The chemistry of Yellowstone fumarole gases shows the existence of two component waters, type MC, influenced by the addition of deep mantle fluid, and type CC, influenced by crustal interactions (CC). MC is high in 3He/4He (22 Ra) and low in 4He/40Ar (∼1), reflecting input of deep mantle components. The other water is characterized by 4He concentrations 3–4 orders of magnitude higher than air-saturated meteoric water (ASW). These high He concentrations originate through circulation in Pleistocene volcanic rocks, as well as outgassing of Tertiary and older (including Archean) basement, some of which could be particularly rich in uranium, a major 4He source. Consideration of CO2–CH4–CO–H2O–H2 gas equilibrium reactions indicates equilibration temperatures from 170 °C to 310 °C. The estimated temperatures highly correlate with noble-gas variations, suggesting that the two waters differ in temperature. Type CC is ∼170 °C whereas the MC is hotter, at 340 °C. This result is similar to models proposed by previous studies of thermal water chemistry. However, instead of mixing the deep hot component simply with cold, meteoric waters we argue that addition of a 4He-rich component, equilibrated at temperatures around 170 °C, is necessary to explain the range in fumarole gas chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.051","usgsCitation":"Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Lowenstern, J.B., Evans, W.C., Bergfeld, D., Tassi, F., and Tedesco, D., 2012, Insights from fumarole gas geochemistry on the origin of hydrothermal fluids on the Yellowstone Plateau: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 89, p. 265-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.051.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"278","ipdsId":"IP-037576","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.00,44.33 ], [ -111.00,44.50 ], [ -110.00,44.50 ], [ -110.00,44.33 ], [ -111.00,44.33 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"89","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50cc58fce4b00ab7c548c6bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiodini, Giovanni","contributorId":78223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiodini","given":"Giovanni","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caliro, Stefano","contributorId":10697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caliro","given":"Stefano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bergfeld, D. dbergfel@usgs.gov","contributorId":2069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"D.","email":"dbergfel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tassi, Franco","contributorId":95776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tassi","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tedesco, Dario","contributorId":16728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tedesco","given":"Dario","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70041645,"text":"sir20125155 - 2012 - Yield of bedrock wells in the Nashoba terrane, central and eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:29:07","indexId":"sir20125155","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5155","title":"Yield of bedrock wells in the Nashoba terrane, central and eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The yield of bedrock wells in the fractured-bedrock aquifers of the Nashoba terrane and surrounding area, central and eastern Massachusetts, was investigated with analyses of existing data. Reported well yield was compiled for 7,287 wells from Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and U.S. Geological Survey databases. Yield of these wells ranged from 0.04 to 625 gallons per minute. In a comparison with data from 103 supply wells, yield and specific capacity from aquifer tests were well correlated, indicating that reported well yield was a reasonable measure of aquifer characteristics in the study area.\n\nStatistically significant relations were determined between well yield and a number of cultural and hydrogeologic factors. Cultural variables included intended water use, well depth, year of construction, and method of yield measurement. Bedrock geology, topography, surficial geology, and proximity to surface waters were statistically significant hydrogeologic factors. Yield of wells was higher in areas of granites, mafic intrusive rocks, and amphibolites than in areas of schists and gneisses or pelitic rocks; higher in valleys and low-slope areas than on hills, ridges, or high slopes; higher in areas overlain by stratified glacial deposits than in areas overlain by till; and higher in close proximity to streams, ponds, and wetlands than at greater distances from these surface-water features. Proximity to mapped faults and to lineaments from aerial photographs also were related to well yield by some measures in three quadrangles in the study area. Although the statistical significance of these relations was high, their predictive power was low, and these relations explained little of the variability in the well-yield data.\n\nSimilar results were determined from a multivariate regression analysis. Multivariate regression models for the Nashoba terrane and for a three-quadrangle subarea included, as significant variables, many of the cultural and hydrogeologic factors that were individually related to well yield, in ways that are consistent with conceptual understanding of their effects, but the models explained only 21 percent (regional model for the entire terrane) and 30 percent (quadrangle model) of the overall variance in yield. Moreover, most of the explained variance was due to well characteristics rather than hydrogeologic factors. Hydrogeologic factors such as topography and geology are likely important. However, the overall high variability in the well-yield data, which results from the high variability in aquifer hydraulic properties as well as from limitations of the dataset, would make it difficult to use hydrogeologic factors to predict well yield in the study area.\n\nGeostatistical analysis (variograms), on the other hand, indicated that, although highly variable, the well-yield data are spatially correlated. The spatial continuity appears greater in the northeast-southwest direction and less in the southeast-northwest direction, directions that are parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the regional geologic structural trends. Geostatistical analysis (kriging), used to estimate yield values throughout the study area, identified regional-scale areas of higher and lower yield that may be related to regional structural features—in particular, to a northeast-southwest trending regional fault zone within the Nashoba terrane. It also would be difficult to use kriging to predict yield at specific locations, however, because of the spatial variability in yield, particularly at small scales. The regional-scale analyses in this study, both with hydrogeologic variables and geostatistics, provide a context for understanding the variability in well yield, rather a basis for precise predictions, and site-specific information would be needed to understand local conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., and Barbaro, J.R., 2012, Yield of bedrock wells in the Nashoba terrane, central and eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5155, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125155.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"86","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PV6HTP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Bedrock well yield, lineaments, and ancillary data in the Nashoba Terrane, central and eastern Massachusetts"},{"id":263904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5155.jpg"},{"id":263902,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5155/"},{"id":263903,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5155/pdf/sir2012-5155_508.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Webster;Dudley;Newbury;Rowley;Salisbury;Worcester","otherGeospatial":"Sudbury River;Assabet River;Concord River;Blackstone River;Ipswich River;Parker River;French River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.0209,41.9962 ], [ -72.0209,42.8921 ], [ -70.675,42.8921 ], [ -70.675,41.9962 ], [ -72.0209,41.9962 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c70477e4b0ebb3997466d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barbaro, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-6107-2142 jrbarbar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-2142","contributorId":1626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbaro","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrbarbar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041622,"text":"ofr20121242 - 2012 - Geomorphic analysis of the river response to sedimentation downstream of Mount Rainier, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-08T15:28:14","indexId":"ofr20121242","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1242","title":"Geomorphic analysis of the river response to sedimentation downstream of Mount Rainier, Washington","docAbstract":"A study of the geomorphology of rivers draining Mount Rainier, Washington, was completed to identify sources of sediment to the river network; to identify important processes in the sediment delivery system; to assess current sediment loads in rivers draining Mount Rainier; to evaluate if there were trends in streamflow or sediment load since the early 20th century; and to assess how rates of sedimentation might continue into the future using published climate-change scenarios.\n\nRivers draining Mount Rainier carry heavy sediment loads sourced primarily from the volcano that cause acute aggradation in deposition reaches as far away as the Puget Lowland. Calculated yields ranged from 2,000 tonnes per square kilometer per year [(tonnes/km2)/yr] on the upper Nisqually River to 350 (tonnes/km2)/yr on the lower Puyallup River, notably larger than sediment yields of 50–200 (tonnes/km2)/yr typical for other Cascade Range rivers. These rivers can be assumed to be in a general state of sediment surplus. As a result, future aggradation rates will be largely influenced by the underlying hydrology carrying sediment downstream. The active-channel width of rivers directly draining Mount Rainier in 2009, used as a proxy for sediment released from Mount Rainier, changed little between 1965 and 1994 reflecting a climatic period that was relatively quiet hydrogeomorphically. From 1994 to 2009, a marked increase in geomorphic disturbance caused the active channels in many river reaches to widen. Comparing active-channel widths of glacier-draining rivers in 2009 to the distance of glacier retreat between 1913 and 1994 showed no correlation, suggesting that geomorphic disturbance in river reaches directly downstream of glaciers is not strongly governed by the degree of glacial retreat. In contrast, there was a correlation between active-channel width and the percentage of superglacier debris mantling the glacier, as measured in 1971. A conceptual model of sediment delivery processes from the mountain indicates that rockfalls, glaciers, debris flows, and main-stem flooding act sequentially to deliver sediment from Mount Rainier to river reaches in the Puget Lowland over decadal time scales. Greater-than-normal runoff was associated with cool phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Streamflow-gaging station data from four unregulated rivers directly draining Mount Rainier indicated no statistically significant trends of increasing peak flows over the course of the 20th century.\n\nThe total sediment load of the upper Nisqually River from 1945 to 2011 was determined to be 1,200,000±180,000 tonnes/yr. The suspended-sediment load in the lower Puyallup River at Puyallup, Washington, was 860,000±300,000 tonnes/yr between 1978 and 1994, but the long-term load for the Puyallup River likely is about 1,000,000±400,000 tonnes/yr. Using a coarse-resolution bedload transport relation, the long-term average bedload was estimated to be about 30,000 tonnes/yr in the lower White River near Auburn, Washington, which was four times greater than bedload in the Puyallup River and an order of magnitude greater than bedload in the Carbon River. Analyses indicate a general increase in the sediment loads in Mount Rainier rivers in the 1990s and 2000s relative to the time period from the 1960s to 1980s. Data are insufficient, however, to determine definitively if post-1990 increases in sediment production and transport from Mount Rainier represent a statistically significant increase relative to sediment-load values typical from Mount Rainier during the entire 20th century.\n\nOne-dimensional river-hydraulic and sediment-transport models simulated the entrainment, transport, attrition, and deposition of bed material. Simulations showed that bed-material loads were largest for the Nisqually River and smallest for the Carbon River. The models were used to simulate how increases in sediment supply to rivers transport through the river systems and affect lowland reaches. For each simulation, the input sediment pulse evolved through a combination of translation, dispersion, and attrition as it moved downstream. The characteristic transport times for the median sediment-size pulse to arrive downstream for the Nisqually, Carbon, Puyallup, and White Rivers were approximately 70, 300, 80, and 60 years, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pierce County Public Works and Utilities, Surface Water Management; and King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Water and Land Resources Division","usgsCitation":"Czuba, J., Magirl, C.S., Czuba, C.R., Curran, C.A., Johnson, K.H., Olsen, T.D., Kimball, H.K., and Gish, C.C., 2012, Geomorphic analysis of the river response to sedimentation downstream of Mount Rainier, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1242, xii, 134 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121242.","productDescription":"xii, 134 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"150","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040356","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1242.jpg"},{"id":263868,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1242/"},{"id":263869,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1242/pdf/ofr20121242.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,45.54 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -116.92,49.0 ], [ -116.92,45.54 ], [ -124.79,45.54 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c46187e4b0e44331d07168","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Czuba, Jonathan A.","contributorId":19917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Jonathan A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magirl, Christopher S. 0000-0002-9922-6549 magirl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-6549","contributorId":1822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magirl","given":"Christopher","email":"magirl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Czuba, Christiana R. cczuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":4555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czuba","given":"Christiana","email":"cczuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curran, Christopher A. 0000-0001-8933-416X ccurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-416X","contributorId":1650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Christopher","email":"ccurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth H. johnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth","email":"johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olsen, Theresa D. 0000-0003-4099-4057 tdolsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-4057","contributorId":1644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Theresa","email":"tdolsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kimball, Halley K.","contributorId":36431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Halley","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gish, Casey C.","contributorId":55245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gish","given":"Casey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70041629,"text":"70041629 - 2012 - Female Agassiz’s desert tortoise activity at a wind energy facility in southern California: The influence of an El Niño event","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-08T22:23:31","indexId":"70041629","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2835,"text":"Natural Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Female Agassiz’s desert tortoise activity at a wind energy facility in southern California: The influence of an El Niño event","docAbstract":"We compared spring-summer activity of adult female Agassiz’s Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) among three consecutive years (1997, 1998, and 1999) that differed dramatically in winter rainfall and annual plant production at a wind energy facility in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. Winter rainfall was approximately 71%, 190%, and 17% of the long-term average (October-March = 114 mm) for this area in water years (WY) 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. The substantial precipitation caused by an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event in WY 1998 produced a generous annual food plant supply (138.2 g dry biomass/ m2) in the spring. Primary production of winter annuals during below average rainfall years (WY 1997 and WY 1999) was reduced to 98.3 and 0.2 g/m2, respectively. Mean rates of movement and mean body condition indices (mass/length) did not differ significantly among the years. The drought year following ENSO (WY 1999) was statistically similar to ENSO in every other measured value, while WY 1997 (end of a two year drought) was statistically different from ENSO using activity area, minimum number of burrows used, and percentage of non-movements. Our data suggest that female G. agassizii activity can be influenced by environmental conditions in previous years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SCIRP","publisherLocation":"Irvine, CA","doi":"10.4236/ns.2012.41006","usgsCitation":"Ennen, J., Meyer-Wilkins, K., and Lovich, J., 2012, Female Agassiz’s desert tortoise activity at a wind energy facility in southern California: The influence of an El Niño event: Natural Science, v. 4, no. 1, p. 30-37, https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.41006.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"37","ipdsId":"IP-029293","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.41006","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263881,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.41006"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.41,32.53 ], [ -124.41,42.01 ], [ -114.13,42.01 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.41,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c46183e4b0e44331d07164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ennen, Josh R.","contributorId":9930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ennen","given":"Josh R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer-Wilkins, Kathie","contributorId":8742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer-Wilkins","given":"Kathie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovich, Jeffrey","contributorId":102761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"Jeffrey","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041587,"text":"70041587 - 2012 - Consequences of declining snow accumulation for water balance of mid-latitude dry regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-08T21:45:47","indexId":"70041587","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consequences of declining snow accumulation for water balance of mid-latitude dry regions","docAbstract":"Widespread documentation of positive winter temperature anomalies, declining snowpack and earlier snow melt in the Northern Hemisphere have raised concerns about the consequences for regional water resources as well as wildfire. A topic that has not been addressed with respect to declining snowpack is effects on ecosystem water balance. Changes in water balance dynamics will be particularly pronounced at low elevations of mid-latitude dry regions because these areas will be the first to be affected by declining snow as a result of rising temperatures. As a model system, we used simulation experiments to investigate big sagebrush ecosystems that dominate a large fraction of the semiarid western United States. Our results suggest that effects on future ecosystem water balance will increase along a climatic gradient from dry, warm and snow-poor to wet, cold and snow-rich. Beyond a threshold within this climatic gradient, predicted consequences for vegetation switched from no change to increasing transpiration. Responses were sensitive to uncertainties in climatic prediction; particularly, a shift of precipitation to the colder season could reduce impacts of a warmer and snow-poorer future, depending on the degree to which ecosystem phenology tracks precipitation changes. Our results suggest that big sagebrush and other similar semiarid ecosystems could decrease in viability or disappear in dry to medium areas and likely increase only in the snow-richest areas, i.e. higher elevations and higher latitudes. Unlike cold locations at high elevations or in the arctic, ecosystems at low elevations respond in a different and complex way to future conditions because of opposing effects of increasing water-limitation and a longer snow-free season. Outcomes of such nonlinear interactions for future ecosystems will likely include changes in plant composition and productivity, dynamics of water balance, and availability of water resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02642.x","usgsCitation":"Schlaepfer, D., Lauenroth, W.K., and Bradford, J.B., 2012, Consequences of declining snow accumulation for water balance of mid-latitude dry regions: Global Change Biology, v. 18, no. 6, p. 1988-1997, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02642.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1988","endPage":"1997","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-031985","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263877,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02642.x"}],"volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c4617ae4b0e44331d0715c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlaepfer, Daniel R.","contributorId":105189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schlaepfer","given":"Daniel R.","affiliations":[{"id":7098,"text":"University of Wyoming, Department of Botany, 1000 E. 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The recognition of excess nutrients as pollution developed later than the recognition of other water-quality problems, such as waterborne illness, industrial pollution, and organic wastes. Nevertheless, long-term analysis of nutrient pollution is fundamental to our understanding of the current magnitude of the problem, as well the origins and the effects. This report describes the century-scale changes in water quality across a range streams in order to place current water-quality concerns in historical context and presents this history on a national scale as well as for selected river reaches. The primary focus is on nutrient pollution, but the development and societal responses to other water-quality problems also are considered. Land use and agriculture in the selected river reaches also are analyzed to consider how these factors may relate to nutrient pollution. Finally, the availability of relevant nutrient and inorganic carbon data are presented for the selected river reaches. Sources of these data included Federal agencies, State-level reports, municipal public works facilities, public health surveys, and sanitary surveys. The availability of these data extends back more than a century for most of the selected river reaches and suggests that there is a tremendous opportunity to document the development of nutrient pollution in these river reaches.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125225","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Stets, E., Kelly, V.J., Broussard, W.P., Smith, T.E., and Crawford, C.G., 2012, Century-scale perspective on water quality in selected river basins of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5225, viii, 108 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125225.","productDescription":"viii, 108 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.)","startPage":"i","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"120","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5225.jpg"},{"id":263871,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5225/"},{"id":263872,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5225/pdf/sir20125225.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.0,24.0 ], [ -125.0,50.0 ], [ -65.0,50.0 ], [ -65.0,24.0 ], [ -125.0,24.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c46176e4b0e44331d07158","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stets, Edward G.","contributorId":96559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stets","given":"Edward G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, Valerie J. vjkelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":4161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Valerie","email":"vjkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broussard, Whitney P. 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Volumes A, B, C, and D provide analyses for the Western United States, the Great Plains, the Midwest–South Central United States, and the Eastern United States, respectively. The assessments of land-use and land-cover trends are conducted on an ecoregion-by-ecoregion basis, and each ecoregion assessment is guided by a nationally consistent study design that includes mapping, statistical methods, field studies, and analysis. Individual assessments provide a picture of the characteristics of land change occurring in a given ecoregion; in combination, they provide a framework for understanding the complex national mosaic of change and also the causes and consequences of change. Thus, each volume in this series provides a regional assessment of how (and how fast) land use and land cover are changing, and why. The four volumes together form the first comprehensive picture of land change across the Nation. This report is only one of the products produced by USGS on land-use and land-cover change in the United States. Other reports and land-cover statistics are available online at http://landcovertrends.usgs.gov.
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Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198-0001
The physical habitat used during spawning may potentially be an important factor affecting reproductive output of broadcast spawning marine fishes, particularly for species with complex, substrate-oriented mating systems and behaviors, such as Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. We characterized the habitat use and behavior of spawning Atlantic cod at two locations off the coast of southwestern Iceland during a 2-d research cruise (15–16 April 2009). We simultaneously operated two different active hydroacoustic gear types, a split beam echosounder and a dual frequency imaging sonar (DIDSON), as well as a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV). A total of five fish species were identified through ROV surveys: including cusk Brosme brosme, Atlantic cod, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, lemon sole Microstomus kitt, and Atlantic redfish Sebastes spp. Of the three habitats identified in the acoustic surveys, the transitional habitat between boulder/lava field and sand habitats was characterized by greater fish density and acoustic target strength compared to that of sand or boulder/lava field habitats independently. Atlantic cod were observed behaving in a manner consistent with published descriptions of spawning. Individuals were observed ascending 1–5 m into the water column from the bottom at an average vertical swimming speed of 0.20–0.25 m s−1 and maintained an average spacing of 1.0–1.4 m between individuals. Our results suggest that cod do not choose spawning locations indiscriminately despite the fact that it is a broadcast spawning fish with planktonic eggs that are released well above the seafloor.
","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0051321","usgsCitation":"Grabowski, T.B., Boswell, K.M., McAdam, B.J., Wells, R.J., and Marteinsdottir, G., 2012, Characterization of Atlantic cod spawning habitat and behavior in Icelandic coastal waters: PLoS ONE, v. 7, no. 12, 10 p.; e51321, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051321.","productDescription":"10 p.; e51321","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038389","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051321","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -20.986633300781246,\n 63.8182581988647\n ],\n [\n -20.92071533203125,\n 63.803712284928814\n ],\n [\n -21.1541748046875,\n 63.61698233975829\n ],\n [\n -21.255798339843746,\n 63.640162338558355\n ],\n [\n -20.986633300781246,\n 63.8182581988647\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"556ed3b8e4b0d9246a9fa7ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grabowski, Timothy B. 0000-0001-9763-8948 tgrabowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-8948","contributorId":4178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabowski","given":"Timothy","email":"tgrabowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boswell, Kevin M.","contributorId":141037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boswell","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13050,"text":"Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAdam, Bruce J.","contributorId":141038,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAdam","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, R. 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Hydroperiod—the length of time water is in a wetland—is a critical limiting habitat variable for amphibians as larvae must metamorphose before ponds dry. Changes in precipitation and temperature patterns are affecting hydroperiod globally, but the impact of these changes on amphibian persistence is poorly understood. We studied the responses of Boreal Chorus Frog (Pseudacris maculata) tadpoles to simulated hydroperiods (i.e., water level reductions) in the laboratory using individuals collected from ponds spanning a range of natural hydroperiods (Colorado Front Range, USA). To assess the effects of experimental hydroperiod reduction, we measured mortality, time to metamorphosis, and size at metamorphosis. We found that tadpoles grew at rates reflecting the hydroperiods of their native ponds, regardless of experimental treatment. Tadpoles from permanent ponds metamorphosed faster than those from ephemeral ponds across all experimental treatments, a pattern which may represent a predation selection gradient or countergradient variation in developmental rates. Size at metamorphosis did not vary across experimental treatments. Mortality was low overall but varied with pond of origin. Our results suggest that adaptation to local hydroperiod and/or predation and temperature conditions is important in P. maculata. Moreover, the lack of a plastic response to reduced hydroperiods suggests that P. maculata may not be able to metamorphose quickly enough to escape drying ponds. These results have important implications for amphibian persistence in ponds predicted to dry more quickly due to rapid climate change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Herpetologist's League","publisherLocation":"http://www.herpetologistsleague.org","doi":"10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00093","usgsCitation":"Amburgey, S., Funk, W.C., Murphy, M., and Muths, E., 2012, Effects of hydroperiod duration on survival, developmental rate, and size at metamorphosis in boreal chorus frog tadpoles (Pseudacris maculata): Herpetologica, v. 68, no. 4, p. 456-467, https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00093.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"467","ipdsId":"IP-037960","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263814,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263813,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00093"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e23e4b0b57f2415d1ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amburgey, Staci","contributorId":79379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amburgey","given":"Staci","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Funk, W. Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":97589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Funk","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":6998,"text":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Melanie","contributorId":88239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Melanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muths, Erin 0000-0002-5498-3132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-3132","contributorId":14012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"Erin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041468,"text":"ofr20121147 - 2012 - Streamflow statistics for selected streams in North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T11:24:33","indexId":"ofr20121147","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1147","title":"Streamflow statistics for selected streams in North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data for the periods of record through water year 2009 for selected active and discontinued U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan were compiled. The summaries for each streamflow-gaging station include a brief station description, a graph of the annual peak and annual mean discharge for the period of record, statistics of monthly and annual mean discharges, monthly and annual flow durations, probability of occurrence of annual high discharges, annual peak discharge and corresponding gage height for the period of record, and monthly and annual mean discharges for the period of record.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121147","collaboration":"In cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission, North Dakota Department of Health, North Dakota Department of Transportation, and Red River Joint Water Resource Board","usgsCitation":"Williams-Sether, T., 2012, Streamflow statistics for selected streams in North Dakota, Minnesota, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1147, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121147.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-029695","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263731,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2012_1147.gif"},{"id":263729,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1147/"},{"id":263730,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1147/ofr2012-1147.pdf"}],"country":"Canada;United States","state":"Manitoba;Minnesota;North Dakota;Saskatchewan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0,45.916667 ], [ -104.0,49.0 ], [ -97.0,49.0 ], [ -97.0,45.916667 ], [ -104.0,45.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c11ac0e4b005831885e282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams-Sether, Tara","contributorId":57846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams-Sether","given":"Tara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70041488,"text":"70041488 - 2012 - Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-07T10:46:40","indexId":"70041488","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network","docAbstract":"We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.1007/s10641-011-9946-4","usgsCitation":"Mills, J.S., Dunham, J., Reeves, G.H., McMillan, J.R., Zimmerman, C.E., and Jordan, C.E., 2012, Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 93, no. 4, p. 505-517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9946-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"517","ipdsId":"IP-034081","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263782,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9946-4"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"John Day River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.74582,44.249292 ], [ -118.74582,44.459598 ], [ -118.525734,44.459598 ], [ -118.525734,44.249292 ], [ -118.74582,44.249292 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e9ee4b0b57f2415d22b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, Justin S.","contributorId":56944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B.","contributorId":64791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, Gordon H.","contributorId":101521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reeves","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":527,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMillan, John R.","contributorId":27905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jordan, Chris E.","contributorId":88233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041490,"text":"sir20125235 - 2012 - Residence time, chemical and isotopic analysis of nitrate in the groundwater and surface water of a small agricultural watershed in the Coastal Plain, Bucks Branch, Sussex County, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:17:30.23651","indexId":"sir20125235","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5235","title":"Residence time, chemical and isotopic analysis of nitrate in the groundwater and surface water of a small agricultural watershed in the Coastal Plain, Bucks Branch, Sussex County, Delaware","docAbstract":"Nitrate is a common contaminant in groundwater and surface water throughout the Nation, and water-resource managers need more detailed small-scale watershed research to guide conservation efforts aimed at improving water quality. Concentrations of nitrate in Bucks Branch are among the highest in the state of Delaware and a scientific investigation was performed to provide water-quality information to assist with the management of agriculture and water resources. A combination of major-ion chemistry, nitrogen isotopic composition and age-dating techniques was used to estimate the residence time and provide a chemical and isotopic analysis of nitrate in the groundwater in the surficial aquifer of the Bucks Branch watershed in Sussex County, Delaware. The land use was more than 90 percent agricultural and most nitrogen inputs were from manure and fertilizer. The apparent median age of sampled groundwater is 18 years and the estimated residence time of groundwater contributing to the streamflow for the entire Bucks Branch watershed at the outlet is approximately 19 years. Concentrations of nitrate exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter (as nitrogen) in 60 percent of groundwater samples and 42 percent of surface-water samples. The overall geochemistry in the Bucks Branch watershed indicates that agriculture is the predominant source of nitrate contamination and the observed patterns in major-ion chemistry are similar to those observed in other studies on the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. The pattern of enrichment in nitrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ15N and δ18O) of nitrate in groundwater and surface water indicates there is some loss of nitrate through denitrification, but this process is not sufficient to remove all of the nitrate from groundwater discharging to streams, and concentrations of nitrate in streams remain elevated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125235","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control and the Delaware Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Clune, J., and Denver, J., 2012, Residence time, chemical and isotopic analysis of nitrate in the groundwater and surface water of a small agricultural watershed in the Coastal Plain, Bucks Branch, Sussex County, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5235, v, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125235.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040492","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263735,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5235.gif"},{"id":263733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5235/"},{"id":263734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5235/pdf/sir2012-5235_508.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Delaware","county":"Sussex","otherGeospatial":"Bucks Branch Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.691667,38.675 ], [ -75.691667,38.733333 ], [ -75.616667,38.733333 ], [ -75.616667,38.675 ], [ -75.691667,38.675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be8fe4b09fd40bb0eb2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clune, John W. 0000-0002-3563-1975","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3563-1975","contributorId":56753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clune","given":"John W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denver, Judith M. jmdenver@usgs.gov","contributorId":780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denver","given":"Judith M.","email":"jmdenver@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041501,"text":"fs20123134 - 2012 - Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of the Great Plains, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-06T21:28:27","indexId":"fs20123134","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-3134","title":"Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of the Great Plains, United States","docAbstract":"Gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) are the fundamental environmental characteristics that promote carbon exchanges with the atmosphere (Chapin and others, 2009), although other exchanges of carbon, such as direct oxidation (Lovett and others, 2006), can modify net ecosystem production (NEP). The accumulation of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems results in systems in which soil organic matter (SOM) carbon often exceeds biomass carbon (Post and Kwon, 2000). This SOM pool exists at a steady state between GPP and Re in ecosystems unless drivers change or the ecosystem endures environmental perturbations (for example, climatic). As indicated by Wilhelm and others (2011), conversion of grasslands to agriculture and cultivation can result in reduced soil carbon, with the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere by stimulated oxidation and higher Re; therefore, land-use and land management practices have clear effects on NEP, with potential repercussions on ecosystems. The recent demand for biofuels has changed land-use and cropping patterns, especially in Midwestern United States (Wilhelm and others, 2011). It is important to ensure the sustainability of these and other land uses and to assess the effects on NEP.\nFlux tower networks, such as AmeriFlux and FLUXNET, consist of a growing number of eddy covariance flux tower sites that provide a synoptic record of the exchange of carbon, water, and energy between the ecosystem and atmosphere at various temporal frequencies. These towers also detect and measure certain site characteristics, such as wind, temperature, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil features, and phenological progressions. Efforts are continuous to combine flux tower network data with remote sensing data to upscale the conditions observed at specific sites to a regional and, ultimately, worldwide scale. Data-driven regression tree models have the ability to incorporate flux tower records and remote sensing data to quantify exchanges of carbon with the atmosphere (Wylie and others, 2007; Xiao and others, 2010; Zhang and others, 2010; Zhang and others, 2011). Previous study results demonstrated the dramatic effect weather has on NEP and revealed specific ecoregions and times acting as carbon sinks or sources. As of 2012, more than 100 site-years of flux tower measurements, represented by more than 50 individual cropland or grassland sites throughout the Great Plains and surrounding area, have been acquired, quality controlled, and partitioned into gross photosynthesis (Pg) and ecosystem Re using detailed light-response, soil temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) based analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20123134","usgsCitation":"Howard, D., Gilmanov, T., Gu, Y., Wylie, B., and Zhang, L., 2012, Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of the Great Plains, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2012-3134, 6 p.; maps (col.), https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20123134.","productDescription":"6 p.; maps (col.)","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040006","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263765,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3134/fs12-3134.pdf"},{"id":263764,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2012/3134/"},{"id":263766,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2012_3134.gif"}],"country":"United States;Canada","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.2,28.2 ], [ -114.2,54.1 ], [ -95.6,54.1 ], [ -95.6,28.2 ], [ -114.2,28.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be81e4b09fd40bb0eb1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Daniel 0000-0002-7563-7538","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7563-7538","contributorId":56946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmanov, Tagir","contributorId":6351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmanov","given":"Tagir","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gu, Yingxin 0000-0002-3544-1856 ygu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3544-1856","contributorId":409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gu","given":"Yingxin","email":"ygu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce 0000-0002-7374-1083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":107996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhang, Li","contributorId":98139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Li","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70041507,"text":"sir20125205 - 2012 - Relations among water levels, specific conductance, and depths of bedrock fractures in four road-salt-contaminated wells in Maine, 2007–9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:19:08","indexId":"sir20125205","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5205","title":"Relations among water levels, specific conductance, and depths of bedrock fractures in four road-salt-contaminated wells in Maine, 2007–9","docAbstract":"Data on groundwater-level, specific conductance (a surrogate for chloride), and temperature were collected continuously from 2007 through 2009 at four bedrock wells known to be affected by road salts in an effort to determine the effects of road salting and fractures in bedrock that intersect the well at a depth below the casing on the presence of chloride in groundwater. Dissolved-oxygen data collected periodically also were used to make inferences about the interaction of fractures and groundwater flow. Borehole geophysical tools were used to determine the depths of fractures in each well that were actively contributing flow to the well, under both static and pumped conditions; sample- and measurement-depths were selected to correspond to the depths of these active fractures. Samples of water from the wells, collected at depths corresponding to active bedrock fractures, were analyzed for chloride concentration and specific conductance; from these analyses, a linear relation between chloride concentration and specific conductance was established, and continuous and periodic measurements of specific conductance were assumed to represent chloride concentration of the well water at the depth of measurement. To varying degrees, specific conductance increased in at least two of the wells during winter and spring thaws; the shallowest well, which also was closest to the road receiving salt treatment during the winter, exhibited the largest changes in specific conductance during thaws. Recharge events during summer months, long after application of road salt had ceased for the year, also produced increases in specific conductance in some of the wells, indicating that chloride which had accumulated or sequestered in the overburden was transported to the wells throughout the year. Geophysical data and periodic profiles of water quality along the length of each well’s borehole indicated that the greatest changes in water quality were associated with active fractures; in one case, high concentration of dissolved oxygen at the bottom of the well indicated the presence of a highly transmissive fracture that was in good connection with a surficial feature (stream or atmosphere). Data indicated that fractures have a substantial influence on the transport of chlorides to the subsurface; that elevated specific conductance occurred throughout the year, not just when road salts were applied; and that chloride contamination, as indicated by elevated specific conductance, may persist for years.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125205","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Maine Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Schalk, C.W., and Stasulis, N.W., 2012, Relations among water levels, specific conductance, and depths of bedrock fractures in four road-salt-contaminated wells in Maine, 2007–9: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5205, viii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125205.","productDescription":"viii, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5205.gif"},{"id":263736,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5205/"},{"id":263737,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5205/pdf/sir2012-5205_508.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 19 North","country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Cumberland;Hancock;Kennebec","city":"Gray;Sullivan;West Gardiner","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.75,43.5 ], [ -70.75,44.75 ], [ -68.0,44.75 ], [ -68.0,43.5 ], [ -70.75,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be8ae4b09fd40bb0eb27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schalk, Charles W. cwschalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Charles","email":"cwschalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stasulis, Nicholas W. 0000-0001-7645-4867 nstasuli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7645-4867","contributorId":4520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stasulis","given":"Nicholas","email":"nstasuli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70041508,"text":"sir20125212 - 2012 - Ohio River backwater flood-inundation maps for the Saline and Wabash Rivers in southern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T17:22:01","indexId":"sir20125212","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5212","title":"Ohio River backwater flood-inundation maps for the Saline and Wabash Rivers in southern Illinois","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for the Saline and Wabash Rivers referenced to elevations on the Ohio River in southern Illinois were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The inundation maps, accessible through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (gage heights) at the USGS streamgage at Ohio River at Old Shawneetown, Illinois-Kentucky (station number 03381700). Current gage height and flow conditions at this USGS streamgage may be obtained on the Internet at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?03381700. In addition, this streamgage is incorporated into the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood warning system (http://water.weather.gov/ahps/) by the National Weather Service (NWS). The NWS forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often co-located at USGS streamgages. That NWS forecasted peak-stage information, also shown on the Ohio River at Old Shawneetown inundation Web site, may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation.
\nIn this study, eight water-surface elevations were mapped at 5-foot (ft) intervals referenced to the streamgage datum ranging from just above the NWS Action Stage (31 ft) to above the maximum historical gage height (66 ft). The elevations of the water surfaces were compared to a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by using a Geographic Information System (GIS) in order to delineate the area flooded at each water level.
\nThese maps, along with information on the Internet regarding current gage heights from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125212","usgsCitation":"Murphy, E., Sharpe, J.B., and Soong, D., 2012, Ohio River backwater flood-inundation maps for the Saline and Wabash Rivers in southern Illinois (First posted December 5, 2012; Revised and reposted September 18, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5212, Report: iv, 20 p.; Downloads Directory; 8 Sheets: 16.99 x 11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125212.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 20 p.; Downloads Directory; 8 Sheets: 16.99 x 11 inches","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20125212.jpg"},{"id":263741,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet1_final.pdf"},{"id":263739,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/"},{"id":263740,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/Downloads"},{"id":263742,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet2_final.pdf"},{"id":263743,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet3_final.pdf"},{"id":263744,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet4_final.pdf"},{"id":263745,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet5_final.pdf"},{"id":263746,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet6_final.pdf"},{"id":263747,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet7_final.pdf"},{"id":263748,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/map_sheet8_final.pdf"},{"id":263754,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5212/pdf/SIR20125212_salineriver_web.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois;Kentucky","city":"Old Shawneetown","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River;Saline River;Wabash River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.666667,37.5 ], [ -88.666667,37.916667 ], [ -88.0,37.916667 ], [ -88.0,37.5 ], [ -88.666667,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"First posted December 5, 2012; Revised and reposted September 18, 2014, version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be86e4b09fd40bb0eb23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":69660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Elizabeth A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soong, David T.","contributorId":87487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"David T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041518,"text":"sir20125071 - 2012 - Phase II modification of the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) for Kentucky: The sinkhole-drainage process, point-and-click basin delineation, and results of karst test-basin simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-03T16:09:12.003689","indexId":"sir20125071","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5071","title":"Phase II modification of the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) for Kentucky: The sinkhole-drainage process, point-and-click basin delineation, and results of karst test-basin simulations","docAbstract":"This report describes Phase II modifications made to the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER), which applies the process-based TOPMODEL approach to simulate or predict stream discharge in surface basins in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The previous (Phase I) version of WATER did not provide a means of identifying sinkhole catchments or accounting for the effects of karst (internal) drainage in a TOPMODEL-simulated basin. In the Phase II version of WATER, sinkhole catchments are automatically identified and delineated as internally drained subbasins, and a modified TOPMODEL approach (called the sinkhole drainage process, or SDP-TOPMODEL) is applied that calculates mean daily discharges for the basin based on summed area-weighted contributions from sinkhole drain-age (SD) areas and non-karstic topographically drained (TD) areas. Results obtained using the SDP-TOPMODEL approach were evaluated for 12 karst test basins located in each of the major karst terrains in Kentucky. Visual comparison of simulated hydrographs and flow-duration curves, along with statistical measures applied to the simulated discharge data (bias, correlation, root mean square error, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients), indicate that the SDPOPMODEL approach provides acceptably accurate estimates of discharge for most flow conditions and typically provides more accurate simulation of stream discharge in karstic basins compared to the standard TOPMODEL approach. Additional programming modifications made to the Phase II version of WATER included implementation of a point-and-click graphical user interface (GUI), which fully automates the delineation of simulation-basin boundaries and improves the speed of input-data processing. The Phase II version of WATER enables the user to select a pour point anywhere on a stream reach of interest, and the program will automatically delineate all upstream areas that contribute drainage to that point. This capability enables automatic delineation of a simulation basin of any size (area) and having any level of stream-network complexity. WATER then automatically identifies the presence of sinkholes catchments within the simulation basin boundaries; extracts and compiles the necessary climatic, topographic, and basin characteristics datasets; and runs the SDP-TOPMODEL approach to estimate daily mean discharges (streamflow).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Taylor, C.J., Williamson, T., Newson, J.K., Ulery, R.L., Nelson, H.L., and Cinotto, P.J., 2012, Phase II modification of the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER) for Kentucky: The sinkhole-drainage process, point-and-click basin delineation, and results of karst test-basin simulations: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5071, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125071.","productDescription":"vi, 45 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c31e6de4b0b57f2415d206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Charles J.","contributorId":93100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, Tanja N. tnwillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Tanja N.","email":"tnwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newson, Jeremy K. jknewson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newson","given":"Jeremy","email":"jknewson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":469892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ulery, Randy L. rlulery@usgs.gov","contributorId":4679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"Randy","email":"rlulery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":469893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cinotto, Peter J. pcinotto@usgs.gov","contributorId":451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cinotto","given":"Peter","email":"pcinotto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70041451,"text":"70041451 - 2012 - Downstream movement of fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the lower Snake River reservoirs during winter and early spring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-06T22:19:00","indexId":"70041451","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downstream movement of fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the lower Snake River reservoirs during winter and early spring","docAbstract":"We conducted a 3-year radiotelemetry study in the lower Snake River to (1) determine whether juvenile fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha pass dams during winter, when bypass systems and structures designed to prevent mortality are not operated; (2) determine whether downstream movement rate varies annually, seasonally, and from reservoir to reservoir; and (3) identify some of the factors that contribute to annual, seasonal, and spatial variation in downstream movement rate. Fall Chinook salmon juveniles moved downstream up to 169 km and at a sufficiently fast rate (7.5 km/d) such that large percentages (up to 93%) of the fish passed one or more dams during the winter. Mean downstream movement rate varied annually (9.2–11.3 km/d), increased from winter (7.5 km/d) to spring (16.4 km/d), and increased (from 6.9 to 16.8 km/d) as fish moved downstream from reservoir to reservoir. Fish condition factor at tagging explained some of the annual variation in downstream movement rate, whereas water particle velocity and temperature explained portions of the seasonal variation. An increase in migrational disposition as fish moved downstream helped to explain the spatial variation. The potential cost of winter movement might be reduced survival due to turbine passage at a time when the bypass systems and spillway passage structures are not operated. Efforts to understand and increase passage survival of winter migrants in large impoundments might help to rehabilitate some imperiled anadromous salmonid populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2012.662203","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K.F., Kock, T.J., Connor, W.P., Mullins, F., and Steinhorst, R., 2012, Downstream movement of fall Chinook salmon juveniles in the lower Snake River reservoirs during winter and early spring: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 141, no. 2, p. 285-293, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.662203.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"293","ipdsId":"IP-029350","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263771,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263770,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.662203"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.2159,44.9707 ], [ -118.2159,46.7082 ], [ -116.4626,46.7082 ], [ -116.4626,44.9707 ], [ -118.2159,44.9707 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"141","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c1be69e4b09fd40bb0eb17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, Kenneth F. 0000-0002-5831-2846 ktiffan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-2846","contributorId":3200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktiffan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kock, Tobias J. 0000-0001-8976-0230 tkock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-0230","contributorId":3038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kock","given":"Tobias","email":"tkock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connor, William P.","contributorId":107589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connor","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16677,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho Fishery Resource Office, 276 Dworshak Complex Drive, Orofino, ID 83544","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mullins, Frank","contributorId":36440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":469748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steinhorst, R. 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