{"pageNumber":"65","pageRowStart":"1600","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1771,"records":[{"id":70015137,"text":"70015137 - 1987 - Use of stable sulphur isotopes to monitor directly the behaviour of sulphur in coal during thermal desulphurization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T14:32:18.678084","indexId":"70015137","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of stable sulphur isotopes to monitor directly the behaviour of sulphur in coal during thermal desulphurization","docAbstract":"

A method has been developed using stable sulphur isotope analyses to monitor the behaviour of sulphur forms in a coal during thermal desulphurization. In this method, the natural stable isotopic composition of the pyritic and organic sulphur in coal is used as a tracer to follow their mobility during the desulphurization process. This tracer method is based on the fact that the isotopic compositions of pyritic and organic sulphur are significantly different in some coals. Isotopic results of pyrolysis experiments at temperatures ranging from 350 to 750 °C indicate that the sulphur released with the volatiles is predominantly organic sulphur. The pyritic sulphur is evolved in significant quantities only when pyrolysis temperatures exceed 500 °C. The presence of pyrite seems to have no effect on the amount of organic sulphur evolved during pyrolysis. The chemical and isotopic mass balances achieved from three different samples of the Herrin (No. 6) coal of the Illinois Basin demonstrate that this stable isotope tracer method is quantitative. The main disadvantage of this tracing technique is that not all coals contain isotopically distinct organic and pyritic sulphur.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(87)90279-1","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Liu, C., Hackley, K.C., and Coleman, D., 1987, Use of stable sulphur isotopes to monitor directly the behaviour of sulphur in coal during thermal desulphurization: Fuel, v. 66, no. 5, p. 683-687, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(87)90279-1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"687","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Illinois Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.27144928716201,\n 38.60305869986621\n ],\n [\n -90.45066879752478,\n 38.29277228028596\n ],\n [\n -90.41194425757176,\n 38.16293372622866\n ],\n [\n -89.91105868920808,\n 37.82080659904655\n ],\n [\n -89.55396382728463,\n 37.64515824204081\n ],\n [\n -89.47259699498952,\n 37.410978884666775\n ],\n [\n -89.53592846391598,\n 37.2697836186758\n ],\n [\n -89.36738817017493,\n 37.01006929426862\n ],\n [\n -89.11554721551357,\n 36.961784732412525\n ],\n [\n -88.7733609228988,\n 36.491220455916164\n ],\n [\n -88.01478133142086,\n 36.479834296927905\n ],\n [\n -88.00435223528557,\n 36.64742983433709\n ],\n [\n -86.42058532366875,\n 36.62920462011948\n ],\n [\n -85.31032723467905,\n 37.4928629806557\n ],\n [\n -85.28929401639584,\n 39.30183242245553\n ],\n [\n -86.48179062880018,\n 40.42988795707279\n ],\n [\n -87.74630346698888,\n 41.22898391747165\n ],\n [\n -90.68333150742507,\n 41.635156082831514\n ],\n [\n -90.86627449234567,\n 41.53462538015802\n ],\n [\n -91.33539546766019,\n 41.46361800891549\n ],\n [\n -91.27403775540142,\n 41.18367787355726\n ],\n [\n -91.05555084323231,\n 41.05698878430175\n ],\n [\n -91.24359980839517,\n 40.69474132956927\n ],\n [\n -91.56075017453219,\n 40.55600598163156\n ],\n [\n -91.50441979195972,\n 40.40050406673393\n ],\n [\n -91.68548903280015,\n 40.14280962061983\n ],\n [\n -91.3396590235946,\n 39.52675746160685\n ],\n [\n -90.80088197618306,\n 39.17726964844053\n ],\n [\n -90.64987338407866,\n 38.7652155042382\n ],\n [\n -90.36226829856167,\n 38.876215447778065\n ],\n [\n -90.20273301560013,\n 38.78457136953267\n ],\n [\n -90.27144928716201,\n 38.60305869986621\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf88e4b08c986b329bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Chao-Li","contributorId":42361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Chao-Li","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, D.D.","contributorId":93198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015155,"text":"70015155 - 1987 - FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015155","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES.","docAbstract":"The loss of professional experience and expertise in the domain of the earth sciences may prove to be one of the most serious outcomes of the boom-and-bust cyclic nature of the volatile energy and mining industries. Promising new applications of powerful computer systems, known as 'expert systems' or 'knowledge-based systems', are predicted for use in the earth sciences. These systems have the potential capability to capture and preserve the invaluable knowledge bases essential to the evaluation of the Nation's energy and mineral resources.","largerWorkTitle":"Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings - 1987 SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium.","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Soc of Petroleum Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"USA SPE 16294, Richardson, TX, USA","usgsCitation":"Miller, B., 1987, FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES., in Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE, Dallas, TX, USA, p. 85-92.","startPage":"85","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e86e4b0c8380cd534d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, B.M.","contributorId":73232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014181,"text":"70014181 - 1987 - Volatilization, transport and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in high temperature gases at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:49:10.560562","indexId":"70014181","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatilization, transport and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in high temperature gases at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia","docAbstract":"

Condensates, silica tube sublimates and incrustations were sampled from 500–800°C fumaroles and lava samples were collected at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia in Jan.–Feb., 1984. With respect to the magma, Merapi gases are enriched by factors greater than 105 in Se, Re, Bi and Cd; 104–105 in Au, Br, In, Pb and W; 103–104 in Mo, Cl, Cs, S, Sn and Ag; 102–103 in As, Zn, F and Rb; and 1–102 in Cu, K, Na, Sb, Ni, Ga, V, Fe, Mn and Li. The fumaroles are transporting more than 106 grams/day (gd\">gd) of S, Cl and F; 104–106 g/d of Al, Br, Zn, Fe, K and Mg; 103–104gd\">gd of Pb, As, Mo, Mn, V, W and Sr; and less than 103gd\">gd of Ni, Cu, Cr, Ga, Sb, Bi, Cd, Li, Co and U.

With decreasing temperature (800-500°C) there were five sublimate zones found in silica tubes: 1) cristobalite and magnetite (first deposition of Si, Fe and Al); 2) K-Ca sulfate, acmite, halite, sylvite and pyrite (maximum deposition of Cl, Na, K, Si, S, Fe, Mo, Br, Al, Rb, Cs, Mn, W, P, Ca, Re, Ag, Au and Co); 3) aphthitalite (K-Na sulfate), sphalerite, galena and Cs-K. sulfate (maximum deposition of Zn, Bi, Cd, Se and In; higher deposition of Pb and Sn); 4) Pb-K chloride and Na-K-Fe sulfate (maximum deposition of Pb, Sn and Cu); and 5) Zn, Cu and K-Pb sulfates (maximum deposition of Pb, Sn, Ti, As and Sb).

The incrustations surrounding the fumaroles are also chemically zoned. Bi, Cd, Pb, W, Mo, Zn, Cu, K, Na, V, Fe and Mn are concentrated most in or very close to the vent as expected with cooling, atmospheric contamination and dispersion. The highly volatile elements Br, Cl, As and Sb are transported primarily away from high temperature vents. Ba, Si, P, Al, Ca and Cr are derived from wall rock reactions.

Incomplete degassing of shallow magma at 915°C is the origin of most of the elements in the Merapi volcanic gas, although it is partly contaminated by particles or wall rock reactions. The metals are transported predominantly as chloride species. As the gas cools in the fumarolic environment, it becomes saturated with sublimate phases that fractionate from the gas in the order of their equilibrium saturation temperatures. Devolatilization of a cooling batholith could transport enough acids and metals to a hydrothermal system to play a significant role in forming an ore deposit. However, sublimation from a high temperature, high velocity carrier gas is not efficient enough to form a large ore deposit. Re, Se, Cd and Bi could be used as supporting evidence for magmatic fluid transport in an ore deposit.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90258-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Symonds, R., Rose, W.I., Reed, M., Lichte, F., and Finnegan, D., 1987, Volatilization, transport and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in high temperature gases at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 8, p. 2083-2101, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90258-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2083","endPage":"2101","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2d0e4b08c986b32ada6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symonds, R.B.","contributorId":31011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, M.H.","contributorId":91606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finnegan, David L.","contributorId":80410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"David L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014696,"text":"70014696 - 1987 - Volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:49:28","indexId":"70014696","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water","docAbstract":"Overall mass-transfer coefficients for the volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water were measured simultaneously with the oxygen absorption coefficient in a laboratory stirred tank. Coefficients were measured as a function of mixing conditions in the water for two windspeeds. The ethylene dibromide mass-transfer coefficient depended on windspeed; the ethylene dibromide liquid-film coefficient did not, in agreement with theory. A constant relation existed between the liquid-film coefficients for ethylene dibromide and oxygen.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00157a004","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1987, Volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 248-252, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00157a004.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cee4b08c986b32ad9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223835,"text":"5223835 - 1986 - Chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (Canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:55:57.648398","indexId":"5223835","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:01","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2205,"text":"Journal of Chemical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (Canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones","title":"Chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (Canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones","docAbstract":"

The volatile components of castrated male and ovariectomized female wolf urine were investigated and correlated with the administration of testosterone or estradiol and progesterone. The results indicate that testosterone induces in the castrated male the formation of some compounds typically associated with the intact male, while reducing the levels of some compounds associated with castrated male and female. The production of some of the “male” compounds was also induced in the ovariectomized female, although at lower levels. Changes in hormone levels during treatment of females are reflected in the composition of the urinary volatiles. Consequently, many of these compounds could be used to communicate gender as well as reproductive status.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01045612","usgsCitation":"Raymer, J., Wiesler, D., Novotny, M., Asa, C., Seal, U., and Mech, L., 1986, Chemical scent constituents in urine of wolf (Canis lupus) and their dependence on reproductive hormones: Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 297-314, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01045612.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raymer, J.","contributorId":94003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiesler, D.","contributorId":43072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiesler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Novotny, M.","contributorId":27970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novotny","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Asa, C.","contributorId":64761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asa","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":26709,"text":"wri864188 - 1986 - Assessment of ground-water contamination at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 1982-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-16T16:09:39","indexId":"wri864188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4188","title":"Assessment of ground-water contamination at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 1982-85","docAbstract":"

Continued study of ground-water contamination at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, defined the movement and distribution of volatile organic compounds in the glacial sand and gravel aquifer at known sites of contamination, and has defined new plumes at two other sites.

The Arrow Street purge system, installed in 1982 to remove contaminants from the Building 43 plume, has lowered concentrations of trichloroethylene in ground water in the central part of the most contaminated area from a range of 1,000 to 2,000 micrograms per liter to about 200 micrograms per liter. Trichloroethylene is not escaping off-Base from this area.

In the southern part of the Base a plume containing principally trichloroethylene and dichloroethylene has been delineated along Mission Drive. Maximum concentrations observed were 5,290 micrograms per liter of trichloroethylene and 1,480 micrograms per liter of dichloroethylene. Hydrologically suitable sites for purge wells are identified in the southern part of the plume using a new ground-water flow model of the Base.

A benzene plume near the bulk-fuel storage area, delineated in earlier work, lias shifted to a more northerly direction under influence of the Arrow Street purge system. Sites initially identified for purging the benzene plume have been repositioned because of the change in contaminant movement. JP-4 fuel was found to be accumulating in wells near the bulk-fuel storage area, largely in response to seasonal fluctuations in the water table. It is thought to originate from a spill that occurred several years ago.

A more thorough definition of contaminants in the northern landfill area has permitted a determination of the most hydrologically suitable sites for purge wells. In general, Concentrations found in water do not differ greatly from those observed in 1981.

Since 1981, concentrations of trichloroethylene have decreased significantly in the Alert Apron plume. Near the origin of the plume, the concentration of trichloroethylene has decreased from 1,000 micrograms per liter in 1980 to 50 micrograms per liter in 1984. Water from Van Etten Lake near the termination of the plume had only a trace of trichloroethylene at one site.

Benzene detected in water from well AF2 seems to originate near the former site of buried fuel tanks west of the operational apron. During periods of normal purge pumping along Arrow Street, contaminants are drawn to the purge system. During periods when pumping is low, contaminants are drawn toward water-supply wells AF2, AF4, and AF5.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri864188","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Cummings, T., and Twenter, F.R., 1986, Assessment of ground-water contamination at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 1982-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4188, Document: ix, 110 p.; 3 Plates: 41.76 x 35.90 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864188.","productDescription":"Document: ix, 110 p.; 3 Plates: 41.76 x 35.90 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55576,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55577,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55578,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55579,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Wurtsmith Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.422222,\n 44.483333\n ],\n [\n -83.422222,\n 44.429167\n ],\n [\n -83.329167,\n 44.429167\n ],\n [\n -83.329167,\n 44.483333\n ],\n [\n -83.422222,\n 44.483333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d137","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cummings, T. R.","contributorId":104082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twenter, F. R.","contributorId":81080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twenter","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29086,"text":"wri854218 - 1986 - Organic compounds in ground water near a sanitary landfill in the Town of Brookhaven, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri854218","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4218","title":"Organic compounds in ground water near a sanitary landfill in the Town of Brookhaven, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Landfill leachate and groundwater near the Brookhaven landfill site were analyzed for volatile, acid-extractable, and base/neutral-extractable organic compounds classified by EPA as ' priority pollutants, ' and for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic constituents. Thirteen priority pollutants were detected, including benzene, chlorobenzene, ethyl benzene, and naphthalene. The most commonly detected priority pollutant, benzene, was found in the landfill leachate and in five groundwater samples. The concentration of ethyl benzene was the highest of all organic compounds detected--55 micrograms/L (ug/L) in the leachate. Three samples downgradient from the site contained detectable levels of priority pollutants; two of these from wells 2000 ft downgradient from the site, contained trace amounts of chloroform, and the other, from a well 500 ft downgradient, contained four priority pollutants in concentrations totaling less than 20 ug/L. DOC concentrations ranged from 410 mg/L in the leachate to 0.8 mg/L, which is considered background level for groundwater upgradient of the landfill site. Samples from downgradient wells contained less than 8 mg/L DOC except at two wells 500 ft from the site, which contained 21 and 16 mg/L. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854218","usgsCitation":"Pearsall, K., and Wexler, E.J., 1986, Organic compounds in ground water near a sanitary landfill in the Town of Brookhaven, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4218, iv, 22 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854218.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4218/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57940,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4218/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6910d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearsall, K.A.","contributorId":70800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearsall","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wexler, E. J.","contributorId":104931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14402,"text":"ofr86588 - 1986 - Genesis and evolution of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-22T14:37:05","indexId":"ofr86588","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-588","title":"Genesis and evolution of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"

The Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit flat 25°09 N., long 42°41' E.) is a swarm of steeply dipping, sheeted, tungsten-bearing quartz veins. It is spatially, temporally, and genetically associated with a 569 Ma, highly differentiated, porphyritic granite that intrudes late Proterozoic, immature sandstones of the Murdama group.

\n

The bulk of the vein constituents came from hydrothermal fluids exsolved from a granite cupola at a depth of about 3.1 km during a single cycle of magma intrusion and hydrothermal mineralization. Hypogene mineralization can be divided into 3 main periods: early quartz-molybdenite stockwork veins, wolframite- and scheelite-bearing greisen veins, and late, barren veins. Each of the three periods can be divided into several stages that are transitional to each other. The greisen veins, in particular, show replacement of earlier mineral assemblages by later ones. The veins at Baid al Jimalah East, approximately 1.5 km to the east of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, are genetically related to it and probably formed while the greisen mineralization was being deposited.

\n

Early stockwork mineralization was formed near magmatic temperatures (580°-700°C) from low salinity fluids (1-2 weight percent NaCl equivalent). Two fluids were present, one low density and CO2 rich, the other high density and H2O rich. Greisen mineralization was formed from fluids in the liquid state at temperatures mostly between 390° and 430°C with salinities between 4.5 and 10.9 weight percent NaCl equivalent. Late, barren mineralization formed from liquids with salinities between 0.5 and 3.0 weight percent NaCl equivalent and at temperatures at least as low as 238°C. The veins at Baid al Jimalah East formed from liquids between 0 and 4.2 weight percent NaCl equivalent at temperatures largely between 300° and 375°C. Depth of mineralization was greater than 3.1 km. The temperatures given above have been corrected for pressure assuming this depth, and are 75-80°C higher than the fluid inclusion filling temperatures. Important volatile constituents of the hydrothermal fluids were CO2 and CH4, in addition to H2O and HF.

\n

Baid al Jimalah is similar in character and origin to other tungsten-tin greisen deposits in the world, especially the Hemerdon deposit in Devon, England. It is also analogous to Climax-type molybdenum deposits, which contain virtually identical mineral assemblages, but with the relative intensities of the molybdenum and tungsten mineralization reversed.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr86588","usgsCitation":"Kamilli, R.J., 1986, Genesis and evolution of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-588, iv, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86588.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":43083,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0588/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0588/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42.5,\n 25\n ],\n [\n 42.5,\n 25.5\n ],\n [\n 43,\n 25.5\n ],\n [\n 43,\n 25\n ],\n [\n 42.5,\n 25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aebc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamilli, Robert J. bkamilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":5795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamilli","given":"Robert","email":"bkamilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":169393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26463,"text":"wri864085 - 1986 - A reconnaissance water-quality appraisal of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer between Colorado Springs and Pueblo, Colorado, including trace elements and organic constituents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri864085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4085","title":"A reconnaissance water-quality appraisal of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer between Colorado Springs and Pueblo, Colorado, including trace elements and organic constituents","docAbstract":"This report describes the hydrology and chemical quality of water in the stream-aquifer system along Fountain Creek and relates groundwater quality to land use, water use, and wastewater discharges. The alluvial aquifer, which is underlain by shale bedrock, is transmissive, extensively pumped, and primarily is recharged by Fountain Creek and irrigation-return flow. Groundwater flows south about 20 ft/day, average residence time is less than 10 yr. Land use primarily is urban in the northern one-third and agricultural in the southern two-thirds of the area. Major ions, boron, iron, lithium, selenium, strontium, and uranium increased in concentration downgradient. The largest concentrations of nitrogen and detergents were in the northern end of the area because of recharge of sewage effluent in Fountain Creek. Other trace elements usually were present in concentrations less than 20 mg/L. Volatile organic compounds were detected in water from 11 of 20 wells sampled. Samples from 4 of the 20 wells were analyzed for semivolatile organics using a closed-loop stripping technique, which detected additional compounds at nanogram/L concentrations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864085","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., and Edelmann, P., 1986, A reconnaissance water-quality appraisal of the Fountain Creek alluvial aquifer between Colorado Springs and Pueblo, Colorado, including trace elements and organic constituents: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4085, iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864085.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4085/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55284,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a851e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, Doug","contributorId":101655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2568,"text":"wsp2286 - 1986 - Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ketones from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp2286","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2286","title":"Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ketones from water","docAbstract":"Volatilization is a significant process in determining the fate of many organic compounds in streams and rivers. Quantifying this process requires knowledge of the mass-transfer coefficient from water, which is a function of the gas-film and liquid-film coefficients. The gas-film coefficient can be determined by measuring the flux for the volatilization of pure organic liquids. \r\n\r\nVolatilization fluxes for acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, and 2-octanone were measured in the laboratory over a range of temperatures. Gas-film coefficients were then calculated from these fluxes and from vapor pressure data from the literature. \r\n\r\nAn equation was developed for predicting the volatilization flux of pure liquid ketones as a function of vapor pressure and molecular weight. Large deviations were found for acetone, and these were attributed to the possibility that acetone may be hydrogen bonded. A second equation for predicting the flux as a function of molecular weight and temperature resulted in large deviations for 4methyl-2-pentanone. These deviations were attributed to the branched structure of this ketone. \r\n\r\nFour factors based on the theory of volatilization and relating the volatilization flux or rate to the vapor pressure, molecular weight, temperature, and molecular diffusion coefficient were not constant as suggested by the literature. The factors generally increased with molecular weight and with temperature. Values for acetone corresponded to ketones with a larger molecular weight, and the acetone factors showed the greatest dependence on temperature. Both of these results are characteristic of compounds that are hydrogen bonded. \r\n\r\nRelations from the literature commonly used for describing the dependence of the gas-film coefficient on molecular weight and molecular diffusion coefficient were not applicable to the ketone gas-film coefficients. The dependence on molecular weight and molecular diffusion coefficient was in general U-shaped with the largest coefficients observed for acetone, the next largest for 2octanone, and the smallest for 2-pentanone and 3-pentanone. \r\n\r\nThe gas-film coefficient for acetone was much more dependent on temperature than were the coefficients for the other ketones. Such behavior is characteristic of hydrogen-bonded substances. Temperature dependencies of the other ketones were about twice the theoretical value, but were comparable to a literature value for water. \r\n\r\nRatios of the ketone gas-film coefficients to the gasfilm coefficients for the evaporation of water were approximately constant for all the ketones except for acetone, whose values were considerably larger. The ratios increased with temperature; however, the increases were small except for acetone. These ratios can be combined with an equation from the literaure for predicting the gasfilm coefficient for evaporation of water from a canal to predict the gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ketones from streams and rivers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2286","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1986, Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ketones from water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2286, viii, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2286.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138588,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2286/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28837,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2286/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b12e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38545,"text":"pp1335 - 1986 - Observations of the eruptions of July 22 and August 7, 1980, at Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:32","indexId":"pp1335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1335","title":"Observations of the eruptions of July 22 and August 7, 1980, at Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The explosive eruptions of July 22 and August 7, 1980, at Mount St. Helens, Wash., both included multiple eruptive pulses. The beginnings of three of the pulses-two on July 22 and one on August 7-were witnessed and photographed. Each of these three began with a fountain of gases and pyroclasts that collapsed around the vent and generated a pyroclastic density flow. Significant vertical-eruption columns developed only after the density flows were generated. This behavior is attributable to either an increase in the gas content of the eruption jet or a decrease in vent radius with time. An increase in the gas content may have occurred as the vent was cleared (by expulsion of a plug of pyroclasts) or as the eruption began to tap deeper, gas-rich magma after first expelling the upper, gas-depleted part of the magma body. An effective decrease of the vent radius with time may have occurred as the eruption originated from progressively deeper levels in the vent. All of these processes-vent clearing; tapping of deeper, gas-rich magma; and effective decrease in vent radius-probably operated to some extent. A 'relief-valve' mechanism is proposed here to account for the occurrence of multiple eruptive pulses. This mechanism requires that the conduit above the magma body be filled with a bed of pyroclasts, and that the vesiculation rate in the magma body be inadequate to sustain continuous eruption. During a repose interval, vesiculation of the magma body would cause gas to flow upward through the bed of pyroclasts. If the rate at which the magma produced gas exceeded the rate at which gas escaped to the atmosphere, the vertical pressure difference across the bed of pyroclastic debris would increase, as would the gas-flow rate. Eventually a gas-flow rate would be achieved that would suddenly diminish the ability of the bed to maintain a pressure difference between the magma body and the atmosphere. The bed of pyroclasts would then be expelled (that is, the relief valve would open) and an eruption would commence. During the eruption, gas would be lost faster than it could be replaced by vesiculation, so the gas-flow rate in the conduit would decrease. Eventually the gas-flow rate would decrease to a value that would be inadequate to expel pyroclasts, so the conduit would again become choked with pyroclasts (that is, the relief valve would close). Another period of repose would commence. The eruption/repose sequence would be repeated until gas-production rates were inadequate to reopen the valve, either because the depth of the pyroclast bed had become too great, the volatile content of the magma had become too low, or the magma had been expended. \r\n\r\nA timed sequence of photographs of a pyroclastic density flow on August 7 indicates that, in general, the velocity of the flow front was determined by the underlying topography. Observations and details of the velocity/topography relationship suggest that both pyroclastic flows and pyroclastic surges formed. The following mechanism is consistent with the data. During initial fountain collapse and when the flow passed over steep, irregular terrain, a highly inflated suspension of gases and pyroclasts formed. In this suspension, the pyroclasts underwent rapid differential settling according to size and density; a relatively low-concentration, fine-grained upper phase formed over a relatively high-concentration coarse-grained phase. The low-particle-concentration phase (the pyroclastic surge) was subject to lower internal friction than the basal high-concentration phase (the pyroclastic flow), and so accelerated away from it. The surge advanced until it had deposited so much of its solid fraction that its net density became less than that of the ambient air. At this point it rose convectively off the ground, quickly decelerated, and was overtaken by the pyroclastic flow. \r\n\r\nThe behavior of the flow of August 7 suggests that a pyroclastic density flow probably expands through the ingestion of ai","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1335","usgsCitation":"Hoblitt, R.P., 1986, Observations of the eruptions of July 22 and August 7, 1980, at Mount St. Helens, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1335, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1335.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65313,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db649283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoblitt, Richard P. rhoblitt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"Richard","email":"rhoblitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":220032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27089,"text":"wri854214 - 1986 - Relationship of nonpoint-source discharges, streamflow, and water quality in the Galena River basin, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T21:13:27.996642","indexId":"wri854214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4214","title":"Relationship of nonpoint-source discharges, streamflow, and water quality in the Galena River basin, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

Four small tributaries of the Galena River Madden Branch tributary, Pats Creek, Apple River, and Madden Branch that drain nonpoint agricultural sources and that receive no significant point-source discharges were monitored from October 1980 through September 1982 to determine water quality.

\n

Streamflow in the tributaries during the 1981 water year was about 25 percent below normal and, during the 1982 water year, about 38 percent above normal. Precipitation in the basin was near the 30-year normal during the 2-year study period.

\n

The yields of suspended solids, volatile solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia plus organic nitrogen during the 1982 water year were at least twice the yields of the 1981 water year. The greatest suspended-solids yield was 740 tons per square mile from Madden Branch tributary. The greatest yields of volatile solids (70.8 tons per square mile), total phosphorus (2,289 pounds per square mile), and ammonia plus organic nitrogen (8,529 pounds per square mile), were from Madden Branch. The lowest annual yields of suspended solids, volatile solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia plus organic nitrogen for both years were from the Apple River.

\n

Concentrations of many constituents were very high during runoff periods. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen 12 mg/L (milligrams per liter) measured during the study period was in Pats Creek during spring runoff, February 21, 1982. The highest concentration of total phosphorus, 17 mg/L, was measured in Madden Branch tributary during a storm on July 10, 1982. The storm of July 10 exceeded a 100-year recurrence interval of a 1-hour storm intensity for the area.

\n

Dissolved-oxygen concentration sags were noted at three of the monitoring stations during surface runoff. Although not all observed sags caused instream dissolved oxygen to fall to critical levels, one such decline was associated with a fishkill at Pats Creek. In that instance, highly oxidizable material with a biochemical-oxygen demand of 27 milligrams per liter was sampled at peak discharge; 16 hours later, the dissolved oxygen had dropped to 1.2 milligrams per liter.

\n

Concentrations of many constituents exceeded State and Federal water-quality standards. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were lower than the minimum State standard on numerous occasions at all sites except Madden Branch tributary. Most phosphorus concentrations during periods of surface runoff at all sites exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen potentially exceeded the Wisconsin State standard only once at Pats Creek.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Field, S.J., 1986, Relationship of nonpoint-source discharges, streamflow, and water quality in the Galena River basin, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4214, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854214.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406888,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36361.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55955,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4214/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Grant County, Lafayette County","otherGeospatial":"Galena River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.58364868164062,\n 42.48019996901214\n ],\n [\n -90.58364868164062,\n 42.829652952249425\n ],\n [\n -90.02059936523436,\n 42.829652952249425\n ],\n [\n -90.02059936523436,\n 42.48019996901214\n ],\n [\n -90.58364868164062,\n 42.48019996901214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":236,"text":"wsp2290 - 1986 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T19:18:10.492559","indexId":"wsp2290","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2290","title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1986","docAbstract":"West Point Reservoir is a multiple-purpose project on the Chattahoochee River about 112 river kilometers downstream from Atlanta on the Alabama-Georgia border. Urbanization has placed large demands on the Chattahoochee River, and water quality below Atlanta was degraded even before impoundment. Water-quality, bottom-sediment, and fish-tissue samples were collected from the reservoir to determine whether water-quality problems have occurred subsequent to impoundment. \r\n\r\nSevere hypolimnetic oxygen deficiency occurred in the reservoir following thermal stratification in the spring of 1978 and 1979. During stratified periods, concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese in the hypolimnion at the dam pool ranged from 0 to 7,700 and 30 to 2,000 micrograms per liter, respectively. \r\n\r\nDuring thermally stratified periods, phytoplankton standing crops in the upper lentic section of the reservoir ranged from 39,000 to 670,000 cells per milliliter. A maximum algal growth potential value (U.S. Geological Survey method) of 48.0 milligrams per liter was obtained at the uppermost data-collection station. The primary growth-limiting nutrients were nitrogen in the Iotic section and phosphorus in the lentic section. \r\n\r\nThe highest measured concentrations of volatile solids and total iron, manganese, phosphorus, and organic carbon in sediments occurred in the lentic section of the reservoir, where bottom sediments consist mainly of silt and clay. Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlordane concentrations in the bottom sediments were as high as 740 and 210 micrograms per kilogram, respectively. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlordane in fish tissue ranged from 19 to 3,800 and 6.0 to 280 micrograms per kilogram, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2290","usgsCitation":"1986, Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2290, v, 154 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2290.","productDescription":"v, 154 p.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424721,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25414.htm","text":"Recent growth of Gulkana Glacier, Alaska Range, and its relation to glacier-fed river runoff","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25414"},{"id":421144,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25324.htm","text":"Estimating stream-aquifer interactions in coal areas of eastern Kansas by using stream-flow records","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25324"},{"id":13682,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2290/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":424722,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25484.htm","text":"Aqueous geochemistry of the Bradys Hot Springs geothermal area, Churchill County, Nevada","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25484"},{"id":424723,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25573.htm","text":"Channel widening characteristics and bank slope development along a reach of Cane Creek, west Tennessee","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25573"},{"id":136528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":424720,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25378.htm","text":"Limnology of West Point Reservoir, Georgia and Alabama","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25378"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6553a5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Subitzky, Seymour","contributorId":99111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Subitzky","given":"Seymour","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749878,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015531,"text":"70015531 - 1986 - Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic constraints on the origin of Hawaiian basalts and evidence for a unique mantle source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:23:30.756072","indexId":"70015531","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic constraints on the origin of Hawaiian basalts and evidence for a unique mantle source","docAbstract":"

Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic relationships among basalts from the Hawaiian Islands suggest that these basalts were derived from three sources; the oceanic lithosphere (Kea end member), the depleted asthenosphere (posterosional end member) and a deep-mantle plume (Koolau end member).

Hawaiian tholeiites are derived within the lithosphere and the isotopic trends collectively defined by the tholeiite data are interpreted as a plume-lithosphere mixing trend. The isotopic characteristics of late-stage basalts are derived from the tholeiite source (lithosphere + plume) with additional input from the lithosphere, asthenosphere, or both. These basalts probably originate from near the asthenosphere-lithosphere boundary. Posterosional basalts are derived from the depleted asthenosphere, but their isotopic characteristics have been slightly modified by either the plume or the source of previously erupted volcanics. The isotopic data require little or no mixing of asthenospheric material into the plume during tholeiite production and thus are consistent with the concept of a rapidly ascending, fluid-rich plume. In addition to providing a source of heat, the plume may supply volatiles to both the sources of tholeiites and posterosional basalts.

The isotopic characteristics of the Koolau (plume) component are unique among OIB sources. If undifferentiated or “primitive” mantle material still exists, then the radiogenic-isotope data for Koolau in combination with rare gas data for Hawaiian basalts in general suggest that the Hawaiian plume may be derived from such material. In any case, the Hawaiian Islands data, when compared to those of other OIB, serve to illustrate the isotopically diverse nature of mantle sources.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90084-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stille, P., Unruh, D., and Tatsumoto, M., 1986, Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic constraints on the origin of Hawaiian basalts and evidence for a unique mantle source: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 10, p. 2303-2319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90084-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2303","endPage":"2319","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75fbe4b0c8380cd77e62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stille, P.","contributorId":70113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stille","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015562,"text":"70015562 - 1986 - The evolution of young silicic lavas at Medicine Lake Volcano, California: Implications for the origin of compositional gaps in calc-alkaline series lavas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:55","indexId":"70015562","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The evolution of young silicic lavas at Medicine Lake Volcano, California: Implications for the origin of compositional gaps in calc-alkaline series lavas","docAbstract":"At Medicine Lake Volcano, California, the compositional gap between andesite (57-62 wt.% SiO2) and rhyolite (73-74 wt.% SiO2) has been generated by fractional crystallization. Assimilation of silicic crust has also occurred along with fractionation. Two varieties of inclusions found in Holocene rhyolite flows, hornblende gabbros and aphyric andesites, provide information on the crystallization path followed by lavas parental to the rhyolite. The hornblende gabbros are magmatic cumulate residues and their mineral assemblages are preserved evidence of the phases that crystallized from an andesitic precursor lava to generate the rhyolite lavas. The andesitic inclusions represent samples of a parental andesite and record the early part of the differentiation history. Olivine, plagioclase and augite crystallization begins the differentiation history, followed by the disappearance of olivine and augite through reaction with the liquid to form orthopyroxene and amphibole. Further crystallization of the assemblage plagioclase, amphibole, orthopyroxene, magnetite, and apatite from a high-SiO2 andesite leads to rhyolite. This final crystallization process occurs on a cotectic that is nearly horizontal in temperature-composition space. Since a large amount of crystallization occurs over a limited temperature interval, a compositional gap develops between rhyolite and high SiO2 andesite. Liquidus surfaces with shallow slopes in temperature-composition space are characteristic of several late-stage crystallization assemblages in the andesite to rhyolite compositional range. Experimentally produced plagioclase+ amphibole+orthopyroxene+magnetite and plagioclase+ augite+low-Ca pyroxene+magnetite cotectics have liquidus slopes that are nearly flat. At other calc-alkaline volcanic centers crystallization processes involving large compositional changes over small temperature intervals may also be important in the development of bimodal volcanism (i.e. the existence of a composition gap). At Mt. Mazama and Mt. St. Helens, USA and Aso Caldera and Shikotsu, Japan the amphibole-bearing assemblage was important. At Krakatau, Indonesia and Katmai, USA, an augite+orthopyroxene-bearing assemblage was important. In addition to its role in the production of a compositional gap between intermediate and rhyolitic lavas, the crystallization process increases the H2O content of the residual liquid. This rapid increase in residual liquid volatile content which results from the precipitation of a large proportion of crystalline solids may be an important factor among several that lead to explosive silicic eruptions. ?? 1986 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00572157","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Grove, T., and Donnelly-Nolan, J., 1986, The evolution of young silicic lavas at Medicine Lake Volcano, California: Implications for the origin of compositional gaps in calc-alkaline series lavas: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 92, no. 3, p. 281-302, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00572157.","startPage":"281","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205479,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572157"},{"id":224428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babeae4b08c986b323171","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grove, T.L.","contributorId":22088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015326,"text":"70015326 - 1986 - Gas analyses from the Pu'u O'o eruption in 1985, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015326","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas analyses from the Pu'u O'o eruption in 1985, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Volcanic gas samples were collected from July to November 1985 from a lava pond in the main eruptive conduit of Pu'u O'o from a 2-week-long fissure eruption and from a minor flank eruption of Pu'u O'o. The molecular composition of these gases is consistent with thermodynamic equilibrium at a temperature slightly less than measured lava temperatures. Comparison of these samples with previous gas samples shows that the composition of volatiles in the magma has remained constant over the 3-year course of this episodic east rift eruption of Kilauea volcano. The uniformly carbon depleted nature of these gases is consistent with previous suggestions that all east rift eruptive magmas degas during prior storage in the shallow summit reservoir of Kilauea. Minor compositional variations within these gas collections are attributed to the kinetics of the magma degassing process. ?? 1986 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01074465","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Greenland, L., 1986, Gas analyses from the Pu'u O'o eruption in 1985, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 48, no. 6, p. 341-348, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074465.","startPage":"341","endPage":"348","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205423,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074465"},{"id":223871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14bde4b0c8380cd54b43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenland, L. P.","contributorId":56368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenland","given":"L. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015589,"text":"70015589 - 1986 - Mars: A water-rich planet?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T23:44:34.134365","indexId":"70015589","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars: A water-rich planet?","docAbstract":"

Mars had outgassed at least 0.5 to 1 km of water, 10 to 20 bar of CO2, and 0.1 to 0.3 bar of N2. The volatiles that have been retained are mostly in the cratered uplands. Terrain softening, fretted channels, debris flows, and closed depressions indicate that at least the upper 2 km of the cratered uplands at high latitudes (>30°) contain ice in amounts that exceed the porosity, estimated to be 10–20%. Theoretical studies, and lack of these features in the cratered uplands at low latitudes, suggest that the upper 1 km of the uplands at low latitudes is ice poor. However, valley networks indicate that water was present near the surface early in the planet's history, although in amounts smaller than at high latitudes. The entire upper 1 km, planetwide is estimated to have contained 75–125 m of water at the end of heavy bombardment. The largest sink for water is the megaregolith below 1 km. Episodic eruption of water from the deep megaregolith cut many of the large outflow channels. From the volume of water needed to cut the circum-Chryse channels, and assuming uniform planetwide distribution of water, the deep megaregolith is estimated to have contained at least 350 m of water at the end of heavy bombardment, thereby giving a total minimum inventory of 424–475 m planetwide. Most of the water lost from the low-latitude uplands by diffusion and in cutting the valley networks is now believed to be in the polar layered terrains. Most of the water involved in cutting the outflow channels is in the low-lying northern plains where a variety of features that have been attributed to ground ice is present. A large fraction of the planet's surface has been overplated with water-poor volcanics, of which we have samples in the SNC meteorites. The younger volcanics have reacted extensively with the old volatile-rich basement. Some of the CO2 and N2 outgassed was lost during heavy bombardment by impact erosion of the atmosphere and other processes. The remaining was fixed carbonates and folded deep into the megaregolith during heavy bombardment.




","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(86)90019-9","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., 1986, Mars: A water-rich planet?: Icarus, v. 68, no. 2, p. 187-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(86)90019-9.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5229e4b0c8380cd6c1d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014642,"text":"70014642 - 1986 - Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T12:07:21","indexId":"70014642","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water","docAbstract":"Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ethylene dibromide (EDB) and water were determined in the laboratory as a function of wind speed and temperature. The ratio of the coefficients was independent of wind speed and increased slightly with temperature. Use of this ratio with an environmentally determined gas-film coefficient for the evaporation of water permits determination of the gas-film coefficient for the volatilization of EDB from environmental waters.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00151a016","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tal, D., 1986, Gas-film coefficients for the volatilization of ethylene dibromide from water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 20, no. 9, p. 949-952, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00151a016.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"952","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14dce4b0c8380cd54bd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tal, D.Y.","contributorId":74887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tal","given":"D.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015683,"text":"70015683 - 1986 - Fumarole emissions at Mount St. Helens volcano, June 1980 to October 1981: Degassing of a magma-hydrothermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70015683","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fumarole emissions at Mount St. Helens volcano, June 1980 to October 1981: Degassing of a magma-hydrothermal system","docAbstract":"This study is an investigation of the chemical changes in the Mount St. Helens fumarole gases up to October 1981, the sources of the fumarole gases, and the stability of gas species in the shallow magma system. These problems are investigated by calculations of element compositions, thermodynamic equilibria, and magmatic volatile-hydrothermal steam mixing models. The fumarole gases are treated as mixtures of magmatic volatiles and hydrothermal steam formed by magma degassing and boiling of local waters in a dryout zone near conduit and dome magma. The magmatic volatile fraction is significant in fumaroles with temperatures in excess of the magma cracking-temperature (??? 700??C) - i.e., the temperature below which cracking is induced by thermal stresses during cooling and solidification. Linear composition changes of the fumarole gases over time appear to be the result of a steady decline in the magmatic volatile mixing fraction, which may be due to the tapping of progressively volatile-depleted magma. The maximum proportion of hydrothermal steam in the fumaroles rose from about 25-35% in September 1980 to around 50-70% by October 1981. Fractional degassing of magmatic CO2 and sulfur also contributed to the chemical changes in the fumarole gases. The steady chemical changes indicate that replenishment of the magma system with undegassed magma was not significant between September 1980 and September 1981. Extrapolations of chemical trends suggest that fumarole gases emitted at the time of formation of the first dome in mid-June 1980 were more enriched in a magmatic volatile fraction and contained a minimum of 9% CO2. Calculations show H2S is the predominant sulfur species in Mount St. Helens magma below depths of 200 m. Rapid release of gases from magma below this depth is a plausible mechanism for producing the high H2S/SO2 observed in Mount St. Helens plumes during explosive eruptions. This study suggests that dacite-andesite volcanos may emit gases richer in CO2 during the earlier episodes of an eruptive cycle and burden the atmosphere with much more H2S than SO2 during explosive eruptions. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., and Casadevall, T.J., 1986, Fumarole emissions at Mount St. Helens volcano, June 1980 to October 1981: Degassing of a magma-hydrothermal system: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 141-160.","startPage":"141","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a140fe4b0c8380cd548b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015069,"text":"70015069 - 1986 - Emission spectrographic determination of volatile trace elements in geologic materials by a carrier distillation technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T11:16:09.499179","indexId":"70015069","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emission spectrographic determination of volatile trace elements in geologic materials by a carrier distillation technique","docAbstract":"

Trace levels of chalcophile elements that form volatile sulfide minerals are determined in stream sediments and in the nonmagnetic fraction of a heavy-mineral concentrate of stream sediments by a carrier distillation emission spectrographic method. Photographically recorded spectra of samples are visually compared with those of synthetic standards for the two sample types. Rock and soil samples may also be analyzed by comparison with the stream-sediment standards. A gallium oxide spectrochemical carrier/buffer enhances the early emission of the volatile elements.

Detection limits in parts per million attained are: Sb 5, As 20, Bi 0.1, Cd 1, Cu 1, Pb 2, Ag 0.1, Zn 2, and Sn 0.1. A comparison with other methods of analysis, total-burn emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy, shows good correlation for standard reference for materials and samples from a variety of geologic terranes.


","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(86)90084-1","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Barton, H.N., 1986, Emission spectrographic determination of volatile trace elements in geologic materials by a carrier distillation technique: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 25, no. 3, p. 367-378, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(86)90084-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"378","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224346,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08fee4b0c8380cd51d52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, H. N.","contributorId":99546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014996,"text":"70014996 - 1986 - Movement and fate of detergents in groundwater: A field study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T19:56:30","indexId":"70014996","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement and fate of detergents in groundwater: A field study","docAbstract":"

The major cations, anions, and detergents in a plume of contaminated groundwater at Otis Air Base on Cape Cod (Mass., U.S.A.) have moved approximately 3.5 km down gradient from the disposal beds. We hypothesize that the detergents form two distinct plumes, which consist of alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS) detergents and linear alkyl sulfonates (LAS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaLS) detergents. The ABS detergents were deposited from approximately 1940 through 1965, when ABS detergents were banned. From 1965 to the present, LAS and NaLS detergents were in the sewage. The ABS detergents appear to be transported in the aquifer at the same rate as the specific conductance (major cations and anions) and boron, which are currently used as conservative tracers of the plume of contaminated groundwater. There appears to be little or no biological degradation of the ABS detergents in the aquifer, based on their concentration in the plume. On the other hand, the LAS and NaLS detergents have degraded rapidly and have been detected only 0.6 km down gradient. The roleof the detergents in the transport of other organic compounds in the plume is nuclear. There is a separation of the ABS detergent plume and the volatile organic compound plume; however, the time of entry of the detergents and the volatile organic compounds is unknown. Therefore, it is not possible to conclude on the interaction of these two classes of compounds. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(86)90013-6","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Barber, L., and LeBlanc, D., 1986, Movement and fate of detergents in groundwater: A field study: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 1, no. 1-2, p. 143-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(86)90013-6.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f0ee4b0c8380cd70d47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, L.B. Jr.","contributorId":86900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.","contributorId":20909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014626,"text":"70014626 - 1986 - Recovery of several volatile organic compounds from simulated water samples: Effect of transport and storage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T16:17:03.956115","indexId":"70014626","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of several volatile organic compounds from simulated water samples: Effect of transport and storage","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00150a012","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Friedman, L., Schroder, L., and Brooks, M., 1986, Recovery of several volatile organic compounds from simulated water samples: Effect of transport and storage: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 20, no. 8, p. 826-829, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00150a012.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"826","endPage":"829","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226236,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a33ce4b0e8fec6cdb7d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, L.C.","contributorId":57080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, M.G.","contributorId":103410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015554,"text":"70015554 - 1986 - Oxygen isotope compositions of selected laramide-tertiary granitoid stocks in the Colorado Mineral Belt and their bearing on the origin of climax-type granite-molybdenum systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015554","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope compositions of selected laramide-tertiary granitoid stocks in the Colorado Mineral Belt and their bearing on the origin of climax-type granite-molybdenum systems","docAbstract":"Quartz phenocrysts from 31 granitoid stocks in the Colorado Mineral Belt yield ??18O values less than 10.4???, with most values between 9.3 and 10.4???. An average magmatic value of about 8.5??? is suggested. The stocks resemble A-type granites; these data support magma genesis by partial melting of previously depleted, fluorine-enriched, lower crustal granulites, followed by extreme differentiation and volatile evolution in the upper crust. Subsolidus interaction of isotopically light water with stocks has reduced most feldspar and whole rock ??18O values. Unaltered samples from Climax-type molybdenumbearing granites, however, show no greater isotopic disturbance than samples from unmineralized stocks. Although meteoric water certainly played a role in post-mineralization alteration, particularly in feldspars, it is not required during high-temperature mineralization processes. We suggest that slightly low ??18O values in some vein and replacement minerals associated with molybdenum mineralization may have resulted from equilibration with isotopically light magmatic water and/or heavy isotope depletion of the ore fluid by precipitation of earlier phases. Accumulation of sufficient quantities of isotopically light magmatic water to produce measured depletions of 18O requires extreme chemical stratification in a large magma reservoir. Upward migration of a highly fractionated, volatile-rich magma into a small apical Climax-type diapir, including large scale transport of silica, alkalis, molybdenum, and other vapor soluble elements, may occur with depression of the solidus temperature and reduction of magma viscosity by fluorine. Climax-type granites may provide examples of 18O depletion in magmatic systems without meteoric water influx. ?? 1986 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00389393","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Hannah, J.L., and Stein, H.J., 1986, Oxygen isotope compositions of selected laramide-tertiary granitoid stocks in the Colorado Mineral Belt and their bearing on the origin of climax-type granite-molybdenum systems: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 93, no. 3, p. 347-358, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00389393.","startPage":"347","endPage":"358","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205463,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389393"},{"id":224265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a728fe4b0c8380cd76b8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hannah, J. L.","contributorId":91993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hannah","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, H. J.","contributorId":98748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27397,"text":"wri854056 - 1985 - Geohydrology and ground-water flow at Verona Well Field, Battle Creek, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-29T14:31:14","indexId":"wri854056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4056","title":"Geohydrology and ground-water flow at Verona Well Field, Battle Creek, Michigan","docAbstract":"

The city of Battle Creek has 30 wells in the Verona well field capable of yielding 300 to 1,000 gallons per minute each. During summer, total withdrawals are as little as 6,000 gallons per minute. In early 1984, only 9 to 12 of the wells were being used; the remaining wells were contaminated by volatile hydrocarbons.

Ground water at and near Verona well field generally flows toward Battle Creek River except where directions are altered by pumping.  During summer, especially during periods when withdrawals are as much as 12,000 gallons per minute, a large cone of depression develops and water is drawn to the well field from several thousand feet away.  During winter, when withdrawals are as little as 6,000 gallons per minute, the cone is smaller.

Ground-water flow is in three aquifers--a sand and gravel aquifer in deposits of Pleistocene age that overlies upper and lower sandstone aquifers of the Marshall Formation of Mississippian age. Model-simulated data that best matched measured data indicate horizontal hydraulic conductivities ranging from 15 to 110 feet per day for the sand and gravel aquifer, 150 feet per day for the upper sandstone aquifer, and 550 feet per day for the lower sandstone aquifer.  Recharge was simulated at rates ranging from 8 to 13 inches per year.

Model simulations to evaluate the feasibility of installing new supply wells immediately north of the present field indicate that pumping 3,750 gallons per minute from new wells at the site would produce about 7 feet of drawdown in the lower sandstone aquifer in the vicinity of the new wells. Because the new wells tap only the lower sandstone aquifer, the pumping would have little effect on the potentiometric surfaces for the two overlying aquifers.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri854056","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Battle Creek, Michigan","usgsCitation":"Grannemann, N., and Twenter, F.R., 1985, Geohydrology and ground-water flow at Verona Well Field, Battle Creek, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4056, vi, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854056.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri854056.jpg"},{"id":318880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Battle Creek","otherGeospatial":"Verona Well Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 42.19291648699529\n ],\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 42.386951440524854\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 42.386951440524854\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 42.19291648699529\n ],\n [\n -85.374755859375,\n 42.19291648699529\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691691","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twenter, F. R.","contributorId":81080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twenter","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27058,"text":"wri854062 - 1985 - Reconnaissance of water quality at a U.S. Department of Energy site, Pinellas County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-06T21:22:53.639431","indexId":"wri854062","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4062","title":"Reconnaissance of water quality at a U.S. Department of Energy site, Pinellas County, Florida","docAbstract":"

Sanitary and industrial wastes at the Pinellas Plant of the U.S. Department of Energy, prior to December 1982, were combined, treated, and disposed of by ponding and spray irrigation on a 10-acre tract within the plant site. Prior to 1972, the treated wastes were released to surface drainage features. An electromagnetic survey for ground conductivity was made to identify changes in the ground conductivity that may be due to the spray irrigation disposal operations. Water samples from four test wells drilled into the surficial aquifer and the two disposal ponds and bottom material from the ponds were analyzed for priority and nonpriority pollutants, total organic carbon, volatile organic carbon, herbicides, insecticides, trace metals, nutrients, and major constituents. Overall, concentrations of constituents in the water samples were (1) less than the detection limits, (2) within U.S. Environmental Protection Agency quality criteria for water, or (3) within the range of results for a designated background water-quality site. Concentrations of 12 priority pollutants were found to be considerably above detection limits. Concentrations of these compounds, mostly coal-tar derivatives, ranged from 220 to 5,500 micrograms per kilogram; the detection limit for these compounds is 10 micrograms per kilogram. Included in these compounds were anthracene, pyrenes, and chrysene. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854062","usgsCitation":"Fernandez, M., 1985, Reconnaissance of water quality at a U.S. Department of Energy site, Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4062, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854062.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410118,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36242.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55933,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4062/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pinellas County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.725,\n 27.896\n ],\n [\n -82.725,\n 27.85\n ],\n [\n -82.767,\n 27.85\n ],\n [\n -82.767,\n 27.896\n ],\n [\n -82.725,\n 27.896\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6369ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fernandez, Mario","contributorId":100846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Mario","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}