were several periods of notable groundwater-level drawdowns at site F that were not evident at the Bexar County index well. These drawdowns were likely because of pumping from the well at site F. The groundwater levels at sites H and I (State wells AY-68-37-205 and AY-68-29-932, respectively) exhibited similar patterns as those at the Bexar County index well (coefficient of determination [R2] of 0.99 at both wells), indicating there might be some degree of hydrologic connectivity to the Edwards aquifer.
\nIn general, the water-quality data indicated that the samples were representative of a calcium carbonate dominated system. The major ion chemistry and relations between magnesium to calcium molar ratios and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios of samples collected from sites H and I indicated that the groundwater from these sites was most geochemically similar to groundwater collected from site B (State well AY-68-36-134), which is representative of groundwater in the Edwards aquifer. Of the sites sampled in this study, there appears to be varying hydrologic connectivity between groundwater from wells completed in the Austin Group and the Edwards aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125278","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Banta, J., and Clark, A., 2012, Groundwater levels and water-quality observations pertaining to the Austin Group, Bexar County, Texas, 2009-11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5278, Document: iv, 18 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125278.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 18 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042184","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5278.png"},{"id":264722,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5278/"},{"id":264723,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5278/pdf/sir2012-5278.pdf"},{"id":264729,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5278/downloads/sir2012-5278_app.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Bexar County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.8056,29.1104 ], [ -98.8056,29.7606 ], [ -98.1193,29.7606 ], [ -98.1193,29.1104 ], [ -98.8056,29.1104 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50de68d3e4b0e31bb02a2995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banta, J.R.","contributorId":26598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Allan K. 0000-0003-0099-1521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-1521","contributorId":79775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Allan K.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042046,"text":"sir20125259 - 2012 - Multilevel groundwater monitoring of hydraulic head and temperature in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 2009–10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-21T10:16:44","indexId":"sir20125259","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5259","title":"Multilevel groundwater monitoring of hydraulic head and temperature in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 2009–10","docAbstract":"During 2009 and 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey’s Idaho National Laboratory Project Office, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, collected quarterly, depth-discrete measurements of fluid pressure and temperature in nine boreholes located in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer. Each borehole was instrumented with a multilevel monitoring system consisting of a series of valved measurement ports, packer bladders, casing segments, and couplers. Multilevel monitoring at the Idaho National Laboratory has been ongoing since 2006. This report summarizes data collected from three multilevel monitoring wells installed during 2009 and 2010 and presents updates to six multilevel monitoring wells. Hydraulic heads (heads) and groundwater temperatures were monitored from 9 multilevel monitoring wells, including 120 hydraulically isolated depth intervals from 448.0 to 1,377.6 feet below land surface.\n\nQuarterly head and temperature profiles reveal unique patterns for vertical examination of the aquifer’s complex basalt and sediment stratigraphy, proximity to aquifer recharge and discharge, and groundwater flow. These features contribute to some of the localized variability even though the general profile shape remained consistent over the period of record. Major inflections in the head profiles almost always coincided with low-permeability sediment layers and occasionally thick sequences of dense basalt. However, the presence of a sediment layer or dense basalt layer was insufficient for identifying the location of a major head change within a borehole without knowing the true areal extent and relative transmissivity of the lithologic unit. Temperature profiles for boreholes completed within the Big Lost Trough indicate linear conductive trends; whereas, temperature profiles for boreholes completed within the axial volcanic high indicate mostly convective heat transfer resulting from the vertical movement of groundwater. Additionally, temperature profiles provide evidence for stratification and mixing of water types along the southern boundary of the Idaho National Laboratory.\n\nVertical head and temperature change were quantified for each of the nine multilevel monitoring systems. The vertical head gradients were defined for the major inflections in the head profiles and were as high as 2.1 feet per foot. Low vertical head gradients indicated potential vertical connectivity and flow, and large gradient inflections indicated zones of relatively low vertical connectivity. Generally, zones that primarily are composed of fractured basalt displayed relatively small vertical head differences. Large head differences were attributed to poor vertical connectivity between fracture units because of sediment layering and/or dense basalt. Groundwater temperatures in all boreholes ranged from 10.2 to 16.3˚C.\n\nNormalized mean hydraulic head values were analyzed for all nine multilevel monitoring wells for the period of record (2007-10). The mean head values suggest a moderately positive correlation among all boreholes, which reflects regional fluctuations in water levels in response to seasonality. However, the temporal trend is slightly different when the location is considered; wells located along the southern boundary, within the axial volcanic high, show a strongly positive correlation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125259","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Twining, B.V., and Fisher, J.C., 2012, Multilevel groundwater monitoring of hydraulic head and temperature in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, 2009–10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5259, Report: vii, 44 p.; Appendicies A-G, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125259.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 44 p.; Appendicies A-G","numberOfPages":"56","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-034180","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5259.jpg"},{"id":264695,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/"},{"id":264696,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/pdf/sir20125259_AppA.pdf"},{"id":264697,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/pdf/sir20125259.pdf"},{"id":264698,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/pdf/sir20125259_AppC.pdf"},{"id":264699,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/pdf/sir20125259_AppB.pdf"},{"id":264700,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/pdf/sir20125259_AppD.pdf"},{"id":264701,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/pdf/sir20125259_AppE.pdf"},{"id":264702,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/pdf/sir20125259_AppF.pdf"},{"id":264703,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5259/pdf/sir20125259_AppG.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.75,43.25 ], [ -113.75,49.75 ], [ -112.25,49.75 ], [ -112.25,43.25 ], [ -113.75,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d49663e4b0c6073c901f4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Jason C. 0000-0001-9032-8912 jfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9032-8912","contributorId":2523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Jason","email":"jfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042103,"text":"sir20125223 - 2012 - Sources and sinks of filtered total mercury and concentrations of total mercury of solids and of filtered methylmercury, Sinclair Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington, 2007-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-21T15:24:23","indexId":"sir20125223","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5223","title":"Sources and sinks of filtered total mercury and concentrations of total mercury of solids and of filtered methylmercury, Sinclair Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington, 2007-10","docAbstract":"The majority of filtered total mercury in the marine water of Sinclair Inlet originates from salt water flowing from Puget Sound. About 420 grams of filtered total mercury are added to Sinclair Inlet each year from atmospheric, terrestrial, and sedimentary sources, which has increased filtered total mercury concentrations in Sinclair Inlet (0.33 nanograms per liter) to concentrations greater than those of the Puget Sound (0.2 nanograms per liter). The category with the largest loading of filtered total mercury to Sinclair Inlet included diffusion of porewaters from marine sediment to the water column of Sinclair Inlet and discharge through the largest stormwater drain on the Bremerton naval complex, Bremerton, Washington. However, few data are available to estimate porewater and stormwater releases with any certainty. The release from the stormwater drain does not originate from overland flow of stormwater. Rather total mercury on soils is extracted by the chloride ions in seawater as the stormwater is drained and adjacent soils are flushed with seawater by tidal pumping. Filtered total mercury released by an unknown freshwater mechanism also was observed in the stormwater flowing through this drain.\n\nDirect atmospheric deposition on the Sinclair Inlet, freshwater discharge from creek and stormwater basins draining into Sinclair Inlet, and saline discharges from the dry dock sumps of the naval complex are included in the next largest loading category of sources of filtered total mercury. Individual discharges from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and from the industrial steam plant of the naval complex constituted the loading category with the third largest loadings. Stormwater discharge from the shipyard portion of the naval complex and groundwater discharge from the base are included in the loading category with the smallest loading of filtered total mercury.\n\nPresently, the origins of the solids depositing to the sediment of Sinclair Inlet are uncertain, and consequently, concentrations of sediments can be qualitatively compared only to total mercury concentrations of solids suspended in the water column. Concentrations of total mercury of suspended solids from creeks, stormwater, and even wastewater effluent discharging into greater Sinclair Inlet were comparable to concentrations of solids suspended in the water column of Sinclair Inlet. Concentrations of total mercury of suspended solids were significantly lower than those of marine bed sediment of Sinclair Inlet; these suspended solids have been shown to settle in Sinclair Inlet. The settling of suspended solids in the greater Sinclair Inlet and in Operable Unit B Marine of the naval complex likely will result in lower concentrations of total mercury in sediments. Such a decrease in total mercury concentrations was observed in the sediment of Operable Unit B Marine in 2010. However, total mercury concentrations of solids discharged from several sources from the Bremerton naval complex were higher than concentrations in sediment collected from Operable Unit B Marine. The combined loading of solids from these sources is small compared to the amount of solids depositing in OU B Marine. However, total mercury concentration in sediment collected at a monitoring station just offshore one of these sources, the largest stormwater drain on the Bremerton naval complex, increased considerably in 2010.\n\nLow methylmercury concentrations were detected in groundwater, stormwater, and effluents discharged from the Bremerton naval complex. The highest methylmercury concentrations were measured in the porewaters of highly reducing marine sediment in greater Sinclair Inlet. The marine sediment collected off the largest stormwater drain contained low concentrations of methylmercury in porewater because these sediments were not highly reducing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125223","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Navy Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Paulson, A.J., Dinicola, R., Noble, M.A., Wagner, R.J., Huffman, R.L., Moran, P.W., and DeWild, J.F., 2012, Sources and sinks of filtered total mercury and concentrations of total mercury of solids and of filtered methylmercury, Sinclair Inlet, Kitsap County, Washington, 2007-10: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5223, xii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125223.","productDescription":"xii, 94 p.","numberOfPages":"110","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5223.jpg"},{"id":264719,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5223/"},{"id":264720,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5223/pdf/sir20125223.pdf"}],"datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Kitsap","otherGeospatial":"Sinclair Inlet","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -12.035555555555556,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -12.035555555555556,0.001388888888888889 ], [ -12.03361111111111,0.001388888888888889 ], [ -12.03361111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -12.035555555555556,8.333333333333334E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4cc6de4b0e8fec6ce1ea0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulson, Anthony J. 0000-0002-2358-8834 apaulson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-8834","contributorId":5236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Anthony","email":"apaulson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":470766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noble, Marlene A. mnoble@usgs.gov","contributorId":1429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","email":"mnoble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wagner, Richard J. rjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Richard","email":"rjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huffman, Raegan L. 0000-0001-8523-5439 rhuffman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8523-5439","contributorId":1638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"Raegan","email":"rhuffman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moran, Patrick W. 0000-0002-2002-3539 pwmoran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-3539","contributorId":489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Patrick","email":"pwmoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70042061,"text":"fs20123140 - 2012 - Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":97465,"text":"fs20093008 - 2009 - Use of Minerals and Materials in the United States From 1900 Through 2006","indexId":"fs20093008","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Use of Minerals and Materials in the United States From 1900 Through 2006"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042061,"text":"fs20123140 - 2012 - Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010","indexId":"fs20123140","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70042061,"text":"fs20123140 - 2012 - Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010","indexId":"fs20123140","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70190027,"text":"fs20173062 - 2017 - Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2014","indexId":"fs20173062","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2014"},"id":2}],"supersededBy":{"id":70190027,"text":"fs20173062 - 2017 - Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2014","indexId":"fs20173062","publicationYear":"2017","noYear":false,"title":"Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2014"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-28T14:24:20","indexId":"fs20123140","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3140","title":"Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010","docAbstract":"Since the beginning of the 20th century, the types and quantities of raw materials used by U.S. manufacturers and consumers have changed over time. This fact sheet quantifies the amounts of those materials (other than food and fuel) that have been input into the U.S. economy annually for a period of 111 years, from 1900 through 2010. It provides a broad overview of all materials used but highlights the use and importance of raw nonfuel minerals in particular. This fact sheet supersedes U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009–3008, which was published in April 2009 and covered the period 1900 through 2006. These data have been compiled to help the public and policymakers understand the flow of raw materials used in the United States in physical terms. Such information can be helpful in assessing the past and potential effects of the materials on the environment, evaluating the materials’ intensity of use, and examining the role that these materials play in the economy. It can also provide insight into what may happen to the materials at the end of their useful life.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123140","usgsCitation":"Matos, G.R., 2012, Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3140, 7 p., available only at https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3140. (Supersedes Fact Sheet 2009–3008.) \n\n","productDescription":"Fact Sheet: 7 p.: Data Excel File","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1900-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264714,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3140/fs2012-3140_data_file.xlsx","size":"61 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Use of Raw Materials in the United States From 1900 Through 2010"},{"id":264715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3140.gif"},{"id":264713,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3140/pdf/fs2012-3140.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2012-3140"},{"id":264712,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","publicComments":"Supersedes Fact Sheet 2009–3008","contact":"National Minerals Information Center
U.S. Geological Survey
991 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The Hurricane Bench area of Washington County, Utah, is a 70 square-mile area extending south from the Virgin River and encompassing Sand Hollow basin. Sand Hollow Reservoir, located on Hurricane Bench, was completed in March 2002 and is operated primarily as a managed aquifer recharge project by the Washington County Water Conservancy District. The reservoir is situated on a thick sequence of the Navajo Sandstone and Kayenta Formation. Total recharge to the underlying Navajo aquifer from the reservoir was about 86,000 acre-feet from 2002 to 2009. Natural recharge as infiltration of precipitation was approximately 2,100 acre-feet per year for the same period. Discharge occurs as seepage to the Virgin River, municipal and irrigation well withdrawals, and seepage to drains at the base of reservoir dams. Within the Hurricane Bench area, unconfined groundwater-flow conditions generally exist throughout the Navajo Sandstone. Navajo Sandstone hydraulic-conductivity values from regional aquifer testing range from 0.8 to 32 feet per day. The large variability in hydraulic conductivity is attributed to bedrock fractures that trend north-northeast across the study area.
A numerical groundwater-flow model was developed to simulate groundwater movement in the Hurricane Bench area and to simulate the movement of managed aquifer recharge from Sand Hollow Reservoir through the groundwater system. The model was calibrated to combined steady- and transient-state conditions. The steady-state portion of the simulation was developed and calibrated by using hydrologic data that represented average conditions for 1975. The transient-state portion of the simulation was developed and calibrated by using hydrologic data collected from 1976 to 2009. Areally, the model grid was 98 rows by 76 columns with a variable cell size ranging from about 1.5 to 25 acres. Smaller cells were used to represent the reservoir to accurately simulate the reservoir bathymetry and nearby monitoring wells; larger cells were used in the northern and southern portions of the model where water-level data were limited. Vertically, the aquifer system was divided into 10 layers, which incorporated the Navajo Sandstone and Kayenta Formation. The model simulated recharge to the groundwater system as natural infiltration of precipitation and as infiltration of managed aquifer recharge from Sand Hollow Reservoir. Groundwater discharge was simulated as well withdrawals, shallow drains at the base of reservoir dams, and seepage to the Virgin River. During calibration, variables were adjusted within probable ranges to minimize differences among model-simulated and observed water levels, groundwater travel times, drain discharges, and monthly estimated reservoir recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125236","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington County Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Marston, T.M., and Heilweil, V.M., 2012, Numerical simulation of groundwater movement and managed aquifer recharge from Sand Hollow Reservoir, Hurricane Bench area, Washington County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5236, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125236.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5236.jpg"},{"id":264129,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5236/"},{"id":264130,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5236/pdf/sir20125236.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Sand Hollow Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.39374,37.101658 ], [ -113.39374,37.127394 ], [ -113.35936,37.127394 ], [ -113.35936,37.101658 ], [ -113.39374,37.101658 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d20bace4b08b071e771b34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marston, Thomas M. 0000-0003-1053-4172 tmarston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-4172","contributorId":3272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marston","given":"Thomas","email":"tmarston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heilweil, Victor M. heilweil@usgs.gov","contributorId":837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"Victor","email":"heilweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041900,"text":"ds715 - 2012 - Hydrologic and geochemical data collected near Skewed Reservoir, an impoundment for coal-bed natural gas produced water, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-18T17:35:33","indexId":"ds715","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"715","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical data collected near Skewed Reservoir, an impoundment for coal-bed natural gas produced water, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Powder River Structural Basin is one of the largest producers of coal-bed natural gas (CBNG) in the United States. An important environmental concern in the Basin is the fate of groundwater that is extracted during CBNG production. Most of this produced water is disposed of in unlined surface impoundments. A 6-year study of groundwater flow and subsurface water and soil chemistry was conducted at one such impoundment, Skewed Reservoir. Hydrologic and geochemical data collected as part of that study are contained herein. Data include chemistry of groundwater obtained from a network of 21 monitoring wells and three suction lysimeters and chemical and physical properties of soil cores including chemistry of water/soil extracts, particle-size analyses, mineralogy, cation-exchange capacity, soil-water content, and total carbon and nitrogen content of soils.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds715","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management. The Downloads Directory contains 16 appendixes, numbering 1-5, 6A-6F, 7-11. Please see the \"View companion files\" link above for access to these appendixes.","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., Rice, C.A., and Bartos, T.T., 2012, Hydrologic and geochemical data collected near Skewed Reservoir, an impoundment for coal-bed natural gas produced water, Powder River Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 715, Report: iv, 6 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds715.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 6 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-07-01","temporalEnd":"2005-05-31","costCenters":[{"id":440,"text":"National Research Program Water Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264124,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_715.gif"},{"id":264121,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/715/"},{"id":264123,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/715/downloads/"},{"id":264122,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/715/DS715_508.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Poweder River;Skewed Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.120833,44.113611 ], [ -106.120833,44.120833 ], [ -106.113889,44.120833 ], [ -106.113889,44.113611 ], [ -106.120833,44.113611 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d20b8ee4b08b071e771b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Cynthia A.","contributorId":87140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartos, Timothy T. 0000-0003-1803-4375 ttbartos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4375","contributorId":1826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartos","given":"Timothy","email":"ttbartos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041865,"text":"ofr20121196 - 2012 - Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data from C-aquifer monitoring program, northeastern Arizona, 2005-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-14T21:11:24.234624","indexId":"ofr20121196","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1196","displayTitle":"Groundwater, Surface-Water, and Water-Chemistry Data from C-aquifer Monitoring Program, Northeastern Arizona, 2005-11","title":"Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data from C-aquifer monitoring program, northeastern Arizona, 2005-11","docAbstract":"The C aquifer is a regionally extensive multiple-aquifer system supplying water for municipal, agricultural, and industrial use in northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southeastern Utah. An increase in groundwater withdrawals from the C aquifer coupled with ongoing drought conditions in the study area increase the potential for drawdown within the aquifer. A decrease in the water table and potentiometric surface of C aquifer is illustrated locally by the drying up of Obed Meadows, a natural peat deposit, and Hugo Meadows, a natural wetland, both south of Joseph City, Arizona. Continual increase in water use from the C aquifer, including a planned increase in pumpage by the City of Flagstaff, is justification for continued monitoring of the C-aquifer system in order to quantify physical and chemical responses to pumping stresses.
\nFifteen of the 35 C-aquifer wells analyzed had water-level data sufficient for percentage difference calculation for 2005–11. Change in water level as a percentage of the initial water-level measurement for these 15 wells ranged from about -0.2 to about -0.5 percent. For historical water-level data, changes in water levels were greatest around pumping centers, as indicated by a -97.0 feet (percentage difference of -16.5 percent) change over the period of record (1962–2005) for the Lake Mary 1 Well near Flagstaff, Arizona. In more rural areas of the C aquifer, water levels showed less change for both the temporal focus of this report (2005–11) and for historical values.
\nContinuous records of surface-water discharge from 2005 to 2007 for three discontinued streamflow-gaging stations (Clear Creek near Winslow, AZ, 09399000; Clear Creek below McHood Lake near Winslow, AZ, 09399100; and Chevelon Creek near Winslow, AZ, 09398000) were tabulated. For the period of record, Clear Creek near Winslow, AZ, and Chevelon Creek near Winslow, AZ, showed seasonal discharge distributions indicative of natural streams in the southwestern United States. Clear Creek below McHood Lake near Winslow, AZ, showed discharge distribution indicative of perennial spring flow with little variation annually.
\nPhysical and chemical data collected during four baseflow investigations (summer 2005, summer 2006, summer 2008, and winter 2010) conducted on Clear Creek, Chevelon Creek, and a portion of the Little Colorado River were compiled and analyzed. Data from 7 sampling sites established on the Little Colorado River, 11 sites along Chevelon Creek, and 14 sites along Clear Creek were included. For the four baseflow investigations presented, a 2,000–3,000 microsiemens per centimeter increase in specific conductance was measured in Chevelon Creek from near its headwaters to the confluence with the Little Colorado River because of the contribution of highly conductive spring discharge. Clear Creek showed a less consistent pattern of increase in specific conductance with distance, but still exhibited changes on the order of 5,000 microsiemens per centimeter over just a few river miles.
\nWater-chemistry data for selected wells and baseflow investigations sites are presented. No well samples analyzed exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level standards for drinking water, but several samples exceeded Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level standards for chloride, fluoride, sulfate, iron, and total dissolved solids.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121196","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.R., and Macy, J.P., 2012, Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data from C-aquifer monitoring program, northeastern Arizona, 2005-11 (Version 1.0: Originally posted December 2012; Version 1.1: March 2013): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1196, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121196.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1196.gif"},{"id":269267,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1196/"},{"id":269268,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1196/of2012-1196.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.7913818359375,\n 34.384246040152206\n ],\n [\n -111.7913818359375,\n 35.98245135784044\n ],\n [\n -109.1766357421875,\n 35.98245135784044\n ],\n [\n -109.1766357421875,\n 34.384246040152206\n ],\n [\n -111.7913818359375,\n 34.384246040152206\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted December 2012; Version 1.1: March 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d20b86e4b08b071e771b19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Christopher R. crbrown@usgs.gov","contributorId":4751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Christopher","email":"crbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macy, Jamie P. 0000-0003-3443-0079 jpmacy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-0079","contributorId":2173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macy","given":"Jamie","email":"jpmacy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}