Two fundamental methods for studying aquifer hydrology are now in use. The first, applied many years ago, consists of detailed observation of aquifer inflow, outflow, and storage changes, and their variations in time. By analysis of these observations, estimates of the perennial recharge to the aquifer and other pertinent hydrologic data are obtained, all as gross characteristics of the aquifer. The need for greater detail gave rise to a second fundamental method: special field tests, such as pumping tests, by which the hydrologic coefficients could be measured in a comparatively short time. In order to evaluate properly the ability of an aquifer to serve as a source of perennial water supply, the geology and hydrology of the aquifer must be known in some detail over its entire area. The first method cannot supply the necessary detail in most cases, and the second method cannot ordinarily provide the needed areal coverage because of the lack of appropriate testing facilities. Thus an auxiliary third approach was sought which would combine the features of a simple data‐collection program with a final analysis yielding both adequate detail and areal coverage.
A method designed to satisfy these requirements is described. Water‐level altitudes, usually observed in the course of more general ground‐water studies, are analyzed by numerical methods, using finite‐difference approximations of the basic differential equations which describe ground‐water flow. Analytical methods are given for nonsteady flow through homogeneous and nonhomogeneous aquifers. Both direct and statistical solutions are shown. The hydrologic factors are computed as functions of transmissibility, and for the nonhomogeneous aquifer the variations of transmissibility in space are computed also from the water‐level data. Knowledge of the absolute value of any one of the hydrologic factors at some location in the aquifer permits conversion of the computed functions to absolute terms for all the aquifer flow field studied.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR037i004p00451","usgsCitation":"Stallman, R., 1956, Numerical analysis of regional water levels to define aquifer hydrology: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 37, no. 4, p. 451-460, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR037i004p00451.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"460","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stallman, Robert W.","contributorId":32903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallman","given":"Robert W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2618,"text":"wsp1360B - 1956 - Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-27T15:31:54.450981","indexId":"wsp1360B","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","chapter":"B","title":"Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the city of Louisville, Ky., the U. S. Geological Survey made a detailed investigation during the period February 1945 to March 1947 of the ground-water resources of a 3-square-mile area along the Ohio River north-east of Louisville. Test drilling shows that the principal aquifer consists of about 80 feet of glacial-outwash sands and gravels lying in an old river channel which was cut into rocks of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian age.
The total ground-water storage in the area is estimated as 7 billion gallons. The ground-water levels are affected by changes in river elevation, by rainfall, and by the effects of pumping in the downtown part of Louisville 3 miles to the southwest. In the northeastern part of the area the flow of ground water, as defined by contour maps, is toward the river, and in the southwestern part of the area it is from the river toward the downtown area of overpumping.
Ground water in the area has an average temperature of 56° F. The water, which is moderately hard, is suitable for domestic and industrial uses.
Analysis of a pumping test made during the investigation proves that infiltration supplies can be developed. Studies to determine the degree of connection between the river and aquifer were made on the basis of chemical analyses, sections showing temperature distribution in the aquifer during the pumping test, shapes of water-level profiles in the test area, and shapes of time-drawdown curves for a number of observation wells. Quantitative studies to evaluate the hydrologic constants of the aquifer were made by both graphical and mathematical methods. The transmissibility was determined as 121,000 gpd/ft in the test area; the distance to the line source, 400 feet; and the coefficient of storage, 0.0003. A comparison of river-level fluctuations and water-level fluctuations in observation wells shows that conditions along the 6.4-mile reach of river are not greatly different from those at the site of the pumping test.
It is estimated that under adverse temperature and river-stage conditions infiltration supplies could be developed to the extent of 280 million gpd in the entire 6.4-mile reach investigated; at average river-water temperature (59° F) about 400 million gpd could be developed. Diagrams were drawn showing the estimated yield of wells of different radii, at various distances from the river, and at various spacings. In making the computations allowance was made for screen losses, dewatering of the aquifer, partial penetration of wells, location wells, eccentricity of large wells, and interference among wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1360B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the city of Louisville","usgsCitation":"Rorabaugh, M.I., 1956, Ground water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky with reference to induced infiltration: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1360, Report: v, 69 p.; 17 Plates: 8 x 23.81 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1360B.","productDescription":"Report: v, 69 p.; 17 Plates: 8 x 23.81 inches or smaller","startPage":"101","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416093,"rank":20,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24337.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28927,"rank":19,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28926,"rank":18,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28925,"rank":17,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28924,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28923,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28917,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28916,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28914,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28911,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28920,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":279835,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/report.pdf"},{"id":28912,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28913,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28915,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28918,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28919,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28921,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28922,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1360b/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","city":"Louisville","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.948441,37.9971 ], [ -85.948441,38.38051 ], [ -85.4051,38.38051 ], [ -85.4051,37.9971 ], [ -85.948441,37.9971 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rorabaugh, M. I.","contributorId":28221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rorabaugh","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185477,"text":"70185477 - 1956 - Floods in relation to the river channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:39:11","indexId":"70185477","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5272,"text":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floods in relation to the river channel","docAbstract":"Among the rivers studied by us two broad types may be distinguished. Channels in the semi-arid areas scour at high discharges so that the bed lowers nearly as much as the water surface rises. Detailed data on the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in New Mexico during the spring floods of 1948 and 1952 indicate that the bed aggrades to nearly its pre-flood level as the flood recedes. Channel banks may move rapidly by undercutting during periods of scour and levees are liable to failure not from overtopping but by undercutting.
In Connecticut, a sub-humid area, the repetitive processes of scour and fill in the semi-arid region were not demonstrated by the great floods of 1955. In a few reaches fresh sand was deposited over gravel beds subsequently to be removed by lower flows. Boulders four to six feet in diameter were moved in places over undisturbed beds of one-inch gravel. Channel widening occurred primarily in rivers in narrow valleys which confined the flow within the channel. Scour and deposition on flood plains adjacent to the rivers was irregular. Most deposits could be traced to local sources. In general, flood waters modified but did not vastly alter the prevailing configuration of the channel and structure of the flood plain.
","conferenceTitle":"Symposium Darcy: Floods","conferenceDate":"September 20-26, 1956","conferenceLocation":"Dijon, France","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1956, Floods in relation to the river channel: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, p. 85-98.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News/","text":"Publisher's Website","linkHelpText":"Back issues of this publication are available using the search function"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047648,"text":"70047648 - 1955 - Ground-water reconnaissance in five Eskimo villages in the lower Kuskokwim-Yukon River area, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16428,"text":"ofr55186 - 1955 - Ground-water reconnaissance in five Eskimo villages in the lower Kuskokwim-Yukon River area, Alaska","indexId":"ofr55186","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water reconnaissance in five Eskimo villages in the lower Kuskokwim-Yukon River area, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047648,"text":"70047648 - 1955 - Ground-water reconnaissance in five Eskimo villages in the lower Kuskokwim-Yukon River area, Alaska","indexId":"70047648","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water reconnaissance in five Eskimo villages in the lower Kuskokwim-Yukon River area, Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-16T11:11:24","indexId":"70047648","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T11:05:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":140,"text":"Water Hydrological Data","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"Ground-water reconnaissance in five Eskimo villages in the lower Kuskokwim-Yukon River area, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Department of Health","publisherLocation":"Juneau, AK","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Health","usgsCitation":"Waller, R., 1955, Ground-water reconnaissance in five Eskimo villages in the lower Kuskokwim-Yukon River area, Alaska: Water Hydrological Data 5, 22 p.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kuskokwim-yukon River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.45,51.21 ], [ 172.45,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ 172.45,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520f49e3e4b0fc50304bc4d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, Roger M.","contributorId":90353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Roger M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2784,"text":"wsp1295 - 1955 - Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:46:22","indexId":"wsp1295","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1295","title":"Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Devils Lake basin, a closed basin in northeastern North Dakota, covers about 3,900 square miles of land, the topography of which is morainal and of glacial origin. In this basin lies a chain of waterways, which begins with the Sweetwater group and extends successively through Mauvais Coulee, Devils Lake, East Bay Devils Lake, and East Devils Lake, to Stump Lake. In former years when lake levels were high, Mauvais Coulee drained the Sweetwater group and discharged considerable water into Devils Lake. Converging coulees also transported excess water to Stump Lake. For at least 70 years prior to 1941, Mauvais Coulee flowed only intermittently, and the levels of major lakes in this region gradually declined. Devils Lake, for example, covered an area of about 90,000 acres in 1867 but had shrunk to approximately 6,500 acres by 1941. Plans to restore the recreational appeal of Devils Lake propose the dilution and eventual displacement of the brackish lake water by fresh water that would be diverted from the Missouri River. Freshening of the lake water would permit restocking Devils Lake with fish. \r\n\r\nDevils and Stump Lake have irregular outlines and numerous windings and have been described as lying in the valley of a preglacial river, the main stem and tributaries of which are partly filled with drift. Prominent morainal hills along the south shore of Devils Lake contrast sharply with level farmland to the north. The mean annual temperature of Devils Lake basin ranges between 36 ? and 42 ? F. Summer temperatures above 100 ? F and winter temperatures below -30 ? Fare not uncommon. The annual precipitation for 77 years at the city of Devils Lake averaged 17.5 inches. Usually, from 75 to 80 percent of the precipitation in the basin falls during the growing season, April to September. \r\n\r\nFrom 1867 to 1941 the net fall of the water surface of Devils Lake was about 38 feet. By 1951 the surface had risen fully 14 feet from its lowest altitude, 1,400.9 feet. Since 1951, the level has fallen slowly. Hydrologic changes that may have caused Devils Lake to alter from a very large, moderately deep lake of fresh water to a small, shallow body of brackish water are discussed and evaluated on the basis of scanty information. During several years of average precipitation, temperature, and evaporation, Devils Lake and lakes upstream should receive nearly a quarter of an inch of runoff annually from the drainage area of about 3,000 square miles. Approximately 55 square miles of tributary area would be required to maintain each square mile of lake surface. However, runoff, expressed as percentage of the average, differs greatly from year to year. The amount of runoff retained in upstream lakes also Varies greatly. For these two reasons, annual inflow to Devils Lake is extremely variable. \r\n\r\nBecause many waterways in this basin have no surface outlets at normal stages, runoff collects in depressions, is concentrated by evaporation, and forms saline or alkaline lakes. The chemical and physical properties of the lake waters vary chiefly with changes in lake stage and volume of inflow. Scattered records from 1899 to 1923 and more comprehensive data from 1948 to 1952 show a range of salt concentration from 6,130 to 25,000 parts per million (ppm) in the water of Devils Lake. Although concentration has varied, the chemical composition of the dissolved solids has not changed appreciably. Lake waters are more concentrated in the lower part of the basin, downstream from Devils Lake. For periods of record the salt concentration ranged from 14,932 to 62,000 ppm in East Devils Lake and from 19,000 to 106,000 ppm in east Stump Lake. \r\n\r\nCurrent and past tonnages of dissolved solids in Devils Lake, East Bay Devils Lake, East Devils Lake, and east and west Stump Lakes were computed from concentrations and from altitude-capacity curves for each lake. Neither the average rate of diversion of water to restore Devils Lake to a higher level nor the quality of the divert","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1295","usgsCitation":"Swenson, H., and Colby, B.R., 1955, Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake basin, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1295, Report: v, 81 p.; Plate: 17.5 x 17.1 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1295.","productDescription":"Report: v, 81 p.; Plate: 17.5 x 17.1 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29258,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1295/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e332f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Herbert","contributorId":54181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colby, Bruce R.","contributorId":59775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2433,"text":"wsp1255 - 1955 - Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water of the Miami area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T23:08:50.440875","indexId":"wsp1255","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1255","title":"Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water of the Miami area","docAbstract":"The circulation of water, in any form, from the surface of the earth to the atmosphere and back again is called the hydrologic cycle. A comprehensive study of the water resources of any area must, therefore, include data on the climate of the area.
The humid subtropical climate of southeastern Florida is characterized by relatively high temperatures, alternating semi-annual wet and dry seasons, and usually light but persistent winds.
The recurrence of drought in an area having relatively large rainfall such as southeastern Florida indicates that the agencies that remove water are especially effective. Two of the most important of the agencies associated with climate are evaporation and transpiration, or \"evapotranspiration\". Evaporation losses from permanent water areas are believed to average between about 40 and 45 inches per year. Over land areas indirect methods must be used to determine losses by evapotranspiration; necessarily, these values are not precise.
Because of their importance in the occurrence and movement of both surface and ground waters, detailed studies were made of the geology and geomorphology of southern Florida.
As a result of widespread crustal movements, southern Florida emerged from the sea in late Pliocene time and probably was slightly tilted to the west. At the beginning of the Pleistocene the continent emerged still farther as a result of the lowering of sea level attending the first widespread glaciation. During this epoch, southern Florida may have stood several hundred feet above sea level.
During the interglacial ages the sea repeatedly flooded southern Florida. The marine members of the Fort Thompson formation in the Lake Okeechobee-Everglades depression and the Caloosahatchee River Valley apparently are the deposits of these interglacial invasions by the sea. The fresh-water marls, sands, and organic deposits of the Fort Thompson formation appear to have accumulated during glacial ages when sea level was low and the area was a land surface partly occupied by fresh-water lakes and marshes. Elsewhere in southern Florida the deposits are mainly marine limestones and sandy terrace deposits.
The Pliocene surface upon which these Pleistocene sediments were deposited was highest to the north and west of the present Everglades and Kissimmee River basin, and it sloped gently to the south, southeast, and east. On this slightly sloping floor, alternately submerged and emerged, the later materials were built; these materials modified by wind, rain, and surface and ground waters, have largely determined the present topographic and ecologic character of southern Florida.
The most important aquifer in southern Florida, and the one in which most of the wells are developed, is the Biscayne aquifer. It is composed of parts of the Tamiami formation (Miocene), Caloosahatchee marl (Pliocene), Fort Thompson formation, Anastasia formation, Key Largo limestone, Miami oolite, and Pamlico sand (Pleistocene). In some parts of southern Florida, the Pamlico sand and the Anastasia formation are not a part of the Biscayne aquifer; however, they are utilized in the development of small water supplies. Most of the Caloosahatchee marl and the Fort Thompson formation in the Lake Okeechobee area is of very low permeability. In the northern Everglades their less permeable parts contain highly mineralized waters, which appear to have been trapped since the invasions by the Pleistocene seas. These waters have been modified by dilution with fresh ground water and by chemical reactions with surrounding materials.
Sea-level fluctuations, starting at the close of the Pliocene with the highest levels and progressing toward the Recent with successively lower levels, have built a series of nearly flat marine terrances abutting against one another much like a series of broad stearsteps. Erosion and solution have defaced and, in places, have obliterated the original surficial forms of these old sea bottoms, shores, and shoreline features, but their remnants today are widespread and, in some places, are easily recognizable.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1255","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Geological Survey, Dade County, cities of Miami and Miami Beach, and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Parker, G., Ferguson, G., and Love, S.K., 1955, Water resources of southeastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground water of the Miami area: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1255, Report: xxv, 965 p.; 24 Plates: 19.50 x 30.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1255.","productDescription":"Report: xxv, 965 p.; 24 Plates: 19.50 x 30.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":425904,"rank":28,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, G.E.","contributorId":62575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2845,"text":"wsp1298 - 1955 - Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:11:18","indexId":"wsp1298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1298","title":"Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","docAbstract":"The area described in this report is the flood plain of the Grand River and the bordering benchlands in Perkins and Corson Counties, S. Dak., from a point about 6 miles west of the town of Shadehill to the confluence of the Grand and Missouri Rivers near Mobridge.
\nThe exposed bedrock formations include the Pierre shale, the Fox Hills sandstone, and the Hell Creek formation of Late Cretaceous age, and-the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation of Tertiary (Paleocene) age. Some stringers of the Cannonball formation probably interfinger with beds of the Ludlow member but none of the former was identified during the field investigations. The Pierre shale is exposed from the mouth of the Grand River to approximately the center of the area. Although a few wells in the area obtain water from this formation, it is not generally considered to be a source of supply. The Fox Hills sandstone, the Hell Creek formation, and the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation are exposed successively upstream and, where saturated, yield small to moderate quantities of water to wells.
\nUnconsolidated deposits of silt, sand, and gravel occur in several physiographic positions; they underlie the high benchland on both sides of the river, the poorly defined terraces along the river, and the flood plain throughout its entire length. Possibly all these unconsolidated deposits are water bearing; however, where the deposits on the benchland and in the terraces are dissected by streams, they probably contain little or no water.
\nThe average depth to ground water along the lower Grand River valley is about 17 feet. Probably, the flow of ground water in the bottom lands is nearly parallel to and slightly toward the surface stream. The measurements of the water level in observation wells for the period 1946-48 indicate that the fluctuations of the water table are small.
\nThe results of analyses of 13 samples of ground water from the alluvium and the Hell Creek formation show that the suitability of the ground water for use varies because of the considerable range in mineralization and composition. Dissolved solids ranged from 343 to 4,250 parts per million (ppm), hardness from 11 to 1,130 ppm, and percentage of sodium from 25 to 98. Concentrations of some of the individual constituents exceed standards of the United States Public Health Service. The water is moderately hard and contains undesirable amounts of iron and moderate to large amounts of dissolved solids. In general, the water quality ranges from excellent to unsuitable for irrigation use. The result of the mixing of the ground water with recharge water from Shadehill Reservoir cannot be predicted on the basis of available data.
\nThe geologic and hydrologic data in this report were obtained from earlier reports and from field observations during the period 1946-48. The report includes a geologic map and tabulated well records.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1298","usgsCitation":"Tychsen, P.C., Vorhis, R., and Jochens, E.R., 1955, Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1298, Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29415,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29416,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Grand River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -102.23876953125,\n 45.336701909968106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tychsen, Paul C.","contributorId":82683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tychsen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vorhis, R.C.","contributorId":32512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jochens, Eugene R.","contributorId":55804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jochens","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51835,"text":"ofr5579 - 1955 - Hydrology of Clay County, Nebraska, with special reference to recharge","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51835,"text":"ofr5579 - 1955 - Hydrology of Clay County, Nebraska, with special reference to recharge","indexId":"ofr5579","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of Clay County, Nebraska, with special reference to recharge"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2012,"text":"wsp1468 - 1959 - Geology and ground-water resources of Clay County, Nebraska","indexId":"wsp1468","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Clay County, Nebraska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2012,"text":"wsp1468 - 1959 - Geology and ground-water resources of Clay County, Nebraska","indexId":"wsp1468","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Clay County, Nebraska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:33","indexId":"ofr5579","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-79","title":"Hydrology of Clay County, Nebraska, with special reference to recharge","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5579","usgsCitation":"Keech, C., 1955, Hydrology of Clay County, Nebraska, with special reference to recharge: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-79, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5579.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6049d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keech, C.F.","contributorId":67941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keech","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51863,"text":"ofr55143 - 1955 - Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins in northern California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51863,"text":"ofr55143 - 1955 - Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins in northern California","indexId":"ofr55143","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins in northern California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2561,"text":"wsp1758 - 1964 - Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins of northern California","indexId":"wsp1758","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins of northern California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2561,"text":"wsp1758 - 1964 - Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins of northern California","indexId":"wsp1758","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins of northern California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:31","indexId":"ofr55143","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-143","title":"Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins in northern California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr55143","usgsCitation":"Rantz, S., 1955, Surface-water hydrology of coastal basins in northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-143, 85 p., 6 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55143.","productDescription":"85 p., 6 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rantz, S. E.","contributorId":34106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rantz","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51821,"text":"ofr5547 - 1955 - Geology of the Canyon Reservoir site on the Guadalupe River, Comal County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T11:25:15","indexId":"ofr5547","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-47","title":"Geology of the Canyon Reservoir site on the Guadalupe River, Comal County, Texas","docAbstract":"In response to a request by Colonel Harry O. Fisher, District Engineer of the Fort Worth District of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army (letter of Dec. 13, 1954), a reconnaissance investigation was made of the geology of the Canyon (F-1) reservoir site on the Guadalupe River in Comal County, Tex.
\nThe purpose of the investigation was to study the geology in relation to possible leakage - particularly leakage of water that might then be lost from the drainage area of the Guadalupe River - and to add to the general knowledge of the ground-water hydrology of the San Antonio area. The dam (F-1) was originally designed for flood control and conservation only, with provision for the addition of a power unit if feasible. Since the completion of the investigation by the Corps of Engineers, the city of San Antonio has expressed an interest in the reservoir as a possible source of public water supply.
\nThe Corps of Engineers has made a thorough engineering and geologic study of the dam site (Corps of Engineers, 1950), which has Congressional approval. The geology and water resources of Comal County have been studied by George (1952).
\nThe rocks studied are those within the reservoir area and generally below the 1,000-foot contour as shown on the Smithson Valley quadrangle of the U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5547","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Board of Water Engineers","usgsCitation":"George, W., and Welder, F.A., 1955, Geology of the Canyon Reservoir site on the Guadalupe River, Comal County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-47, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5547.","productDescription":"17 p.","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289669,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0047/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Comal County","otherGeospatial":"Guadalupe River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.474239,29.799506 ], [ -98.474239,30.000537 ], [ -98.099521,30.000537 ], [ -98.099521,29.799506 ], [ -98.474239,29.799506 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683243","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, William O.","contributorId":106016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"William O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welder, Frank A.","contributorId":32173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welder","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51827,"text":"ofr5557 - 1955 - Water supplies for irrigation in the Northeast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:17:33","indexId":"ofr5557","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-57","title":"Water supplies for irrigation in the Northeast","docAbstract":"The subject of this paper as given on the program is \"Water Supplies for Irrigation in the Northeast.\" Both surface-water and ground-water resources are discussed, although with somewhat differing approaches. First we discuss the use of streamflow data in estimating the surface-water supplies available for irrigation use. Then we treat some of the hydrologic factors that bear on the uses of ground-water for irrigation in the New England-New York region.
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M.","contributorId":38527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackett","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51828,"text":"ofr5563 - 1955 - Ground-water conditions between Oracle and Oracle Junction, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T14:00:45","indexId":"ofr5563","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-63","title":"Ground-water conditions between Oracle and Oracle Junction, Pinal County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The development of the San Manuel copper prospect has greatly increased traffic along State Highway 77. Considerable interest in commercial possibilities along that road has resulted in a request by the Arizona State Land Department for information about the ground-water conditions between Oracle and Oracle Junction. This request came too late for information to be included in a recently completed memorandum report on the occurrence of ground water in the vicinity of Oracle, released in February 1955. These data are presented as a supplement to that report to minimized duplication of statements about the general geologic and hydrologic conditions. The necessary well data and sample descriptions that were not included in the Oracle report are shown in tables 3 and 4.
\nThe area discussed in this supplement comprises parts of Tps. 9 and 10 S., Rs. 13, 14, and 15 E., and includes about 90 square miles (fig. 3). The eastern portion overlaps part of the area covered by the earlier report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/ofr5563","collaboration":"A supplement to \"Memorandum on geology and ground-water resources in the vicinity of Oracle, Pinal County, Arizona.\" Prepared in cooperation with Arizona State Land Department, Roger Ernst, Commissioner","usgsCitation":"Heindl, L., 1955, Ground-water conditions between Oracle and Oracle Junction, Pinal County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-63, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5563.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289675,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0063/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Pinal County","city":"Oracle;Oracle Junction","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.975151,32.539636 ], [ -110.975151,32.651248 ], [ -110.740825,32.651248 ], [ -110.740825,32.539636 ], [ -110.975151,32.539636 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d300","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heindl, L.A.","contributorId":52150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heindl","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14595,"text":"ofr5591 - 1955 - Fitting curves to cyclic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T12:45:56","indexId":"ofr5591","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-91","title":"Fitting curves to cyclic data","docAbstract":"A common problem in hydrology is to fit a smooth curve to cyclic or periodic data, either to define the most probable values of the data or to test some principle that one wishes to demonstrate. This study treats of those problems where the length or period of the cycle is know beforehand - as a day, year, or meander length for example. Curve-fitting can be made by free-hand drawing, and where the data are closely aligned this method offers the simplest and most direct course. However, there are many problems where the best fit is far from obvious, and analytical methods may be necessary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5591","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., 1955, Fitting curves to cyclic data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-91, 11 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5591.","productDescription":"11 p","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5591.jpg"},{"id":310470,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0091/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef2dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51838,"text":"ofr5585 - 1955 - Ground-water hydraulics - A summary of lectures presented by John G. Ferris at short courses conducted by the Ground Water Branch, part 1, Theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T11:42:40","indexId":"ofr5585","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-85","title":"Ground-water hydraulics - A summary of lectures presented by John G. Ferris at short courses conducted by the Ground Water Branch, part 1, Theory","docAbstract":"The objective of the Ground Water Branch is to evaluate the occurrence, availability, and quality of ground water. The science of ground-water hydrology is applied toward attaining that goal. Although many ground-water investigations are of a qualitative nature, quantitative studies are necessarily an integral component of the complete evaluation of occurrence and availability. The worth of an aquifer as a fully developed source of water depends largely on two inherent characteristics: its ability to store, and its ability to transmit water. Furthermore, quantitative knowledge of these characteristics facilitates measurement of hydrologic entities such as recharge, leakage, evapotranspiration, etc. It is recognized that these two characteristics, referred to as the coefficients of storage and transmissibility, generally provide the very foundation on which quantitative studies are constructed. Within the science of ground-water hydrology, ground-water hydraulics methods are applied to determine these constats from field data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5585","usgsCitation":"Knowles, D., 1955, Ground-water hydraulics - A summary of lectures presented by John G. Ferris at short courses conducted by the Ground Water Branch, part 1, Theory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-85, vi, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5585.","productDescription":"vi, 105 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":275882,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0085/report.pdf"},{"id":177862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668dad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, D.B.","contributorId":83898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51843,"text":"ofr5590 - 1955 - Extending flood-frequency graphs by comparison with rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:21:48","indexId":"ofr5590","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-90","title":"Extending flood-frequency graphs by comparison with rainfall","docAbstract":"Flood discharge is the consequence of many contributing hydrologic events which may be presumed to occur fortuitously and independently, such that the probability of a given flood is the product of the probability of each independent contributing event. Of the many factors that lead to a flood, the two most prominent are (1) storm rainfall and (2) the \"antecedent conditions\" (3.g., conditions of the soil encountered by the rainstorm).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5590","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., 1955, Extending flood-frequency graphs by comparison with rainfall: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-90, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5590.","productDescription":"19 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5590.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8b15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51878,"text":"ofr55184 - 1955 - Ground water and the law - some selected annotated references","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-21T09:51:04","indexId":"ofr55184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-184","title":"Ground water and the law - some selected annotated references","docAbstract":"The strictly \"legal\" literature of ground-water use and control -except for a few essays in certain of the law reviews- is quite limited. A larger and more pointful source of information and analysis is the legal-scientific writings of the geologists, hydrologists, meteorologists, engineers and others. When new statutes are to be drafted by legislatures, and new decisions are to be made by courts on this subject, such literature may well be of far greater importance than legal precedents unfounded on scientific fact. This may be demonstrated by the character and scope of the legal-scientific literature of ground water, just one branch of water science, but one which is of major importance to any thoughtful consideration of water use and control.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr55184","usgsCitation":"Vorhis, R.C., 1955, Ground water and the law - some selected annotated references: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-184, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55184.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/OFR55184.jpg"},{"id":310234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0184/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vorhis, Robert C.","contributorId":52555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68203,"text":"ha5 - 1955 - Map of the Louisville area, Kentucky, showing contours on the bedrock surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:28","indexId":"ha5","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5","title":"Map of the Louisville area, Kentucky, showing contours on the bedrock surface","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha5","usgsCitation":"MacCary, L.M., 1955, Map of the Louisville area, Kentucky, showing contours on the bedrock surface: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 5, 1 map ;60 x 47 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha5.","productDescription":"1 map ;60 x 47 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89548,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/005/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"55400","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.91666666666667,38.06666666666667 ], [ -85.91666666666667,38.35 ], [ -85.63333333333334,38.35 ], [ -85.63333333333334,38.06666666666667 ], [ -85.91666666666667,38.06666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6584e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacCary, L. M. (compiler)","contributorId":7775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCary","given":"L.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51857,"text":"ofr55127 - 1955 - Memorandum describing the geology and ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Simpsonville, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T13:07:01","indexId":"ofr55127","displayToPublicDate":"1955-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-127","title":"Memorandum describing the geology and ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Simpsonville, Maryland","docAbstract":"This memorandum summarizes briefly the result of a study of the ground-water conditions of a small area near Simpsonville, Maryland, underlain chiefly by the Guilford granite (granite-pegmatite) of early Paleozoic or late Precambrian age. The records. of 15 wells and 5 sprints are given, as are t he sample-study legs of 3 test wells drilled at the site of a planned industrial labratory. A geologic map revised some-what from a published map by Cloos and Broedel is included (fig. 1).
\nThe study of the hydrology in the vicinity of Simpsonville was undertaken as a part of the ground-water investigations in cooperation with the Maryland Department of Geology, Mines and Water Resources. It provides ground-water data in addition to those already available, as a basis for a decision by the Maryland Water Resources Commission in regard to the application of an industrial laboratory to appropriate 200,000 gallons of ground water a day at a site about half a mile northwest of Simpsonville (approximately 12 miles southwest of Baltimore). Also, it supplements existing information on the occurrence of ground water in crystalline rocks of the type underlying the site, which are widespread in the Piedmont of Maryland and other States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr55127","usgsCitation":"Otton, E., 1955, Memorandum describing the geology and ground-water conditions in the vicinity of Simpsonville, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-127, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55127.","productDescription":"24 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr55127.jpg"},{"id":310494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0127/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Simpsonville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.33291625976561,\n 34.75458894128617\n ],\n [\n -82.25326538085938,\n 34.79068657192738\n ],\n [\n -82.19490051269531,\n 34.79125047210742\n ],\n [\n -82.15782165527344,\n 34.74781887783447\n ],\n [\n -82.18048095703125,\n 34.6958966251432\n ],\n [\n -82.25051879882812,\n 34.67105271935892\n ],\n [\n -82.30270385742188,\n 34.667664336483554\n ],\n [\n -82.34321594238281,\n 34.7506398050501\n ],\n [\n -82.33291625976561,\n 34.75458894128617\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otton, E. G.","contributorId":22311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216127,"text":"70216127 - 1955 - Effect of western drought on the water resources of Safford Valley, Arizona, 1940–1952","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-05T18:47:47.044135","indexId":"70216127","displayToPublicDate":"1955-11-05T12:43:35","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of western drought on the water resources of Safford Valley, Arizona, 1940–1952","docAbstract":"Records of precipitation, runoff in the Gila River, ground‐water withdrawals for irrigation, and changes in ground‐water level in Safford Valley, Arizona, provide a basis for noting the effect of wet and dry periods on the hydrologic cycle. An unusually wet period 1940–1941, was followed by a period of drought, l942–1952. The irrigable area is limited by natural causes, the area irrigated with surface water is effectively limited by court decree, and less than 1000 acres are irrigated exclusively from wells. Thus relatively little expansion in this irrigated area has occurred during the period concerned to obscure the climatic effects, although cultivation has been more intensive in recent years and the water demand has been correspondingly larger. The wet period of above‐normal stream flow and ground‐water levels provided a cushion that delayed and reduced the effects of the drought. As the ground‐water‐storage in the valley is relatively small, however, withdrawals of ground water as a supplemental supply for irrigation eventually lowered water levels sufficiently to reduce well yields. The concentration of dissolved mineral matter increased in the remaining ground water, making it less desirable for irrigation use than previously.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR036i001p00087","usgsCitation":"Cushman, R., and Halpenny, L.C., 1955, Effect of western drought on the water resources of Safford Valley, Arizona, 1940–1952: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 36, no. 1, p. 87-94, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR036i001p00087.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"94","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Safford Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.92370605468749,\n 32.61161640317033\n ],\n [\n -109.4622802734375,\n 32.61161640317033\n ],\n [\n -109.4622802734375,\n 33.04090311724091\n ],\n [\n -109.92370605468749,\n 33.04090311724091\n ],\n [\n -109.92370605468749,\n 32.61161640317033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cushman, R.L.","contributorId":102859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halpenny, L. C.","contributorId":120299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halpenny","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68261,"text":"ha7 - 1955 - Average annual runoff and precipitation in the New England-New York area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T22:04:25.187805","indexId":"ha7","displayToPublicDate":"1955-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Average annual runoff and precipitation in the New England-New York area","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha7","usgsCitation":"Knox, C.E., and Nordenson, T.J., 1955, Average annual runoff and precipitation in the New England-New York area: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 7, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha7.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":251450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/007/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":413631,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16099.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 47.454\n ],\n [\n -67,\n 47.454\n ],\n [\n -67,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d468","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knox, C. E.","contributorId":12863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordenson, T. J.","contributorId":95116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordenson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51745,"text":"ofr54253 - 1954 - Hydrologic studies at Seabrook, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:34","indexId":"ofr54253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-253","title":"Hydrologic studies at Seabrook, New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr54253","usgsCitation":"Remson, I., 1954, Hydrologic studies at Seabrook, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-253, 156 p., 6 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54253.","productDescription":"156 p., 6 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60530d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Remson, Irwin","contributorId":89115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remson","given":"Irwin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68011,"text":"ha4 - 1954 - Configuration of the water table in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:20","indexId":"ha4","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Configuration of the water table in Nebraska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha4","usgsCitation":"Schreurs, R., 1954, Configuration of the water table in Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 4, 1 map ;27 x 59 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha4.","productDescription":"1 map ;27 x 59 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89255,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/004/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"267200","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreurs, Raymond L.","contributorId":91937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreurs","given":"Raymond L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51726,"text":"ofr54217 - 1954 - Records of wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water withdrawals in the lower Goose Creek Basin, Cassia County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T10:09:04","indexId":"ofr54217","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-217","title":"Records of wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water withdrawals in the lower Goose Creek Basin, Cassia County, Idaho","docAbstract":"Investigations by the United States Geological Survey of Ground Water in the Southern border area of the Snake Rive Plain, south of the Snake River, a re concerned at the present time with delineation of the principal ground-water districts, the extent and location of existing ground-water developments, the possibilities for additional development, and the effects of ground-water development on the regimen of streams and reservoirs whose waters are appropriate for beneficial use. The lower part of the Goose Creek Basin is one of the important ground-water districts of the southern plains area and there are substantial but spotty developments of ground water for irrigation in the basin. Several thousand irrigable acres that are now dry could be put under irrigation if a dependable supply of ground water could be developed. The relations of the ground-water reservoirs to the regime of the Snake River and Goose Cree, and to the large body of ground water in the Snake River Plain north of the Snake, are poorly known. A large amount of geologic and hydrologic study remains to be done before those relations can be accurately determined. Investigations will be continued in the future but file work and preparation of a comprehensive report inevitably will be delayed. Therefore the available records are presented herein in order to make them accessible to farmers, well drillers, government agencies, and the general public. Interpretation of the records is not attempted in this report and is deferred pending the accumulation of additional and quantitative information. The data summarized herein include records of the locations and physical characteristics of wells, the depth to water in wells, fluctuations of water levels in observation wells, and estimated rates and volumes of seasonal ans yearly ground-water pumpage for irrigation, municipal, and other uses. This information is complete for work done as of December 31, 1952.
\nThe investigations upon which this report is based were undertaken in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Region I, at the request of the Planning Division, Central Snake River District. The report was complied in the first instance for the use of the Bureau of Reclamation but is now released to the public. The observation-well program in the area has been maintained in cooperation with the Idaho State Department of Reclamation as part of the regular cooperative program of the Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","doi":"10.3133/ofr54217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Region I, H. W. Nelson, Director, and the Idaho State Department of Reclamation, Mark R. Kulp, State Reclamation Engineer","usgsCitation":"Mower, R.W., 1954, Records of wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water withdrawals in the lower Goose Creek Basin, Cassia County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-217, i, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54217.","productDescription":"i, 92 p.","numberOfPages":"95","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288762,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1954/0217/report.pdf"},{"id":288763,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Cassia County","otherGeospatial":"Goose Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.286683,41.988005 ], [ -114.286683,42.673193 ], [ -113.000728,42.673193 ], [ -113.000728,41.988005 ], [ -114.286683,41.988005 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, R. W.","contributorId":34898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3385,"text":"cir323 - 1954 - Water resources of the Grand Rapids area, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T15:17:44","indexId":"cir323","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"323","title":"Water resources of the Grand Rapids area, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Grand Rapids area, Michigan, has three sources from which to obtain its water supply: Lake Michigan, the Grand River and its tributaries, and ground water. Each of the first two and possibly the third is capable of supplying the entire needs of the area.
This area is now obtaining a part of its supply from each of these sources. Of the average use of 50 mgd (million gallons per day) during 1951, Lake Michigan supplied 29 mgd; the Grand River and its tributaries supplied 1 mgd; and ground water supplied 20 mgd.
Lake Michigan offers a practically unlimited source of potable water. However, the cost of delivery to the Grand Rapids area presents an economic problem in the further development of this source. Even without storage the Grand River can provide an adequate supply for the city of Grand Rapids. The present average use of the city of Grand Rapids is about 30 mgd and the maximum use is about 60 mgd, while the average flow of the Grand River is 2, 495 mgd or 3, 860 cfs (cubic feet per second) and the minimum daily flow recorded is 246 mgd. The quality and temperature of water in the Grand River is less desirable than Lake Michigan water. However, with proper treatment its chemical quality can be made entirely satisfactory.
The city of Grand Rapids is actively engaged in a study that will lead to the expansion of its present water-supply facilities to meet the expected growth in population in Grand Rapids and its environs.
Ground-water aquifers in the area are a large potential source of supply. The Grand Rapids area is underlain by glacial material containing a moderately hard to very hard water of varying chemical composition but suitable for most uses. The glacial outwash and lacustrine deposits bordering principal streams afford the greatest potential for the development of large supplies of potable ground water. Below the glacial drift, bedrock formations contain water that is extremely hard and moderately to highly mineralized. Thus the major sources of usable ground water are the glacial drift and some parts of the bedrock. Wherever the bedrock yields large quantities of water, the water is generally of inferior quality. Any development should be preceded by test drilling and careful hydrologic and geologic studies of the area under consideration and chemical analysis of the water found.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir323","usgsCitation":"Stramel, G., Wisler, C., and Laird, L., 1954, Water resources of the Grand Rapids area, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 323, Document: iv, 40 p.; 3 Plates: 12.93 x 14.76 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir323.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 40 p.; 3 Plates: 12.93 x 14.76 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30399,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30400,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30401,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30402,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1954/0323/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Grand Rapids","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.78948974609375,\n 42.76617046685292\n ],\n [\n -85.78948974609375,\n 43.11802655958523\n ],\n [\n -85.42282104492188,\n 43.11802655958523\n ],\n [\n -85.42282104492188,\n 42.76617046685292\n ],\n [\n -85.78948974609375,\n 42.76617046685292\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f054a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stramel, G.J.","contributorId":47768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stramel","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wisler, C.O.","contributorId":34498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisler","given":"C.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laird, L.B.","contributorId":23522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laird","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68671,"text":"ha1 - 1954 - Hydrology of the San Bernardino and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:43","indexId":"ha1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Hydrology of the San Bernardino and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha1","usgsCitation":"Troxell, H.C., and and others, 1954, Hydrology of the San Bernardino and eastern San Gabriel Mountains, California: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 1, 14 maps on 15 sheets :some col. ;sheets 69 x 56 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha1.","productDescription":"14 maps on 15 sheets :some col. ;sheets 69 x 56 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":251465,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/001/report.pdf","size":"47307","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/001/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdb32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troxell, Harold C.","contributorId":33354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troxell","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"and others","contributorId":127886,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"and others","id":534513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}