Pyrolysis of humic and fulvic acids isolated from a North Carolina soil yields a variety of aromatic, heterocyclic and straight chain organ compounds. The pyrolysis products identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry indicate that humic and fulvic acids have aromatic and polysaccharide structures in their molecules.
It has been known for a long time that the composition of the lanthanides in minerals is controlled to a large degree by crystallo-chemical factors, but is also greatly influenced by changes in geological environment. In general, igneous rocks rich in silica are favourable for the concentration of the heavy lanthanides and yttrium; those low in silica and high in carbonate are favourable for the concentration of the light lanthanides.
These generalizations are illustrated by summaries of the available data on monazite, sphene, and apatite from different geological environments. Apatite of marine sedimentary origin (a large potential source of rare earths) shows marked depletion of cerium, as has been noted previously for sea water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(69)90118-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fleischer, M., and Altschuler, Z., 1969, The relationship of the rare-earth composition of minerals to geological environment: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, no. 6, p. 725-732, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(69)90118-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"732","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf27e4b08c986b3245ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleischer, M.","contributorId":84069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Altschuler, Z. S.","contributorId":42962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Altschuler","given":"Z. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000285,"text":"1000285 - 1969 - Rearing of sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, embryos in distilled water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-06T22:36:47.712241","indexId":"1000285","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rearing of sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, embryos in distilled water","docAbstract":"Most embryological studies of lampreys in the Great Lakes have been conducted with filtered water from Lake Huron. Although this water was entirely satisfactory for the earlier work, the present need for knowledge of the effects of various compounds on embryological development requires that the initial medium be sterile. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether sea lamprey embryos could be successfully reared in distilled water. Mature sea lampreys were collected from the Ocqueoc River, Presque Isle County, Michigan, and transferred to the Hammond Bay Biological Station where eggs were stripped and fertilized according to the method of Piavis. After activation was ascertained to be 90-100% complete, the embryos were washed 3-5 timesexperimentals with commercially obtained U.S.P. distilled water and controls with filtered Lake Huron water.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1441724","usgsCitation":"Piavis, G.W., and Howell, J.H., 1969, Rearing of sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, embryos in distilled water: Copeia, v. 1969, no. 1, p. 204-205, https://doi.org/10.2307/1441724.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1969","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piavis, George W.","contributorId":63755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piavis","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howell, John H.","contributorId":39720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007611,"text":"1007611 - 1969 - A demographic analysis of fenced populations of the whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris, in southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:16","indexId":"1007611","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A demographic analysis of fenced populations of the whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris, in southern Nevada","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Turner, F., Medica, P., Lannom, J., and Hoddenbach, G., 1969, A demographic analysis of fenced populations of the whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris, in southern Nevada: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 14, p. 189-202.","productDescription":"p. 189-202","startPage":"189","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aefc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, F.B.","contributorId":95414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, P.A.","contributorId":77079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lannom, J.R. Jr.","contributorId":96624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannom","given":"J.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoddenbach, G.A.","contributorId":82639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoddenbach","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007613,"text":"1007613 - 1969 - Density and composition of fenced populations of leopard lizards (Crotaphytus wislizenii) in southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:16","indexId":"1007613","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density and composition of fenced populations of leopard lizards (Crotaphytus wislizenii) in southern Nevada","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Turner, F., Lannom, J., Medica, P., and Hoddenbach, G., 1969, Density and composition of fenced populations of leopard lizards (Crotaphytus wislizenii) in southern Nevada: Herpetologica, v. 25, p. 247-257.","productDescription":"p. 247-257","startPage":"247","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649603","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, F.B.","contributorId":95414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lannom, J.R. Jr.","contributorId":96624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannom","given":"J.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Medica, P.A.","contributorId":77079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoddenbach, G.A.","contributorId":82639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoddenbach","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007614,"text":"1007614 - 1969 - First records of Plethodon dunni in California and new distributional data on Ascaphus truei, Rhyacotriton olympicus, and Hydromantes shastae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:40:02","indexId":"1007614","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First records of Plethodon dunni in California and new distributional data on Ascaphus truei, Rhyacotriton olympicus, and Hydromantes shastae","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Herpetology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bury, R.B., Fellers, G.M., and Ruth, S.B., 1969, First records of Plethodon dunni in California and new distributional data on Ascaphus truei, Rhyacotriton olympicus, and Hydromantes shastae: Journal of Herpetology, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 159-161.","productDescription":"p. 159-161","startPage":"159","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f386e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bury, R. Bruce buryb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bury","given":"R.","email":"buryb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":315722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruth, Steven B.","contributorId":37685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70009764,"text":"70009764 - 1969 - Geologic structure between the Murray fracture zone and the Transverse Ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T14:04:07.656803","indexId":"70009764","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic structure between the Murray fracture zone and the Transverse Ranges","docAbstract":"The Murray fracture has been thought to extend ashore into the Transverse Ranges of California, but a geophysical study shows no evidence of structural continuity between these features. Instead, basement morphology typical of the Murray fracture zone ends where its known magnetic and bathymetric expression dies out. Similarly, east-west Transverse Range structures change direction so that they are parallel to the northwest trend of the coast rather than crossing the continental shelf and slope. The lack of continuity suggests an independent development of the Transverse Ranges since at least mid-Tertiary time along an older structural trend continuous with the Murray fracture zone. Possibly a fundamental lineament in the crust, an extension of the Murray, inactive since at least the mid-Tertiary, provided a convenient trend for development of the Transverse Ranges in response to deformation along the San Andreas fault system. The Murray fracture zone is thought by some authors to be a transform-fault. The transform-fault hypothesis alleviates some difficulties that arise in explaining the origin of the zone by transcurrent faulting but equivalent uncertainties seem to accompany the newer explanation.
Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, together with chemical analyses, were determined for 20 surface waters, 8 shallow potable formation waters, and 79 formation waters from oil fields and gas fields. The observed isotope ratios can be explained by mixing of surface water and diagenetically modified sea water, accompanied by a process which enriches the heavy oxygen isotope. Mass balances for deuterium and total dissolved solids in the western Canada sedimentary basin demonstrate that the present distribution of deuterium in formation waters of the basin can be derived through mixing of the diagenetically modified sea water with not more than 2.9 times as much fresh water at the same latitude, and that the movement of fresh water through the basin has redistributed the dissolved solids of the modified sea water into the observed salinity variations. Statistical analysis of the isotope data indicates that although exchange of deuterium between water and hydrogen sulphide takes place within the basin, the effect is minimized because of an insignificant mass of hydrogen sulphide compared to the mass of formation water. Conversely, exchange of oxygen isotopes between water and carbonate minerals causes a major oxygen-18 enrichment of formation waters, depending on the relative masses of water and carbonate. Qualitative evidence confirms the isotopic fractionation of deuterium on passage of water through micropores in shales.
A distinctive two-fold sedimentation unit characterizes lamination in the upper swash zone of beaches. Within the unit a fine and/or a heavy mineral rich layer at the base grades upward into a coarser and/or a heavy mineral poor layer at the top. This distinctive type of lamination results from grain segregation within bed flow during wave backwash.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1969)31[35:HSATEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, G.L., and Putz, R.E., 1969, Host susceptibility and the effect of aging, freezing, heat, and chemicals on spores of Myxosoma cerebralis: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 31, no. 1, p. 35-37, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1969)31[35:HSATEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62be37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, Glenn L.","contributorId":95934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putz, Robert E.","contributorId":13670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035350,"text":"70035350 - 1969 - Epifauna and thermal additions in the upper Patuxent River estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:45:57.68816","indexId":"70035350","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1228,"text":"Chesapeake Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epifauna and thermal additions in the upper Patuxent River estuary","docAbstract":"In the upper Patuxent Estuary environmental changes in temperature, salinity, and turbidity over a 5-year period are linked to changes in epifaunal production and species distribution. During 1967 a series of monthly panels showed dry weight production averaged 2.8 times greater in a steam electric station heated effluent than in the intake. A downriver shift in epifanual production in 1967 and changes in species abundance was noted and attributed to natural changes in salinity and turbidity and man-induced changes in temperature.
Waterfowl use of bottomland hardwood timber stands which were flooded and killed was studied at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge, Seneca Falls, New York, from 1962 to 1964. Comparisons of use were made among six habitat types containing dead timber, stumps, and no timber, and with and without emergent vegetation. An index to waterfowl use was derived by direct counts and by counts made with automatic cameras which photographed randomly selected plots in each habitat type. Movement between types was studied by observation of both marked and unmarked birds. The camera index of use showed that cut timber with emergent vegetation received the greatest overall use. Use was positively correlated with the proximity of the plot to emergent vegetation and nearest vegetative type boundary. A stand flooded for 7 years was used primarily by black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (A. platyrhynchos). Use of stands flooded for 20 years was dominated by American widgeon (Mareca americana). Waterfowl spent more time resting than feeding in timbered areas, and more time feeding than resting in marsh areas. Young-of-the-year did not move between pools after they had reached an age of IIc (Gollop and Marshall 1954). Use by broods was greatest in areas near emergent vegetation. Flying birds used timbered areas during the daytime and non-timbered areas at night during fall. Flooded dead timber appeared to be attractive to waterfowl because it furnished abundant loafing sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799314","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., 1969, Use of flooded timber by waterfowl at the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 33, no. 4, p. 829-842, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799314.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"829","endPage":"842","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133810,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"Seneca Falls","otherGeospatial":"Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.8336001579466,\n 43.055864866113296\n ],\n [\n -76.8336001579466,\n 42.91674781776206\n ],\n [\n -76.71186020905174,\n 42.91674781776206\n ],\n [\n -76.71186020905174,\n 43.055864866113296\n ],\n [\n -76.8336001579466,\n 43.055864866113296\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604776","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001244,"text":"1001244 - 1969 - The vital missing link--environmental education","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T11:26:27","indexId":"1001244","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2892,"text":"North Dakota Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The vital missing link--environmental education","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North Dakota Quarterly","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, G., 1969, The vital missing link--environmental education: North Dakota Quarterly.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6067a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, G.A.","contributorId":70331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171233,"text":"70171233 - 1969 - Effect of feeding and of DDT on the activity of hepatic glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase in two salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T16:58:06","indexId":"70171233","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of feeding and of DDT on the activity of hepatic glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase in two salmonids","docAbstract":"The specific activity of liver glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in yearling rainbow trout remained unchanged when the fish were starved for periods as long as 8 weeks and when starved animals were fed diets of various compositions. Injection of insulin concurrently with refeeding also failed to alter the specific activity of the enzyme in trout. The absence of a dietary or insulin influence on the teleost enzyme system is to be contrasted with studies in mammals in which the activity of hepatic glucose 6-P dehydrogenase was markedly stimulated after refeeding starved animals or injection of insulin.Ingestion of the pesticide DDT by juvenile coho salmon or adult rainbow trout also had no effect on the specific activity of liver glucose 6-P dehydrogenase and DDT failed to inhibit the rainbow trout enzyme in vitro. These results also differ considerably from those found in higher animals.These results suggest that the glucose 6-P dehydrogenase enzyme in teleosts may be under a different type of regulatory control from that found in mammals.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f69-302","usgsCitation":"Buhler, D.R., and Benville, P., 1969, Effect of feeding and of DDT on the activity of hepatic glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase in two salmonids: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 26, no. 12, p. 3209-3216, https://doi.org/10.1139/f69-302.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3209","endPage":"3216","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5746ccb7e4b07e28b662dc95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buhler, Donald R.","contributorId":169619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buhler","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benville, P.","contributorId":169623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Benville","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187526,"text":"70187526 - 1969 - Environmental impact of the Big Cypress Swamp jetport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T09:38:28","indexId":"70187526","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Environmental impact of the Big Cypress Swamp jetport","docAbstract":"Development of the proposed jetport and its attendant facilities will lead to land drainage and development for agriculture, industry, housing, transportation, and services in the Big Cypress Swamp which will inexorably destroy the south Florida ecosystem and this the Everglades National Park.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"U.S. Department of the Interior, 1969, Environmental impact of the Big Cypress Swamp jetport, 155 p.","productDescription":"155 p.","numberOfPages":"178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":341096,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340875,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sflwww.er.usgs.gov/publications/reports/jetportimpact/jetportimpact_mag/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59157824e4b01a342e69147a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Department of the Interior","contributorId":127996,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Department of the Interior","id":694323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171232,"text":"70171232 - 1969 - Chronic oral DDT toxicity in juvenile coho and chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T16:53:07","indexId":"70171232","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3612,"text":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronic oral DDT toxicity in juvenile coho and chinook salmon","docAbstract":"Technical and p,p′-DDT was incorporated into test diets and fed to juvenile chinook and coho salmon for periods as long as 95 days. Pure p,p′-DDT was slightly more toxic to young salmon than was the technical DDT mixture. Chinook salmon appeared to be 2–3 times more sensitive to a given concentration of DDT in the diet than were coho salmon. The size of the fish greatly influenced toxicity, smaller younger fish being more susceptible to a given diet than larger older fish. The dose of DDT accumulated within the median survival time ranged from 27–73 mg/kg for chinook salmon and from 56–72 mg/kg for coho salmon. The extrapolated 90-dose LD50 (Hayes, 1967) for young chinook and coho salmon were 0.0275 and 0.064 mg/kg/day, respectively. Liver size decreased on prolonged feeding with DDT, and carcass lipid content was increased. A severe surface ulceration of the nose region appeared in coho salmon fed DDT over long periods. In addition, an interesting localized degeneration of the distal convoluted tubule was observed in the kidney of coho salmon receiving DDT.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0041-008X(69)90014-3","usgsCitation":"Buhler, D.R., Rasmusson, M.E., and Shanks, W., 1969, Chronic oral DDT toxicity in juvenile coho and chinook salmon: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 14, no. 3, p. 535-555, https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(69)90014-3.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"535","endPage":"555","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5746ccb3e4b07e28b662dc53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buhler, Donald R.","contributorId":169619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buhler","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasmusson, Mary E.","contributorId":169620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rasmusson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, W.E.","contributorId":151158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shanks","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70191233,"text":"70191233 - 1969 - Environmental impact of oil development in northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-01T16:26:20","indexId":"70191233","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Environmental impact of oil development in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"It is reported that in the spring of 1969 a high official of one of the oil companies was flying over the area of oil development in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay. He is quoted as saying \"If the American people could see what we are doing to their land here, they would want to abolish the use of the reciprocating engine.\"
The last really large area of wilderness in the United States is the' Brooks Range and the Arctic Coastal Plain which stretches from that range to the Arctic Ocean. The proving of the exploratory oil wells which have been drilled on the coastal plain in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay makes it virtually certain that this heretofore mostly unknown country will rapidly and vigorously be exposed to a variety of changes caused by the influx of men and their equipment. Even within the first four months of 1969 the whole aspect of the central part of the region has been importantly changed by the drilling programs of several large oil companies.
So suddenly was this change brought about that no long-range plans have been developed either to soften the effect of such development on the natural environment or even to record the progress of these effects. Yet the absence of a plan provides an inadvertent potential advantage in that there has' been no history of increasingly firm Federal policy which, in other places, has often made it difficult to take newly conceived action in line with the increasing societal interest in environmental preservation. The lack of firm Federal policy provides here a unique opportunity for the application of new rules and investigative techniques aimed at minimizing the adverse effects on the environment while5.at the same time, not unduly hindering the development of the natural resources.
But the speed with which the changes are being wrought makes it imperative that the principles applicable here to environmental protection or preservation, be enunciated immediately and that from these principles flow farsighted regulations which reflect the new interest in combining resource development with environmental protection.
The present report constitutes a brief summary of the conditions existing in northern Alaska in the spring of 1969, presenting some inferences on the environmental changes which can be expected in the future and offering some specific steps which, if taken immediately and positively, could greatly ameliorate the adverse effects of rapid development in the absence of positive steps for environmental protection.
In that regard, then, this report is ephemeral in character because the conditions in northern Alaska will surely change with great rapidity. Considering the\"fragility and sensitivity of the ecosystems existing there, the changes can be both harsh and permanent. Therefore, whatever value lies in the recommendations made here., the results of their application will depend on the promptness of their consideration, amendment, and application. Whatever form the actions might take for minimizing the harm to the environment, the urgency of the matter can hardly be overestimated.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1969, Environmental impact of oil development in northern Alaska, 44 p.","productDescription":"44 p.","numberOfPages":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":346305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":346304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/Reference/Profile/49302"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","publicComments":"This report is the result of reconaissance of physical, biological, and social impacts of oil development in northern Alaska, conducted at the request of the U.S. Geological Survey.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d1fe95e4b05fe04cc23526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171152,"text":"70171152 - 1969 - Comparison of thermal data from airborne and vessel surveys of Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T09:52:22","indexId":"70171152","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of thermal data from airborne and vessel surveys of Lake Erie","docAbstract":"A study of the applications of airborne infrared equipment for detecting water masses and currents of the Great Lakes is described. Infrared scanners were used to make thermal strip maps and an infrared radiometer was used to obtain surface temperatures of the western end of Lake Erie and the lower Detroit River. Simultaneously, surface water temperatures were taken and water samples were collected for chloride determinations from four vessels making a 4 day synoptic survey of the test area. The remote infrared measurements are compared with shipboard temperature data to evaluate their usefulness in demonstrating thermal structure, water masses, and currents in the test area.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"12th Conference on Great Lakes Research","conferenceDate":"May 5-7, 1969","conferenceLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","usgsCitation":"Beeton, A.M., Moffett, J.W., and Parker, D.C., 1969, Comparison of thermal data from airborne and vessel surveys of Lake Erie, in Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Great Lakes Research, Ann Arbor, MI, May 5-7, 1969, p. 513-528.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"528","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321588,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d645fe4b07e28b66836b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeton, Alfred M.","contributorId":94247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeton","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moffett, James W.","contributorId":94245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Dana C.","contributorId":37278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010497,"text":"70010497 - 1969 - Methane-derived marine carbonates of pleistocene age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T19:34:34.151245","indexId":"70010497","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane-derived marine carbonates of pleistocene age","docAbstract":"In some calcium carbonate-bearing sandstones from the edge of the continental shelf off the northeast United States, the δC13 range is from -30 and -60 per mil for both aragonite and high-magnesium calcite. The δC13 of co-existing shells of Modiolus sp. is normal (+ 1.7 to -2.7 per mil). The δO18 values of around + 3.5 per mil in all samples suggest deposition at temperatures around 0°C. Quaternary methane oxidized either chemically or microbiologically to carbon dioxide is the probable source of carbon in these carbonates.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es60026a010","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Burcar, P., and Goldberg, M.C., 1969, Interaction of pesticides with natural organic material: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 271-273, https://doi.org/10.1021/es60026a010.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"273","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cb5e4b0c8380cd62f82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burcar, P.J.","contributorId":107424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burcar","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldberg, M. C.","contributorId":89220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011623,"text":"70011623 - 1969 - Geochemistry of pore waters from Shell Oil Company drill holes on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:52:22.347082","indexId":"70011623","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of pore waters from Shell Oil Company drill holes on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Pore waters were analyzed from 6 holes drilled from M.V. “Eureka” as a part of the Shell Oil Co. deeper offshore study. The holes were drilled in water depths of 600–3,000 ft. (approximately 180–550 m) and penetrated up to 1,000 ft. (300 m) of Pliocene-Recent clayey sediments. Salt and anhydrite caprock was encountered in one diapiric structure on the continental slope.
Samples from holes drilled near diapiric structures showed systematic increases of pore-water salinity with depth, suggestive of salt diffusion from underlying salt plugs. Anomalous concentrations of K and Br indicate that at least one plug contains late-stage evaporite minerals. Salinities approaching halite saturation were observed.
Samples from holes away from diapiric structures showed little change in pore-water chemistry, except for loss of SO4 and other variations attributable to early-stage diagenetic reactions with enclosing sediments. Thus, increased salt concentrations in even shallow sediments from this part of the Gulf appear to provide an indicator of salt masses at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90040-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Bischoff, J.L., 1969, Geochemistry of pore waters from Shell Oil Company drill holes on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 63-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90040-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.4482421875,\n 18.22935133838668\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 18.22935133838668\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -99.4482421875,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -99.4482421875,\n 18.22935133838668\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a170be4b0c8380cd5536f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011468,"text":"70011468 - 1969 - Determination of palladium and platinum by atomic absorption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:16:03.964309","indexId":"70011468","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3517,"text":"Talanta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of palladium and platinum by atomic absorption","docAbstract":"Palladium and platinum are determined by atomic absorption after fire-assay concentration into a gold bead. The limit of determination is ~0·06 ppm in a 20-g sample. Serious depressive interelement interferences are removed by buffering the solutions with a mixture of cadmium and copper sulphates with cadmium and copper concentrations each at 0·5%. Substantial amounts of Ag, Al, Au, Bi, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Te, Ti, V, Y, Zn, and the platinum metals do not interfere in the atomic-absorption determination.
Distribution factors of phosphorus (P in mineral/P in liquid) between phenocryst minerals and coexisting basaltic groundmass are: olivine (Fa20: 0.04 to 0.02; orthopyroxene (Fs20): 0.01; augite: 0.02 to 0.01; plagioclase: 0.02; ilmenite: 0.04. Because of the smallness of these distribution factors the ratio of phosphorus in the initial liquid to that in the residual liquid (phosphorus ratio) ideally equals the mass fraction of residual liquid minus 0.00 –0.04. The phosphorus ratio facilitates, therefore, quantitative comparison of the variation of major and minor elements with crystallization of basaltic liquids.
A phosphorus fractionation diagram is a log-log graph of the wt. % of any chemical element or oxide vs. the phosphorus ratio. The slopes of variation curves on such a fractionation diagram approximately equal unity minus the crystal aggregate/liquid distribution factor. Knowledge of the individual mineral/liquid distribution factors makes it possible to estimate the relative proportions of crystallizing minerals from the slopes of curves on a phosphorus fractionation diagram prior to the crystallization of apatite or other phosphorus-rich mineral. This was done fairly successfully for the Alae Lava Lake, Hawaii.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(69)90129-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Anderson, A.T., and Greenland, L., 1969, Phosphorus fractionation diagram as a quantitative indicator of crystallization differentiation of basaltic liquids: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, no. 4, p. 493-505, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(69)90129-X.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"505","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a78b8e4b0c8380cd78777","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, A. T.","contributorId":71317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenland, L. P.","contributorId":56368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenland","given":"L. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011622,"text":"70011622 - 1969 - Ion association in natural brines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:53:53.104347","indexId":"70011622","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ion association in natural brines","docAbstract":"Natural brines, both surface and subsurface, are highly associated aqueous solutions. Ion complexes in brines may be ion pairs in which the cation remains fully hydrated and the bond between the ions is essentially electrostatic, or coordination complexes in which one or more of the hydration water molecules are replaced by covalent bonds to the anion. Except for Cl−, the major simple ions in natural brines form ion pairs; trace and minor metals in brines form mainly coordination complexes.
Limitations of the Debye-Hückel relations for activity coefficients and lack of data on definition and stability of all associated species in concentrated solutions tend to produce underestimates of the degree of ion association, except where the brines contain a very high proportion of Cl−. Data and calculations on closed basin brines of highly varied composition have been coupled with electrode measurements of single-ion activities in an attempt to quantify the degree of ion association. Such data emphasize the role of magnesium complexes.
Trace metal contents of closed basin brines are related to complexes formed with major anions. Alkaline sulfo- or chlorocarbonate brines (western Great Basin) carry significant trace metal contents apparently as hydroxides or hydroxy polyions. Neutral high chloride brines (Bonneville Basin) are generally deficient in trace metals.
With a knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of a natural water, many possible reactions with other phases (solids, gases, other liquids) may be predicted. A knowledge of these reactions is particularly important in the study of natural brines which may be saturated with many solid phases (silicates, carbonates, sulfates, etc.), which may have a high pH and bring about dissolution of other phases (silica, amphoteric hydroxides, CO2, etc.), and which because of their high density may form relatively stable interfaces with dilute waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90039-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A., and Jones, B., 1969, Ion association in natural brines: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 51-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90039-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ed4e4b0c8380cd64089","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":361563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}